Tea Tree Oil - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

TEA TREE OIL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES ...

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TEA TREE OIL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tea Tree Oil: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84229-9 1. Tea Tree Oil-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on tea tree oil. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TEA TREE OIL............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Tea Tree Oil .................................................................................. 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TEA TREE OIL .................................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Tea Tree Oil ................................................................................... 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TEA TREE OIL ........................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 General References ....................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON TEA TREE OIL ........................................................................................ 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Patents on Tea Tree Oil ............................................................................................................... 31 Patent Applications on Tea Tree Oil............................................................................................ 46 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON TEA TREE OIL ............................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 49 Chapters on Tea Tree Oil ............................................................................................................. 50 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TEA TREE OIL .............................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 51 Academic Periodicals covering Tea Tree Oil................................................................................ 52 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 73 TEA TREE OIL DICTIONARY...................................................................................................... 75 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 101

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with tea tree oil is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about tea tree oil, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to tea tree oil, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on tea tree oil. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to tea tree oil, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on tea tree oil. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TEA TREE OIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on tea tree oil.

Federally Funded Research on Tea Tree Oil The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to tea tree oil. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to tea tree oil. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore tea tree oil.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for tea tree oil in the PubMed Central database: •

In Vitro Activities of Ketoconazole, Econazole, Miconazole, and Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil against Malassezia Species. by Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89709

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In Vitro Susceptibilities of Lactobacilli and Organisms Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis to Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil. by Hammer KA.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89050

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Mechanism of Action of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil on Staphylococcus aureus Determined by Time-Kill, Lysis, Leakage, and Salt Tolerance Assays and Electron Microscopy. by Carson CF, Mee BJ, Riley TV.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127210

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with tea tree oil, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for tea tree oil (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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1998 William J. Stickel Bronze Award. Antifungal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea-tree) oil against various pathogenic organisms. Author(s): Concha JM, Moore LS, Holloway WJ. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1998 October; 88(10): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9791953&dopt=Abstract

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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Allergenic cross-reactivity between Callistemon citrinis and Melaleuca quinquenervia pollens. Author(s): Stanaland BE, Gennaro RN, Bausher MG, Klotz SD, White RS, Sweeney MJ. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988; 86(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3372042&dopt=Abstract

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Antimicrobial effects of melaleuca oil. Author(s): Faoagali JL, George N, Leditschke JF. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1998 June; 24(4): 383. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9688208&dopt=Abstract

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Biological activity of Melaleuca alternifola (Tea Tree) oil component, terpinen-4-ol, in human myelocytic cell line HL-60. Author(s): Budhiraja SS, Cullum ME, Sioutis SS, Evangelista L, Habanova ST. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 September; 22(7): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10519561&dopt=Abstract

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Can tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil prevent MRSA? Author(s): Anderson JN, Fennessy PA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2000 November 6; 173(9): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149307&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of microdilution and disc diffusion methods in assessing the in vitro activity of fluconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against vaginal Candida isolates. Author(s): Ergin A, Arikan S. Source: J Chemother. 2002 October; 14(5): 465-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462426&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of two topical preparations for the treatment of onychomycosis: Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and clotrimazole. Author(s): Buck DS, Nidorf DM, Addino JG. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1994 June; 38(6): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8195735&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of alcohol-based and alcohol-free melaleuca oral solution for the treatment of fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. Author(s): Vazquez JA, Zawawi AA. Source: Hiv Clinical Trials. 2002 September-October; 3(5): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407487&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of melaleuca oral solution for the treatment of fluconazole refractory oral candidiasis in AIDS patients. Author(s): Jandourek A, Vaishampayan JK, Vazquez JA. Source: Aids (London, England). 1998 June 18; 12(9): 1033-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9662200&dopt=Abstract

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Immunodetection and comparison of melaleuca, bottlebrush, and bahia pollens. Author(s): Sweeney M, Hosseiny S, Hunter S, Klotz SD, Gennaro RN, White RS. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994 November; 105(3): 28996. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7920031&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Malassezia species. Author(s): Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 February; 44(2): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10639388&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against bacterial and Candida spp. isolates from clinical specimens. Author(s): Banes-Marshall L, Cawley P, Phillips CA. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2001; 58(3): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575735&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi. Author(s): Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 August; 50(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161399&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro susceptibilities of lactobacilli and organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Author(s): Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 January; 43(1): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094671&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia furfur to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Author(s): Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1997 September-October; 35(5): 375-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9402533&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of cross-reactive allergenic components in Callistemon citrinis and Melaleuca quinquenervia pollen by trans-blot enzyme-linked crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Author(s): Stanaland BE, Gennaro RN, Klotz SD, Sweeney MJ, White RS. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1986; 80(3): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3721598&dopt=Abstract

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Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil gel (6%) for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Author(s): Carson CF, Ashton L, Dry L, Smith DW, Riley TV. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 September; 48(3): 450-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533019&dopt=Abstract

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Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Author(s): Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2000 October; 38(5): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092382&dopt=Abstract

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Melaleuca oil poisoning in a 17-month-old. Author(s): Del Beccaro MA. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1995 December; 37(6): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8588296&dopt=Abstract

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Melaleuca oil poisoning. Author(s): Jacobs MR, Hornfeldt CS. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(4): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057407&dopt=Abstract

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Melaleuca tree and respiratory disease. Author(s): Stablein JJ, Bucholtz GA, Lockey RF. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 November; 89(5): 523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452213&dopt=Abstract

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Safety, efficacy and provenance of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil. Author(s): Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 August; 45(2): 65-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553113&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility of oral bacteria to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. Author(s): Hammer KA, Dry L, Johnson M, Michalak EM, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 December; 18(6): 389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14622345&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of toenail onychomycosis with 2% butenafine and 5% Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in cream. Author(s): Syed TA, Qureshi ZA, Ali SM, Ahmad S, Ahmad SA. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1999 April; 4(4): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357864&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TEA TREE OIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and tea tree oil.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Tea Tree Oil The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “tea tree oil” (or a synonym): •

Efficacy and safety of tea tree oil as a topical antimicrobial agent. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009 (Australia) Source: Carson, C.F. Riley, T.V. Cookson, B.D. Journal-of-Hospital-Infection (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 40(3) page 175-178.

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Influence of organic matter, cations and surfactants on the antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009 (Australia) Source: Hammer, K.A. Carson, C.F. Riley, T.V. Journal-of-Applied-Microbiology (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 86(3) page 446-452.

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Microsatellite variation and assessment of genetic structure in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia - Myrtaceae). Author(s): Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157 Lismore, New South Wales 2480 (Australia) Source: Rossetto, M. Slade, R.W. Baverstock, P.R. Henry, R.J. Lee, L.S. MolecularEcology (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 8(4) page 633-643.

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Treatment of toenail onychomycosis with 2% butenafine and 5% Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in cream. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 (USA) Source: Syed, T.A. Qureshi, Z.A. Ali, S.M. Ahmad, S. Ahmad, S.A. Tropical-Medicineand-International-Health (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 4(4) page 284-287.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

1,2,4-Trihydroxy menthane, a contact allergen from oxidized Australian tea tree oil. Author(s): Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitat Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Harkenthal, M Hausen, B M Reichling, J Pharmazie. 2000 February; 55(2): 153-4 0031-7144

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A study of tea tree oil ototoxicity. Author(s): Auditory Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia. Source: Zhang, S Y Robertson, D Audiol-Neurootol. 2000 Mar-April; 5(2): 64-8 1420-3030

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Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Carolus-Liduina Hospital, Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. Source: De Groot, A C Contact-Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 304-5 0105-1873

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Allergic contact dermatitis following use of a tea tree oil hand-wash not due to tea tree oil. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia. Source: Greig, J E Thoo, S L Carson, C F Riley, T V Contact-Dermatitis. 1999 December; 41(6): 354-5 0105-1873

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Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Germany. Source: Nenoff, P Haustein, U F Brandt, W Skin-Pharmacol. 1996; 9(6): 388-94 1011-0283

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Antifungal effect of Australian tea tree oil on Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canines suffering from cutaneous skin disease. Author(s): Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Weseler, A Geiss, H K Saller, R Reichling, J Schweiz-Arch-Tierheilkd. 2002 May; 144(5): 215-21 0036-7281

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Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Author(s): Department of Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Schnitzler, P Schon, K Reichling, J Pharmazie. 2001 April; 56(4): 343-7 0031-7144

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Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil poisoning in three purebred cats. Author(s): Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA. Source: Bischoff, K Guale, F J-Vet-Diagn-Invest. 1998 April; 10(2): 208-10 1040-6387

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Biological activity of Melaleuca alternifola (Tea Tree) oil component, terpinen-4-ol, in human myelocytic cell line HL-60. Author(s): Department of Research, National College of Chiropractic, Lombard, Ill, USA. Source: Budhiraja, S S Cullum, M E Sioutis, S S Evangelista, L Habanova, S T JManipulative-Physiol-Ther. 1999 September; 22(7): 447-53 0161-4754

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Broth micro-dilution method for determining the susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands. Source: Carson, C F Hammer, K A Riley, T V Microbios. 1995; 82(332): 181-5 0026-2633

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Can tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil prevent MRSA? Author(s): Centre for Clinical Effectiveness, Southern Health/Monash Institute of Public Health, Melbourne, VIC. Source: Anderson, J N Fennessy, P A Med-J-Aust. 2000 November 6; 173(9): 489 0025729X

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Clinical and antibacterial effect of tea tree oil--a pilot study. Author(s): University of the Saarland, Department of Periodontology and Conservative Dentistry, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. [email protected] Source: Arweiler, N B Donos, N Netuschil, L Reich, E Sculean, A Clin-Oral-Investig. 2000 June; 4(2): 70-3 1432-6981

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Clonal production of tea tree oil high in terpinen-4-ol for use in formulations for the treatment of thrush. Author(s): School of Chemistry, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Source: Williams, L R Complement-Ther-Nurs-Midwifery. 1998 October; 4(5): 133-6 1353-6117

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Combined contact allergy to tea tree oil and lavender oil complicating chronic vulvovaginitis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.

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Source: Varma, S Blackford, S Statham, B N Blackwell, A Contact-Dermatitis. 2000 May; 42(5): 309-10 0105-1873 •

Comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, manuka oil, kanuka oil, and eucalyptus oil. Author(s): Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Harkenthal, M Reichling, J Geiss, H K Saller, R Pharmazie. 1999 June; 54(6): 4603 0031-7144

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Comparison of microdilution and disc diffusion methods in assessing the in vitro activity of fluconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against vaginal Candida isolates. Author(s): University of Hacettepe, School of Health Services, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Ergin, A Arikan, S J-Chemother. 2002 October; 14(5): 465-72 1120-009X

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Comparison of the effects in vitro of tea tree oil and plaunotol on methicillinsusceptible and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Hada, T Furuse, S Matsumoto, Y Hamashima, H Masuda, K Shiojima, K Arai, T Sasatsu, M Microbios. 2001; 106 Suppl 2: 133-41 0026-2633

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Comparison of two topical preparations for the treatment of onychomycosis: Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and clotrimazole. Author(s): Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Highland Hospital, New York. Source: Buck, D S Nidorf, D M Addino, J G J-Fam-Pract. 1994 June; 38(6): 601-5 00943509

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Contact allergy due to tea tree oil and cross-sensitization to colophony. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Ulleval Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway. Source: Selvaag, E Eriksen, B Thune, P Contact-Dermatitis. 1994 August; 31(2): 124-5 0105-1873

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Degradation products of monoterpenes are the sensitizing agents in tea tree oil. Author(s): Dermatologisches Zentrum Buxtehude and the Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Hausen, B M Reichling, J Harkenthal, M Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 1999 June; 10(2): 68-77 1046-199X

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Does tea tree oil have a place in the topical treatment of burns? Author(s): Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia. Source: Faoagali, J George, N Leditschke, J F Burns. 1997 June; 23(4): 349-51 0305-4179

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Effect of Australian tea tree oil on the viability of the wall-less bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitat Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Harkenthal, M Layh Schmitt, G Reichling, J Pharmazie. 2000 May; 55(5): 380-4 0031-7144

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Effect of fungicides, seaweed extracts, tea tree oil, and fungal agents on fruit rot and yield in strawberry. Source: Washington, W.S. Engleitner, S. Boontjes, G. Shanmuganathan, N. Aust-j-expagric. Collingwood, Vic. Australia : CSIRO Australia. 1999. volume 39 (4) page 487-494. 0816-1089

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Effects of tea tree oil on Escherichia coli. Author(s): Microbiology Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia. [email protected] Source: Gustafson, J E Liew, Y C Chew, S Markham, J Bell, H C Wyllie, S G Warmington, J R Lett-Appl-Microbiol. 1998 Mar; 26(3): 194-8 0266-8254

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Flavonoids of Melaleuca quinquenervia. Author(s): Chemistry of Tannins and Proteins Department, National Research Centre, Tahrir Str., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Source: el Toumy, S A Marzouk, M S Moharram, F A Aboutabl, E A Pharmazie. 2001 January; 56(1): 94-5 0031-7144

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In vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Malassezia species. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia. [email protected] Source: Hammer, K A Carson, C F Riley, T V Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 2000 February; 44(2): 467-9 0066-4804

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In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against bacterial and Candida spp. isolates from clinical specimens. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Kettering General Hospital NHS Trust, Northamptonshire, UK. Source: Banes Marshall, L Cawley, P Phillips, C A Br-J-Biomed-Sci. 2001; 58(3): 139-45 0967-4845

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In vitro cytotoxicity of Australian tea tree oil using human cell lines. Source: Hayes, A.J. Leach, D.N. Markham, J.L. Markovic, B. J-essent-oil-res. Carol Stream, Ill. : Allured Publishing Corporation. Sept/October 1997. volume 9 (5) page 575582. 1041-2905

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In vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of beta-Triketones Admixed to Melaleuca Oils. Author(s): Institut fur Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. Source: Christoph, F Kaulfers, P M Stahl Biskup, E Planta-Med. 2001 November; 67(8): 768-71 0032-0943

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In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia furfur to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands. [email protected] Source: Hammer, K A Carson, C F Riley, T V J-Med-Vet-Mycol. 1997 Sep-October; 35(5): 375-7 0268-1218

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Interactions between components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Source: Cox, S.D. Mann, C.M. Markham, J.L. J-appl-microbiol. Oxford, U.K. : Blackwell Science Ltd. Sept 2001. volume 91 (3) page 492-497. 1364-5072

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In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida spp. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, The Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands. Source: Hammer, K A Carson, C F Riley, T V J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1998 November; 42(5): 591-5 0305-7453

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Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley. [email protected] Source: Carson, C F Mee, B J Riley, T V Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 2002 June; 46(6): 1914-20 0066-4804

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Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands. [email protected] Source: Hammer, K A Carson, C F Riley, T V Med-Mycol. 2000 October; 38(5): 355-62 1369-3786

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Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) dermatitis. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu. Source: Knight, T E Hausen, B M J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1994 March; 30(3): 423-7 01909622

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Melaleuca oil poisoning in a 17-month-old. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98105, USA. Source: Del Beccaro, M A Vet-Hum-Toxicol. 1995 December; 37(6): 557-8 0145-6296

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Monoterpenoid accumulation in Melaleuca alternifolia seedlings. Author(s): Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, NSW 2477, Wollongbar, Australia. Source: Russell, M Southwell, I Phytochemistry. 2002 April; 59(7): 709-16 0031-9422

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Pharmacological and antimicrobial studies on different tea-tree oils (Melaleuca alternifolia, Leptospermum scoparium or Manuka and Kunzea ericoides or Kanuka), originating in Australia and New Zealand. Author(s): School of Applied Science, South Bank University, Borough Road, London SE1 OAA, UK. [email protected] Source: Lis Balchin, M Hart, S L Deans, S G Phytother-Res. 2000 December; 14(8): 623-9 0951-418X

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Phytotherapy of chronic dermatitis and pruritus of dogs with a topical preparation containing tea tree oil (Bogaskin). Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine/Naturheilkunde, University of Zurich. [email protected] Source: Fitzi, J Furst Jucker, J Wegener, T Saller, R Reichling, J Schweiz-Arch-Tierheilkd. 2002 May; 144(5): 223-31 0036-7281

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Safety, efficacy and provenance of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia. [email protected] Source: Carson, C F Riley, T V Contact-Dermatitis. 2001 August; 45(2): 65-7 0105-1873

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Skin irritancy of tea tree oil. Source: Southwell, I.A. Freeman, S. Rubel, D. J-essent-oil-res. Carol Stream, Ill. : Allured Publishing Corporation. Jan/February 1997. volume 9 (1) page 47-52. 1041-2905

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Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands.

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Source: Carson, C F Cookson, B D Farrelly, H D Riley, T V J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1995 March; 35(3): 421-4 0305-7453 •

Susceptibility of transient and commensal skin flora to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia. Source: Hammer, K A Carson, C F Riley, T V Am-J-Infect-Control. 1996 June; 24(3): 186-9 0196-6553

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Systemic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Carolus Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. Source: de Groot, A C Weyland, J W Contact-Dermatitis. 1992 October; 27(4): 279-80 0105-1873

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Tea tree oil allergy: what is the offending agent? Report of three cases of tea tree oil allergy and review of the literature. Author(s): Skin and Cancer Foundation, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Rubel, D M Freeman, S Southwell, I A Australas-J-Dermatol. 1998 November; 39(4): 244-7 0004-8380

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Tea tree oil as an alternative topical decolonization agent for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. Source: Caelli, M Porteous, J Carson, C F Heller, R Riley, T V J-Hosp-Infect. 2000 November; 46(3): 236-7 0195-6701

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Tea tree oil causes K+ leakage and inhibits respiration in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Centre for Biostructural and Biomolecular Research, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Cox, S D Gustafson, J E Mann, C M Markham, J L Liew, Y C Hartland, R P Bell, H C Warmington, J R Wyllie, S G Lett-Appl-Microbiol. 1998 May; 26(5): 355-8 0266-8254

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Tea tree oil in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Dermatology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW. Source: Tong, M M Altman, P M Barnetson, R S Australas-J-Dermatol. 1992; 33(3): 145-9 0004-8380

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Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced oedema in murine ears. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Flinders Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. Source: Brand, C Townley, S L Finlay Jones, J J Hart, P H Inflamm-Res. 2002 June; 51(6): 283-9 1023-3830

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Tea tree oil: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Department of Complementary Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK. [email protected] Source: Ernst, E Huntley, A Forsch-Komplementarmed-Klass-Naturheilkd. 2000 February; 7(1): 17-20 1424-7364

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Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. [email protected]

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Source: Hart, P H Brand, C Carson, C F Riley, T V Prager, R H Finlay Jones, J J InflammRes. 2000 November; 49(11): 619-26 1023-3830 •

The bacterial multiple antibiotic resistant (Mar) phenotype leads to increased tolerance to tea tree oil. Author(s): Microbiology Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia. Source: Gustafson, J E Cox, S D Liew, Y C Wyllie, S G Warmington, J R Pathology. 2001 May; 33(2): 211-5 0031-3025

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The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Centre for Biostructural and Biomolecular Research, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, New South Wales, Western Australia. [email protected] Source: Cox, S D Mann, C M Markham, J L Bell, H C Gustafson, J E Warmington, J R Wyllie, S G J-Appl-Microbiol. 2000 January; 88(1): 170-5 1364-5072

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The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6749 contributes to its tolerance to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Centre for Biostructural and Biomolecular Research, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [email protected] Source: Mann, C M Cox, S D Markham, J L Lett-Appl-Microbiol. 2000 April; 30(4): 294-7 0266-8254

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The potential for tea tree oil production in northern Australia. Source: Southwell, I.A. Wilson, R.W. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. Sept 1993. (331) page 223-227. 0567-7572

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The search for optimally bioactive Australian tea tree oil. Source: Southwell, L.A. Hayes, A.J. Markham, J. Leach, D.N. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. November 1993. (344) page 256-265. 0567-7572

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The water-soluble components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) suppress the production of superoxide by human monocytes, but not neutrophils, activated in vitro. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. Source: Brand, C Ferrante, A Prager, R H Riley, T V Carson, C F Finlay Jones, J J Hart, P H Inflamm-Res. 2001 April; 50(4): 213-9 1023-3830

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Time-kill studies of tea tree oils on clinical isolates. Author(s): Microbiology Department, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK. Source: May, J Chan, C H King, A Williams, L French, G L J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 2000 May; 45(5): 639-43 0305-7453

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Toxic effects of some conifer resin acids and tea tree oil on human epithelial and fibroblast cells. Author(s): Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Pathology and Nutritional Research, University of Umea, Sweden. Source: Soderberg, T A Johansson, A Gref, R Toxicology. 1996 February 22; 107(2): 99109 0300-483X

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Toxicity of melaleuca oil and related essential oils applied topically on dogs and cats. Author(s): National Animal Poison Control Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801.

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Source: Villar, D Knight, M J Hansen, S R Buck, W B Vet-Hum-Toxicol. 1994 April; 36(2): 139-42 0145-6296 •

Treatment of dandruff with 5% tea tree oil shampoo. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. Source: Satchell, A C Saurajen, A Bell, C Barnetson, R S J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 2002 December; 47(6): 852-5 0190-9622

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Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis with 25% and 50% tea tree oil solution: a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Satchell, A C Saurajen, A Bell, C Barnetson, R S Australas-J-Dermatol. 2002 August; 43(3): 175-8 0004-8380

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to tea tree oil; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Athlete’s Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TEA TREE OIL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to tea tree oil. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to tea tree oil and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to tea tree oil: •

1,2,4-Trihydroxy menthane, a contact allergen from oxidized Australian tea tree oil. Author(s): Harkenthal M, Hausen BM, Reichling J. Source: Pharmazie. 2000 February; 55(2): 153-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10723782&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of tea tree oils s.l. with special reference to the activity of beta-triketones. Author(s): Christoph F, Kaulfers PM, Stahl-Biskup E. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 August; 66(6): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985085&dopt=Abstract

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A study of tea tree oil ototoxicity. Author(s): Zhang SY, Robertson D.

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Source: Audiology & Neuro-Otology. 2000 March-April; 5(2): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720822&dopt=Abstract •

Activity of tea tree oil on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Author(s): Chan CH, Loudon KW. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1998 July; 39(3): 244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9699148&dopt=Abstract

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Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Author(s): De Groot AC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9007380&dopt=Abstract

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Allergic contact dermatitis following use of a tea tree oil hand-wash not due to tea tree oil. Author(s): Greig JE, Thoo SL, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 December; 41(6): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617229&dopt=Abstract

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Allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil in a wart paint. Author(s): Bhushan M, Beck MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 February; 36(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062759&dopt=Abstract

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Allergic contact dermatitis to tea tree oil with erythema multiforme-like id reaction. Author(s): Khanna M, Qasem K, Sasseville D. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 December; 11(4): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123417&dopt=Abstract

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Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro. Author(s): Nenoff P, Haustein UF, Brandt W. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1996; 9(6): 388-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055360&dopt=Abstract

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Antifungal effect of Australian tea tree oil on Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canines suffering from cutaneous skin disease. Author(s): Weseler A, Geiss HK, Saller R, Reichling J. Source: Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2002 May; 144(5): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070905&dopt=Abstract

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Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Author(s): Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Simoes RP, Florio FM, Sartoratto A. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 December; 52(6): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553397&dopt=Abstract

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Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Author(s): Schnitzler P, Schon K, Reichling J. Source: Pharmazie. 2001 April; 56(4): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338678&dopt=Abstract

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Broth micro-dilution method for determining the susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Source: Microbios. 1995; 82(332): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7630326&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and antibacterial effect of tea tree oil--a pilot study. Author(s): Arweiler NB, Donos N, Netuschil L, Reich E, Sculean A. Source: Clinical Oral Investigations. 2000 June; 4(2): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218503&dopt=Abstract

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Clonal production of tea tree oil high in terpinen-4-ol for use in formulations for the treatment of thrush. Author(s): Williams LR. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 1998 October; 4(5): 133-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9830943&dopt=Abstract

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Combined contact allergy to tea tree oil and lavender oil complicating chronic vulvovaginitis. Author(s): Varma S, Blackford S, Statham BN, Blackwell A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 May; 42(5): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789871&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, manuka oil, kanuka oil, and eucalyptus oil. Author(s): Harkenthal M, Reichling J, Geiss HK, Saller R. Source: Pharmazie. 1999 June; 54(6): 460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10399193&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effects in vitro of tea tree oil and plaunotol on methicillinsusceptible and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Hada T, Furuse S, Matsumoto Y, Hamashima H, Masuda K, Shiojima K, Arai T, Sasatsu M. Source: Microbios. 2001; 106 Suppl 2: 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11548201&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergy due to tea tree oil and cross-sensitization to colophony. Author(s): Selvaag E, Eriksen B, Thune P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1994 August; 31(2): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7750261&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergy to tea tree oil. Author(s): de Groot AC, Weyland JW. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1993 May; 28(5): 309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8365143&dopt=Abstract

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Contact dermatitis due to tea tree oil. Author(s): Bruynzeel DP. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1999 September; 4(9): 630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10540304&dopt=Abstract

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Degradation products of monoterpenes are the sensitizing agents in tea tree oil. Author(s): Hausen BM, Reichling J, Harkenthal M. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1999 June; 10(2): 68-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357714&dopt=Abstract

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Does 5% tea tree oil shampoo reduce dandruff? Author(s): Prensner R. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 April; 52(4): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681088&dopt=Abstract

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Does tea tree oil have a place in the topical treatment of burns? Author(s): Faoagali J, George N, Leditschke JF. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1997 June; 23(4): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248647&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Australian tea tree oil on the viability of the wall-less bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Harkenthal M, Layh-Schmitt G, Reichling J.


Source: Pharmazie. 2000 May; 55(5): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828621&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of tea tree oil on Escherichia coli. Author(s): Gustafson JE, Liew YC, Chew S, Markham J, Bell HC, Wyllie SG, Warmington JR. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1998 March; 26(3): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9569708&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of tea tree oil as a topical antimicrobial agent. Author(s): Carson CF, Riley TV, Cookson BD. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1998 November; 40(3): 175-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9830588&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate systemic hypersensitivity reaction associated with topical application of Australian tea tree oil. Author(s): Mozelsio NB, Harris KE, McGrath KG, Grammer LC. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635581&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activity of tea tree oil against Candida albicans mycelial conversion and other pathogenic fungi. Author(s): D'Auria FD, Laino L, Strippoli V, Tecca M, Salvatore G, Battinelli L, Mazzanti G. Source: J Chemother. 2001 August; 13(4): 377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589479&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro and in vivo activity of tea tree oil against azole-susceptible and -resistant human pathogenic yeasts. Author(s): Mondello F, De Bernardis F, Girolamo A, Salvatore G, Cassone A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 May; 51(5): 1223-9. Epub 2003 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668571&dopt=Abstract

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Ingestion of tea tree oil (Melaleuca oil) by a 4-year-old boy. Author(s): Morris MC, Donoghue A, Markowitz JA, Osterhoudt KC. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2003 June; 19(3): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813303&dopt=Abstract

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In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida spp. Author(s): Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV.

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Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 November; 42(5): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848442&dopt=Abstract •

Leakage of K+ ions from Staphylococcus aureus in response to tea tree oil. Author(s): Hada T, Inoue Y, Shiraishi A, Hamashima H. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2003 June; 53(3): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689708&dopt=Abstract

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Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) dermatitis. Author(s): Knight TE, Hausen BM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 March; 30(3): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8113455&dopt=Abstract

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Phytotherapy of chronic dermatitis and pruritus of dogs with a topical preparation containing tea tree oil (Bogaskin). Author(s): Fitzi J, Furst-Jucker J, Wegener T, Saller R, Reichling J. Source: Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2002 May; 144(5): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070906&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to tea tree oil and mupirocin. Author(s): Elsom GK, Hide D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 March; 43(3): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10223605&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility of transient and commensal skin flora to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1996 June; 24(3): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8806995&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Author(s): de Groot AC, Weyland JW. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 October; 27(4): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451515&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil allergy: what is the offending agent? Report of three cases of tea tree oil allergy and review of the literature. Author(s): Rubel DM, Freeman S, Southwell IA. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39(4): 244-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9838722&dopt=Abstract


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Tea tree oil and anaerobic (bacterial) vaginosis. Author(s): Blackwell AL. Source: Lancet. 1991 February 2; 337(8736): 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1671134&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil as an alternative topical decolonization agent for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Caelli M, Porteous J, Carson CF, Heller R, Riley TV. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2000 November; 46(3): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073734&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil causes K+ leakage and inhibits respiration in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Cox SD, Gustafson JE, Mann CM, Markham JL, Liew YC, Hartland RP, Bell HC, Warmington JR, Wyllie SG. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1998 May; 26(5): 355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674165&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil dermatitis associated with linear IgA disease. Author(s): Perrett CM, Evans AV, Russell-Jones R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 March; 28(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653706&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Tong MM, Altman PM, Barnetson RS. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1992; 33(3): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1303075&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil poisoning. Author(s): Moss A. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 February 21; 160(4): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8309407&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil poisoning. Author(s): Elliott C. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 December 6-20; 159(11-12): 830-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8155123&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced oedema in murine ears. Author(s): Brand C, Townley SL, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH.

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Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 2002 June; 51(6): 283-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088268&dopt=Abstract •

Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation. Author(s): Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 147(6): 1212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452873&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil reduces the swelling associated with the efferent phase of a contact hypersensitivity response. Author(s): Brand C, Grimbaldeston MA, Gamble JR, Drew J, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 2002 May; 51(5): 236-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056511&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Ernst E, Huntley A. Source: Forschende Komplementarmedizin Und Klassische Naturheilkunde = Research in Complementary and Natural Classical Medicine. 2000 February; 7(1): 17-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800248&dopt=Abstract

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Tea tree oil: the science behind the antimicrobial hype. Author(s): Allen P. Source: Lancet. 2001 October 13; 358(9289): 1245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675072&dopt=Abstract

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Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Author(s): Hart PH, Brand C, Carson CF, Riley TV, Prager RH, Finlay-Jones JJ. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 2000 November; 49(11): 619-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131302&dopt=Abstract

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The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil. Author(s): Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 February 21; 160(4): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8309408&dopt=Abstract

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The bacterial multiple antibiotic resistant (Mar) phenotype leads to increased tolerance to tea tree oil. Author(s): Gustafson JE, Cox SD, Liew YC, Wyllie SG, Warmington JR.


Source: Pathology. 2001 May; 33(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358056&dopt=Abstract •

The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Cox SD, Mann CM, Markham JL, Bell HC, Gustafson JE, Warmington JR, Wyllie SG. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 January; 88(1): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735256&dopt=Abstract

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The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6749 contributes to its tolerance to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Author(s): Mann CM, Cox SD, Markham JL. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2000 April; 30(4): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792649&dopt=Abstract

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The water-soluble components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) suppress the production of superoxide by human monocytes, but not neutrophils, activated in vitro. Author(s): Brand C, Ferrante A, Prager RH, Riley TV, Carson CF, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 2001 April; 50(4): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392609&dopt=Abstract

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Time-kill studies of tea tree oils on clinical isolates. Author(s): May J, Chan CH, King A, Williams L, French GL. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 May; 45(5): 639-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10797086&dopt=Abstract

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Toxic effects of some conifer resin acids and tea tree oil on human epithelial and fibroblast cells. Author(s): Soderberg TA, Johansson A, Gref R. Source: Toxicology. 1996 February 22; 107(2): 99-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599176&dopt=Abstract

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Toxicity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia or tea tree oil. Author(s): Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1995; 33(2): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7897762&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of dandruff with 5% tea tree oil shampoo. Author(s): Satchell AC, Saurajen A, Bell C, Barnetson RS.

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Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 December; 47(6): 852-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451368&dopt=Abstract •

Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis with 25% and 50% tea tree oil solution: a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study. Author(s): Satchell AC, Saurajen A, Bell C, Barnetson RS. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 43(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121393&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to tea tree oil; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com


Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athlete's Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candida/Yeast Hypersensitivity Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Periodontal Disease Alternative names: Gum Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Tea Tree Oil

Herbs and Supplements Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tea Tree Alternative names: Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tea Tree Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON TEA TREE OIL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “tea tree oil” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tea tree oil, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Tea Tree Oil By performing a patent search focusing on tea tree oil, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on tea tree oil: •

Antimicrobial composition comprising Leptospermum scoparium and Melaleuca alternifolia oils Inventor(s): Courtney; William John (Auckland, NZ) Assignee(s): Coast Biologicals Limited (auckland, Nz) Patent Number: 6,514,539 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in and relating to antimicrobial compositions. More particularly, it relates to antimicrobial compositions comprising or including a mixture of oils of melaleuca alternifolia and leptospermum scoparium and/or fractions or dilutions of same. A method of producing the composition is also claimed, as are methods of producing compositions which target particular microbes. Excerpt(s): In recent years increased effort has been devoted to investigating and isolating commercially useful extracts from native plants and animals internationally. In some respects this has been motivated by continuing resistance developed by infective organisms and diseases to conventional therapies but also by a desire to extract full benefit from the world's resources. In some cases the biological organism can be chemically active in its raw state, but more usually isolation or other treatment is necessitated to release the therapeutic and/or prophylactic effects. In New Zealand, essential oils have been extracted from New Zealand manuka tree (leptospermum scoparium) on a commercial basis for some years although the industry continues to grow. Manuka oil has been used to date in various applications including aromatherapy, cosmetics.sup.1 and as a toothpaste ingredient. According to one source.sup.2 manuka is the most abundant and widely distributed flowering native tree in New Zealand. It was historically used in New Zealand by Maori and later European settlers for purposes including the treatment of respiratory ailments, burns, dandruff, dysentery, fever, and indigestion, as well as being drunk as a type of tea. The biologically active ingredient is the oil accumulated in oil glands in the leaves. Whilst research.sup.3 indicates that there may be different chemotypes of manuka in New Zealand, the present invention relates to all New Zealand chemotypes, although particular reference is made to manuka derived from the East Cape region of New Zealand. Manuka, whilst colloquially known in New Zealand as "the tea tree" is a completely different species to the Australian tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06514539__

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Antiperspirant for hands and feet Inventor(s): Mullen; Patricia (Babylon, NY) Assignee(s): Innova Products, Inc. (naples, Fl) Patent Number: 5,468,473 Date filed: February 9, 1994 Abstract: An aqueous alcohol carrier solvent based antiperspirant composition which does not contain silicone products and which forms a thick lotion for use on the hands and feet. The composition includes a thickener--absorber mixture of

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hydroxylalkylcellulose, preferably hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, with colloidal silica and silicates and an antiperspirant active material, preferably chlorhydrol. A preferred embodiment includes the addition of Tea Tree Oil to the formulation. The antiperspirant composition reduces sweating on the hands and feet and is nonirritating, nontacky and mildly soothing to the skin. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an antiperspirant, named DRY GRIP, to reduce sweating on a person's hands and feet, and more particularly, to a nonirritating antiperspirant thick lotion for the hands and feet having maximum antiperspirant activity at low concentrations. Various antiperspirant formulations are well known in the cosmetic and chemical literature. Certain ingredients of the formulations are usually present such as inorganic compounds of aluminum, zinc and zirconium having an astringent effect upon the skin which function by closing the pores of the skin that encase sweat glands to limit perspiration. The use of polymeric materials as gelling agents or thickening agents in aqueous antiperspirant compositions is known. U.S. Pat. No. 4,383,988 discloses alcoholic gelled antiperspirant compositions containing hydroxypropyl cellulose acetate as the gelling agent. Cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyalkycelluloses have been disclosed as optional components in gel phases containing monohydric alcohols such as ethanol to help retard alcohol evaporation and to act as an antisyneresis agent. Other ingredients used in antiperspirant compositions include silicone products, talc, sodium bicarbonate, starch, fumed silica and clays. The present composition is different from most of the prior art by not using silicone products in the present formulations. Almost all of the antiperspirant compositions of the prior art are formulated for application to the various parts of the body in the form of creams, gels, solids, roll-ons or powders. Very few, if any, of these formulations are applicable to the hands, and very few to the feet, for a number of reasons. The main reason is that they are not suitable formulations. For example, some compositions may be tacky and produce aesthetically undesirable high levels of material on the skin. Other compositions may be difficult to apply such as those in powder forms. Some other compositions are not suitable because they irritate sensitive skin areas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05468473__ •

Burn dressing Inventor(s): DiPippo; Ascanio (Middletown, RI), Ladas; Tom (Parsippany, NJ), Lohse; William A. (Parsippany, NJ) Assignee(s): Water-jel Technologies, Inc. (carlstadt, Nj) Patent Number: 5,384,125 Date filed: November 19, 1992 Abstract: A burn dressing in the form of a non-irritating, non-woven synthetic fabric containing a therapeutic, nontoxic, water-soluble and bio-degradable gel. The primary ingredients of the gel are water and Tea Tree Oil and/or Tea Tree Blend. A gum material or thickening agent is used to maintain the water and Tea Tree Oil and/or Blend in a thickened or gel state. Other ingredients are also provided for increasing shelf life and for imparting bacteriostatic and penetrating properties. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to first aid devices for the care of burns and in particular, to a burn wound dressing that is useful for decreasing the temperature at the surface of a burn wound and to help prevent infection of the wound so as to help to lessen the extent of injury to a burn victim. Numerous fire extinguishers and fire

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fighting devices are available. Of these, many of the fire extinguishers make use of asbestos cloth. Exemplary of such devices are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 360,998 issued to J. W. Cloud on Apr. 12, 1887 and British Patent Specification No. 340,172 accepted on Dec. 24, 1930. However, it is now known that asbestos is a carcinogenic material and its use has fallen into disfavor throughout the world. U.S. Pat. No. 3,902,559 issued to Everingham et al. on Sep. 2, 1975 also describes a fire fighting appliance. U.S. Pat. No. No. 3,902,559 describes a wool carrier of specified weave. The carrier is stored in a container with a viscous aqueous solution until needed. The solution contains a thickening agent and can contain Tea Tree Oil, RESIGUARD and PHENONIP. The appliance can De worn by a fire fighter as protection from the fire. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05384125__ •

Compositions comprising oleum Melaleuca Inventor(s): Reusser; Gertrude G. (Beaverton, OR), Reusser; Kenneth L. (Beaverton, OR), Schmidt; Michael J. (Portland, OR) Assignee(s): Safe 'N Sound Solutions, Inc. (beaverton, Or) Patent Number: 6,168,794 Date filed: November 3, 1998 Abstract: Compositions comprising oleum Melaleuca alternifolia, water-soluble oleum Melaleuca alternifolia, antimicrobial agents, carriers and mixtures thereof are described. The invention also comprises methods for using the compositions to treat animals, particularly for treating lesions. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns compositions comprising oleum Melaleuca and methods for using the compositions to treat lesions. Lameness in animals can lead to death or a decrease in the commercial value of the animal. There are multiple causes for the condition ranging from genetic defects to bacterial and viral infections. For example, fibroma (corns) is a genetic condition found in cattle which causes a hard, fibrous lump to form between the claws of the foot. The corn makes the hoof more susceptible to subsequent bacterial and viral infections. These infections occur at various locations in and around the hooves of the cattle. Greenough et al., Lameness in Cattle 3.sup.rd, (1996). In addition to the general lesions caused by infection, a disease of unknown etiology has been spreading throughout the western United States. This disease is digital dermatitis (DD). DD is characterized by painful lesions, which often are surrounded by a ridge of hyperkeratotic (thickened) skin with finger like projections. For this reason, the disease is commonly referred to as hairy wart. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06168794__

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Disinfecting composition Inventor(s): Whiteley; Reginald K. (18 Glenside Street, Balgowlah Heights, NSW 2093, AU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,610,189 Date filed: November 7, 1994

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Abstract: A disinfecting composition comprising stable aqueous solutions of (a) a blend of biocidally active terpenes, (b) one or more biocidally active surfactants, (c) one or more proton donor type biocides, and (d) a salt of mono, di or trihydroxy aliphatic or aromatic acid wherein the blend of biocidally active terpenes is tea tree oil. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to disinfectant compositions, particularly disinfectant compositions for fabric. The invention has been developed primarily for use as a disinfectant composition for heavily soiled and wet household fabrics and will be described hereinafter with reference to this application. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this particular field of use. The disinfection and deodorizing of heavily soiled and wet household fabrics is difficult for many reasons and is exacerbated by prolonged periods of wetness. Prolonged periods of wetness regularly occur due to such events as water leakage, broken water mains, storm damage and natural flooding disasters. Flooding due to natural disasters can represent a worst case scenario because carpets and fabrics are also soiled by mud and other debris which require extensive cleaning and disinfection to achieve restoration of fabric. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05610189__ •

Essential oil solid compositions Inventor(s): Crawford; Ian (Sanctuary Cove, AU) Assignee(s): P. Guinane Pty Ltd (new South Wales, Au), Teeteeoh Research Group Pty Ltd (new South Wales, Au) Patent Number: 6,086,904 Date filed: April 29, 1999 Abstract: Solid composition including a gum material and an tea tree oil and optionally another essential oil wherein the solid composition releases vapor containing the essential oil when exposed to an effective flow of gas. A method of diffusing tea tree oil into the atmosphere and a method of disinfecting air conditioning systems are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to solid compositions which release a vapour containing at least one essential oil when exposed to effective air flow. The present invention also relates to methods of producing the solid compositions; and to methods of disinfecting air conditioning systems using the solid compositions. Tea tree oil is a natural essential oil from a tree of the class Myrtenceae, especially of Melaleuca. Tea tree oil has been used as a broad spectrum topical antiseptic for more than 70 years. In recent times, the anecdotal evidence as to the antimicrobial efficacy of tea tree oils has been substantiated by scientific evidence. Such evidence can be found in the work of Carson, C. F. and Riley, T. V, Antimicrobial activity of the Major Components of the essential oil of Melaleuca Alternifolia, Journal Applied Bacteriology, 78, 264-269 (1995); C. F. Carson, B. D. Cookson, H. D. Farrelly and T. V Riley, Susceptibility of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureaus to the essential oil of Melaleuca Alternifolia, Journal Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 35, 421-424 (1995); and Carson, C. F., Hammer, K. A. and Reiley, T. V. (1996) In vitro activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca Alternifolia against Streptococcus spp. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 37: 1177-1178. It is well recognised that commercial, industrial and hospital air conditioning ducting can be a major source of infection and re-infection in public and private buildings. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported its findings on this subject in 1988. This report in

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brief stated that biological air contaminants in indoor air have been associated with half of all absenteeism and reduced worker efficiency discovered in the report. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06086904__ •

Hair treatment system and kit for invigorating hair growth Inventor(s): Edwards; William Thomas (West Hollywood, CA) Assignee(s): Regenix Marketing Systems, Inc. (beverly Hills, Ca) Patent Number: 5,750,108 Date filed: March 31, 1997 Abstract: A method for hair treatment is disclosed wherein a first treatment solution comprising tea tree oil is periodically applied to the scalp for at least 10 days. Then, a second treatment solution comprising chlorine dioxide is periodically applied to the scalp, immediately followed by application of an acidic solution having an acidity effective to release the oxygen in the chlorine dioxide solution, for at least 1 month. Finally, a third treatment solution comprising saw palmetto berry extract is periodically applied to the scalp for at least 1 month. Also disclosed is a hair treatment kit comprising a first treatment solution comprising tea tree oil, a second treatment solution comprising chlorine dioxide, an acidic solution having a pH effective to release the oxygen from said chlorine dioxide in said second treatment solution, and a third treatment solution comprising saw palmetto berry extract. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and a kit for invigorating hair growth. In particular, the invention relates to a three-step treatment system utilizing tea tree oil, chlorine dioxide and saw palmetto extract as operative ingredients. Humans typically have about 100,000 to 150,000 hairs on their scalps, and it is normal to lose about 50 to 150 hairs daily. The life of each hair is subject to a cycle, known as the pilar cycle. During the pilar cycle, hair forms, grows and falls out, before being replaced by a new hair shaft, which appears in the same follicle. The pilar cycle can be broken down into three successive phases: the anagen phase, the catagen phase and the telogen phase. During the anagen phase, the hair undergoes a period of active growth associated with an intensive metabolic activity in the bulb. The subsequent catagen phase is transitory and marked by a slowing-down of the mitotic activity. The final telogen phase corresponds to a period of rest for the follicle, with the hair being shed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05750108__

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Herbicidal composition and method Inventor(s): Kiely; Wayne Andrew (Jury Rd., Monash, S. Australia, AU), Selga; John (Jury Rd., Monash, S. Australia, AU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,998,335 Date filed: May 6, 1998 Abstract: A knock-down herbicidal composition consisting essentially of the combination of (a) pine oil, and (b) tea tree oil or eucalyptus oil.

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Excerpt(s): This application has been filed under 35 U.S.C. 371 as the national stage of international application PCT/AU95/00739, filed Nov. 6, 1995. The present invention relates to a herbicidal composition having, as an active ingredient, a terpene compound, a terpene derivative, or an essential oil comprising a terpene compound or derivative. In particular, the herbicidal composition will comprise a pine oil, dipentene, pinene, a pine alcohol or a terpene compound or derivative derived from pine oil. A citrus oil or a terpene compound derived from citrus oil, e.g. limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene), may also be used. Many herbicidal compositions presently on the market are highly toxic to humans and domestic animals. A herbicide having lower toxicity is desirable, particularly for use by the home gardener. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05998335__ •

Honey bee repellent composition comprising tea tree oil Inventor(s): Fishman; Yoram (2375 Third St., Riverside, CA 92507), Sackin; Bradley M. (3030 Brookdale Rd., Studio City, CA 91604) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,738,863 Date filed: January 15, 1997 Abstract: A social stinging insect repellent composition comprises effective repelling amounts of tea tree oil and benzaldehyde, wherein said social stinging insect is a member of the order Hymenoptera and said tea tree is melaleuca alternifolia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved composition for repelling social stinging insects, such as bees, and more particularly to a repellent composition which is comprises tea tree oil and benzaldehyde. Control of insects, such as bees, can be effected either by the use of insecticides or by the use of non-insecticidal repellents. It is often desirable to use non-toxic, non-insecticidal repellents for environmental, health and economic reasons. An additional advantage of repellents is the fact that, since repellents do not kill the insects, populations of the target insects will not select as readily for resistance to the repellent. Non-toxic repellents are particularly desirable with respect to useful insects such as honey bees (Apis mellifera), in view of the beneficial functions, such as crop pollination, performed by these insects. Various non-insecticidal repellent compositions are known. A widely-used, all-purpose insect repellent is N,N-diethyl-mtoluamide, or "DEET". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05738863__

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Medicinal composition for treatment of inflammation Inventor(s): DeGree; Geneviere (Beverly Hills, CA), Silverman; Melvin (Beverly Hills, CA) Assignee(s): Degree/silverman M.d. Inc. (beverly Hills, Ca) Patent Number: 5,455,033 Date filed: May 21, 1993 Abstract: A medicinal composition for topical application and for use in a method of treatment for genital herpes and other inflammations of the genitalia includes as active ingredients tea tree oil, pau d'arco powder (an extract of lapacho), licorice root extract,

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and echinacea extract with a local anesthetic, preferably pramoxine hydrochloride. The composition may include soothing ingredients such as aloe vera extract and chamomile extract and is preferably formulated in a cream base. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an anti-inflammatory and, in particular, to a medicinal composition useful in the treatment of genital irritations including herpes in its various forms in both men and women. The treatment of various forms of vaginal irritation, itching and discomfort is a crucial part in the office practice of many physicians. Such irritations may originate in bacterial, viral and/or fungal invasions and for a variety of reasons, such irritations are often very difficult to eradicate. Women who are afflicted with genital herpes may suffer extreme discomfort in "breakout" conditions which can last up to at least two to five weeks. Such events can be debilitating and extremely painful. In addition, irritations and infections can involve a combination of invasive agents including bacteria, virus and fungus types of infections. Treatment of combination infections then can be very complicated in that the treatment agent must not be specific for one infection but rather must be applicable for a more broad spectrum type treatment. Furthermore, there are disease conditions in which the etiology is unknown or at least in which the causal agent has not been isolated and, in such situations, symptomatic treatment at least is desired to promote an alleviation of itching and discomfort as well as rapid healing of lesions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05455033__ •

Method and formulation for eliminating fleas on animals Inventor(s): Fitzjarrell; Edwin A. (P.O. Box 3600, Sisters, OR 97759) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,449,517 Date filed: November 22, 1993 Abstract: A formulation for treating animals such as dogs, cats, hamsters, white rats, etc. to reduce or eliminate fleas on the animal. The basic mixture comprises a suitable quantity of tea tree oil (an essential oil of the Australian native tree Melaleuca alternifolia) in a water carrier. The liquid is rubbed into the fur of the flea infested animal, preferably to the point where the fur and underlying skin is damp but not dripping wet. The tea tree oil has been found to have additional beneficial properties, in reducing infection and promoting healing of scratches and sores caused by the animal scratching the fleas. Other ingredients may be included, such as mild soaps, surfactants and diluting agents, to provide other benefits. The tea tree oil, as an oil, will help relieve overly dry skin characteristic of dry, desert-like regions and can be used frequently, if desired, without leaving the animal with dry skin or eczema. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to reducing or eliminating flea infestations on household pets and the like and, more specifically, to a formulation which both kills fleas and improves the condition on the skin of an animal. Fleas are small, wingless insects that live on mammals and birds and suck blood for food. Fleas are dangerous pests because they can carry the germs that cause plague and typhus. While some types of fleas live on only certain types of animals, most pass freely from animals to human beings and from animal to animal. Besides the threat of disease transmission, fleas cause itching that results in animals scratching to the point that open wounds or sores may result, leading to secondary bacterial infections. A great many different types of flea deterring or killing treatments have been developed in attempts to rid animals of fleas.

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A variety of chemicals have been manufactured and sold for use in killing fleas that infest various animals, in particular household pets such as dogs, cats, hamsters, etc. Most are harsh, man-made chemicals that can have serious consequences where used too often or in excess of recommended quantities. Typical of these chemicals are propoxur (o-isopropoxphenyl) methyl carbamate, d-Limonene, cyano(3pheoxypheny)methyl 4-chroro-alpha (i-methylethyl)beneneacetate, pyrethrine, piperonyl butoxide and N-octyl bicycloheptane dicarboximide. While generally effective against fleas if very carefully used, these chemicals often have serious side effects. Many excessively dry the skin or cause eczema or allergic reactions in some animals, a serious problem in dry areas, such as the desert-like band from Southern California through Texas. Scratches and sores caused by the animal scratching at fleas can become infected and the infections are often aggravated by these chemicals. Many of these chemicals cannot be applied to the fur of animals, such as cats, that self-groom by licking the skin and fur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05449517__ •

Methods and apparatus to prevent colds, flus, and infections of the human respiratory system Inventor(s): Vail, III; William Banning (Bothell, WA), Vail; Marilyn L. (Bothell, WA) Assignee(s): Inhalation, Inc. (woodinville, Wa) Patent Number: 6,447,816 Date filed: April 3, 2000 Abstract: Strong vapors from eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil are inhaled periodically to prevent the infection of the human respiratory system by pathogens that cause colds, influenza, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Apparatus suitable for the periodic inhalation of strong vapors from eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil are provided. Excerpt(s): One of the inventors has poor respiratory health, has had repeated bouts with pneumonia, colds, flu, asthma, and has been recently diagnosed with the initial stages of emphysema--despite all that modern medicine has had to offer. This first inventor also comes from a family known for a long history of respiratory problems. Therefore, the inventors decided to look beyond conventional "modern medicine" to help the first inventor, and as a result, have conceived methods to substantially prevent colds, flus, and infections of the human respiratory system. These methods include the inhalation of the vapors from eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree oil that are theorized to form a protective, and infection-preventing, thin layer within the entire respiratory system, including the lungs, bronchial tubes, and the nasal cavities. This thin layer maintains its anti-pathogenic properties for a period of time following the inhalation of the vapors for at least one-half hour, and perhaps longer. This thin anti-pathogenic layer substantially prevents the initial infection of colds, flus, and other pathogens for a period of time following inhalation. The inventors also propose the prophylactic use of inhaled eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree to prevent additional pathogenic infections such as tuberculosis, which is becoming a major health problem in the United States. The field of invention relates to the prevention of colds, flus, and other pathogens within the respiratory system of human beings by the inhalation of vapors from highly volatile essential oils such as eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree oil. Following the inhalation of the vapors, a thin anti-pathogenic layer is formed in the respiratory system that protects against infection for a certain duration of time following inhalation. While certain medical uses for eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil have been previously disclosed, to the

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inventor's best knowledge, none of those previously disclosed methods have suggested, or proposed, that the periodic inhalation of eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree oil may be used as prophylactic agents to substantially prevent infection of colds, flus, and other pathogens within the respiratory system of human beings for a duration of time following that inhalation. AFTER the infection of human beings with certain pathogens, previous inhalation therapies have suggested using eucalyptus oil and or tea tree oil to aid in the recovery from certain respiratory diseases. However, none of these previous methods have suggested using eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree oil as prophylactic agents to routinely and substantially PREVENT the initial infection of pathogens for a duration of time following their inhalation as a primary method of preventing disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447816__ •

Muscle relaxant and analgesic containing oil of Melaleuca, spp. Inventor(s): VanderSloot; Frank L. (Idaho Falls, ID) Assignee(s): Melaleuca, Inc. (idaho Falls, Id) Patent Number: 5,096,709 Date filed: December 7, 1989 Abstract: A muscle relaxant and analgesic composition having at least five percent and preferably ten percent oil of Melaleuca spp. therein. The composition also contains other aromatic oils, such as camphor, menthol and methyl salicylate, a thickening agent, a preservative, and a carrier. The composition provides relief for sore muscles or joints when applied topically to the affected area. The Melaleuca oil preferably contains at least thirty percent terpinen-4-ol and less than fifteen percent 1,8-cineole. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of melaleuca oil as a muscle relaxant and analgesic, in combination with other ingredients to produce a penetrating, longlasting cream for topical application. In particular, the invention relates to the manufacture of a muscle relaxant containing at least five percent, and preferably ten percent, melaleuca oil. The oils of Melaleuca spp. have been used for a number of years as a bactericide and fungicide topically applied to wounds, abrasions, etc. The germicidal nature of melaleuca oil has been known since at least 1930, when it was reported that the oil had a Rideal-Walker co-efficient of 11-13, meaning it has 11-13 times the efficacy of phenol as a germicide. The oil of Melaleuca is distilled from the leaves and terminal branchlets of various Melaleuca species indigenous to the north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Such oil can contain up to fifteen percent 1-8 cineole and a minimum of thirty percent terpinen-4-ol, on a weight/weight basis. While the existing literature on the uses of melaleuca oil is mostly in anecdotal format, it appears that the oil has never gained wide-spread acceptance as a fungicide even though it has been periodically used for a large number of bactericidal or fungicidal purposes. While the medical use of melaleuca oil reached its peak in the mid-twentieth century, its use since that time has steadily declined. Surprisingly, it would appear that the use of melaleuca oil as a muscle relaxant, when used in an appropriate mixture with other ingredients, has heretofore gone undiscovered. Melaleuca oil is a complex mixture of approximately forty-eight separate compounds. While it is not known precisely why the oil produces the analgesic and therapeutic affects observed in the present invention and in its germicidal properties, it is believed that the concentration of terpinen-4-ol may be a major factor. At the same time, the low concentration of another major constituent (1,8-cineole) is advantageous due to its known propensity for skin irritation.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05096709__ •

Natural pesticide Inventor(s): Chang; Chun-Hua Lily (Ventura, CA), Hsu; Hsinhung John (Ventura, CA), Zhou; Jian (Ventura, CA) Assignee(s): Safer Gro Laboratories, Inc. (ventura, Ca) Patent Number: 6,231,865 Date filed: March 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention describes a synergistic effect when garlic oil or extract is combined with essential oils which results in an improved insecticide/fungicide which is natural and contains no chemical additives. Essential oils are defined in this application to be volatile liquids obtained from plants and seeds including cotton seed oil, soybean oil, cinnamon oil, corn oil, cedar oil, castor oil, clove oil, geranium oil, lemongrass oil, linseed oil, mint oil, sesame oil, thyme oil, rosemary oil, anise oil basil oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, lemon oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, pine needle oil, pepper oil, rose oil, tangerine oil, tea tree oil, tee seed oil, mineral oil and fish oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition of matter used as a natural pesticide and a method for inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi and insect pests. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) and/or its extract have been reported to have antibacterial and/or antifungal properties. It is known that Allicin isolated from the cloves of garlic had antibacterial properties against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Further, aqueous extracts of garlic have been reported to inhibit the growth of a variety of yeast-like fungi in the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhudotoruto, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. It has also been previously reported that garlic extract and chips inhibit the growth of fungi such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Because of its antifungal and antibacterial properties, garlic or its extract have been used as pesticides to control plant diseases such as mildew. It has also been used as an insecticide to control plant insects such as army worms, aphids and Colorado beetles. Most recently, a method used to repel mosquitos using garlic extract and water was granted U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,552 issued to Anderson et. al. The present invention is directed to a composition of matter which comprises garlic extract and essential oils. This combination of natural ingredients, when applied to plants, has superior antifungal and anti-bacterial qualities, than if applied separately. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231865__

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Oral compositions for plaque and gingivitis Inventor(s): Afflitto; John J. (Brookside, NJ), Gaffar; Abdul (Princeton, NJ), Herles; Susan M. (Flemington, NJ), Lucchesi; Shirley (Westfield, NJ), Nabi; Nuran (North Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): Colgate Palmolive Company (piscataway, Nj) Patent Number: 5,472,684 Date filed: June 2, 1993

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Abstract: A composition comprising thymol and eugenol, and optionally a sesquiterpene alcohol, such as, farnesol or has been found to have plaque and gingivitis effect. Flavoring agents may be included to provide an organoleptically acceptable oral product. Australian Tea Tree oil, sage oil and eucalyptol were found to enhance the antiplaque and antigingivitis activity of mouthrinses formulated from these compositions.These compositions exhibit an antibacterial effect vs. A. viscosus of about 25 MIC or less. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition effective in countering plaque and gingivitis and more particularly to combination of natural flavoring agents having an effect on plaque and gingivitis. The use of natural products in medicated lotions for the treatment of teeth and gums is old in the art having been practiced and documented since 1860 when U.S. Pat. No. 30,834 was granted for medicated lotions containing natural product extracts from cloves and myrrh to J. G. Popp. Since then, many patents have disclosed the compositions of oral products containing natural product extracts. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 69,388 was issued to C. E. Blake for a tooth powder flavored with rose, bergamot or winter-green. U.S. Pat. No. 115,719 was issued to J. O. Draper for a tooth soap containing tincture of myrrh and pulverized orris root. However, none of the prior art references disclosed clinically proved records for plaque and gingivitis effect in humans. Bacterial plaque on tooth surfaces is a major etiological factor in gingivitis and periodontitis as shown by M. M. Ash et al., J. Peridontal, 35:424-429, 1964; H. Leo et al. J. Periodontal 36:177-187, 1965; and E. Theilade et al., J. Peridont Res. 1:1-13, 1966. Recently, specific oral microorganisms in plaque have been implicated in chronic periodontal disease. One approach to mitigate developing gingivitis and periodontitis is to prevent or reduce plaque formation. There is also evidence that antibacterials can be beneficial as an adjunct to the mechanical removal of plaque. Moreover, it has been shown recently that a toothpaste and a mouthrinse composition containing an antibacterial chemical, commercially known as Triclosan, reduce plaque and gingivitis in clinical studies in humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05472684__ •

Razor conditioner Inventor(s): Neubauer; Edwin P. (642 Cress Creek Sq., Crystal Lake, IL 60014) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,039,937 Date filed: July 2, 1997 Abstract: The liquid composition for treating razors and razor blades comprises, as a main ingredient, an oil, such as a vegetable oil, combined with a small amount of vitamin E (tocopherol acetate). The oil is present in an amount of 80-99.8% by volume and can be almond or canola oil. The vitamin E is present in the amount of 0.01-4% by volume. Other materials such as an anti-friction compound and/or Tea Tree Oil can be included in small amounts in the liquid composition. The method of treatment is to store the razor or razor blade in the liquid composition between uses thereof to enhance the useful life of the razor or razor blade. Excerpt(s): 3. up to 0.02% by volume of an antimicrobial compound. 2. Description of the Related Art Including Information Disclosed under 37 CFR.sctn.sctn. 1.97-1.99. According to the present invention there is provided a liquid composition for treating razors and razor blades comprising, as a main ingredient, an oil, such as a vegetable oil,

Patents 43

combined with a small amount of vitamin E (tocopherol acetate). The oil is present in an amount of 80-99.8% by volume and can be almond or canola oil. The vitamin E is present in the amount of 0.01-4% by volume. Other materials such as an anti-friction compound and/or Tea Tree Oil can be included in small amounts in the liquid composition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06039937__ •

Skin and hair aerosol foam preparations containing an alkyl polyglycoside and vegetable oil Inventor(s): Hollenberg; Detlef (Erkrath, DE), Kaczich; Anke (Duesseldorf, DE), Matzik; Iduna (Mettmann, DE), Mueller; Reinhard (Erkelenz, DE), Seidel; Kurt (Duesseldorf, DE) Assignee(s): Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien (duesseldorf, De) Patent Number: 6,045,779 Date filed: October 18, 1996 Abstract: A water-based composition for the treatment of hair or skin containing an active-substance combination of cosmetic components consisting of(a) an alkyl polyglycoside corresponding to general formula (I):RO--(Z).sub.x (I) in which R is an alkyl radical containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, Z is a mono- or oligosaccharide and x is a number of 1.1 to 5, or adducts thereof with 1 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide,(b) a polymer, and(c) a vegetable oil selected from kukui nut oil, almond oil, walnut oil, peach kernel oil, avocado oil, tea tree oil, soya oil, sesame oil, sunflower seed oil, tsubaki oil, evening primrose oil, rice bran oil, palm kernel oil, mango kernel oil, meadow foam oil, thistle oil, macadamia nut oil, grape seed oil, apricot kernel oil, babassu oil, olive oil, wheat germ oil, pumpkin seed oil, mallow oil, hazel nut oil, safflower oil, jojoba oil, canola oil, sasanqua oil and shea butter. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to preparations for the treatment of the skin and hair containing a special combination of active substances. The washing and care of hair is an important part of personal hygiene. Both the washing of hair with shampoos and the decorative treatment of hair, for example by coloring or permanent waving, are actions which influence the natural structure and properties of the hair. Thus, following a such treatment, the wet and dry combability, hold and body of the hair, for example, can be unsatisfactory or the number of so-called split ends can be increased. In addition, uniform distribution of the dyes applied with hair colorants is often problematical. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06045779__

•

Therapeutically effective combination Inventor(s): Bruhwiler; Klemens (Elgg, CH), Frater-Schroder; Marijke (Winterthur, CH) Assignee(s): Bogar AG (zurich, Ch) Patent Number: 6,541,042 Date filed: October 19, 2000 Abstract: A therapeutically effective combination comprising 5-25% by weight of terpinen-4-ol-containing essential oils and 0.01 to 10% by weight of tannin-containing medicinal plants or extracts thereof, which is used for the topical treatment of cutaneous

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Tea Tree Oil

and mucous membrane affections in the veterinary sector is described. Used as a terpinen-4-ol-containing essential oil is, in particular, tea tree oil and as a tannincontaining medicinal plant or extract thereof is, in particular, a ratanhia root extract. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a therapeutically effective combination comprising 525% by weight of terpinen-4-ol-containing essential oils and 0.01 to 10% by weight of tannin-containing medicinal plants or extracts or tinctures thereof, which is used for the topical treatment of cutaneous and mucous membrane affections in the veterinary sector. Tea tree oil is used in particular according to the invention as terpinen-4-olcontaining essential oils. It is likewise possible to use marjoram oil and maijolaine essence. Examples of tannin-containing medicinal plants used are ratanhia root (ratanhiae radix), in particular a ratanhia root extract. Particularly preferred medicinal plants are uvae ursi folium, Quercus cortex, Thea nigra, tormentillae radix, Hamamelis folium, ratanhiae radix, Hamamelis cortex, Orthosiphonis folium and Juglandis folium. Tea tree oil (Melaleucae aetheroleum) is the essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the leaves and twig tips of Melaleucae alternifolia Cheel, Melaleucae linariifolia Sm., Melaleucae dissitiflora Mueller or other species of the genus Melaleucae (Myrtaceae). The synergistic combination according to the invention comprises 5-25% by weight, preferably 10% by weight, of terpinen-4-ol-containing essential oils, and 0.01 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight, of tannin-containing medicinal plants or extracts or tinctures thereof, the extracts or tinctures preferably containing 0.1 to 2% by weight of the herbal drug. Ratanhia root extract is particularly preferred. Ratanhia root extract contains not less than 5% by weight of tannins expressed as pyrogallol. At these doses, the combination according to the invention shows no toxic reactions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541042__ •

Treatment of burns, cuts, and abrasions of the skin Inventor(s): Jenson; Marc S. (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): Nortrade Medical, Inc. (sandy, Ut) Patent Number: 5,958,420 Date filed: March 13, 1998 Abstract: A burn wound treatment system comprising a water-tight, sealed envelop containing a sterile, flexible, non-adherent dressing material and a sterile, stable, water soluble thixotropic gel. The gel of the present invention comprises tea tree oil and has the surprising capability of significantly lowering of the intradermal temperature of a burn wound upon topical application. The gel also inhibits infection and promotes healing of burn, chronic and acute wounds. The present invention preferably further comprises a waterproof barrier to be positioned and secured over the sterile dressing to protect against contamination and to prevent moisture loss. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and apparatus permitting the prevention of and arresting of the progress of burn injuries, and creating an environment conducive to wound healing for acute and chronic wounds. Burn injuries may be caused by exposure to heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation, including solar radiation. Burn injuries are classified by the depth of penetration into the skin and underlying structures as well as the extent and location of the injury. The presence or absence of pain is not a good indicator of burn severity since very severe burns may be relatively pain-free due to extensive damage to the nerve endings. When burn injuries occur, emergency treatment can help alleviate pain and can reduce the severity of after-effects of burn

Patents 45

damage. Recommended emergency treatment methods often include the twin goals of preventing infection and cooling the burn site. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05958420__ •

Use of essential oils to repel and treat head lice Inventor(s): Whitledge; Karen L. (14575 Harrison Rd., Romulus, MI 48174) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,342,253 Date filed: May 18, 2000 Abstract: Natural compositions of three essential oils effective as both a head lice repellent and treatment of pediculosis capitis. The compositions comprise essential anise oil present in an amount of about 3.5% to 50% by volume, essential tea tree oil present in an amount of about 2.5% to 40% by volume, and essential lemon oil present in an amount of about 2% to 20% by volume, the active agent can be combined with a pharmaceutically and/or cosmetically acceptable carrier for topical administration, such as aqueous or alcohol solutions, a gel, or a cream and administered with or without additives such as preservatives, antioxidants, fragrances, agents increasing solubility or delaying release of active agents. The active agent in concentrated form can be added to shampoos, hair sprays, rinses, styling gels or other personal preference haircare products. The active agent can also be used to treat material such as bedding, hair bows, headbands, caps, hats, helmet liners, brushes, and combs. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to natural compositions and methods that both repel head lice and treat pediculosis capitis. Head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) is a major problem in the United States, throughout Europe and Asia. In the United States alone 10 million cases of pediculosis capitis occurred in 1989. Lice are external parasites of warm blooded animals. They spread by crowding and sharing of personal items such as combs, hats, brushes and clothing. Humans are host to three different types of lice, 1) head lice, 2) body lice, 3) crab or pubic lice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342253__

•

Water-based formulation for the treatment of sunburn Inventor(s): Cohen; Peter D. (Edison, NJ), Haight; Carl (Lincoln Park, NJ) Assignee(s): Water-jel Technologies, Inc. (carlstadt, Nj) Patent Number: 5,558,914 Date filed: April 11, 1994 Abstract: This invention relates to a water-based formulation for the treatment and care of sunburn and, in particular, to a water-based formulation that is useful for decreasing the temperature at the surface of a sunburn and for reducing the pain and discomfort caused by sunburn. The preferred water-based formulation includes tea tree oil, spearmint oil, lidocaine HCl and a component reduces tackiness. Excerpt(s): The subject invention relates to a water-based formulation and method for the treatment of sunburn. Although there has been substantial effort in recent years to reduce or eliminate the risk of sunburn (erythema) produced by certain wavelengths in

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the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum, there are still circumstances wherein skin becomes exposed to UV radiation. Such exposure may, in some cases, cause sunburn that needs to be treated. To be useful, a formulation that is intended for treatment of sunburn would preferably satisfy several objectives simultaneously. The main objectives of a formulation for the treatment of sunburn are to relieve pain, eliminate the source of heat, stop the burn progression and, if necessary, help prevent infection. Thus, a useful sunburn formulation preferably provides immediate relief from pain while also helping to promote healing. In addition, a useful sunburn formulation preferably contains components that provide protection from bacteria to which the formulation may be exposed during storage or after its application. It is also desirable that the separate components of the formulation be combined in a reasonably convenient and costeffective process and that the composition, thus prepared, remains stable during storage. Finally, it is preferable that the sunburn formulation be contained in a carrier container so that the formulation may be conveniently delivered and applied when needed. In addition, it is desirable for health reasons, in some cases, to package the sunburn formulation in single-dose packaging so as to reduce the risk of contamination from one usage to the next. After application, it is also preferable that the sunburn formulation provide the relief and healing effects sought without producing an uncomfortable sticky sensation and without soiling or sticking to one's clothing. The sunburn formulation also preferably does not produce a residue that has to be subsequently washed or removed from the sensitive burned area. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05558914__

Patent Applications on Tea Tree Oil As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to tea tree oil: •

Insect repellent comprising essential volatile oils and use thereof Inventor(s): Willis, Mark T.; (Goetzville, MI) Correspondence: Mark T. Willis; 12941 E. Townline Road; Goetzville; MI; 49736; US Patent Application Number: 20030108582 Date filed: December 10, 2001 Abstract: A composition that has insect repellent properties is made from essential volatile oils. The inventive composition includes a combination of menthol, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil and/or tea tree oil, alcohol, water and skin moisturizing components. Menthol in crystal or liquid form. Essential oil of eucalyptus. Essential oil of citronella and/or tea tree oil. Isopropyl alcohol, grain alcohol or any other type of distilled alcohol. Deionized, distilled or any other type of sterile water. Skin conditioning oils including but not limited to mineral oil, jojoba oil, glycerin, Vitamin E. The topical composition can be formulated as a solution, suspension, cream, ointment, gel, film or spray.

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 47

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition for use in repelling insects and more specifically it relates to a non-toxic insect repellent composition using only naturally occurring insect repellent components. Insect repellents have been used for centuries to prevent insect pests from bothering and annoying humans and animals. Some examples of known repellents include citronella candles made from the essential oil of citronella. In the past century, synthetic chemicals have been designed and developed that more effectively repel insects. Included in these newer synthetic compounds are 2-ethyl-3-hexanediol, (DDT) and N,N-diethyl toluamide, (DEET). However, most synthetic chemical compound repellents, when absorbed through the skin or somehow ingested are toxic as in the ban of the insecticide DDT which was shown to be harmful to the environment by poisoning wildlife, and DEET is suspected to be a carcinogen, teratogen and or mutagen. Therefore, some states and federal regulations limit the percentage of DEET to 10% to 30%, which may be used in compositions for children, adults and animals use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of deactivating dust mite allergens Inventor(s): Hughes, John Farrell; (Hampshire, GB), Jerrim, Karen Louise; (Salisbury, GB), McKechnie, Malcolm Tom; (East Yorkshire, GB) Correspondence: Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld L.L.P.; One Commerce Square; 2005 Market Street, Suite 2200; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-7013; US Patent Application Number: 20030086991 Date filed: October 7, 2002 Abstract: A method is provided for deactivating a Der-p and/or Der-f allergen which comprises volatilizing into a space to be treated a deactivating amount of a volatile oil selected from cajeput oil (tea tree oil) or an oil comprising one or more terpene hydrocarbons. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation of International Application No. PCT/GB01/01572, filed Apr. 9, 2001, which was published in the English language on Oct. 18, 2001, under International Publication No. WO 01/76371 A1 and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a method of deactivating dust mite allergens. Various allergens are known which are transported through the air to trigger a human reaction. For example, it has been known for a long time that house dust can trigger allergenic reactions in humans, such as asthma and rhinitis. It was reported as early as 1928 that it was the dust mites in the dust that were the primary source of the allergenic response, but it was only in the 1960's that researchers appreciated their significance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Tea Tree Oil

TEA TREE OIL EMULSION FORMULATIONS Inventor(s): DILLON, KATHY; (IDAHO FALLS, ID), KORTH, KEVIN; (IDAHO FALLS, ID), MONTGOMERY, DAVID; (CHUBBUCK, ID), ZEHNTNER, BECKY; (BLACKFOOT, ID) Correspondence: Richard J Anderson; Fish & Richardson PC; Suite 3300; 60 South Sixth Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402 Patent Application Number: 20020001601 Date filed: April 30, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a tea tree oil emulsion comprising tea tree oil at a concentration of greater than about 20% on a weight by weight basis, an emulsifier, and a wherein the emulsion remains stable when packaged in a flexible tube. A method for producing the tea tree oil emulsion and an article of manufacture containing the tea tree oil emulsion is also provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of prior U.S. provisional application 60/083,904 filed May 1, 1998. The invention relates to emulsions containing Tea Tree Oil. Tea Tree Oil (TTO) is isolated by distilling the oil contained in the stems and leaves of the paperbark tree Melaleuca alternafolia. TTO has unique medicinal properties including antimicrobial and antifungal characteristics. Additionally, TTO provides a soothing sensation when in contact with a person's skin. When applied as a neat oil, however, TTO quickly evaporates diminishing its effects. To prolong its effects, it is desirable to apply TTO in a form that will both remain in contact with the skin and deliver the highest concentration of TTO possible. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with tea tree oil, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on tea tree oil. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning tea tree oil. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON TEA TREE OIL Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to tea tree oil. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on tea tree oil include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “tea tree oil” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “tea tree oil” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “tea tree oil” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Australian Tea Tree Oil First Aid for Animals by Cheyanne West, et al; ISBN: 0962888273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962888273/icongroupinterna

•

Australian Tea Tree Oil First Aid Handbook by Cynthia B. Olsen, et al; ISBN: 0962888222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962888222/icongroupinterna

•

Australian Tea Tree Oil Guide by Cynthia Olsen, Cynthia B. Olsen; ISBN: 1890941018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890941018/icongroupinterna

•

Australian Tea Tree Oil Handbook: 101 Plus Ways To Use Tea Tree by Cynthia B. Olsen; ISBN: 1890941026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890941026/icongroupinterna

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•

Australian Tea Tree Oil Manual by Cynthia B. Olsen, William S. Mayo (Designer); ISBN: 0962888206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962888206/icongroupinterna

•

Healthy & Beautiful With Tea Tree Oil by Heidelore Kluge, Heidelore Klug; ISBN: 1882330528; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882330528/icongroupinterna

•

Nature's Antiseptics: Tea Tree Oil and Grapefruit Seed Extract by C. J. Puotnen, C. J. Puotinen; ISBN: 0879837144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879837144/icongroupinterna

•

Tea Tree Oil (Woodland Health Ser) by Woodland Publishing Staff, Woodland Publishing; ISBN: 1885670303; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670303/icongroupinterna

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Tea Tree Oil For Health & Well-Being by Susanne Poth (Author); ISBN: 0806948485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806948485/icongroupinterna

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Tea Tree Oil: A Medicine Kit in a Bottle by Susan Drury; ISBN: 0852072384; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852072384/icongroupinterna

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Tea Tree Oil: Nature's Miracle Healer by Julia Lawless; ISBN: 0007110707; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007110707/icongroupinterna

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Tea Tree Oil: The Natural Antiseptic by Dr. Cass Ingram, Cass Killed on Contact Ingram; ISBN: 0911119248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911119248/icongroupinterna

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Tea Tree Oil: The New Guide to One of Nature's Most Remarkable Gifts by Julia Lawless; ISBN: 0722530323; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722530323/icongroupinterna

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The All-In One Guide to Tea Tree Oil by Elvis, Dr Ali; ISBN: 1886508348; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886508348/icongroupinterna

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The Great Melaleuca Fact Book by S. T. Clark; ISBN: 0963952102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963952102/icongroupinterna

•

The Tea Tree Oil Bible: Your Essential Guide for Health and Home Uses/Your First Aid Kit in a Bottle by Elvis, Dr. Ali, et al; ISBN: 1886508100; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886508100/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Tea Tree Oil In order to find chapters that specifically relate to tea tree oil, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and tea tree oil using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TEA TREE OIL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover tea tree oil.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on tea tree oil is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to tea tree oil. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “tea tree oil” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for tea tree oil: •

Tea tree oil effectively kills resistant microorganisms Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 13, 2000

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “tea tree oil” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to tea tree oil, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “tea tree oil” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Tea Tree Oil Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to tea tree oil. In addition to

Periodicals and News

53

these sources, you can search for articles covering tea tree oil that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

57

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 131 5 270 1 0 407

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on tea tree oil can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to tea tree oil. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to tea tree oil. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “tea tree oil”:

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•

Tea Tree Oil

Other guides Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Dietary Fats http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on tea tree oil. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Alternative Approaches Source: Portland, OR: National Psoriasis Foundation. 2001. 32 p. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. 6600 SW 92nd Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97223-7195. (800) 723-9166 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: Contact NPF for current pricing. Summary: This booklet provides people who have psoriasis with information on alternative approaches to treating psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. The term alternative applies to any approach that is outside the mainstream of typical psoriasis treatments. There are several schools of medicine outside of Western medicine, including naturopathic medicine, homeopathic medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and chiropractic. The booklet defines each of these disciplines and explains the manner in which each one treats disease. This is followed by a discussion of practices that promote relaxation and stress reduction, including meditation, hypnosis, massage, yoga, and biofeedback. The booklet then examines dietary regimens that have been promoted as treatments for psoriasis, including the Pagano diet and the consumption of sun sensitizing foods. Another topic is the use of dietary supplements

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such as fish oil, evening primrose oil, shark cartilage, herbal remedies, and vitamin supplements. The booklet also describes climatotherapy at the Dead Sea in Israel, the Blue Lagoon in Iceland, and Soap Lake in Washington State. Other therapies considered include the use of topical products made from apple cider vinegar, witch hazel, tea tree oil, neem oil, mahonia aquifolium, emu oil, aloe, capsaicin, oat extracts, and evening primrose oil. In addition, the booklet discusses substances or techniques reported to be beneficial for people with psoriatic arthritis, including glucosamine and chondroitin, methylsulfonylmethane, S-adenosylmethionine, magnet therapy, and balneotherapy. The booklet includes a list of additional resources on alternative therapies and a list of National Psoriasis Foundation resources, as well as information about the National Psoriasis Foundation. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to tea tree oil. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to tea tree oil. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with tea tree oil.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about tea tree oil. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “tea tree oil” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “tea tree oil”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “tea tree oil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “tea tree oil” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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TEA TREE OIL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Albumins: Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.

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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the

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oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Benzaldehyde: A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is

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used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor

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tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Candida albicans: A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing candidiasis (moniliasis). [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH]

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Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is

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attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and

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vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatomycoses: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

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Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH]

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Econazole: A broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against gram-positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the

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chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germicide: An agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms. [EU] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and

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has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other

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organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterozygote: An individual having different alleles at one or more loci in homologous chromosome segments. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus,

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or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA

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fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is

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termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Methyl salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH]

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Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural Disasters: Sudden calamitous events producing great material damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, etc. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]

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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH]

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Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piperonyl Butoxide: An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH]

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Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease

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characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought

Dictionary 97

about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]

Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In

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taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synergist: A medicament which supplements the action of another. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH]

Dictionary 99

Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Teratogen: A substance which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may involve a risk of subsequent non-hereditable birth defects in offspring. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichophyton: A mitosporic fungal genus and an anamorphic form of Arthroderma. Various species attack the skin, nails, and hair. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also

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Tea Tree Oil

called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Vulvovaginitis: Inflammation of the vulva and vagina, or of the vulvovaginal glands. [EU] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

101

INDEX A Absenteeism, 36, 75 Adverse Effect, 75, 97 Aerosol, 43, 75 Affinity, 75, 97 Agar, 75, 88, 94 Agarose, 75, 88 Albumins, 75 Algorithms, 75, 78 Alkaloid, 75, 79 Alleles, 75, 88 Allergen, 10, 19, 47, 75, 97 Aloe, 38, 65, 75 Alpha Particles, 75, 96 Alternative medicine, 52, 75 Aluminum, 33, 76 Amine, 76, 88 Ammonia, 76, 98, 99 Anaerobic, 25, 76, 85, 100 Analgesic, 40, 76 Analogous, 76, 95, 99 Anions, 76, 89 Antibacterial, 11, 12, 13, 21, 41, 42, 76, 83, 98 Antibiotic, 16, 26, 76, 91, 98 Antibodies, 76, 88, 90 Antibody, 75, 76, 81, 88, 89, 90, 97 Antifungal, 4, 11, 20, 41, 48, 76, 86, 90, 91 Antigen, 75, 76, 81, 88, 89, 90, 97 Anti-infective, 76, 79, 80, 97 Anti-inflammatory, 38, 76, 91, 97 Antimicrobial, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 42, 48, 76, 98 Antimycotic, 76, 80, 84 Antioxidants, 45, 76 Antipruritic, 77, 79 Antiseptic, 35, 50, 77 Aphids, 41, 77 Aqueous, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 45, 77, 82, 84 Aromatic, 35, 40, 77 Arteries, 77, 78, 82, 91 Asbestos, 34, 77 Asbestosis, 77 Ascites, 77, 93 Astringent, 33, 77 Attenuated, 77, 83, 99

B Bacteria, 8, 38, 41, 46, 76, 77, 83, 85, 87, 91, 98, 99, 100 Bacterial Infections, 38, 77 Bactericidal, 40, 77, 85 Bactericide, 40, 77 Bacteriophage, 77, 94 Bacteriostatic, 33, 77 Bacterium, 12, 22, 77 Base, 38, 77, 89, 91, 94 Benign, 77, 85, 87 Benign tumor, 77, 85 Benzaldehyde, 37, 77 Benzene, 77 Biological Transport, 78, 83 Biosynthesis, 78, 80 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 52, 59, 78 Bloating, 78, 88 Blood pressure, 78, 97 Blot, 7, 78 Body Fluids, 78, 83, 97 Bone Marrow, 78, 88, 90, 91 Branch, 71, 78, 93, 97, 99 Breakdown, 78, 83, 86 Bronchi, 78 Bronchial, 39, 78, 88 Bronchitis, 78, 85 Bupivacaine, 78, 90 Burns, 5, 12, 14, 22, 29, 32, 33, 44, 78 Burns, Electric, 78 C Calcium, 77, 78, 81 Camphor, 40, 41, 78 Candida albicans, 7, 14, 23, 41, 79 Candidiasis, 5, 6, 29, 79, 86 Candidosis, 79 Capsaicin, 65, 79 Carbon Dioxide, 79, 82, 85, 86, 96 Carcinogen, 47, 79, 92 Carcinogenic, 34, 78, 79 Carcinoma, 79 Cardiac, 79, 84, 90, 92 Castor Oil, 41, 79 Cathode, 79, 84 Cations, 10, 79, 89 Causal, 38, 79 Caustic, 79, 97

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Cell, 5, 11, 13, 21, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 99 Cell Division, 77, 79, 91, 94 Cell membrane, 78, 79, 80 Cell Respiration, 79, 96 Cellobiose, 79 Cellulose, 33, 79, 86, 94 Chamomile, 38, 80 Chiropractic, 11, 64, 80 Chlorhexidine, 21, 80 Chlorine, 36, 80 Chlorophyll, 80, 86 Choline, 80 Chromatin, 80, 92 Chromosome, 80, 87, 88 Chronic, 11, 14, 21, 24, 29, 42, 44, 75, 80, 89, 95, 98, 100 Citrus, 37, 80 Clear cell carcinoma, 80, 82 Clinical trial, 3, 59, 80, 96 Cloning, 78, 80 Clotrimazole, 5, 12, 80 Cod Liver Oil, 80, 84 Colloidal, 33, 80, 84, 94 Commensal, 15, 24, 80 Communis, 79, 80 Complement, 11, 81, 97 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 30, 81 Complementary medicine, 19, 81 Computational Biology, 59, 81 Congestion, 81, 85 Conjunctiva, 81, 89 Connective Tissue, 78, 81, 85 Consciousness, 76, 81 Consumption, 64, 81, 93 Contact dermatitis, 10, 15, 20, 22, 24, 81 Contamination, 44, 46, 82 Contraindications, ii, 82 Corn Oil, 41, 82 Coronary, 82, 91 Coronary Thrombosis, 82, 91 Cortex, 44, 82 Coumarins, 80, 82 Crowding, 45, 82 Curare, 82, 91 Curative, 82, 99 Cutaneous, 11, 20, 43, 44, 79, 82, 89 Cytoplasm, 79, 82, 91, 92 Cytotoxicity, 13, 82 D Databases, Bibliographic, 59, 82

Decarboxylation, 82, 88 Dermatitis, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 34, 82, 84 Dermatomycoses, 82, 84 DES, 82 Diagnostic procedure, 31, 52, 82 Diarrhea, 83, 85 Diffusion, 5, 12, 78, 83, 88 Digestion, 83, 88, 89, 90 Dilution, 11, 21, 83 Diploid, 83, 94 Direct, iii, 83, 96 Disease Transmission, 38, 83 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 83 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 83 Disease Vectors, 83, 89 Disinfectant, 35, 80, 83, 85 Disinfection, 35, 83 Dorsal, 83, 85 Drug Interactions, 83 Drug Tolerance, 83, 99 Duct, 83, 98 Dyes, 43, 77, 83, 92 Dysentery, 32, 83 Dyspepsia, 83, 88 E Echinacea, 38, 83 Econazole, 4, 6, 13, 84 Eczema, 38, 39, 84 Edema, 81, 84, 92, 93 Efficacy, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, 23, 35, 40, 84 Electrolysis, 76, 79, 84 Electrolyte, 84, 95, 97 Electrons, 77, 79, 84, 89, 93, 96 Electrophoresis, 84, 88 Embryo, 84, 95 Emergency Treatment, 44, 84 Emodin, 75, 84 Emollient, 84, 91, 93 Emphysema, 39, 84 Emulsion, 48, 84, 86 Endocarditis, 79, 84 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 84 Enzymatic, 78, 81, 84, 88 Enzyme, 7, 80, 84, 85, 100 Epithelial, 16, 27, 78, 85 Erythema, 20, 45, 81, 85, 98 Erythema Multiforme, 20, 85 Erythrocytes, 78, 85, 97 Escherichia, 11, 13, 15, 21, 23, 25, 85 Escherichia coli, 11, 13, 15, 21, 23, 25, 85 Ethanol, 33, 85

Index 103

Eucalyptus, 11, 12, 21, 36, 39, 41, 46, 85 Exogenous, 84, 85 Expiration, 85, 96 Extensor, 85, 96 Extracellular, 81, 85, 97 F Family Planning, 59, 85 Fat, 78, 85, 98 Fatty acids, 85, 97 Fibroma, 34, 85 Fixation, 85, 97 Flatus, 86 Flavoring Agents, 42, 85, 86 Fleas, 38, 86 Fluconazole, 5, 6, 12, 86 Friction, 42, 43, 86 Fungi, 6, 11, 20, 23, 41, 76, 82, 86, 91, 99, 100 Fungicide, 40, 41, 86 Fungus, 38, 79, 86 G Gamma Rays, 86, 92 Gas, 35, 76, 79, 80, 83, 86, 88, 92, 96 Gas exchange, 86, 96 Gastric, 86, 87, 88 Gastrointestinal, 77, 85, 86 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 77, 86 Gastrointestinal tract, 85, 86 Gels, 33, 45, 86 Gene, 75, 78, 86 Genetics, 10, 86 Genital, 37, 38, 80, 86, 100 Genotype, 86, 94 Germicide, 40, 86 Ginger, 41, 86 Gland, 87, 97, 98 Glucose, 79, 87 Governing Board, 87, 95 Graft, 87, 88 Gram-negative, 85, 87 Gram-positive, 84, 87, 91, 98 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 84, 87 Growth, 36, 41, 76, 77, 87, 94, 100 H Hair Color, 43, 87 Hair follicles, 87, 100 Haploid, 87, 94 Headache, 87, 89 Heart failure, 87, 93 Heartburn, 87, 88 Helminths, 87, 89 Herbicide, 37, 87

Heredity, 86, 87 Herpes, 7, 11, 21, 37, 38, 87 Herpes Zoster, 87 Heterotrophic, 86, 87 Heterozygote, 88 Histamine, 15, 25, 26, 27, 88 Histidine, 88 Homologous, 75, 88, 97 Hormone, 82, 88 Host, 45, 77, 79, 80, 83, 88, 100 Hydrogen, 76, 77, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95 Hypersensitivity, 23, 26, 29, 75, 88, 97 I Id, 17, 20, 28, 40, 65, 70, 72, 88 Imidazole, 80, 88, 91 Immune response, 76, 88, 97, 100 Immunization, 88, 97 Immunodiffusion, 75, 88 Immunoelectrophoresis, 7, 75, 88 In vitro, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 35, 88 In vivo, 23, 88 Incision, 88, 89 Indicative, 49, 88, 93, 100 Indigestion, 32, 88 Infarction, 82, 88, 91 Infection, 10, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 79, 89, 90, 98 Infestation, 45, 89, 93 Inflammation, 26, 27, 37, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 94, 96, 97, 100 Influenza, 39, 89 Infusion, 89, 91 Ingestion, 23, 89, 95 Inhalation, 39, 75, 77, 89, 95 Inlay, 89, 97 Inorganic, 33, 89, 91 Insecticides, 37, 89, 94 Intestine, 85, 88, 89, 96, 98 Intracellular, 89, 95 Intravenous, 89, 91 Inulin, 83, 89 Invasive, 38, 89 Ions, 24, 77, 84, 88, 89, 93 Irritants, 83, 89 K Kb, 58, 89 Ketoconazole, 4, 6, 13, 90 L Laxative, 75, 84, 90, 91 Lesion, 90, 99 Lethal, 77, 90, 92

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Tea Tree Oil

Leukocytes, 78, 90, 91, 92 Library Services, 70, 90 Lice, 45, 90, 93 Lidocaine, 45, 90 Life cycle, 86, 90 Liver, 84, 90, 99 Localized, 85, 89, 90, 93, 94 Locomotion, 90, 94 Lymph, 75, 90 Lymphatic, 89, 90, 93 Lymphocyte, 76, 90 M Man-made, 39, 90 Mannans, 86, 90 Mediator, 15, 26, 90 MEDLINE, 59, 90 Membrane, 16, 27, 44, 79, 80, 81, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97 Meningitis, 86, 90 Menthol, 40, 46, 91 Methyl salicylate, 40, 91 MI, 45, 46, 73, 91 Miconazole, 4, 6, 13, 91 Microbe, 91, 99 Microorganism, 91, 100 Microscopy, 4, 14, 91 Mineral Oil, 41, 46, 91 Mitosis, 91 Mitotic, 36, 91 Molecular, 10, 59, 61, 76, 78, 81, 91, 98 Molecule, 76, 77, 81, 91, 93 Monocytes, 15, 16, 26, 27, 90, 91 Mononuclear, 91 Morphological, 84, 86, 91 Motor nerve, 91 Mucus, 83, 91 Mupirocin, 24, 91 Muscle relaxant, 40, 91 Muscle tension, 91 Mustard Gas, 89, 92 Mutagen, 47, 92 Myalgia, 89, 92 Myocardium, 91, 92 N Nasal Mucosa, 89, 92 Natural Disasters, 35, 92 Nausea, 88, 92 Necrosis, 88, 91, 92 Need, 50, 66, 92, 99 Nerve, 44, 80, 90, 91, 92, 95, 99 Nerve Endings, 44, 92 Nervous System, 78, 87, 90, 92, 95

Neuroeffector Junction, 92 Neurons, 91, 92 Neutrons, 75, 92, 96 Neutrophils, 16, 27, 90, 92 Nuclear, 84, 86, 90, 92 Nucleus, 80, 82, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95 O Odour, 77, 93 Oedema, 15, 25, 93 Ointments, 80, 93, 97 Onychomycosis, 5, 8, 10, 12, 93 Organelles, 82, 91, 93 Ovary, 93, 95 Oxidation, 77, 93 Oxygen Consumption, 93, 96 P Palliative, 93, 99 Parasitic, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93 Particle, 90, 93 Particle Accelerators, 90, 93 Pathogenesis, 93 Pathologic, 79, 82, 88, 93, 96 Patient Education, 64, 68, 70, 73, 93 Pediculosis, 45, 93 Perennial, 83, 93, 99 Periodontal disease, 42, 93 Periodontitis, 42, 94 Peritoneal, 77, 93, 94 Peritoneal Cavity, 77, 93, 94 Perspiration, 33, 94 Pesticides, 41, 89, 94 Petrolatum, 84, 94 Petroleum, 91, 94 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 79, 85, 94 Pharmacologic, 94, 99 Pharynx, 89, 94 Phenolphthalein, 84, 94 Phenotype, 16, 26, 94 Pilot study, 11, 21, 94 Piperonyl Butoxide, 39, 94 Plague, 38, 94 Plant Diseases, 41, 94 Plants, 32, 41, 43, 44, 75, 77, 79, 80, 84, 87, 89, 94, 95, 99 Plaque, 41, 42, 80, 94 Pleural, 93, 94 Pleural cavity, 93, 94 Poisoning, 7, 11, 14, 25, 29, 47, 92, 95 Pollen, 7, 95 Polysaccharide, 75, 76, 79, 95 Potassium, 95, 97 Practice Guidelines, 60, 95

Index 105

Presynaptic, 92, 95 Presynaptic Terminals, 92, 95 Procaine, 90, 95 Progression, 46, 95 Progressive, 83, 87, 92, 95 Propoxur, 39, 95 Protein S, 78, 95 Proteins, 13, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88, 91, 95, 99 Protons, 75, 88, 93, 95, 96 Protozoa, 83, 91, 95, 99 Pruritic, 84, 95, 99 Pruritus, 14, 24, 95 Psoriasis, 64, 92, 95 Public Policy, 59, 96 Publishing, 4, 13, 14, 50, 96 Pulmonary, 78, 80, 81, 96, 98 Pulmonary Edema, 80, 96 Pulmonary Ventilation, 96 Pyogenic, 85, 96 R Radiation, 44, 46, 86, 90, 96, 98 Radioactive, 88, 90, 92, 96 Randomized, 15, 17, 26, 28, 84, 96 Randomized clinical trial, 15, 26, 96 Reagent, 80, 96 Rectum, 86, 96 Refer, 1, 81, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 96 Refraction, 96, 98 Refractory, 5, 6, 96 Regimen, 84, 96 Relaxant, 40, 96 Respiration, 15, 25, 79, 82, 96 Respiratory System, 39, 96 Restoration, 35, 97, 100 Rhinitis, 47, 97 Rigidity, 94, 97 Rod, 77, 85, 97 Rodenticides, 94, 97 Rotenone, 94, 97 S Salicylate, 80, 97 Screening, 80, 97 Sebaceous, 89, 97, 100 Secretion, 88, 91, 94, 97 Sensitization, 12, 22, 97 Side effect, 39, 75, 97, 99 Smooth muscle, 88, 97 Soaps, 38, 97 Sodium, 33, 97, 98 Sodium Bicarbonate, 33, 97 Solar radiation, 44, 97

Solvent, 32, 78, 85, 97 Soybean Oil, 41, 97 Specialist, 66, 97 Species, 4, 6, 13, 32, 40, 44, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 87, 91, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100 Spectrum, 35, 38, 46, 80, 84, 90, 98 Sperm, 80, 95, 98 Sterile, 44, 46, 98 Stimulant, 88, 98 Streptococci, 91, 98 Stress, 64, 92, 98 Subacute, 89, 98 Subclinical, 89, 98 Subcutaneous, 84, 93, 98 Subspecies, 97, 98 Sunburn, 45, 98 Superoxide, 16, 27, 98 Surfactant, 98 Sweat, 33, 94, 98 Sweat Glands, 33, 98 Symptomatic, 38, 98 Symptomatic treatment, 38, 98 Synergist, 94, 98 Synergistic, 41, 44, 98 Systemic, 15, 23, 24, 78, 79, 89, 93, 97, 98 T Talc, 33, 98 Tenesmus, 83, 99 Teratogen, 47, 99 Therapeutics, 5, 99 Thermal, 77, 92, 99 Ticks, 89, 99 Tinea Pedis, 15, 17, 25, 28, 99 Tissue, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 Tolerance, 4, 14, 16, 26, 27, 99 Topical, 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, 35, 37, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 65, 77, 80, 85, 94, 97, 98, 99 Toxic, iv, 16, 27, 37, 44, 47, 77, 82, 99 Toxicity, 16, 27, 37, 83, 84, 99 Toxicology, 7, 16, 27, 60, 99 Toxins, 76, 89, 99 Transfection, 78, 99 Transmitter, 90, 99 Trees, 85, 99 Trichophyton, 99 Tuberculosis, 39, 81, 99 U Unconscious, 88, 99 Urea, 98, 99

106

Tea Tree Oil

V Vaccines, 99, 100 Vagina, 79, 82, 99, 100 Vaginal, 5, 12, 38, 100 Vaginitis, 29, 79, 100 Vaginosis, 4, 6, 25, 100 Vascular, 89, 93, 100 Vasodilator, 88, 100 Venous, 93, 95, 100 Veterinary Medicine, 16, 59, 100 Viral, 34, 38, 89, 100 Virulence, 77, 99, 100

Virus, 11, 21, 38, 77, 94, 100 Virus Diseases, 77, 100 Vitro, 4, 13, 23, 100 Vivo, 100 Vulgaris, 29, 30, 100 Vulva, 100 Vulvovaginitis, 11, 21, 100 W Wart, 20, 34, 100 Wound Healing, 18, 44, 91, 100 Y Yeasts, 23, 79, 86, 94, 100

Index 107

108

Tea Tree Oil

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