Tattoos - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

TATTOOS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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TATTOOS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tattoos: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83609-4 1. Tattoos-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on tattoos. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TATTOOS ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Tattoos........................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TATTOOS ......................................................................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Finding Nutrition Studies on Tattoos ......................................................................................... 37 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TATTOOS ................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 41 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 43 General References ....................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TATTOOS ..................................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Dissertations on Tattoos .............................................................................................................. 45 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TATTOOS ................................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patents on Tattoos........................................................................................................................ 47 Patent Applications on Tattoos.................................................................................................... 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TATTOOS ................................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 81 Chapters on Tattoos ................................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON TATTOOS....................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 111 Bibliography: Multimedia on Tattoos ........................................................................................ 112 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TATTOOS.................................................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 115 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 119 Academic Periodicals covering Tattoos...................................................................................... 119 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 125 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 128 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 129 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 134 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 137 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 137

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 137 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 143 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 143 TATTOOS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 145 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 173

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with tattoos is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about tattoos, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to tattoos, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on tattoos. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to tattoos, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on tattoos. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TATTOOS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on tattoos.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and tattoos, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Infectious Complications of Tattoos Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases; Vol. 18, April 1994. Contact: University of California San Diego, Medical Center, Department of Medicine, AIDS Education and Training Center, San Diego Area, 200 W Arbor Dr, San Diego, CA, 92103-8681, (619) 294-3767. Summary: A review of articles on infectious disease transmission through tattooing, this report suggests public health education may prevent the spread of infectious agents like hepatitis B and HIV. The report begins with background and demographics of tattooing and notes that tattooing is common in correctional facilities. Modern tattooing methods use aseptic precautions; however, saliva and urine may still be used to wipe away blood or moisten the ink in unregulated places. Particularly in places such as: in jails using

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homemade tattoo machines, on the streets, in ritual ceremonies, and in unregulated tattoo shops. Known infectious complications of tattoos are detailed like syphilis, hepatitis, and tuberculosis. Although HIV transmission by tattooing may be possible through the needles or the inks, it has not been documented. Public health education about the risks of tattooing will benefit those at risk for tattoos including prisoners, street youth, military personnel, and health care providers in contact with these populations.

Federally Funded Research on Tattoos The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to tattoos. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to tattoos. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore tattoos. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for tattoos: •

Project Title: LASER TATTOO REMOVAL SYSTEM USING DERMAL CLEARING AGENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcnichols, Roger J. Chief Scientist and Vice President; Biotex, Inc. 8018 El Rio Houston, TX 770544104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 23-APR-2001; Project End 22-OCT-2002 Summary: (Verbatim) - In recent years, the popularity of tattooing has grown tremendously with over 10 million Americans now believed to have one or more tattoos. Along with this demand for tattoos comes an increased demand for tattoo removal. A limitation of laser tattoo removal is that lasers which are most effective at removing red and yellow inks are also more highly scattered by tissue and their delivery is therefore less efficient. In all cases, reduced efficiency of radiation delivery mandates multiple treatments. In this phase I study we propose to increase the efficacy of laser tattoo treatment by introducing an agent which temporarily and dramatically reduces scatter in the dermis and epidermis. Reduction of the optical scattering coefficient of the intervening skin increases the overall effective transmittance of the skin and allows for better penetration of the laser to the target tattoo inks. In turn, this allows for lower irradiation fluence levels and a reduction in non-specific heating. In this project, we will compare the efficacy of our new treatment to that of conventional laser tattoo treatment in well-established animal models. We expect this effort to lead toward the development of a dual wavelength system that utilizes dermal clearing to more efficiently remove

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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tattoos. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The proposed technology could lead to improved efficiency of laser tattoo removal which will make this procedure faster, more affordable, and therefore more accessible. Further, the technique has potential importance to other applications including hair removal, portwine stain treatment, and treatment of "spider" veins. The market potential of such procedures currently exceeds $750 million annually, and with improved speed and effectiveness, should increase dramatically. Formulation of and development of a delivery methodology for dermal clearing agents represent enabling technologies which will be a crucial part of commercial tattoo removal therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTING HIV/AIDS IN TEEN MOTHERS AND THEIR PARTNERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Koniak-Griffin, Deborah; Professor; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Adolescent mothers are at risk for acquiring HIV/AIDS through heterosexual sex. Their intimate partners are often teen fathers who engage in multiple HIV risk behaviors, including sexual behaviors, illicit drug use, and needle-sharing for bodypiercing and tattoos. Many have a history of gang involvement and incarceration. Being in a monogamous relationship and fear of negative partner attitudes have been identified as important barriers to condom use for adolescent mothers. Yet, preliminary studies indicate that 1) young fathers do not perceive sexual activity outside their main relationship to conflict with their monogamous status; and 2) a 50 percent break-up rate within 12 months is reported for parenting adolescent couples. Despite teens' misperceptions about relationship stability, current romantic connections may provide the key to building skills needed to maintain safer sex with current and future partners. The exclusion of male partners from scientifically evaluated HIV prevention programs represents a serious research gap. This experimental study will evaluate the impact of a program attended by parenting adolescent couples on their safer sex practices. The sample of 286 couples will be composed of high-risk, predominantly Latino youth. Recruited from alternative schools in Los Angeles County, couples will be randomly assigned to the experimental or control condition. The experimental condition consists of a 12-hour HIV prevention program presented in 6 sessions. The curriculum, based on the CDC model "Be Proud! Be Responsible!" is adapted and expanded for the targeted population by using feelings of maternal protectiveness and paternal responsibility to promote safer sexual behaviors. Activities include small group discussions in combined and gender-separated groups, interactive games, skill-building exercises (conflict and sexual negotiation, condom use), and a presentation by an HIV- positive mother. Cultural issues related to gender and power are addressed throughout. The control condition is a 1-hour AIDS education session (videotape followed by a short discussion period). The programs will be offered in community-based settings (e.g., recreational facilities and libraries). Participants will be evaluated on primary outcomes (sexual risk behaviors) and intermediate outcomes (social cognitive factors related to HIV prevention) through individual interviews at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at 3-, 6-, and 12- month follow-up. It is hypothesized that by addressing issues of gender and power while providing social-cognitive skill-building learning experiences within the context of a romantic relationship, sexual risk-taking will be reduced in adolescent mothers and fathers.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARCINOMA

SIMULTANEOUS

THERMORADIOTHERAPY

FOR

BREAST

Principal Investigator & Institution: Moros, Eduardo G. Associate Professor; Radiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1996; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: he overall objective of this proposal is to deliver true simultaneous radiation and hyperthermia treatments safely and with tumor thermal doses consistent with heat induced radiosensitization. There are three major components to this project: 1) Simultaneous superficial thermoradiotherapy clinical trials that seek to optimize thermal dose delivery and determine normal tissue tolerance; 2) Hyperthermia technology R&D; and 3) In vitro cell studies to define thermal dose objectives for the clinic. This proposal is for a new clinical trial that will evaluate the long-term normal tissue effects and local control of simultaneous thermal and radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone in curable but high risk patients with breast carcinoma. Hypotheses are: 1) It is possible to achieve minimum tumor thermal doses (equivalent times at 41C >60 minutes) in the clinic that are compatible with heat induced radiosensitization in vitro when radiation and hyperthermia are delivered simultaneously. Moreover, the overall minimum tumor thermal dose is improved with increasing number of hyperthermia sessions. 2) The thermal enhancement of subacute and late radiation injury from these thermal doses is tolerable and its thermal dose dependence can be characterized. 3) A minimum improvement of 10 to 15 percent in local control within the heated portion of the chest wall will be detected. Specific Aim: In a population of patients with no prior radiotherapy and minimal disease volume but high risk breast cancer, the aplicants will conduct a prospective clinical trial comparing skin and soft tissue changes between heated and non-heated portions of the chest wall (each patient is her own control) to determine the impact of superficial simultaneous hyperthermia and radiation on late radiation effects and local control. The radiotherapy will be conventionally fractionated and will include conventional boosts. The number of hyperthermia treatments will be four in the first arm of this study and will be escalated to eight in the second arm. The hyperthermia field size will be the maximum obtainable (12 cm x 12 cm) and will be directed to the medial or lateral portion of the chest wall (site selected by randomization). Skin/subcutaneous tissue changes will be graded according to the RTOG Late Effects of Normal Tissue (LENT) scale and contracture of skin will be measured by following reference tattoos in the heated and non-heated portions of the chest wall. The main potential benefit to patients is a greater likelihood of local control within the treated volume with tolerable long-term tissue effects. This benefit outweighs the potential risks from the therapy. This study may have a significant beneficial impact for patients with residual high-risk breast carcinoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with tattoos, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for tattoos (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

510-nm pulsed dye laser and alexandrite crystal laser for the treatment of pigmented lesions and tattoos. Author(s): Stafford TJ, Tan OT. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1995 January-February; 13(1): 69-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704859&dopt=Abstract

•

A case-control study of tattoos in young suicide victims as a possible marker of risk. Author(s): Dhossche D, Snell KS, Larder S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 August; 59(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10837885&dopt=Abstract

•

A cultural psychiatric study on tattoos of young Korean males. Author(s): Kim JJ. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1991 September; 32(3): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1781185&dopt=Abstract

•

A new technique of dermabrasion for traumatic tattoos. Author(s): Cronin ED, Haber JL. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1996 April; 36(4): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8728585&dopt=Abstract

•

A simplified method of focal salabrasion for removal of linear tattoos. Author(s): Johannesson A. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1985 October; 11(10): 1004-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4044977&dopt=Abstract

•

Adolescent tattoos: educating vs. pontificating. Author(s): Armstrong ML. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1995 November-December; 21(6): 561-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8700613&dopt=Abstract

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

Adolescents and tattoos: marks of identity or deviancy? Author(s): Armstrong ML. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1994 April; 6(2): 11924. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7946832&dopt=Abstract

•

Age, sex, education, religion, and perception of tattoos. Author(s): Lin Y. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 April; 90(2): 654-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061609&dopt=Abstract

•

Allergic contact dermatitis to henna tattoo. Author(s): Baron S, Baxter K, Wilkinson M. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 September; 88(9): 747. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937089&dopt=Abstract

•

Allergic contact dermatitis to temporary tattoos with positive para-phenylenediamine reactions: report of four cases. Author(s): Chung WH, Wang CM, Hong HS. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 40(12): 754-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903669&dopt=Abstract

•

Allergic reactions to mercury in red tattoos and in mucosa adjacent to amalgam fillings. Author(s): Juhlin L, Ohman S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1968; 48(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4171278&dopt=Abstract

•

Amalgam tattoos (localized argyria): a review of the literature. Author(s): Chan SD. Source: Georgetown Dent J. 1978 July; 62(2): 31-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=400359&dopt=Abstract

•

Amalgam tattoos of the oral soft tissue. Author(s): Hatch CL, Terezhalmy GT, Krolls SO. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1984 September; 63(9): 416-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6489216&dopt=Abstract

•

Amalgam tattoos: light and electron microscopy and electron-probe micro-analysis. Author(s): Harrison JD, Rowley PS, Peters PD. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1977 February; 121(2): 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=327039&dopt=Abstract

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•

An investigation into a method for the removal of dermal tattoos: a report on animal and clinical studies. Author(s): Gupta SC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1965 September; 36(3): 354-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5318809&dopt=Abstract

•

Anterior-posterior treatment localization in pelvic radiotherapy: tattoos or fixed couch-to-isocentre distance. Author(s): Greer PB, Mortensen TM. Source: Medical Dosimetry : Official Journal of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists. 1997 Spring; 22(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9136107&dopt=Abstract

•

Argon laser treatment of decorative tattoos. Author(s): Apfelberg DB, Maser MR, Lash H. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1979 April; 32(2): 141-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=444777&dopt=Abstract

•

Association between heroin use, needle sharing and tattoos received in prison with hepatitis B and C positivity among street-recruited injecting drug users in New Mexico, USA. Author(s): Samuel MC, Doherty PM, Bulterys M, Jenison SA. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 December; 127(3): 475-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811881&dopt=Abstract

•

Basal cell carcinoma arising in tattoos: a clinical report of two cases. Author(s): Earley MJ. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1983 April; 36(2): 258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6831109&dopt=Abstract

•

Basal cell carcinoma in tattoos: report of two cases. Author(s): Bashir AH. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1976 October; 29(4): 288-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1000112&dopt=Abstract

•

Blast tattoos resulting from black powder firearms. Author(s): Hanke CW, Conner AC, Probst EL Jr, Fondak AA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 November; 17(5 Pt 1): 819-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3680658&dopt=Abstract

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Body adornment: piercings and tattoos. Author(s): Chivers L. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2002 May 8-14; 16(34): 41-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046418&dopt=Abstract

•

Carbon dioxide laser treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas and tattoos. Author(s): Levine H, Bailin P. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1982 April; 108(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6803748&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon dioxide laser treatment of granulomatous reactions in tattoos. Author(s): Koranda FC, Norris CW, Diestelmeier MF. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1986 March; 94(3): 384-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3083372&dopt=Abstract

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Career-oriented women with tattoos. Author(s): Armstrong ML. Source: Image--The Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 1991 Winter; 23(4): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1937518&dopt=Abstract

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Career-oriented women with tattoos. Author(s): Moyer N. Source: Image--The Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 1992 Spring; 24(1): 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1541481&dopt=Abstract

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Changing attitudes toward orofacial tattoos. Author(s): Dummett CO. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1976 January; 68(1): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1255818&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical use of the Q-switched ruby and the Q-switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm and 532 nm) lasers for treatment of tattoos. Author(s): Kilmer SL, Anderson RR. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1993 April; 19(4): 330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8478472&dopt=Abstract

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Clinicopathologic features of skin reactions to temporary tattoos and analysis of possible causes. Author(s): Chung WH, Chang YC, Yang LJ, Hung SI, Wong WR, Lin JY, Chan HL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 January; 138(1): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790171&dopt=Abstract

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CO2 laser treatment of traumatic tattoos. Author(s): Dufresne RG Jr, Garrett AB, Bailin PL, Ratz JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 January; 20(1): 137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2492312&dopt=Abstract

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College students and tattoos. Influence of image, identity, family, and friends. Author(s): Armstrong ML, Owen DC, Roberts AE, Koch JR. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2002 October; 40(10): 20-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385196&dopt=Abstract

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College students with tattoos and piercings: motives, family experiences, personality factors, and perception by others. Author(s): Forbes GB. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 December; 89(3): 774-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824749&dopt=Abstract

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College tattoos: more than skin deep. Author(s): Armstrong ML, Owen DC, Roberts AE, Koch JR. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2002 October; 14(5): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430519&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of argon and carbon dioxide laser treatment of decorative tattoos: a preliminary report. Author(s): Apfelberg DB, Maser MR, Lash H, White DN, Flores JT. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1985 January; 14(1): 6-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3919634&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of responses of tattoos to picosecond and nanosecond Q-switched neodymium: YAG lasers. Author(s): Ross V, Naseef G, Lin G, Kelly M, Michaud N, Flotte TJ, Raythen J, Anderson RR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 February; 134(2): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9487208&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the infrared coagulator and the carbon dioxide laser in the removal of decorative tattoos. Author(s): Groot DW, Arlette JP, Johnston PA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 September; 15(3): 51822. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3760278&dopt=Abstract

12 Tattoos

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Comparison of the Q-switched alexandrite, Nd:YAG, and ruby lasers in treating blueblack tattoos. Author(s): Leuenberger ML, Mulas MW, Hata TR, Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE, Grevelink JM. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1999 January; 25(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9935085&dopt=Abstract

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Conditions responding to lasers. Vascular abnormalities and tattoos. Author(s): Walter J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 October; 28(10): 1033-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592581&dopt=Abstract

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Connective tissue grafts for the treatment of discolored roots and amalgam tattoos. Author(s): van Dooren E. Source: Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent. 2000 June-July; 12(5): 461-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405002&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergy from temporary tattoos. Author(s): Tosti A, Pazzaglia M, Bertazzoni M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 August; 136(8): 1061-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10926749&dopt=Abstract

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Contact dermatitis after temporary henna tattoos--an increasing phenomenon. Author(s): Lauchli S, Lautenschlager S, Lauchl S. Source: Swiss Med Wkly. 2001 April 7;131(13-14):199-202. Erratum In: Swiss Med Wkly 2001 September 22;131(37-38):561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345811&dopt=Abstract

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CT of tattoos removed with laser therapy. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Togashi K. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 May; 174(5): 1468-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789820&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous intolerance to tattoos in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus: a manifestation of the immune restoration syndrome. Author(s): Silvestre JF, Albares MP, Ramon R, Botella R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346356&dopt=Abstract

Studies 13

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Cutaneous reactions to temporary tattoos. Author(s): Wolf R, Wolf D, Matz H, Orion E. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 February; 9(1): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639461&dopt=Abstract

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Decorative tattoos: analysis of 100 cases. Author(s): Dupont C. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 May; 74(3): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7915478&dopt=Abstract

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Dermabrasion for the management of traumatic tattoos. Author(s): Notaro WA. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1983 November; 9(11): 916-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6630705&dopt=Abstract

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Dermabrasion of traumatic tattoos: simple, inexpensive, effective. Author(s): Horowitz J, Nichter LS, Stark D. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1988 September; 21(3): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3223706&dopt=Abstract

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Discoid lupus erythematosus in red tattoos. Author(s): Fields JP, Little WD Jr, Watson PE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 December; 98(6): 667-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5697239&dopt=Abstract

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Effective treatment of traumatic tattoos with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Author(s): Troilius AM. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1998; 22(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9484703&dopt=Abstract

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Employer attitudes toward persons with visible tattoos. Author(s): Bekhor PS, Bekhor L, Gandrabur M. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 36(2): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7646392&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural anesthesia in three parturients with lumbar tattoos: a review of possible implications. Author(s): Douglas MJ, Swenerton JE. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 December; 49(10): 1057-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477678&dopt=Abstract

14 Tattoos

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Evaluation of the Nd/YAG laser for treatment of amateur and professional tattoos. Author(s): Ferguson JE, August PJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 October; 135(4): 586-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915151&dopt=Abstract

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Experience using the carbon dioxide laser in the removal of cutaneous tattoos. Author(s): James SE, Venn GE, Russell RC. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1985 April; 72(4): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3921090&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with surgical laser treatment of tattoos and use of the CO2 laser in plastic surgery. Author(s): Katalinic D. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1995; 49: 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7653388&dopt=Abstract

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Focal salabrasion for removal of linear tattoos. Author(s): Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1984 March; 10(3): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6699261&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrointestinal tattoos. Author(s): Snider TE, Goodell WM, Pulitzer DR. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1994 June; 118(6): 640-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8204011&dopt=Abstract

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Grafting of autologous-cultured epithelium after excision of tattoos. Author(s): Kumagai N, Matsuzaki K, Fukushi S, Masayoshi T, Hideo O, Ishida H. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1994 October; 33(4): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7810954&dopt=Abstract

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III. Tattoos in different cultures. Author(s): Goldstein N, Sewell M. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 November; 5(11): 857-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=387844&dopt=Abstract

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Implications of tattoos. Author(s): Appleby JJ. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 April; 43(4): 1162, 1171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2008807&dopt=Abstract

Studies 15

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Infectious complications of tattoos. Author(s): Long GE, Rickman LS. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 April; 18(4): 610-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8038318&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammatory reactions from organic pigments in red tattoos. Author(s): Bendsoe N, Hansson C, Sterner O. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1676223&dopt=Abstract

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Influenza vaccine and itchy tattoos. Author(s): Kravitz P. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1978 March; 88(3): 428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=629509&dopt=Abstract

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IV. Complications from tattoos. Author(s): Goldstein N. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 November; 5(11): 869-78. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500931&dopt=Abstract

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IX. Suits for malpractice based on alleged unsightly scars resulting from removal of tattoos. Author(s): Zimmerman MC. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 November; 5(11): 911-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500936&dopt=Abstract

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Laser ablation of facial cosmetic tattoos. Author(s): Fitzpatrick RE, Goldman MP, Dierickx C. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1994 Winter; 18(1): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8122584&dopt=Abstract

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Laser eradication of pigmented lesions and tattoos. Author(s): Kilmer SL. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2002 January; 20(1): 37-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859593&dopt=Abstract

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Laser removal of radiation tattoos. Author(s): Alam M, Arndt KA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 April 2; 136(7): 558. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926801&dopt=Abstract

16 Tattoos

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Laser removal of tattoos. Author(s): Kuperman-Beade M, Levine VJ, Ashinoff R. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2001; 2(1): 21-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702617&dopt=Abstract

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Laser treatment of pigmented lesions and tattoos. Author(s): Kilmer SL, Garden JM. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2000 December; 19(4): 232-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149604&dopt=Abstract

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Laser treatment of tattoos and angiomas. Author(s): Kitzmiller KW. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1970 October; 59(10): 385-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5506702&dopt=Abstract

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Laser treatment of tattoos in darkly pigmented patients: efficacy and side effects. Author(s): Grevelink JM, Duke D, van Leeuwen RL, Gonzalez E, DeCoste SD, Anderson RR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 April; 34(4): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8601656&dopt=Abstract

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Laser treatment of tattoos. Author(s): Kilmer SL. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1997 July; 15(3): 409-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9189678&dopt=Abstract

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Laser treatment of tattoos. A preliminary survey of three year's clinical experience. Author(s): Goldman L, Rockwell RJ, Meyer R, Otten R, Wilson RG, Kitzmiller KW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967 September 11; 201(11): 841-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6071898&dopt=Abstract

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Laser treatment of tattoos: a prospective, paired, comparison study of the Q-switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm), frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG (532 nm), and Qswitched ruby lasers. Author(s): Goyal S, Arndt KA, Stern RS, O'Hare D, Dover JS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 January; 36(1): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996281&dopt=Abstract

Studies 17

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Legislate against tattoos? Author(s): Edelsten GW. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1983 January 8; 1(1): 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6571513&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Reactions to adhesive tattoos in children. Author(s): Morse D, Campana J, Biggar RJ, Haughie GE, Van Buren J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 July 17; 293(3): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1134527&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Removal of tattoos. Author(s): Watts GT. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 August 17; 3(5928): 469-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4414372&dopt=Abstract

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Lichenoid delayed hypersensitivity reactions in tattoos. Author(s): Winkelmann RK, Harris RB. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1979 February; 6(1): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=438395&dopt=Abstract

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Light and electron microscopic analysis of tattoos treated by Q-switched ruby laser. Author(s): Taylor CR, Anderson RR, Gange RW, Michaud NA, Flotte TJ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1991 July; 97(1): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2056183&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term safety of India ink tattoos in the colon. Author(s): Shatz BA, Weinstock LB, Swanson PE, Thyssen EP. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1997 February; 45(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9041001&dopt=Abstract

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Marking and identifying colon lesions. Tattoos, clips, and radiology in imaging the colon. Author(s): Ellis KK, Fennerty MB. Source: Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1997 July; 7(3): 401-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177142&dopt=Abstract

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Mascara and eyelining tattoos: MRI artifacts. Author(s): Weiss RA, Saint-Louis LA, Haik BG, McCord CD, Taveras JL. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1989 April; 21(4): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729816&dopt=Abstract

18 Tattoos

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Medical memories--tattoos: the last short arm inspection conducted by the Army. Author(s): Felts JH. Source: N C Med J. 1984 April; 45(4): 255-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6585676&dopt=Abstract

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Mercury content in amalgam tattoos of human oral mucosa and its relation to local tissue reactions. Author(s): Forsell M, Larsson B, Ljungqvist A, Carlmark B, Johansson O. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1998 February; 106(1): 582-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9527359&dopt=Abstract

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Mercury-cadmium sensitivity in tattoos. A photoallergic reaction in red pigment. Author(s): Goldstein N. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1967 November; 67(5): 984-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6050824&dopt=Abstract

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Metallothionein in human gingival amalgam tattoos. Author(s): Lau JC, Jackson-Boeters L, Daley TD, Wysocki GP, Cherian MG. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 2001 November; 46(11): 1015-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543708&dopt=Abstract

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Microsurgery in the prevention of traumatic tattoos. Author(s): Furnas DW, Somers G. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1976 November; 58(5): 631-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=981408&dopt=Abstract

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Modifying the body: piercing and tattoos. Author(s): Wright J. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1995 December 6-12; 10(11): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8546924&dopt=Abstract

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NHS treatment of tattoos. Author(s): Sheehan-Dare RA, Cotterill JA. Source: Lancet. 1991 November 30; 338(8779): 1400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1682764&dopt=Abstract

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On teenagers and tattoos. Author(s): Martin A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 June; 36(6): 860-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183143&dopt=Abstract

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Oral amalgam pigmentations (tattoos): a retrospective study. Author(s): Owens BM, Johnson WW, Schuman NJ. Source: Quintessence Int. 1992 December; 23(12): 805-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1305297&dopt=Abstract

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Oral amalgam tattoos: a diagnostic study. Author(s): Owens BM, Schuman NJ, Johnson WW. Source: Compendium. 1993 February; 14(2): 210, 212, 214 Passim. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8467520&dopt=Abstract

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Patch testing over tattoos. Author(s): Fowler JF, McTigue MK. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 March; 13(1): 19-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887100&dopt=Abstract

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Pathophysiology and treatment of decorative tattoos with reference to argon laser treatment. Author(s): Apfelberg DB, Laub DR, Maser MR, Lash H. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1980 July; 7(3): 369-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7438704&dopt=Abstract

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Perforating granuloma annulare complicating tattoos. Author(s): Gradwell E, Evans S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 138(2): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9602895&dopt=Abstract

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Persistence of colonic India ink tattoos. Author(s): Norfleet RG. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992 September; 87(9): 1228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1381555&dopt=Abstract

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Positive para-phenylene diamine (PPD) reactions following paint-on tattoos. Author(s): Nixon R, Orchard D. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(2): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333631&dopt=Abstract

20 Tattoos

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Preliminary investigation of KTP/532 laser light in the treatment of hemangiomas and tattoos. Author(s): Apfelberg DB, Bailin P, Rosenberg H. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1986; 6(1): 38-42, 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3959714&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudolymphomatous reaction to tattoos. Report of three cases. Author(s): Blumental G, Okun MR, Ponitch JA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1982 April; 6(4 Pt 1): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7076903&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric implications of tattoos. Author(s): Raspa RF, Cusack J. Source: American Family Physician. 1990 May; 41(5): 1481-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2333825&dopt=Abstract

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Psychodynamic implications of tattoos. Author(s): Grumet GW. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1983 July; 53(3): 482-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6349373&dopt=Abstract

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Q-switched alexandrite laser treatment (755 nm) of professional and amateur tattoos. Author(s): Alster TS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 July; 33(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7601949&dopt=Abstract

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Q-switched ruby laser for the treatment of pigmented lesions and tattoos. Author(s): Levins PC, Anderson RR. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1995 January-February; 13(1): 75-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704860&dopt=Abstract

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Q-switched ruby laser provides effective treatment for tattoos. Author(s): Ashinoff R. Source: Clin Laser Mon. 1993 November; 11(11): 172-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10146465&dopt=Abstract

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Q-switched Ruby laser treatment of black tattoos. Author(s): Reid WH, McLeod PJ, Ritchie A, Ferguson-Pell M. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1983 October; 36(4): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6626825&dopt=Abstract

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Q-switched ruby laser treatment of tattoos and benign pigmented skin lesions: a critical review. Author(s): Raulin C, Schonermark MP, Greve B, Werner S. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1998 November; 41(5): 555-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827962&dopt=Abstract

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Q-switched ruby laser treatment of tattoos; a 9-year experience. Author(s): Reid WH, Miller ID, Murphy MJ, Paul JP, Evans JH. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1990 November; 43(6): 663-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2257415&dopt=Abstract

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Q-switched ruby laser. Further observations on treatment of professional tattoos. Author(s): Lowe NJ, Luftman D, Sawcer D. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1994 May; 20(5): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8176041&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid response of traumatic and medical tattoos to treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser. Author(s): Ashinoff R, Geronemus RG. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 April; 91(5): 841-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8460187&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Apfelberg et al: Comparison of argon and CO2 laser treatment of decorative tattoos. Author(s): Dvir E. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1986 February; 16(2): 172. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3273028&dopt=Abstract

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Reactions in tattoos. Author(s): Clemons DE. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1984 January; 10(1): 20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6690532&dopt=Abstract

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Reactions to manganese and cadmium in tattoos. Author(s): Nguyen LQ, Allen HB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1979 January; 23(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=759124&dopt=Abstract

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Reactions to red tattoos. Author(s): McGrouther DA, Downie PA, Thompson WD. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1977 January; 30(1): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=836987&dopt=Abstract

22 Tattoos

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Reasons for requesting laser removal of unwanted tattoos. Author(s): Varma S, Lanigan SW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 140(3): 483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233271&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent uveitis preceded by swelling of skin tattoos. Author(s): Mansour AM, Chan CC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1991 April 15; 111(4): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2012160&dopt=Abstract

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Regarding tattoos: is that sunlight, or an oncoming train at the end of the tunnel? Author(s): Anderson R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 February; 137(2): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176693&dopt=Abstract

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Regarding treatment of gunpowder traumatic tattoos. Author(s): Fusade T, Grognard C, Toubel G. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2001 April; 27(4): 425. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298723&dopt=Abstract

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Reliable regional anaesthesia of the upper limb: augmented axillary block allowing the shaving and overgrafting of multiple forearm tattoos. Author(s): Harrison SG, Wilson AN. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1972 April; 25(2): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4554001&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of colored tattoos with the Q-switched alexandrite laser. Author(s): Stafford TJ, Lizek R, Boll J, Tan OT. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 February; 95(2): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7824611&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of gang-related tattoos. Author(s): Korman J. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 June; 162(6): 541. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7618320&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of tattoos by CO2 laser. Author(s): Bailin PL, Ratz JL, Levine HL. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1980 December; 6(12): 997-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6782144&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of tattoos by superficial dermabrasion. Author(s): Clabaugh W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 November; 98(5): 515-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5684226&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of tattoos. Author(s): Catterall MD. Source: Lancet. 1980 May 3; 1(8175): 981. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6103319&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of traumatic and decorative tattoos by dermabrasion. Author(s): Peris Z. Source: Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2002 March; 10(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137726&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of unwanted tattoos. Author(s): Balakrishnan C, Papini R. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1991 August-September; 44(6): 471. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1933124&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the Alexandrite laser for removal of tattoos. Author(s): Stafford TJ, Lizek R, Tan OT. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1995; 17(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7564854&dopt=Abstract

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Salabrasion of tattoos. A correlation of the clinical and histological results. Author(s): Koerber WA Jr, Price NM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 June; 114(6): 884-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=666323&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcoidal granulomas in tattoos. Author(s): Blobstein SH, Weiss HD, Myskowski PL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1985 November; 36(5): 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4064763&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcoidal reaction in tattoos. Author(s): Farzan S. Source: N Y State J Med. 1977 August; 77(9): 1477-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=267847&dopt=Abstract

24 Tattoos

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Sarcoidal reactions in tattoos. Author(s): Dickinson JA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1969 September; 100(3): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5822376&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcoidosis presenting as nodules in both tattoos and scars. Author(s): Murdoch SR, Fenton DA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 September; 22(5): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536554&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcoidosis presenting in tattoos. Author(s): Kennedy C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1976 December; 1(4): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1000880&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcoidosis presenting with a granulomatous reaction confined to red tattoos. Author(s): Sowden JM, Cartwright PH, Smith AG, Hiley C, Slater DN. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1992 November; 17(6): 446-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1486715&dopt=Abstract

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Scarring following Q-switched laser treatment of “double tattoos”. Author(s): Alora MB, Arndt KA, Taylor CR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 February; 136(2): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10677112&dopt=Abstract

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Selective photothermolysis and removal of cutaneous vasculopathies and tattoos by pulsed laser. Author(s): Nelson JS. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 October; 88(4): 723-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1896548&dopt=Abstract

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Self-graffiti?, Self-image?, Self-destruction?: tattoos and adolescents. Author(s): Litt IF. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1994 May; 15(3): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075088&dopt=Abstract

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Severe allergic contact dermatitis induced by paraphenylenediamine in paint-on temporary 'tattoos'. Author(s): Mohamed M, Nixon R. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 41(3): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954988&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of tattoos in male psychiatric patients. Author(s): Buhrich N, Morris G. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 September; 16(3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6185112&dopt=Abstract

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Skin reflectance-guided laser selections for treatment of decorative tattoos. Author(s): Haedersdal M, Bech-Thomsen N, Wulf HC, Hodersdal M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 April; 132(4): 403-7. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol. 1996 July; 132(7): 818. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8629843&dopt=Abstract

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Some physical characteristics, including pock marks, tattoos and disabilities, of convict boys transported to Australia from Britain c.1840. Author(s): Gandevia B. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1976 March; 12(1): 6-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=962734&dopt=Abstract

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Stone-age tattoos. Author(s): Moore B. Source: Lancet. 1999 November 6; 354(9190): 1650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560710&dopt=Abstract

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Successful elimination of traumatic tattoos by the Q-switched alexandrite (755-nm) laser. Author(s): Alster TS. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995 May; 34(5): 542-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7639494&dopt=Abstract

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Successful removal by ruby laser of darkened ink after ruby laser treatment of mismatched tattoos for acne scars. Author(s): Rudlinger R. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Laser Therapy. 2000 March; 2(1): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11446091&dopt=Abstract

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Successful removal of traumatic tattoos in Asian skin with a Q-switched alexandrite laser. Author(s): Chang SE, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK, Sung KJ. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 December; 24(12): 1308-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9865194&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical pearl: removing skin-colored cosmetic tattoos with carbon dioxide resurfacing lasers. Author(s): Hamzavi I, Lui H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 May; 46(5): 764-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004320&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical removal of tattoos by carbon dioxide laser. Author(s): Beacon JP, Ellis H. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1980 April; 73(4): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6787195&dopt=Abstract

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Tattooing and risk for transfusion-transmitted diseases: the role of the type, number and design of the tattoos, and the conditions in which they were performed. Author(s): Nishioka Sde A, Gyorkos TW, Joseph L, Collet JP, Maclean JD. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 February; 128(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895092&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Author(s): Carroll ST, Riffenburgh RH, Roberts TA, Myhre EB. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 June; 109(6): 1021-10217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042538&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos and ratings of personal characteristics. Author(s): Degelman D, Price ND. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 April; 90(2): 507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061591&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos and tattooing. Part I: History and methodology. Author(s): Sperry K. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1991 December; 12(4): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1807141&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos and tattooing. Part II: Gross pathology, histopathology, medical complications, and applications. Author(s): Sperry K. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1992 March; 13(1): 7-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1585890&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos and their removal. Author(s): Milroy BC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 December 6-20; 159(11-12): 717-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8264452&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos and transfusion-transmitted disease risk: implications for the screening of blood donors in Brazil. Author(s): Nishioka Sde A, Gyorkos TW, MacLean JD. Source: The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2002 August; 6(4): 172-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204184&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos as risk factors for transfusion-transmitted diseases. Author(s): Nishioka Sde A, Gyorkos TW. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2001; 5(1): 27-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285156&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos from insulin needles. Author(s): Shelley WB, Shelley ED, Burmeister V. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1986 October; 105(4): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3530078&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos in pregnant women; an important clinical sign. Author(s): Fitzpatrick C, Teoh TG, Darling MR. Source: Ir Med J. 1991 December-1992 January; 84(4): 130-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1817122&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos of heroin addicts in New Mexico. Author(s): Bennahum DA. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1971 September; 68(9): 63-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5096718&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos on women: marks of distinction or abomination? Author(s): Armstrong ML, Gabriel DC. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1993 April; 5(2): 10713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8507533&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos simulating calcifications on xeroradiographs of the breast. Author(s): Brown RC, Zuehlke RL, Ehrhardt JC, Jochimsen PR. Source: Radiology. 1981 March; 138(3): 583-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7465832&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos speak for soldiers. Author(s): Waltz G. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1984 July; 54(3): 505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6205596&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos today. From eyelids to ankles and some in '3-D'. Author(s): Goldstein N. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 May; 121(5): 604-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3994406&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos, alcohol, and violent death. Author(s): Baker SP, Robertson LS, Spitz WU. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1971 April; 16(2): 219-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5557642&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos, body experience, and body image boundary among violent male offenders. Author(s): Harry B. Source: Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1987; 15(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3435782&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos, body piercing and thrush: a lesson on the harmful effects of lost objectivity. Author(s): Kraytem A, Uldry PY, Lopez-Liuchi JV. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1999 August; 74(8): 844. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10473366&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos, piercings, and skin adornments. Author(s): Cronin TA Jr. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2001 October; 13(5): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917627&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos. Author(s): Mercer NS, Davies DM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 August 17; 303(6799): 380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1912803&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos. Author(s): Lindsay DG. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1989 January; 7(1): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2920461&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos. Author(s): Morgan BD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 July 6; 2(922): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4600913&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos. Author(s): McEwan RT, Bhopal RS, Madhok R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 November 2; 303(6810): 1135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809270&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos: a lasting regret. Author(s): Hall-Smith P, Bennett J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 August 17; 303(6799): 397. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1912808&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos: a photo essay. Author(s): Christensen MH. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 2000 September-October; 115(5): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236015&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos: a risk taking art. Author(s): Armstrong ML. Source: Tex Nurs. 1994 February; 68(2): 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8128381&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos: counseling the adolescent. Author(s): Montgomery DF, Parks D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2001 January-February; 15(1): 14-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174653&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos: fashion statement or health risk? Author(s): Hanna JA. Source: Can Nurse. 1995 January; 91(1): 31-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7850727&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos: light and transmission electron microscopy studies with X-ray microanalysis. Author(s): Slater DN, Durrant TE. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1984 March; 9(2): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6713718&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos: their relationship to trauma, psychopathology, and other myths. Author(s): Rooks JK, Roberts DJ, Scheltema K. Source: Minn Med. 2000 July; 83(7): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932550&dopt=Abstract

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Temporary henna tattoos: an increasing risk of contact dermatitis. Author(s): Di Landro A, Valsecchi R, Cainelli T. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 September; 12(3): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575261&dopt=Abstract

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The “chemo-laser” technique for the treatment of decorative tattoos: a more complete dye-removal procedure. Author(s): Dismukes DE. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1986; 6(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3959716&dopt=Abstract

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The chemical removal of tattoos. Author(s): Scutt RW. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1972 April; 25(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5023075&dopt=Abstract

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The demand for removal of tattoos. A plea for regulations against tattooing of minors. Author(s): Pers M, von Herbst T. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1966 March; 131(3): 201-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5960746&dopt=Abstract

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The fate of the phagocyte in dermabrasion of tattoos with table salt. Author(s): Larnder DA, Singh J. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1974 December; 15(3): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4451532&dopt=Abstract

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The management of traumatic tattoos. Author(s): Parsons RW. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1975 October; 2(4): 517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1157448&dopt=Abstract

Studies 31

•

The office treatment of tattoos: a simple and effective method. Author(s): Penoff JH. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1987 February; 79(2): 186-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3809266&dopt=Abstract

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The Q-switched Alexandrite laser's effects on tattoos in guinea pigs and harvested human skin. Author(s): Dozier SE, Diven DG, Jones D, Brysk M, Sanchez RL, Motamedi M. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 March; 21(3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712094&dopt=Abstract

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The Q-switched ND:YAG laser effectively treats tattoos in darkly pigmented skin. Author(s): Jones A, Roddey P, Orengo I, Rosen T. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 December; 22(12): 999-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9078310&dopt=Abstract

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The Q-switched Nd:YAG laser effectively treats tattoos. A controlled, dose-response study. Author(s): Kilmer SL, Lee MS, Grevelink JM, Flotte TJ, Anderson RR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 August; 129(8): 971-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8352621&dopt=Abstract

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The Q-switched neodymium:YAG laser and tattoos: a microscopic analysis of lasertattoo interactions. Author(s): Ferguson JE, Andrew SM, Jones CJ, August PJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 September; 137(3): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9349338&dopt=Abstract

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The removal of amateur tattoos by salabrasion. Author(s): Strong AM, Jackson IT. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1979 December; 101(6): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=534615&dopt=Abstract

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The removal of commercial tattoos by abrasion with table salt. Author(s): Manchester GH. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1974 May; 53(5): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4821200&dopt=Abstract

32 Tattoos

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The removal of digital tattoos. Author(s): Colver GB, Dawber RP. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1985 November; 24(9): 567-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3905637&dopt=Abstract

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The surgical removal of amateur tattoos. Author(s): Harrison PV. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1985 November; 10(6): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3912083&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of benign pigmented lesions and tattoos with the Q-switched ruby laser. A comparative study using the 5.0- and 6.5-mm spot size. Author(s): Nehal KS, Levine VJ, Ashinoff R. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 August; 22(8): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780759&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of birthmarks, scars and tattoos. Author(s): Stringer HC. Source: N Z Med J. 1966 November; 65(411): 777-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5225623&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of decorative tattoos with the carbon dioxide laser. Author(s): Lanigan SW, Sheehan-Dare RA, Cotterill JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 June; 120(6): 819-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2757942&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of tattoos with trichloracetic acid: experience with 670 patients. Author(s): Piggot TA, Norris RW. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1988 March; 41(2): 112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3349215&dopt=Abstract

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The use of hydrogen peroxide to visualize tattoos obscured by decomposition and mummification. Author(s): Haglund WD, Sperry K. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1993 January; 38(1): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8426149&dopt=Abstract

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The use of microsurgical planing to treat traumatic tattoos. Author(s): Kurokawa M, Isshiki N, Taira T, Matsumoto A. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 December; 94(7): 1069-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7972463&dopt=Abstract

Studies 33

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Thin tangential excision of tattoos. Author(s): O'Donnell BP, Mulvaney MJ, James WD, McMarlin SL. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 July; 21(7): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7606370&dopt=Abstract

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Tinea in tattoos. Author(s): Brancaccio RR, Berstein M, Fisher AA, Shalita AR. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1981 November; 28(5): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7307571&dopt=Abstract

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Topical medications on dermabraded tattoos. Author(s): Hagerman RD, Cranmer LG, Bartok WR, Wilson JW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1970 October; 102(4): 438-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5470954&dopt=Abstract

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Traumatic tattoos treated by salabrasion. Author(s): Neely JL, Kovach RF. Source: W V Med J. 1986 January; 82(1): 5-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3455788&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of tattoos by Q-switched ruby laser. A dose-response study. Author(s): Taylor CR, Gange RW, Dover JS, Flotte TJ, Gonzalez E, Michaud N, Anderson RR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 July; 126(7): 893-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2360836&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of tattoos with pure epidermal sheet grafting. Author(s): Hosokawa K, Hata Y, Yano K, Matsuka K, Ito O. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1990 January; 24(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2301884&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of tattoos. Author(s): Bailey BN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1967 October; 40(4): 361-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4863088&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of traumatic facial tattoos caused by black gunpowder. Author(s): Pallua N, Schneider W, Berger A. Source: Injury. 1993 April; 24(4): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8325678&dopt=Abstract

34 Tattoos

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Treatment of traumatic tattoos by Q-switched ruby laser. Author(s): Achauer BM, Nelson JS, Vander Kam VM, Applebaum R. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 February; 93(2): 318-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8310023&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of traumatic tattoos with the Nd YAG laser: a series of nine cases. Author(s): Haywood RM, Monk BE, Mahaffey PJ. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1999 March; 52(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10434886&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of traumatic tattoos with the Q-switched neodymium:YAG laser. Author(s): Suzuki H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 October; 132(10): 1226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8859035&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of traumatic tattoos with various sterile brushes. Author(s): Bohler K, Muller E, Huber-Spitzy V, Schuller-Petrovic S, Knobler R, Neumann R, Seidl K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 May; 26(5 Pt 1): 749-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1583175&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual reactions to paint-on tattoos. Author(s): O'Brien TJ, McColl DM. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(2): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333630&dopt=Abstract

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Update on laser usage in treatment of decorative tattoos. Author(s): Apfelberg DB, Rivers J, Maser MR, Lash H. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1982; 2(2): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7176800&dopt=Abstract

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Upgrading borderline tuberculoid (subpolar tuberculoid tuberculoid) developing in tattoos. Author(s): Sehgal VN. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1987 June; 26(5): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3610440&dopt=Abstract

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Uveitis and skin tattoos. Author(s): Harvey PA. Source: Eye (London, England). 1995; 9 ( Pt 4): 540-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7498588&dopt=Abstract

Studies 35

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Uveitis and skin tattoos. Author(s): McElvanney AM, Sherriff SM. Source: Eye (London, England). 1994; 8 ( Pt 5): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7835464&dopt=Abstract

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V. Psychological implications of tattoos. Author(s): Goldstein N. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 November; 5(11): 883-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500932&dopt=Abstract

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VI. Modern applications of tattoos. Author(s): Goldstein N, Muller GH, Tuttle L. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 November; 5(11): 889-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500933&dopt=Abstract

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VII. Histologic reactions in tattoos. Author(s): Goldstein AP. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 November; 5(11): 896-900. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500934&dopt=Abstract

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VIII. Techniques of removal of tattoos. Author(s): Goldstein N, Penoff J, Price N, Ceilley RI, Goldman L, Hay-Roe V, Miller TA. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 November; 5(11): 901-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500935&dopt=Abstract

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Wound management. Tattoos and tattoo removal. Author(s): Gee CF. Source: Nursing (Lond). 1990 February 8-21; 4(4): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2314708&dopt=Abstract

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X. Laws and regulations relating to tattoos. Author(s): Goldstein N. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1979 November; 5(11): 913-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500937&dopt=Abstract

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Youth and tattoos: what school health personnel should know. Author(s): Brown KM, Perlmutter P, McDermott RJ. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2000 November; 70(9): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126997&dopt=Abstract

37

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TATTOOS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and tattoos.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Tattoos The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

38 Tattoos

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “tattoos” (or a synonym): •

“Tooth worms”, poverty tattoos and dental care conflicts in Northeast Brazil. Author(s): Department of Social Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. [email protected] Source: Nations, Marilyn K Nuto, Sharmeniade de Araujo Soares Soc-Sci-Med. 2002 January; 54(2): 229-44 0277-9536

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Clinicopathologic features of skin reactions to temporary tattoos and analysis of possible causes. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199, Tun Hwa North Road, Taipei, Taiwan. Source: Chung, Wen Hung Chang, Ya Ching Yang, Lih Jen Hung, Shuen Iu Wong, Wen Rou Lin, Jing Yi Chan, Heng Leong Arch-Dermatol. 2002 January; 138(1): 88-92 0003987X

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Experimental nonsurgical tattoo removal in a guinea pig model with topical imiquimod and tretinoin. Author(s): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Dermatology, 77555-0783, USA. Source: Solis, Renee R Diven, Dayna G Colome Grimmer, Maria I Snyder, Ned 4th Wagner, Richard F Jr Dermatol-Surg. 2002 January; 28(1): 83-6; discussion 86-7 1076-0512

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Granulomatous reaction to purple tattoo pigment. Source: Schwartz, R A Mathias, C G Miller, C H Rojas Corona, R Lambert, W C ContactDermatitis. 1987 April; 16(4): 198-202 0105-1873

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Influence of a standard laboratory diet containing nutritionally adequate levels of selenium on renal pathology from mercury released by experimental amalgam tattoos. Author(s): Department of Periodontology, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. Source: Eley, B M Cox, S W Biomaterials. 1988 July; 9(4): 339-44 0142-9612

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Magnetite tattoos. Author(s): Wellman Labs of Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Source: Huzaira, M Anderson, R R Lasers-Surg-Med. 2002; 31(2): 121-8 0196-8092

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Tattoo removal by overtattooing with tannic acid. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark. Source: Fogh, H Wulf, H C Poulsen, T Larsen, P J-Dermatol-Surg-Oncol. 1989 October; 15(10): 1089-90 0148-0812

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The office treatment of tattoos: a simple and effective method. Source: Penoff, J H Plast-Reconstr-Surg. 1987 February; 79(2): 186-91 0032-1052

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Tretinoin in the removal of eyeliner tattoo. Author(s): Cook County Hospital, Division of Dermatology, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. Source: Chiang, J K Barsky, S Bronson, D M J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1999 June; 40(6 Pt 1): 999-1001 0190-9622

Nutrition 39

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to tattoos; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation:

40 Tattoos

•

Food and Diet Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

41

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TATTOOS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to tattoos. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to tattoos and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to tattoos: •

“Tooth worms”, poverty tattoos and dental care conflicts in Northeast Brazil. Author(s): Nations MK, Nuto Sde A. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 January; 54(2): 229-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824928&dopt=Abstract

•

A case-control study of risk factors for sporadic hepatitis C virus infection in the southwestern United States. Author(s): Balasekaran R, Bulterys M, Jamal MM, Quinn PG, Johnston DE, Skipper B, Chaturvedi S, Arora S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 May; 94(5): 1341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10235216&dopt=Abstract

•

Beauty and the body: the origins of cosmetics. Author(s): Blanco-Davila F.

42 Tattoos

Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 March; 105(3): 1196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724281&dopt=Abstract •

Commercial tattooing as a potentially important source of hepatitis C infection. Clinical epidemiology of 626 consecutive patients unaware of their hepatitis C serologic status. Author(s): Haley RW, Fischer RP. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 2001 March; 80(2): 134-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11307589&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of pantothenic acid and ascorbic acid supplementation on human skin wound healing process. A double-blind, prospective and randomized trial. Author(s): Vaxman F, Olender S, Lambert A, Nisand G, Aprahamian M, Bruch JF, Didier E, Volkmar P, Grenier JF. Source: European Surgical Research. Europaische Chirurgische Forschung. Recherches Chirurgicales Europeennes. 1995; 27(3): 158-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7781653&dopt=Abstract

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Lasers in dermatology: a selective historical review. Author(s): Morelli JG, Parrish JA. Source: Photodermatol. 1985 October; 2(5): 303-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3906597&dopt=Abstract

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Lemon juice, sunlight, and tattoos. Author(s): Chapel JL, Leonard MW, Millikan LE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1983 September; 22(7): 434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6629611&dopt=Abstract

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Main causes of pre-donation deferral of prospective blood donors in the Singapore Blood Transfusion Service. Author(s): Lim JC, Tien SL, Ong YW. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1993 May; 22(3): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8373113&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in out-patients at two Malaysian and Thai dental schools. Author(s): Axell T, Zain RB, Siwamogstham P, Tantiniran D, Thampipit J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1990 April; 18(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335069&dopt=Abstract

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Tattoos of the Marielitos. Author(s): Martinez R, Wetli CV.

Alternative Medicine 43

Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1989 December; 10(4): 315-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2589293&dopt=Abstract •

The epidemiology and infection route of asymptomatic HCV carriers detected through blood donations. Author(s): Shimoyama R, Sekiguchi S, Suga M, Sakamoto S, Yachi A. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1993 May; 28 Suppl 5: 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7689501&dopt=Abstract

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The living canvas. Author(s): Greif J, Hewitt W. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1998 June; 6(6): 26-31, 82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708051&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to tattoos; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation:

44 Tattoos

•

Herbs and Supplements Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TATTOOS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to tattoos. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “tattoos” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tattoos, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Tattoos ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to tattoos. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Correlations of Acting Out Behaviors, Personality Types, and Attitudes toward Education (rite-of-passage, Prisoner, Patient, Tattoo, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) by Schmidt, Ramona L., Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1986, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8623013

•

'dermal Body Language' among Prison Inmates: the Multiple-unprofessional Tattoo (tattoo) by Difrancesco, Chiara, Phd from The University of Mississippi, 1990, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9031206

•

Indelible Impressions: Tattoos and Tattooing in the Context of Incarceration by Mcdonough, Jodi Michelle; Ma from University of Ottawa (canada), 2002, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ67839

•

More Than Skin Deep: Self and Social Transformation Within the Tattoo Culture by Irwin, Katherine; Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 2001, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3022380

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•

Natives of a New Skinscape: Tattoos As Cultural Coding by Rubio, Ramona P. Phd from Pacifica Graduate Institute, 1998, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060748

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The (trans)formation of Image: Symbolic Consumption, Self, and Society (tattoos) by Bauer, Daniel Eric; Ma from Florida Atlantic University, 2002, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1407882

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The Illustrated Self: Construction of Meaning Through Tattoo Images and Their Narratives by Littell, Amy Elizabeth; Psyd from Antioch University/new England Graduate School, 2003, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077541

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The Tattoos We Deserve: Producing Culture and Constructing Elitism by Vail, Donald Angus; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2000, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9964794

•

Where Women Make History: Pots, Stories, Tattoos, and Other Gendered Accounts of Community and Change in Magude District, Mozambique, C. 1800 to the Present by Gengenbach, Heidi, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1999, 462 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9929498

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TATTOOS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “tattoos” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tattoos, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Tattoos By performing a patent search focusing on tattoos, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on tattoos: •

Changeable tattoos Inventor(s): Levy; David H (16 Blake St., Cambridge, MA 02140), Cherry; John-Paul F. (23 Oxford Ave.#2, Belmont, MA 02478) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,192,890 Date filed: March 30, 1999 Abstract: A changeable tattoo system with an electrically modifiable ink that includes biocompatible microspheres or particles encapsulated in a clear microsphere shell of diameter 30-150 microns. A hard overcoat is used to reduce deformation under loading from the skin. Tattoos are implanted with a novel tattoo needle with a flat or concave forward tip. A conformable set of drive electrodes is applied to the skin to manipulate the tattoo image using magnetic or electrophoretic techniques that include the use of an electrophetic backplane of the body's core capacitence. A capactive coupling electrode is used to establish this connection. Greyscale and color gradient images are created by calibrating the system before use and pulsing EM fields. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to tattoos that may be changed at will, and more specifically to an ink, method and devices to provide tattoos that may be readily changed to show any image, text or combination thereof. Tattoos are an ancient form of personal expression. They provide an image or text worn on the skin, impervious to washing, surface abrasion or time. Indeed, the tattoos are best known for their permanence. As a remedy to the inalterable permanence of the tattoo art, several technologies have recently become available that allow tattoos to be removed, but these processes are painful, expensive, and relatively slow, often requiring multiple treatments to achieve only moderate success. For this reason many people who are interested in personal expression and body art are dissuaded from getting a tattoo because of the inalterable nature of tattoos. Also, tattoos are currently provided by specialized tattoo parlors, adding to their cost and inaccessibility. There are temporary tattoos, but they are short-lived and relatively limited in the variety of possible images as they are manufactured in a finite set of popular likenesses. It is therefore desirable to have the benefit of body art (tattoo) that would last indefinitely, yet could also be changed as desired. Ideally one could modify, completely change, or "remove" a tattoo quickly, painlessly and at low cost. Furthermore, it is desirable to allow the wearer to change the design to be a one-of-a-kind, self-made image, one that even reflects the subtleties of their own hand, as opposed to a second parties interpretation of their visual concept, or simply a manufactured popular image. It is also desirable to provide an "eraser" that allows a tattoo image to be easily removed. It is also desirable to have a low-cost device that would enable a tattoo-wearer to change their tattoo to represent any electronically stored image, such as available through the worldwide web. It is yet a further object to provide the above in such a way as to eliminate the need for especially skilled persons to create/change a tattoo image. It is yet still further object to provide means for a tattoo owner to apply the original tattoo themselves. Yet still further it is desirable to provide greyscale and color images in the above contexts. It is also the object of this patent to provide devices and tattoo inks that will facilitate the above. It is also desirable to have a changeable display for the human body which is optimally thin, flexible and durable. It is also desirable to provide a dynamic image on the skin which

Patents 49

can also be used as a computer, video or informational display. In the case of animals, it is desirable to be able to permanently and painlessly mark and remark individuals to aid in their care and treatment. It is also desirable to be able to vary the markings on livestock and captured wild animals to keep track of their dates and places of capture, inoculations, medical history and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06192890__ •

Chewing gum individually wrapped with wrapper bearing transferable tattoo Inventor(s): Penaluna; Joanne (Winston-Salem, NC) Assignee(s): Nabisco Inc (Parsippany, NJ) Patent Number: 5,601,859 Date filed: February 1, 1995 Abstract: A chewing gum product comprises an individual-sized piece of chewing gym wrapped in a flexible paper wrapper wherein the side of the wrapper in contact with the gum is coated with wax, and the other side of the wrapper contains no wax or adhesive and carries at least one complete design of ink comprising vegetable dye and polyvinyl alcohol which is transferable as a tattoo by wetting the design with water and pressing it against the surface to which the tattoo is to be transferred. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chewing gum and more particularly chewing gum in the form of conventionally sized individual sticks each of which is wrapped in its own wrapper. More specifically, the present invention relates to wrapped sticks of chewing gum wherein the wrapper is imprinted on its exterior with one or more complete designs which can be transferred to a person's skin in a simple manner. It has long been known to provide chewing gum in the form of sticks of gum each of which is in the size of a single serving of gum as an integral, flat, usually rectangular piece of gum. It has also long been known that it is preferable to package such sticks of gum for the consumer in a form wherein each stick is individually wrapped, following which the wrapped sticks of gum are collected together into a package in which the sticks of gum are sold and thereafter carried by the consumer. Wrapping each stick of gum prevents adjacent sticks in the package from adhering to each other, keeps the sticks free of unwanted contact with other materials with which the package comes in contact, and also helps to preserve freshness by preventing or retarding the loss of moisture and of other relatively volatile components such as flavoring agents. From time to time, the wrappers used to wrap individual sticks of gum have been imprinted with designs or patterns, to enhance the attractiveness and enjoyment of the product. However, such designs and patterns have been permanently affixed to the wrapper. It has not previously been known to provide onto the wrapper a design which is in addition a removable tattoo that can be affixed to the skin of the consumer. This is believed to be due to any of several factors, relating principally to the fact that transferable tattoo-type products are usually thought to require several additional manufacturing steps which add to the expense and complexity of such a manufacturing operation. For instance, transferable designs which must be peeled from the wrapper and affixed to the skin require a separate layer of adhesive, and must be thick enough to withstand being peeled from the wrapper and then adhered to the skin. Such a layer adds to the overall thickness of each stick of gum, thereby reducing the number of sticks which can be packaged in the overall package of gum. However, it has been believed necessary to provide transferable tattoos in such a form to ensure that the pattern remains integral, that is, the pattern retains its appearance without material change or distortion.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05601859__ •

Closure for tattoo-like fashion accessory Inventor(s): Visser; Marianne Lorraine (Amsterdam, NL) Assignee(s): Home & Nature Inc. (St. Cloud, MN) Patent Number: 6,247,334 Date filed: February 19, 1999 Abstract: A fastening closure arrangement is provided for securing loose ends of the elements forming a tattoo-like fashion accessory formed of plastic monofilament line. The accessory article is formed in an artistic pattern of interconnected loops, with a closed loop at one end and two or more ends of the monofilament line at the other end. The ends of the monofilament lines are brought together in side-by-side relation and a locking collar is applied over the loose ends. End extremities of the monofilament elements, projecting beyond the collar, are fused and pressed, preferably with heat, to form a flange, which secures the collar against removal. To particular advantage, a pair of monofilament ends are arranged in straddling relation to a closed loop at the opposite end of the fashion accessory article such that, when the locking collar is applied and secured, the accessory article is secured in a closed ring, suitable for an armband, wristband, necklace or the like. The arrangement provides an inexpensive, highly effective and unobtrusive way to secure the monofilament ends of the fashion accessory article and, also to secure the article in the configuration of a closed ring. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a fashion accessory article, and more particularly to a novel, simplified, economical and yet highly effective closure device for securing the accessory article in a closed configuration and/or for securing loose ends of the constructed device without securing the device itself in closed configuration. A new and attractive form of fashion accessory article is constructed of thermoplastic monofilament elements of a size and character to have a degree of stiffness and resiliency. A wide variety of artistically unique and highly attractive fashion accessory articles can be formed using one or more lengths of the plastic monofilament, formed by a series of interconnected loops in a continuous, chain-like manner. The resulting device is typically of somewhat elongated, strip-like form comprised of a series of repeating interconnected loops. The resulting design, although relatively simple, is artistically highly attractive, and products incorporating these artistic designs have been marketed very successfully. In the construction of the accessory articles, a continuous length of monofilament element, which may be single or combined with one or more similar elements, is formed into a starting loop in the region of a midpoint between its ends. The portions of the monofilament element(s) on either side of the starting loop are looped and intertwined in various predetermined patterns, often but not necessarily using the same pattern for a given article, to form the desired artistic pattern. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06247334__

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•

Customized aesthetic and reconstructive temporary tattoo and method for making same Inventor(s): Stice; R. Coleen (6510 Sorensen Pkwy., Suite 102, Omaha, NE 68152), Felton; Jennifer L. (6586 90th Ave., Storm Lake, IA 50588) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,207,874 Date filed: October 22, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to a temporary tattoo used for aesthetic and reconstructive purposes to match one member of a paired body part that has been lost or to cover a portion of the body that is aesthetic unappealing or undesirable. The present invention also includes the method of making a customized temporary tattoo used for either reconstructive or aesthetic purposes such as scar coverage. Excerpt(s): Many men, women and children undergo reconstructive surgery every year. This is oftentimes done to improve or restore their appearance by replacing a body part which has been lost or removed or to cover an undesirable scar or defect. Common forms of reconstructive surgery involve recreation of the breast mound after mastectomy, removal of surface abnormalities such as scars or vascular malformations, removal of tumors and reconstruction of the defect or restoration of normal anatomy following correction of a congenital defect. For example, women (and occasionally men) must sometimes undergo mastectomy which removes all or portions of their breast with or without the nipple and areolar complex. Following this surgical procedure, many of these patients elect to undergo reconstructive surgery to recreate their breast mound either utilizing an implantable prosthetic device or with their own tissue. Although not restoring function, these procedures do improve their physical appearance and restore balance to the chest wall. Other patients who have been in accidents sustaining severe scarring or have lost body parts, individuals who have been in fires and sustained thermal injury or patients who have been born with congenital abnormalities may also require or elect to have reconstructive surgery to restore their normal appearance and function. Currently there are also nonsurgical options for reconstruction such as prosthetic breasts which are worn on top of the chest wall to restore forward projection in a bra. Rubbed on surface cosmetics have been used to cover scars. Professional tattooing is also currently being used to cover scars and other surface defects, as well as simulate body parts which are missing (eyebrows). Unfortunately, these nonsurgical options are not perfect and oftentimes have contraindications which prevent the patient from utilizing them. Although there are a number of implantable prostheses and tissue types which simulate the shape and texture of a natural breast, none of them create a natural-appearing breast mound because they all lack a nipple and areolar complex. A patient, who for a number of reasons cannot have immediate reconstruction, has a significant chest wall defect not only because of a lack of breast mound, but because the nipple and areolar complex is absent, as well. The existing implantable breast prostheses and the tissue reconstruction options fall short in recreating the nipple and areolar complex and lack a normal nipple prominence shape and color. This makes the reconstruction inadequate and a third stage, i.e., nipple and areolar reconstruction, is considered the last phase of breast reconstruction. Oftentimes, however, patients for one reason or another are unable to undergo this final stage for months and continue to lack the shape and color of the nipple and areolar complex. The implantable prosthesis disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,465 (Wilkins) tries to recreate the nipple prominence, but, unfortunately, the skin that overlies this implant is normal chest wall skin and scar only without color or texture of the normal nipple and areolar complex.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06207874__ •

Drive circuit for tattoo machine which provides improved operator control Inventor(s): Vail; Walter H. (6501 N. Black Canyon Hwy., Phoenix, AZ 85015) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,392,460 Date filed: June 15, 2001 Abstract: A circuit for providing a pulsed signal to a driven device such as a tattoo imprinting machine wherein the pulse width and signal magnitude and frequency are controlled by the operator. A voltage controlled oscillator establishes the signal frequency, a variable impedance provides operator control of the signal magnitude and a foot-actuated switch enables the operator to control pulse width for intermittent operation. An adjustable frequency controller enables the operator to control the oscillator. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a circuit for providing an intermittent drive signal of variable magnitude and frequency to a driven device and in particular to the needle assembly of a tattoo machine. The subject circuit permits the operator of the driven device to manually regulate the power and frequency of the drive signal within a pulse of variable duration during utilization of the device. The expanding numbers of people electing to carry "body art" on their anatomy has created the demand for efficient and effective equipment to imprint the desired design in an accurate manner. Typically, the process employs a tattoo machine which drives one or more components of a needle assembly in a manner which embeds dye into the user. The needle assembly may utilize a single-ended needle or a multiple-ended needle array to provide a wide variety of artistic effects and differing coloration and shading. The needle assembly includes a reservoir for the dye being used for the particular portion of the display being imprinted. At present, the moveable components of the needle assembly are driven from a dc power supply which provides a variable output in the range of 1 to 15 volts across the parallel combination of a nonlinear impedance such as a varistor and pair of series connected coils. The coils are inductively coupled to an armature which is connected to the needle assembly. The variations in the magnetic field in the coils impart the movement to the needle assembly. Variation of the power supply voltage provides the operator of the machine with the ability to vary the intensity of the motion imparted to the needle. The repetition rate of the movement of the needle is determined by the electrical characteristics of the nonlinear impedance and the coils. Thus, the frequency of the needle stroke per unit time is fixed and not under the control of the operator. As the complexity of the images to be depicted increases, the need for increased operator control of the operation becomes more important. The effects of different coloration schemes, nonpermanent dyes and shading features have created a need for an operator to exercise control over both the intensity of the needle stroke and the frequency of the strokes during the time interval that the operator is imparting the design to the skin. Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a circuit for providing a drive signal to the driven device or needle assembly which permits the operator to establish the envelope or pulse width of a the strokes and the power and frequency of the strokes taking place within that pulse. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06392460__

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•

Dual coil electromagnet using rectilinear cross-section core elements in a tattoo apparatus Inventor(s): Evans; Todd Matthew (3355 N. Wild Daisy Pl., Tuc., AZ 85750) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,596,007 Date filed: May 30, 2001 Abstract: Electromagnetic coils having rectilinear cross-section core elements and an armature bar having a rectilinear cross-section are described in a handheld tattoo apparatus. This results in increased vibrational smoothness as sensed by the tattoo artist. Excerpt(s): Dual coil electromagnets are used in tattoo machines and are well known in the art. In particular, the dual coil machines operating on a direct current power supply follow the patents of Wagner, U.S. Pat. No. 768,413 and Waters, U.S. Pat. No. 1,724,812. Both of these machines teach dual coils that are excited by a direct current power supply. This electrical excitation produces a magnetic field that attracts a spring-biased, moving armature bar toward the coils. The motion of the armature bar opens a switch in the electrical circuit causing the current and the magnetic field to decay, thereby allowing the bias spring to return the armature bar to its original position. This closes the switch which completes the circuit again and the process repeats itself This causes a vibration of the armature bar. This motion is coupled to the tattoo needle, causing it to vibrate axially. The needle can then be used to penetrate the skin and deposit ink, as is well known in the art. The end of each coil opposite the moving armature bar is attached to a connecting bar that is usually also a structural element. Experimentation using the rectilinear core has shown the surprising result that the smoothness of the vibration of the tattooing machine is increased substantially when rectilinear cores are used in place of circular cross-section cores. This is reflected in the sensation felt by the operator during the tattooing operation. This is of substantial importance since the quality of the artistic result is directly related to the smoothness of the vibration sensation felt by the operator. This smoothness is a long sought goal among tattoo artists and was heretofore unavailable. This surprising result could not have been predicted due to the complexity of the interaction of the magnetic parts and the changing magnetic flux over the changing magnetic air gap. After experiencing this result and in hindsight, it is suggested that the flux density in the air gap between the cores and the armature bar and the magnetic components has to change less and is more stable with the rectilinear cross-section core. This results in less disturbing acceleration in the armature bar during each cycle and minimizes disturbing changes from one cycle to the next. Since the flux density distributes itself to conform to the geometry of the excited cross-section, using similar cross-sections as set forth in this invention promotes fewer disturbances in the flux field as it passes between each core and the moving armature bar. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596007__

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Hosta plant named `Tattoo` Inventor(s): Avent; Tony (9241 Sauls Rd., Raleigh, NC 27603) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: PP11,603 Date filed: December 28, 1998

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Abstract: A distinct cultivar of Hosta plant named `Tattoo`, characterized by its small, rounded golden green leaves with a distinct darker green maple leaf-shaped outline or "tattoo" in the center of the leaf; relatively compact plant habit; and light lavender flowers that are positioned above the foliage on strong and erect peduncles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Hosta plant, botanically known as Hosta hybrid, and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name Tattoo. The new cultivar was discovered by the Inventor in Raleigh, N.C., as a naturallyoccurring leaf mutation of a plant of the nonpatented Hosta hybrid cultivar Little Aurora in 1993. The parent cultivar is described as a compact Hosta with golden cordate-shaped leaves and is derived from a cross of the nonpatented Hosta hybrid cultivars Tokudama aureonebulosa and Golden Waffles. Asexual propagation of the new cultivar at Raleigh, N.C., by division and by tissue culture, has shown that the unique features of this new Hosta plant are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations of asexual propagation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US0PP11603__ •

Identification card with integral removable tattoo Inventor(s): Lipper; Christopher (35 Buckley Hill Rd., Morristownship, NJ 07960) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,231,952 Date filed: July 6, 1998 Abstract: A tattoo identification card and promotional schedule card, both with integral removable tattoo.The tattoo identification card is a coated card stock sheet similar to a greeting card and having at least one surface bearing a printed section to be filled in with information about the particular child bearing the card. The tattoo identification card also comprises a removable tattoo displaying secondary printed matter. The removable tattoo is formed from a panel of porous decal paper, a water soluble slip layer carried on one side of said porous decal paper, a water resistant film carried on the water soluble slip layer, secondary identification information printed on the water resistant film, and a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive covering the secondary printed matter. A reattachable bonding agent is applied to the other side of the porous decal paper along an edge for removably attaching it to the card stock sheet. The card stock sheet is intended for conveying individual child identification information, and the removable tattoo (which may be removed and applied elsewhere) adds the capability of conveying secondary identification information.In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a promotional schedule card with integral removable tattoo is provided. The promotional schedule card includes a laminated card stock sheet similar to a trading card having at least one surface bearing a printed schedule. In addition, the promotional schedule card likewise includes a removable tattoo displaying secondary printed matter. The tattoo is formed as described above, and is attached to at least partially cover the printed schedule on the card stock sheet. In this manner, the tattoo exposes and reveals the schedule upon removal of the tattoo. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cards incorporating integral removable tattoos and, more particularly, to child identification cards or, alternatively, promotional schedule cards both for conveying printed information directly and via an integral removable tattoo for respective tracking and/or promotional purposes. Child identification labels are simple stick-on or sewn-on strips having a child's identification

Patents 55

information printed thereon. Unfortunately, conventional labels are limited in their effectiveness. First of all, they carry only identification text and graphics and are somewhat mundane and unnoticeable. Secondly, the labels are difficult to attach and remove as they are commonly sewn onto an article of clothing. Such difficulty discourages everyday use. Moreover, children require frequent clothing changes and this defeats the purpose altogether. Accordingly, a need exists for an economical, convenient means of identifying children in an exciting and eye-catching way, thereby encouraging use by children and parents alike. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231952__ •

Method and kit for disguising tattoos Inventor(s): Atef; Hamid (4745 W. 160th St., Lawndale, CA 90260) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,833,649 Date filed: January 6, 1997 Abstract: A method of concealing tattoos on a person's body includes the steps of adding various coloring pigments to a tattooing ink until a color which matches the person's skin color is achieved. The colored tattoo ink is brushed over the existing tattoo to effect a concealing of the tattoo without the necessity of laser surgery or other radical skin damaging activities. The tattoo ink may also be injected into the tattoo to provide a more permanent concealment. A kit for performing the method of concealment includes a skin color chart for assisting in color selection, and containers having supplies of tattooing ink and coloring pigments. Various swabs, brushes and disposable syringes are also included in the kit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to tattoos, and more particularly pertains to a method and apparatus for concealing tattoos on a person's body without the necessity of undergoing painful and expensive conventional tattoo removal surgery. As is well known, many people who obtain tattoos often regret the decision to do so at some later date in time. As such, a substantial commercial market has developed which is directed solely to the removal of unwanted tattoos. To date, the most often utilized method of removing tattoos has involved the use of laser surgery. Unfortunately, laser surgery is quite expensive and often exceeds the cost of initial tattoo acquisition. Needless to say, many people can never hope to afford the expense of laser surgery and accordingly, there exists the need for easier and more reasonable priced methods of removing tattoos. In this respect, the present invention substantially fulfills this need. In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known methods of tattoo removal now present in the prior art, the present invention provides a new method and apparatus for removing tattoos wherein the same can be utilized to effect a reasonable visible concealment of a tattoo without the expense or inconvenience of laser or other skin damaging surgery. As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide an apparatus and method for tattoo removal which has many of the advantages of the tattoo removal methods mentioned heretofore and many additional novel features that result in a tattoo removal method and apparatus which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the known prior art, either alone or in any combination thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05833649__

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Needle tube lock for tattoo machines Inventor(s): Vail; Walter H. (2734 W. Highland St., Chandler, AZ 85224) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,517,275 Date filed: January 17, 2001 Abstract: A needle tube lock for a tattoo machine. The lock has a clamp arm which receives a threaded fastener and a needle tube arm which has a bore which receives the needle tab. The arms are integrally formed from stainless steel or other suitable sterilizable material. The lock is positioned about the needle tube and may be rotated relative to the needle tube retainer to a selected position and secured by tightening the fastener against the retainer. In this way, the tattoo machine is usable even if the retainer is broken or damaged. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to tattoo machines and more particularly relates to a universal locking device for securing a needle tube to a tattoo machine. Tattooing is an ancient art which has become very popular in recent years. Tattooing is practiced by professional tattoo artists using a tattoo machine. The basic design of a tattoo machine has remained basically unchanged for a number of years. The tattoo machine includes a needle tube which receives a needle which is locked to a frame at a needle retainer. A needle reciprocates within the needle tube and is powered by armature coils which impart vibratory motion to an armature bar attached to the upper end of the needle. A continuing problem with tattoo machines of this type is that the needle tube is locked to the needle retainer by means of a threaded fastener which is received within a threaded bore at the needle tube retainer. If, due to repeated use, the threads of the needle retainer become stripped or worn, or the needle retainer becomes damaged, conventional practice has been to replace the entire tattoo machine frame. This is an unnecessary wasteful and expensive practice. Accordingly there exists a need for a simple and effective locking device that can be used to secure the needle tube in place even in the event the needle retainer is damaged. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06517275__

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Packaging with incorporated temporary tattoo Inventor(s): Schuetz; Jeffrey M. (Florence, SC), Huffer; Scott W. (Hartsville, SC) Assignee(s): Sonoco Development, Inc. (Hartsville, SC) Patent Number: 6,457,585 Date filed: October 31, 2000 Abstract: A temporary tattoo is releaseably incorporated into a multi-ply re-sealable package capable of holding comestibles. The temporary tattoo is incorporated into the package between the plies and contains a tattoo ink printed either flexo or gravure and, once removed from the resealable package, is moistened and applied to the skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a package which has incorporated into its defining walls a removable label having a temporary tattoo thereon. Temporary tattoos made from dyes or inks approved for use in food or cosmetics have become popular as a novelty for children. In most instances, the tattoos are printed on a paper substrate with water soluble inks. If the paper is placed in contact with the skin in the presence of moisture, the inks bleed off from the substrate onto the skin, forming a

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removable tattoo. In the past, various attempts have been made to provide a temporary tattoos as a promotional item by placing a temporary tattoo inside a package. It is common practice to separately package a temporary tattoo and to place it with a larger package which contains any of various food products. A separate package is desired to prevent the tattoo ink from contacting and staining the food products contained in the package. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06457585__ •

Photochromatic tattoo Inventor(s): Carroll; George H. (3033 Grove Ave., Ventura, CA 93003) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,470,891 Date filed: December 13, 1999 Abstract: A tattoo that is invisible to the naked eye until the tattoo is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, whereupon the tattoo becomes visible to the naked eye, and which reverts to invisible upon removal from exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The tattoo is formed by embedding in the skin a mixture including a non-pigmented carrier and one or more photochromic compounds that undergo a photochemical transformation from colorless to colored upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and which revert to colorless upon removal from exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to tattoos. More particularly, this invention relates to a tattoo that normally is not visible to the naked eye, but which becomes visible upon exposure to a source of ultraviolet radiation, such as sunlight or an ultraviolet lamp. The art of tattooing has been known for many years. Traditional tattoos are applied by using needles or needle-like instruments to inject colored ink or dyes into the skin of the person receiving the tattoo. Consequently, traditional tattoos are permanent in nature and may be removed only with difficulty, if they may be removed at all. However, in many instances persons act impulsively when they have a tattoo applied. Because of changed circumstances, or for other reasons these persons may later change their mind, and may wish to have the tattoo removed or altered. Moreover, even if a person continues to be satisfied with the tattoo and proudly displays it, there may be occasions when a tattoo is not appropriate or the person may otherwise then wish to not display it. In such instances, the person has little choice except to cover the tattoo with clothing, which itself may be inappropriate, or attempt to have the tattoo otherwise obscured or removed from sight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06470891__

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Printed, removable body tattoos on a translucent substrate Inventor(s): Relyea; Keith E. (St. Joseph, WI) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,594,276 Date filed: April 9, 1984 Abstract: This invention relates to body tattoos, and particularly adhesively applied body tattoos. In particular, the present invention relates to tattoos comprising a printed

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image on a translucent surface of a porous, non-woven, compacted tissue substrate with an adhesive on the back-side of the substrate. The translucent qualities of the substrate enhance the visual effect of the printed image. Excerpt(s): Decoration of the human body has been commonplace in most human cultures. Societies from the most primitive in technological development to the most sophisticated by today's standards tolerate, if not promote, such decoration. The first efforts at adorning the human body were generally believed to involve the use of clays and ash to add coloration to the human body. The use of stains or dyes from flora was also used early in the development of primitive societies. These types of adornment were used for various purposes including recognition of status, signalling of marital intent or status, enhancing attractiveness to suitors, providing religious and ceremonial markings, and creation of a fearsome or frightening visage. These types of decorations tended to be rather crude, consisting of course lines and designs. The materials used were not always readily available and the toxicological, allergenic, and bacterialogical properties of the materials tended to lack control. As societies become more sophisticated, decorations of the body, other than jewelry which could be readily added and removed, tend to become specific for different areas of the body. For example, more permanent and durable coloring solutions were used on the nails of the hands and feet, brightly colored waxes were used on the lips, tacky powders were used on the cheeks, and thick dark oil or graphite based materials were used around the eyes. These types of standardized decorations are still used in modified forms today. More stylized or artistic decorations of the human body have always been desired by certain portions of society. Tattoos have been used as decorations of the human body for many centuries. Tattoos developed from the techniques of scarring the body to form patterns or images by texturizing the flesh of a person. The scarring formed raised areas in the skin from deep abrasion and cutting of the skin. It was probably noted after the use of dirty or colored scarring tools that coloration of the scarred flesh occurred. Purposeful addition of colorants forced under the skin by tools then followed. Modern tattoos use medical quality needles to inject non-fugitive dyes and pigments in subcutaneous patterns which are visible. The process of applying tattoos is both painful and costly, and the image is permanent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04594276__ •

Promotional hang-tag with integral removable tattoo Inventor(s): Lipper; Chris (10591 Topsfield Dr., Cockeysville, MD 21131) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,776,586 Date filed: July 19, 1997 Abstract: A hang-tag for clothing and the like that includes an integral removable tattoo for promotional purposes. The integral tattoo is formed on a multi-layer-paper backing that is attached to the hang-tag by special pressure sensitive adhesive. The tattoo also includes a water soluble slip layer, a waterproof film coating, and an offset printed design such as a corporate logo, all carried on the backing. The hang-tag is a convenient means of securing information regarding product promotion, pricing, and manufacturing to clothing accessories. The integral tattoo gives the retailer the capability of adding a promotional logo or the like at a greatly reduced cost compared to present methods. It is also likely that the tattoo will be removed and applied elsewhere, thereby generating further publicity.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to hang-tags for attachment to clothing and other articles for securing information regarding product promotion, pricing, and manufacturing thereto, and more particularly to a hang-tag that carries an integral removable tattoo for further promotional purposes. The marketing of clothing, accessories and other products compels the liberal use of labels. Both manufacturers and retailers would like to label their products with colorful attention-grabbing labels including advertisements and promotions, size information, names, logos, pricing, etc. Moreover, they often need to provide detailed product information such as material composition to customers (this is often mandated by law, depending on the product). There are a wide variety of commercially available hang-tags for accomplishing the above-described purpose for clothing, accessories, and other articles. Hang-tags are a useful means for conveying promotional material and/or necessary information. The typical hang-tag is a simple piece of card-stock (which may be folded) and which is attached to a garment or other product by a "swifttack" (i.e., a looped plastic fastener applied by a gun), or a string or cord threaded through the top of the tag. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776586__ •

Removable tattoo eyebrows Inventor(s): Dunlap-Harris; Angela L. (71 Westervelt Pl., Teaneck, NJ 07666) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,161,554 Date filed: November 10, 1999 Abstract: Aesthetically attractive, moisture activated, removable tattoo eyebrows for the cosmetic enhancement of a human face where eyebrows are usually present. The removable tattoo eyebrows are temporary, simulated eyebrows composed of a moisture activated transferable colorant material, preferably located on a sheet of plastic, cloth or paper. The removable tattoo eyebrows come in various designs, sizes, shapes and/or colors. The removable tattoo eyebrows can be quickly and easily transferred onto a human face, by placing the sheet containing the tattoo up against the eyebrow region of the face, and applying moisture from a damp cloth or sponge. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of cosmetic simulated eyebrows, particularly, transferably moisture activated, temporary, removable tattoo eyebrows. It has been a common practice among some individuals, particularly women, to enhance their visible beauty and attractiveness by simulating and/or augmenting the appearance of their eyebrows with the use of an eyebrow pencil or the like. However, it is difficult to paint or draw both eyebrows identically, but oppositely, with an eyebrow pencil and as a result, one eyebrow may be differently sized and/or shaped from the other. The resulting unsymmetrical simulated eyebrows may not be aesthetically attractive or desirable. In an attempt to overcome these drawbacks, various approaches have been developed to facilitate the application and formation of symmetrical, shapely and aesthetically attractive simulated or augmented eyebrows. One solution for overcoming the disadvantages inherently associated with drawing simulated eyebrows are permanent tattoo eyebrows. However, permanent tattoo eyebrows represent a rather extreme and permanent act that greatly diminishes the alternatives the tattooed individual has in terms of changing or removing the resulting permanently tattooed eyebrow. Besides, permanent tattoos are costly, painful to have applied, require the use of needles to inject non-fugitive dyes and pigments beneath the skin to form the desired eyebrow, require a recovery time, and carry risks that can lead to a variety of infections,

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some of which may be life threatening. Therefore, permanent tattoo eyebrows are not a practical or realistic option for enhancing one's appearance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06161554__ •

Scented transferable tattoo Inventor(s): Stanislav; Lorri A. (1314 Iowa Ave., Onawa, IA 51040) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,817,385 Date filed: June 21, 1996 Abstract: The removable scented tattoo of the present invention includes a tattoo substrate with a printed image on one surface and an adhesive on the opposing surface. A fragrance-containing layer is applied to the tattoo and the tattoo transferred to a portion of a body in order to release the fragrance during the transfer of the tattoo to the body. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to fragrance samplers, and more particularly to an improved fragrance sampler combining visual and olfactory responses in a single unit. Currently, fragrance companies utilize a variety of methods for marketing scents to the public. The major goal is to create a desire for the consumer to test the scent. However, the testing of fragrances by the consumer has several problems associated therewith, thereby promoting different methods for test marketing of fragrances. One prior art method utilized for marketing a fragrance is the direct application of the scent, by spraying, on a potential customer, at the point of purchase. This method presents a number of problems. First, initial application of the fragrance can produce an overwhelming burst of the scent, which is not the true fragrance of the scent. The main reason for this overwhelming "burst" is the use of alcohol with the fragrance. The actual fragrance of a particular scent being worn by a consumer reacts differently to each consumer based upon such factors as temperature, particular foods eaten, and skin type. Thus, the "heart" of the fragrance will not be known until the alcohol carrier has evaporated. In most cases, once the consumer has had a chance to experience the "heart" of the scent, the consumer is typically far away from the place of purchase and may not easily recall the name of the scent or manufacturer of the scent. In addition, if the consumer has tested more than one scent, it is more difficult to recall the name of a particular scent being worn. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05817385__

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Solar body tattoo Inventor(s): Miller; David J. (Westmount, CA) Assignee(s): Idea Folio Concept Developement Group (Toronto, CA) Patent Number: 5,052,418 Date filed: January 24, 1990 Abstract: A tattooing device for producing a temporary predetermined image on the human skin by the action of skin tanning rays comprises a template having a laminated structure which comprises a flexible first layer and a removable second layer. A central opening which is defined in the laminated structure of the template has an outline

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which corresponds to the image. A first surface of the first layer is provided with an adhesive with the second layer being removably mounted to this first surface. Upon removal of the second layer from the first layer, the latter is applied on the skin at a desired location. A sun block is then distributed on the skin within the central opening. Removal of the first layer from the skin leaves sun block thereon which corresponds to the desired image. Once the skin has been exposed to tanning rays, the sun block is washed away from the skin thereby revealing a skin tattoo. The present invention can also be presented in a kit which includes a series of templates defining central openings having one or more different shapes to produce various images. The kit further includes a sun block such as a colored zinc oxide based cream or lotion. A method for using the present invention is also presented. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to non-permanent body images and, more particularly, to a device for producing sun induced body tattoos. Over the years, various devices and methods for producing non-permanent body tattoos have been developed in order to decorate in multitude of methods, shapes and colours the human skin without resorting to the well known primitive tattooing methods which are painful and result in permanent images on the skin. For instance, images are now produced by the application on the skin of an ink impregnated sponge element having a decorative shape. Other devices include transferable dye images and decal images. Transferable dye images use water-soluble dyes printed in a certain pattern on a substrate. The image is transferred on the skin by wetting the substrate's pattern and by then pressing the same against the skin. The images so produced are often smeared. Furthermore, perspiration or water coming in contact with the skin will cause the image to streak as the dye is water-soluble. Decal images include a printed image on a substrate which is adhesively positioned on the wearer's skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05052418__ •

Tamperproof, single use, disposable tattoo equipment Inventor(s): Piperato; Richard A. (363 Portia St., South Amboy, NJ 08879) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,862,772 Date filed: December 22, 1988 Abstract: A tattoo needle bar holder and needle bar assembly is fashioned so as to be economical to manufacture and therefore readily disposable in order to promote sanitary conditions in the tattoo industry. The needle bar holder is preferably formed from a plastic material in order to render it incapable of withstanding sterilization processes involving very high pressure and temperatures, which would render the holder incapable of further use. The material is preferably also stained by the inks normally used in the industry, thereby serving to alert persons of any prior use. The caps which seal the assembly prior to use are preferably formed to require the breakage of a frangible portion upon removal in order to prevent the reinstallation of the caps. The needle bar assembly is composed of several relatively simple components for ease of manufacture, and contains an eye and plastic or elastomer grommet at the upper end of the needle bar for precise attachment to the tattooing mechanism. The grommet is also of a material which would be damaged under conditions of extreme pressure and/or temperature, thereby rendering the needle bar assembly to which it is attached incapable of further use if sterilization is attempted.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to improvements in the art of tattooing, and more specifically to disposable tattoo equipment intended for a single use combined with a sterile tamperproof container serving as a portion of the equipment. The art of tattooing has been known for a considerable period of time. Patents exist for tattooing apparatus predating this application by nearly a century; O'Reilly U.S. Patent No. 464,801 is an example. Only relatively recently, however, has it become recognized that tattooing may also be a source of disease through the use of unsterile equipment. The tattooing process has since become recognized as a vehicle for the spread of such diseases as serum hepatitis, and even more recently, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. The tattooing industry has suffered as a result of such discoveries, and although the vast majority of the industry attempts to provide sterile equipment, such equipment is complex and therefore difficult to sterilize. No patents of which the inventor is aware directly address this problem. While present equipment may be disposed of after a single use, thereby precluding any problems involving sterilization, the present materials and construction of such equipment make such a practice prohibitively costly. The need arises for relatively economical tattooing equipment which is assured to be sterile prior to use by means of sealed containers and holders, and materials and construction of which require disposal after a single use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04862772__ •

Tattoo admission ticket Inventor(s): Drew, III; James H. (3531 Walton Way, Ste. B, Augusta, GA 30909) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,578,353 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A strip of general admission tickets having a transferrable "body tattoo" on each ticket for transfer to the skin for purposes of identifying a person as having paid for admission. The ticket strip is divided into separable individual tickets by widthwise rows of perforations. Each ticket in the strip includes a substrate and ink indicia coated onto said substrate, which indicia are transferrable to the skin of the party paying admission by wetting with a transfer solution and pressing the ink indicia against the skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improvement in general admission tickets of the type generally sold in rolls to operators of amusement parks, theme parks, athletic stadiums and arenas, etc. The problem of integrity of proof of payment of admission price has long been a problem for promoters of music and sport events, amusement park operators, circuses and other such events which charge a general admission price. Perhaps the most common ticketing procedure involves the purchase of a ticket, typically detached from a roll of tickets by tearing along a row of perforations. After purchase of the ticket, admission is attained by presenting the ticket to a ticket taker posted at a gate opening into the amusement park, arena, stadium, theater, etc. The ticket purchaser is usually given a stub of the ticket, torn off by the ticket taker, which is retainer as proof of payment for the admission. Thus, at many events, an attendee may leave the premises of the event, for which admission has been paid, or may leave an assigned seat, but is allowed to return upon presentation of the ticket stub. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05578353__

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Tattoo etching machine Inventor(s): Russell; Shelby J. (9912 Woodside, Detroit, MI 48204), Paul; Stanley C. (9912 Woodside, Detroit, MI 48204) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,031,783 Date filed: April 7, 1975 Abstract: A tattoo etching machine including eccentric needle drive structure for reciprocating a tattoo needle, a motor and flexible cable for remotely driving the eccentric drive structure, adjustable length barrel and frictionally secured cover. Excerpt(s): The invention refers specifically to a tattoo etching machine for effecting ink drawings on skin and refers more specifically to a tattoo machine which includes a tattoo needle which is reciprocally guided within a tattoo machine barrel by eccentric pin needle drive means which is remotely driven to provide an extremely light, wellbalanced tattoo pin not subject to overheating or electrical shock and which is quiet in operation, particularly simple in design, economical to construct and efficient in use. In the past, tattoo etching machines have generally been driven by electrical means such as coils which alternately attract and release tattoo needle structure, which needle structure has been spring-biased to extend out of a tattoo pin barrel. Due to the necessity of having the electric coils which effect the reciprocation of the needles within the prior tattoo machines, the machines have been heavy, have had a tendency to overheat and have been noisy in operation. In addition, with the prior structure, there has been a possibility of electric shock being transmitted therefrom due to malfunction of the necessary electrical connection thereto. In accordance with the invention, there is provided a tattoo etching machine which includes eccentric pin drive structure for reciprocating a tattoo needle. The eccentric pin drive structure is remotely driven through a flexible cable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04031783__

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Tattoo hosiery having translucent ink Inventor(s): PeQueen; Earl J. (319 Browns Valley Rd., Watsonville, CA 95076), PeQueen; Gloria I. (319 Browns Valley Rd., Watsonville, CA 95076) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,617,586 Date filed: July 1, 1996 Abstract: A hose having a multicolored decoration and method for making in which the decoration appears to be a tattoo on the skin of the wearer under the hose. The illusion is created by screen printing water based acrylic inks onto the hose wherein the properties of the ink, particularly the viscosity and surface tension, is selected in operable combination with the selected denier and modification number of the fiber of the fabric to maximize the reflectivity and transmissivity of the decorated fabric. Each color is screen printed in succession with the other colors. Registration between areas of the design is maintained by steps of the method including the step of preshrinking the hose and by using a novel rack to load the hose onto a form having an adhesive coating. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of printing on hosiery and particularly to hose having a decoration thereon which appears to be a genuine tattoo imbedded in the

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legs of the wearer. Mankind has had a long world wide history of decorating various parts of the body with tattoos. However, many people who are interested in getting a tattoo are dissuaded by several considerations. One consideration is that a tattoo is essentially permanent but the prospective wearer may not want to wear the tattoo all of the time. Furthermore, the wearer may want to change the design of the tattoo. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05617586__ •

Tattoo inks Inventor(s): Klitzman; Bruce (Durham, NC), Koger; Kim Edward (Tequesta, FL) Assignee(s): Option Technologies, Inc. (Durham, NC) Patent Number: 6,013,122 Date filed: August 18, 1998 Abstract: Tattoo inks are composed of pigments or dyes combined with a tattoo pigment vehicle which entraps, encases, incorporates, complexes, encapsulates, or is otherwise associated with the pigment to form pigment/vehicle complexes that retain the pigment in the tissue. The vehicle can be chosen so that pigments which alone are unsuitable for tattooing can be used for tattooing and optionally can be retained in the tissue permanently. Alternatively, the vehicle renders the tattoo erasable, wherein the tattoo disappears after imposition of an exogenous energy. Alternatively, the tattoo pigment vehicle renders the tattoo semi-permanent, so that the tattoo spontaneously disappears at a predetermined time. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the combination of pigments and vehicles (i.e., coloring materials) for preparing tattooing inks. Humans have been applying tattoos to the skin for over 8000 years. The inks and dyes used were historically derived from substances found in nature and comprise a heterogeneous suspension of pigmented particles and other impurities. A well-known example is India ink, a suspension of carbon particles in a liquid. Tattoos are produced by applying tattoo ink into the dermis, where the ink remains permanently. This technique introduces the pigment suspension through the skin by an alternating pressure-suction action caused by the elasticity of the skin in combination with the up-and-down movement of the needles. Water and other carriers for the pigment introduced into the skin diffuse through the tissues and are absorbed. The insoluble pigment particles are deposited in the dermis where initially placed, for the most part. Once the skin has healed, most pigment particles remain in the interstitial space of the tissue. Inks used for tattooing resist elimination by virtue of their inertness and the relatively large size of the insoluble pigment particles. A tattoo produced in this manner will partially fade over time and will generally remain present throughout the Life of the tattooed person. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06013122__

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Tattoo machine Inventor(s): Banks; Michael Maurice (Box 414, Lake Lure, NC 28746), Parker; Pasco Forsyth (Rte. 4 Box 538-B, Moneta, VA 24121), Banks; Marty Law (4569 Shelby Dr., Dalton, GA 30721), Theiss; Scott Marsh (P.O. Box 636, Lake Lure, NC 28746) Assignee(s): Banks; Marty Law (Dalton, GA), Parker; Pasco Forsyth (Moneta, VA), Theiss; Scott Marsh (Lake Lure, NC), Banks; Michael Maurice (Lake Lure, NC) Patent Number: 6,033,421 Date filed: July 11, 1997 Abstract: A handheld tattoo machine with a low vibration drive unit and an offset, removable driven grip tube. The drive unit includes a rotatable drive shaft; a cam attached to the distal end of the shaft, the cam having a cam face at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the drive shaft; and a drive housing enclosing the drive shaft and cam. The drive housing includes a driven grip tube receiving bore having a longitudinal axis parallel to and offset from the longitudinal axis of the drive housing to facilitate ease of use by the operator. The removable driven grip tube includes a reciprocal needle bar having a cam follower at a proximal end and a needle attachment surface at a distal end. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to tattooing and, more particularly, to an improved tattoo machine for introducing a pigment beneath the skin to produce a tattoo or other design. Tattoos are applied by perforating the skin of a subject in a predetermined pattern with a needle and introducing one or more colored pigments into the perforations. Modern tattooing is performed using a tattoo instrument or tattoo machine comprised of needle holder to hold the tattooing needle, and an electric motor or other means, e.g., a solenoid, to rapidly reciprocate the needle. The needle can be periodically dipped in the pigment, or the needle can reciprocate in contact with a reservoir of pigment to coat the pigment onto the needle. The needle holder is normally enclosed within a housing that also serves as a handgrip for the operator. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06033421__

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Tattoo needle pneumatic operating mechanism Inventor(s): Hill; Carson F. (726 Paseo Montecito, Newbury Park, CA 91320) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,352,546 Date filed: November 20, 2000 Abstract: A tattoo needle pneumatic operating mechanism which utilizes a housing which has an internal cavity. A fan gear is rotatably mounted within the cavity. A cam is attached to the fan gear. Mounted on the cam is a cam lobe. The cam lobe is to engage with a cam surface which is mounted in conjunction with a slide. A tattoo needle is mounted to the slide. Revolving of the fan gear by air pressure causes the slide to reciprocate which causes the needle to reciprocate. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention relates to reciprocating or oscillating mechanisms and more particularly to a mechanism that is to be operated by air pressure and used to cause oscillation of a tattoo needle. In the forming of a tattoo on skin, a needle is utilized which includes a small quantity of ink. The needle is penetrated within the skin leaving a small spot of the ink which will result in the production of the discoloration of the

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skin. Repeating this procedure numerous times in a particular pattern with different colors of ink in conjunction with the tattoo needle will result in the production of the desired tattoo. In the producing of most tattoos, it is required to insert the needle within the skin hundreds of times, and in some tattoos, even thousands of times. The most common technique of producing a tattoo is to manually insert and withdraw the needle each and every time. In order to decrease the amount of time it takes to make a tattoo, in the past it has been known to use some kind of a mechanism that causes the needle to oscillate rapidly with the user only being required to carefully move the needle from one location to another. These locations are generally adjacent to each other, and the needle will be moved continually from these locations until the desired pattern of the tattoo is reproduced. In the past, this type of mechanism has been operated electrically. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352546__ •

Tattoo system Inventor(s): Koplen; Michael L. (1405 9th Ave. SW., Aberdeen, SD 57401) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,626,927 Date filed: March 11, 2002 Abstract: A tattoo system for providing a disposable tip that allows for efficient cleaning and tattooing. The tattoo system includes a tube member having a tapered neck with exterior threading at a distal end thereof, and a tip member threadably attached to the tube member. The tip member is comprised of a center body, a rear portion having a tapering rear lip and a rear opening, a front portion with a front opening, a reservoir connected between the front opening and the rear opening, and interior threading within a central portion of said reservoir for threadably engaging the exterior threading. The tip member is preferably comprised of a plastic to sealably engage the tube member. The front portion of the tip member is preferably tapered with the front opening slightly larger than the needle reciprocating through thereof. Excerpt(s): Not applicable to this application. Not applicable to this application. The present invention relates generally to tattoo machines and more specifically it relates to a tattoo system for providing a disposable tip that allows for efficient cleaning and tattooing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06626927__

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Tattoo technology Inventor(s): Underwood; Keith A. (621 E. 138th St., Burnsville, MN 55337) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,550,356 Date filed: September 15, 2000 Abstract: The composite battery-integrated tattooing machine totally avoids a clip cord and the drag associated with it. The new machine comprises a base frame for removably holding a needle bar housing assembly, a tattoo needle assembly removably mounted to reciprocate within the needle bar housing, a reciprocating motion generator having at least one electromagnet and a make and break mechanism for effecting reciprocating

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motion of the tattoo needle assembly, a battery, a rheostat, and a switch for actuation of the reciprocating motion of the tattoo needle assembly. An important switch arrangement is radio operated; other switches are hand operated. Special subassemblies are provided for conversion of known professional tattooing machines into the new type having battery power integrated with the tattooing machine. Experts can now tattoo without the annoying drag of a clip cord. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improvements in tattoo technology, and particularly to compact battery-integrated tattooing machines, new subassemblies for providing battery integration to known tattooing machines, and to new methods for practicing the art of tattooing. Professional tattoo artists demand high quality equipment. This has led such artists to an almost universal adoption of the type of tattooing machine (with but modest modifications) as described in Waters U.S. Pat. No. 1,724,812 of Aug. 13, 1929--a teaching more than 70 years old. A significant feature of the old Waters teaching is that it employs a vibrating armature bar for effecting reciprocating motion of the tattoo needle assembly, including the needle bar of that assembly. The important feature is that the needle assembly of the tattooing machine vibrates or reciprocates in a straight up and down line parallel with the longitudinal direction of the needle assembly, and this is to be distinguished from tattooing instruments that employ a rotating motor for effecting the needle reciprocation. The instruments that employ rotating motors tend to create a wobbly effect for the reciprocation of the tattoo needle. Such wobbling of the needle tends to cause an oval-type puncturing of the skin of a person undergoing the tattooing procedure and causes more tearing of the skin than necessary and much more than when the ideal tattooing instrument is employed that does not have wobbling of the needle. The ideal tattooing instrument--known for over 70 years--relies upon electromagnets and a make and break contact mechanism to effect reciprocation of the armature bar to which the needle assembly is directly connected and thus reciprocates as a unit with the armature bar. What is amazing is that the use of a battery as an integrated part of a hand-held rotating motor tattooing instrument has apparently never triggered any consideration of a battery as an integrated part of hand-held professional tattooing equipment. Whatever the explanation, professional tattooing machines of the type capable of effecting un-wobbly reciprocation (where the reciprocation is effected by an armature bar vibrating over electromagnetic coils) have employed power units separate and remote from the tattooing instrument or machine and with the remote power connected by a clip cord to the tattooing machine. Also, a rheostat for adjusting the power supply and a foot switch for power have been part of the remote power unit for easy foot on and off operation to actuate the reciprocating needle motion while the tattoo artist is employing his or her hand carefully to move the needle tattooing instrument and create a tattoo. The problem, however, with these known professional equipment arrangements is that they are bulky and there is always a drag on the tattooing instrument or machine caused by the clip cord connection to the remote power unit. The drag tends to pull the tattooing instrument out of balance and interferes with the ability of the tattoo artist to create artistic tattoos of finite definition and proper depth for color retention, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06550356__

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Tattoo-like effect apparel Inventor(s): Simmons; Kimberly A. (329 Lorimer St., Salinas, CA 93901) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,515,542 Date filed: March 27, 1995 Abstract: A garment made of a material which is opaque when dry and substantially translucent when wet for displaying, when in a wet state, tattoo-like effects of a second opaque material. The garment may include panels under or over an outer shell of the opaque/translucent material for providing tattoo-like designs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparel which allows a wearer to display one or more tattoo-like effects which appear in a wet state and do not appear as tatoolike effects in a dry state. A variety of different apparel have been introduced over the years. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,115,615 and 4,546,493 describe fabric and apparel, respectively, which is substantially transparent to ultraviolet light wavelengths. Consequently, a wearer of such a fabric or apparel is able to tan or burn through their clothes. Contrarily, U.S. Pat. No. 5,033,118 issued to Lincoln, describes a sun-shielding ventilated shirt. Lincoln is directed at protecting one from the sun's harmful rays while providing cooling comfort through ventilation. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,419 issued to Lewis, a garment formed by two attached panels is described. One of the panels is formed with two piles of flexible material. The outer of the piles is made of a transparent material and includes a pattern thereon. The inner of the piles is made of an opaque material and includes a pattern thereon. The two piles are positioned such that the two patterns overlap and move with respect to one another to create a moire visual effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05515542__

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Temporary tattoo and method for manufacturing same Inventor(s): Ewan; Frederick R. (1011 Ocean Ave., Point Pleasant Beach, NJ 08742) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,042,881 Date filed: June 25, 1999 Abstract: A temporary tattoo and method for manufacturing same using a printer and a personal computer whereby the paper stock is coated to accept appropriate inks from an ink jet printer to form the design of a temporary tattoo, the paper stock and design being overlaid by an adhesive and release coating for application to the skin of the user, the method allowing for the economical manufacture of small quantities of temporary tattoos of a particular design. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to temporary tattoos and more particularly, to a temporary tattoo that is manufactured by an electronic digitized process. Throughout mankinds recorded history, various means have been used to decorate the human body for a variety of purposes. Today, body decoration is widespread throughout the world from the least to the most advanced technological societies. Ash, clay, and colorants from plants are used to adorn the human body as a sign of status in society, as a beauty aid, as a decoration, to instill fear in opponents in the times of battle, and for religious purposes. These body decorations were often applied by crude means using sticks and leaves. Little had been known or considered about the safety of these materials.

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Decoration of the face, fingernails and lips are common throughout the world today, but the materials used for such purposes are closely regulated by many advanced societies because of the potentially hazardous nature of many colorants. Advanced societies recognize the potential skin penetrating toxicity of some of these materials and hence the regulation. Such materials may generate allergic reactions, bacterial infections, and the invasion of the body by toxic substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06042881__ •

Temporary tattoo decals Inventor(s): Moore; George (324 Nova Way, Chula Vista, CA 92911), Bordelon; Joyce (403 10th St., Del Mar, CA 92014) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,074,721 Date filed: December 16, 1997 Abstract: A temporary decal comprising a porous paper base coated with a watersoluble slip layer (e.g., dextrin gum) on which offset printing inks are directly imprinted using a high speed lithographic press. The inks are printed in a designated area only, in a desired image. A clear spot coating, preferably of an aqueous material, is then printed over the image area only. A contact adhesive is then spot printed over the image area of each decal, preferably using a silk screen press. A removable cover sheet, such as a silicone-coated sheet, is placed over the contact adhesive of each printed sheet of decals to keep the sheets from sticking together. The spot coating acts as a protective layer that keeps the contact adhesive from migrating to the surface of the decal after the finished temporary tattoo is applied to the skin. Without the spot coating, the surface of the decal would become sticky to the touch and the decal would come off faster because of friction with the surrounding environment. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to decalcomanias ("decals"), and more particularly for a method of making and a structure for skin-safe decals used as temporary tattoos. Decals have been used for many decades for decorative effect on a variety of objects. Relatively recently, decals have been used as temporary tattoos for application to skin. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,864 issued to Humason. Humason teaches a decal having a porous paper backing, a water-soluble slip layer on the surface of the paper backing, a microscopically thin, flexible, extensible, water-resistant film covering the slip layer, a very thin translucent multi-color design offset (lithographically) printed on the water-resistant film, and a uniform layer of transparent or translucent pressure sensitive adhesive covering the design. Similar teachings are set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,627,407 issued to Resse (1927); 2,578,150 issued to Rathke (1947); 2,941,916 issued to Akkeron (1960); and 4,175,151 issued to Eppich et al. (1979). While suitable decals can be made by many of the processes described in the above references, the art has some drawbacks. For example, decals manufactured in accordance with the method taught in the Humason patent result in a thin flexible transparent sealer film, such as varnish, covering the ink when the tattoo is in place on the skin. The sealer film is outermost on an applied decal, and generally gives a sheen to the underlying ink that spoils some of the effect of the decal appearing to be a real tattoo. Other products described in the references are not ideally suitable for high speed production on a high speed lithographic press. Accordingly, it would be desirable to have method for making and a structure for an improved skin-safe temporary tattoo decal that can be manufactured on

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high speed lithographic printing presses and which avoid some of the drawbacks of the prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06074721__ •

Temporary tattoo device and method Inventor(s): Vineberg; Scott (Montreal, CA) Assignee(s): Deliquescence Holdings, Inc. (Esplanade Montreal, CA) Patent Number: 6,106,852 Date filed: September 2, 1998 Abstract: The invention concerns a device and method for applying temporary tattoos. The device is a pocket or patch enclosing a dye. The outer layers of the pocket are impermeable to the dye. The pocket has a removable bottom layer. When the bottom layer is removed, the now exposed inner layer of the pocket, which has dye-permeable and dye-impermeable portions, is adhered to an appropriate location of a user's skin. The user's skin is then exposed to the dye and a tattoo will form in a pattern corresponding to portions of the inner layer (or layers) permeable to the dye. Using the method, a user may cut out and remove a pattern from a dye-impermeable layer of material. The layer is adhered to an appropriate location of a user's skin. The user applies the dye over the layer. The user then securely adheres a dye-impermeable backing layer to the layer of material, thereby preventing leakage of the dye between the layer of material and the backing layer. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to tattoos and in particular to a method and apparatus for applying temporary tattoos. Various methods of dying or tattooing the skin have been used for centuries. Simply painting the skin, for example, requires ideally a certain degree of artistic ability and an understanding of various paints or dyes and their effect on skin. Tattooing, historically, has typically involved a tattoo artist dying the skin, through a painful process using needles and permanent dyes. Permanent tattoos are often seen as undesirable due to their permanent nature, their cost, the pain involved, the possible health risks associated with contaminated needles and the need for a skilled tattoo artist. Although some people are willing to obtain a permanent tattoo, they often would like to experience the same tattoo in the same location and size on a temporary, trial basis first. Other people who would never consider obtaining permanent tattoos would obtain temporary tattoos if the temporary tattoo were safe and easy to apply, required no artistic skill or knowledge of dyes or paints and if the user could control the duration of the tattoo on the skin. Such temporary tattoos would be especially desirable for those who may want a temporary tattoo for a special occasion, for example, or for the duration of a holiday. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06106852__

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Toy tattoo playset Inventor(s): Satten; Michael I. (Edison Corporate Center, 3100 Woodbridge Ave, Suite 102, Edison, NJ 08837), Lehmann; Roger W. (Edison Corporate Center, 3100 Woodbridge Ave, Suite 102, Edison, NJ 08837) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,421,765 Date filed: May 4, 1994 Abstract: Playsets having a toy element, such as a doll or stuffed animal, a combination dispenser, moisturizer and hairbrush handset and simulated tattoos. The simulated tattoos are nontoxic water-soluble adhesive-backed prints having decorative designs and/or legends simulating play markings or play tattoos adapted to be placed on either or both the toy element and/or the child, or transferred between them. The handset stores the simulated tattoo on a roll for dispensing, contains water storage, pump and atomizer to moisten the tattoos for application, transfer or removal, and a hairbrush for doll and child use. Excerpt(s): Actual tattoos are indelible designs, legends and/or pictures applied by pigments just beneath the skin by puncturing the skin. As such they are notably improper for children's use. Designs, pictures and/or legends applied to children for play or educational purposes must be safe, removable, non-toxic and of course utilize no puncturing of the skin. The term tattoo as used herein should not be taken as referring to the technically accurate definition for the word tattoo. While most toys are meant to be played with by children, and while some toys are more interactive than others, inviting an increased interaction between the child and the toy, many of the present interactive toys are of the electronic or computer game type which, while they have some play value, are costly, noisy, require some power source and at times force themselves on a child rather than provide the child with the means to play quietly and imaginatively. The present invention utilizes a simple doll or stuffed animal for a toy playset which encourages quiet interaction between child and toy, imagination and in some versions may be educational or provide role-model support. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05421765__

Patent Applications on Tattoos As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to tattoos:

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Cardboard/paperboard box with internal, removable, temporary tattoo Inventor(s): Lipper, Christopher; (Morristownship, NJ) Correspondence: Law Offices of Royal W. Craig; Suite 153; 10 North Calvert Street; Baltimore; MD; 21202; US Patent Application Number: 20030080016 Date filed: October 10, 2002 Abstract: A cardboard/paperboard box for cereal, a child's toy, etc., that includes an integral removable tattoo, gemstone applique or other body art for promotional purposes (i.e. a premium play element or "gift with purchase"), is herein disclosed. In the preferred embodiment, the integral tattoo is formed on a multi-layer paper backing that is attached to the cardboard/paperboard box by a special pressure sensitive adhesive. The tattoo also includes a water soluble slip layer, a waterproof film coating, and an offset printed design such as a children's cartoon character, all carried on the backing. Excerpt(s): The present application derives priority from U.S. provisional application No. 60/328,393 for "CARDBOARD/PAPERBOARD BOX WITH INTERNAL,REMOVABLE, TEMPORARY TATTOO"; Filed: Oct. 10, 2001. The present invention relates to packaging for consumables that incorporates promotional items and, more particularly, to cardboard/paperboard boxes that carry internal, integral removable tattoos as a "premium play element" for use by consumers, such as a children, for entertainment during or after consumption of the product contained therein. One popular GWP category among young adults is "body art." Body art augments an individual's appearance through temporary and/or permanent tattoos, and jewelry items. However, most young children are not be allowed to obtain permanent body art (e.g., permanent tattoos or piercings). This actually increases the appeal of temporary body art such as, for example, a temporary tattoo that will eventually wash off. Temporary tattoos provide manufacturers of children's goods with a low-cost means of enhancing the entertainment value of their products. One example of a means for enhancing the entertainment value of products supplied in cylindrical cans/bottles is represented by U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,401 to Witkowski et al. That patent discloses a label that, in addition to carrying suitable advertising matter on its exterior surface (i.e. as applied on the can/bottle), carries on its interior surface one or more temporary transfer tattoos as premium play elements. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cosmetic skin tattoo Inventor(s): Hasley, Maryanne Muratore; (East Longmeadow, MA), Muratore-Pallatino, Joanne; (Longmeadow, MA) Correspondence: DEBORAH A. BASILE; Doherty, Wallace, Pillsbury and Murphy, P.C. One Monarch Place, 19th Floor; 1414 Main Street; Springfield; MA; 01144-1002; US Patent Application Number: 20020110672 Date filed: February 11, 2002 Abstract: A temporary opaque tattoo for concealing veins, blemishes, wine marks, bruises, age marks and other skin conditions comprising a transfer patch to match skin tone and pigment holding an image of human skin. The image is transferred from the

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patch to the skin, thereby providing an opaque cover-up. An image of human skin in varying tones is provided to closely match and blend in with a variety of skin pigments and colorings. The tattoo may be of varying sizes and shapes to cover a particular skin imperfection. The tattoo may be embedded or coated with medication to provide a tattoo that both conceals and medicates a skin condition. Excerpt(s): There are many products currently available on the market designed to cover up skin imperfections. Many of these products also contain medicine to aid in the healing of a skin problem while the imperfection is concealed. The currently available products basically comprise various types of cosmetics or makeup. Make-up is available in a wide range of colors designed to match different skin tones. However, the disadvantage of make-up is that it may be a problem for those who tend to sweat heavily, and for those who participate in strenuous physical activities. These types of activities can cause make-up to be easily smudged, wiped or rinsed off of the skin. Additionally, the existing products offer little coverage to an individual who wishes to go swimming, or to one who might get caught in the rain. In both situations, the makeup would be removed or smeared by the water. Also, make-up is easily rubbed off and may cause embarrassing stains to the clothing, while at the same time eliminating the benefits of the cover-up. The products used to both conceal and promote healing of skin problems are typically creams and gels that have the same disadvantages as make-up. These gels and creams easily wipe, smudge and rinse off. Those that are of a non-liquid gel or cream nature such as a bandage, which are designed to match human skin, are conspicuous in nature. They appear thick and obvious to the eye. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Customized aesthetic and reconstructive temporary tattoo and method for making the same Inventor(s): Stice, R. Coleen; (Omaha, NE), Felton, Jennifer L. (Storm Lake, IA) Correspondence: ZARLEY MCKEE THOMTE VOORHEES & SEASE PLC; SUITE 3200; 801 GRAND AVENUE; DES MOINES; IA; 50309-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20010023328 Date filed: March 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a temporary tattoo used for aesthetic and reconstructive purposes to match one member of a paired body part that has been lost or to cover a portion of the body that is aesthetic unappealing or undesirable. The present invention also includes the method of making a customized temporary tattoo used for either reconstructive or aesthetic purposes such as scar coverage. Excerpt(s): Many men, women and children undergo reconstructive surgery every year. This is oftentimes done to improve or restore their appearance by replacing a body part which has been lost or removed or to cover an undesirable scar or defect. Common forms of reconstructive surgery involve recreation of the breast mound after mastectomy, removal of surface abnormalities such as scars or vascular malformations, removal of tumors and reconstruction of the defect or restoration of normal anatomy following correction of a congenital defect. For example, women (and occasionally men) must sometimes undergo mastectomy which removes all or portions of their breast with or without the nipple and areolar complex. Following this surgical procedure, many of these patients elect to undergo reconstructive surgery to recreate their breast mound either utilizing an implantable prosthetic device or with their own tissue. Although not

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restoring function, these procedures do improve their physical appearance and restore balance to the chest wall. Other patients who have been in accidents sustaining severe scarring or have lost body parts, individuals who have been in fires and sustained thermal injury or patients who have been born with congenital abnormalities may also require or elect to have reconstructive surgery to restore their normal appearance and function. Currently there are also nonsurgical options for reconstruction such as prosthetic breasts which are worn on top of the chest wall to restore forward projection in a bra. Rubbed on surface cosmetics have been used to cover scars. Professional tattooing is also currently being used to cover scars and other surface defects, as well as simulate body parts which are missing (eyebrows). Unfortunately, these nonsurgical options are not perfect and oftentimes have contraindications which prevent the patient from utilizing them. Although there are a number of implantable prostheses and tissue types which simulate the shape and texture of a natural breast, none of them create a natural-appearing breast mound because they all lack a nipple and areolar complex. A patient, who for a number of reasons cannot have immediate reconstruction, has a significant chest wall defect not only because of a lack of breast mound, but because the nipple and areolar complex is absent, as well. The existing implantable breast prostheses and the tissue reconstruction options fall short in recreating the nipple and areolar complex and lack a normal nipple prominence shape and color. This makes the reconstruction inadequate and a third stage, i.e., nipple and areolar reconstruction, is considered the last phase of breast reconstruction. Oftentimes, however, patients for one reason or another are unable to undergo this final stage for months and continue to lack the shape and color of the nipple and areolar complex. The implantable prosthesis disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,778,465 (Wilkins) tries to recreate the nipple prominence, but, unfortunately, the skin that overlies this implant is normal chest wall skin and scar only without color or texture of the normal nipple and areolar complex. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Dual coil electromagnet using rectilinear cross-section core elements in a tattoo apparatus Inventor(s): Evans, Todd Matthew; (Tucson, AZ) Correspondence: TODD M. EVANS; 1211 B. EAST GURLEY; PRESCOTT; AZ; 86301; US Patent Application Number: 20030050657 Date filed: May 30, 2001 Abstract: Electromagnetic coils having rectilinear cross-section core elements and an armature bar having a rectilinear cross-section are described in a handheld tattoo apparatus. This results in increased vibrational smoothness as sensed by the tattoo artist. Excerpt(s): Dual coil electromagnets are used in tattoo machines and are well known in the art. In particular, the dual coil machines operating on a direct current power supply follow the patents of Wagner, U.S. Pat. No. 768,413 and Waters, U.S. Pat. No. 1,724,812. Both of these machines teach dual coils that are excited by a direct current power supply. This electrical excitation produces a magnetic field that attracts a spring-biased, moving armature bar toward the coils. The motion of the armature bar opens a switch in the electrical circuit causing the current and the magnetic field to decay, thereby allowing the bias spring to return the armature bar to its original position. This closes the switch which completes the circuit again and the process repeats itself This causes a vibration of the armature bar. This motion is coupled to the tattoo needle, causing it to vibrate axially. The needle can then be used to penetrate the skin and deposit ink, as is

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well known in the art. The end of each coil opposite the moving armature bar is attached to a connecting bar that is usually also a structural element. Experimentation using the rectilinear core has shown the surprising result that the smoothness of the vibration of the tattooing machine is increased substantially when rectilinear cores are used in place of circular cross-section cores. This is reflected in the sensation felt by the operator during the tattooing operation. This is of substantial importance since the quality of the artistic result is directly related to the smoothness of the vibration sensation felt by the operator. This smoothness is a long sought goal among tattoo artists and was heretofore unavailable. This surprising result could not have been predicted due to the complexity of the interaction of the magnetic parts and the changing magnetic flux over the changing magnetic air gap. After experiencing this result and in hindsight, it is suggested that the flux density in the air gap between the cores and the armature bar and the magnetic components has to change less and is more stable with the rectilinear cross-section core. This results in less disturbing acceleration in the armature bar during each cycle and minimizes disturbing changes from one cycle to the next. Since the flux density distributes itself to conform to the geometry of the excited cross-section, using similar cross-sections as set forth in this invention promotes fewer disturbances in the flux field as it passes between each core and the moving armature bar. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Kit containing tattoos for medical and surgical applications Inventor(s): Berryman, Michelle S. (Marietta, GA), Wiese, Deborah S. (El Cajon, CA) Correspondence: Basam E. Nabulsi; CUMMINGS & LOCKWOOD; P.O. Box 1960; New Haven; CT; 06509-1960; US Patent Application Number: 20020164285 Date filed: April 29, 2002 Abstract: A method and system for applying temporary tattoos or other surface indications in locations remote from a region of medical/surgical treatment is disclosed. The method/system allows medical/surgical staff to indicate treatment and/or patient information in a non-invasive but reliable manner through temporary application of a tattoo or other surface indication at a location remote from a medical/surgical treatment region. The tattoos may include verbiage and/or schematic depictions, and advantageously convey information derived with respect to the patient/individual, e.g., allergies, physical conditions and the like. Utilization of the method/system of the present disclosure minimizes the likelihood of medical/surgical errors by effectively communicating information concerning individuals/patients to surgical/medical personnel. Excerpt(s): The present disclosure relates to a method and system for applying temporary tattoos or other surface indications in locations remote from a region of medical/surgical treatment, and more particularly to a method/system that allows medical/surgical staff to indicate treatment and/or patient information in a noninvasive but reliable manner through temporary application of a tattoo or other surface indication at a location remote from a medical/surgical treatment region. An important aspect of medical/surgical treatment is accurate and reliable record keeping. For example, medical and surgical staffs devote considerable attention and energy to making appropriate notations on patient's charts and in patient's files/records. These notations are routinely reviewed in connection with ongoing treatment protocols and decisions, and provide critical background information as medical/surgical

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practitioners respond and diagnose current conditions/symptoms. The types of information routinely recorded in an individual's file/chart are numerous, including age, blood type, allergies, chronic conditions, and the types and locations of infections, tumors, strains, breaks, and the like. A variety of medical/surgical personnel are routinely involved in administering care to patients. Thus, a medical/surgical office, laboratory or hospital may involve numerous clerks, attendants, nurses, nurse practitioners, physicians, surgeons and/or specialists in diagnosing a patient's condition and/or administering care to such patient. To some degree, these medical/surgical personnel consult with the patient to determine useful background information, e.g., nature of current symptoms, prior treatment regimens, etc. However, in large measure, medical/surgical personnel rely on the information contained in a patient's file or on a patient's chart to guide their treatment/diagnostic activities. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for the double output treatment of pigmented lesions and tattoos Inventor(s): Sierra, Rafael Armando; (Palmer, MA), Koschmann, Eric Calvin; (Hudson, NH), Zukeran, Addison C. (Lowell, MA) Correspondence: Donald N. Halgren; 35 Central Street; Manchester; MA; 01944; US Patent Application Number: 20020123782 Date filed: March 4, 2002 Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating lesions and tattoos sites. The method includes the steps of irradiating said lesion by a first single pulse Q-Switched laser beam directed onto the site; and again irradiating the lesion by a second single pulse QSwitched laser beam directed onto the same lesion site within a time interval of less than about 100.mu.s. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to laser apparatus and more particularly to laser apparatus for the treatment and/or removal of lesions and tattoos. Pigmented lesions are common conditions of the skin of humans. Those lesions may be dermal lesions and include nevus of ota, nevus of ito, or epidermal lesions, including solar lentigenes, and freckles, liver or age spots, and birth marks. Pigmented lesions include tattoos. These may be human caused tattoos and traumatic tattoos which are the result of an accident or mishap such as a scrape or an abrasion or the like where some foreign material becomes embedded under the skin. In each case, the skin becomes pigmented and scarred. The tattoos are made by dyes or inks which are deposited into the skin by a needle to create coloration and patterns on the skin of an individual. Tattoos are usually created by a vibrating needle by which colored pigments are introduced into the skin, usually to the papillary layer of the dermis. Tattoos may be green, blue, brown, black, bluegreen, aqua and red, yellow or orange. At some point in the lives of individuals having such lesions or tattoos, a decision is made in the attempt to remove those same colorations from their skin. Treatment of such pigmented lesions in the field of dermatology often involves a short pulse Q-Switched laser. Absorption of the energy of a short pulse from a Q-Switched laser effects a rapid heating and high pressure in the target tissue which is exposed to the laser radiation, resulting in an efficient breakup of that tissue structure. The disrupted structure begins to clear up by the normal immunological response. The tattoo is such a structure which is treated by means of the short pulse Q-Switched laser. Such lasers may include the ruby laser, the Alexandrite laser and the Nd:YAG laser.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Needle tube lock for tattoo machines Inventor(s): Vail, Walter H. (Chandler, AZ) Correspondence: Gregory J. Nelson; NELSON & ROEDIGER; 3333 E. Camelback Road, Suite 212; Phoenix; AZ; 85018; US Patent Application Number: 20020094229 Date filed: January 17, 2001 Abstract: A needle tube lock for a tattoo machine. The lock has a clamp arm which receives a threaded fastener and a needle tube arm which has a bore which receives the needle tab. The arms are integrally formed from stainless steel or other suitable sterilizable material. The lock is positioned about the needle tube and may be rotated relative to the needle tube retainer to a selected position and secured by tightening the fastener against the retainer. In this way, the tattoo machine is usable even if the retainer is broken or damaged. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to tattoo machines and more particularly relates to a universal locking device for securing a needle tube to a tattoo machine. Tattooing is an ancient art which has become very popular in recent years. Tattooing is practiced by professional tattoo artists using a tattoo machine. The basic design of a tattoo machine has remained basically unchanged for a number of years. The tattoo machine includes a needle tube which receives a needle which is locked to a frame at a needle retainer. A needle reciprocates within the needle tube and is powered by armature coils which impart vibratory motion to an armature bar attached to the upper end of the needle. A continuing problem with tattoo machines of this type is that the needle tube is locked to the needle retainer by means of a threaded fastener which is received within a threaded bore at the needle tube retainer. If, due to repeated use, the threads of the needle retainer become stripped or worn, or the needle retainer becomes damaged, conventional practice has been to replace the entire tattoo machine frame. This is an unnecessary wasteful and expensive practice. Accordingly there exists a need for a simple and effective locking device that can be used to secure the needle tube in place even in the event the needle retainer is damaged. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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PHOTOCHROMATIC TATTOO Inventor(s): CARROLL, GEORGE H. (VENTURA, CA) Correspondence: DENNIS H LAMBERT & ASSOCIATES; 7000 VIEW PARK DRIVE; BURKE; VA; 22015 Patent Application Number: 20020074003 Date filed: December 13, 1999 Abstract: A tattoo that is invisible to the naked eye until the tattoo is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, whereupon the tattoo becomes visible to the naked eye, and which reverts to invisible upon removal from exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The tattoo is formed by embedding in the skin a mixture including a non-pigmented carrier and one or more photochromic compounds that undergo a photochemical transformation from

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colorless to colored upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and which revert to colorless upon removal from exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to tattoos. More particularly, this invention relates to a tattoo that normally is not visible to the naked eye, but which becomes visible upon exposure to a source of ultraviolet radiation, such as sunlight or an ultraviolet lamp. The art of tattooing has been known for many years. Traditional tattoos are applied by using needles or needle-like instruments to inject colored ink or dyes into the skin of the person receiving the tattoo. Consequently, traditional tattoos are permanent in nature and may be removed only with difficulty, if they may be removed at all. However, in many instances persons act impulsively when they have a tattoo applied, or because of changed circumstances or for other reasons may later change their mind, and may wish to have the tattoo removed or altered. Moreover, even if a person continues to be satisfied with the tattoo and proudly displays it, there may be occasions when a tattoo is not appropriate or the person may otherwise then wish to not display it. In such instances, the person has little choice except to cover the tattoo with clothing, which itself may be inappropriate, or attempt to have the tattoo removed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Promotional card with integral removable gemstone tattoo Inventor(s): Lipper, Chris; (Morristownship, NJ) Correspondence: ROYAL W. CRAIG; A PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION; 210 N. Charles St. Suite 1319; Baltimore; MD; 21201; US Patent Application Number: 20020011014 Date filed: May 18, 2001 Abstract: Trading cards for clothing and the like that include an integral removable gemstone applique (tattoo), or an integral removable temporary printed tattoo with gemstone adornments, both for body ornamentation purposes. The gemstone tattoo is formed on a multi-layer-paper backing that is attached to the trading card by special pressure sensitive adhesive. The tattoo also includes a water soluble slip layer, a waterproof film coating, and a plurality of gemstones bonded to the waterproof film and sandwiched between the film and slip layer. The gemstone trading card is a stimulating and eye-catching novelty that compels notice by potential customers. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/110,551 for "IDENTIFICATION CARD WITH INTEGRAL REMOVABLE TATTOO"; filed: Jul. 6, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,586. The present invention relates to temporary tattoos and, more particularly, to trading cards that carry an integral removable gemstone applique (tattoo), or an integral removable temporary printed tattoo with gemstone adornments, both for decorative and promotional purposes. Merchandising is a very important aspect of the retailing business. Merchandising includes various product handling considerations, including a timely and effective distribution system, establishing an effective product mix, product packaging, department set-up, and advertising considerations, etc. Trading Card promotional programs maximize consumer awareness and drive sales for a variety of products. However, marketing through trading cards is becoming a competitive field, and each new generation of trading card requires more colorful attention-grabbing designs, graphics and labels. Moreover, the physical aspects of the trading cards have evolved. For instance, there are now gold and silver foil cards, holographic cards, etc.

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All of these "standout" cards quickly become the center of collector efforts, and as a result there is a significant commercial need for further variations or modifications to the basic trading card design. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Tattoo method and system for medical and surgical applications Inventor(s): Wiese, Deborah Sue; (El Cajan, CA), Berryman, Michelle Suindall; (Marietta, GA) Correspondence: Basam E. Nabulsi; 113 Carter Oak Drive; Wilton; CT; 06897; US Patent Application Number: 20020157293 Date filed: June 17, 2002 Abstract: A method and system for applying temporary tattoos or other surface indications in locations remote from a region of medical/surgical treatment is disclosed. The method/system allows medical/surgical staff to indicate treatment and/or patient information in a non-invasive but reliable manner through temporary application of a tattoo or other surface indication at a location remote from a medical/surgical treatment region. The tattoos may include verbiage and/or schematic depictions, and advantageously convey information derived with respect to the patient/individual, e.g., allergies, physical conditions and the like. Utilization of the method/system of the present disclosure minimizes the likelihood of medical/surgical errors by effectively communicating information concerning individuals/patients to surgical/medical personnel. Excerpt(s): The present disclosure relates to a method and system for applying temporary tattoos or other surface indications in locations remote from a region of medical/surgical treatment, and more particularly to a method/system that allows medical/surgical staff to indicate treatment and/or patient information in a noninvasive but reliable manner through temporary application of a tattoo or other surface indication at a location remote from a medical/surgical treatment region. An important aspect of medical/surgical treatment is accurate and reliable record keeping. For example, medical and surgical staffs devote considerable attention and energy to making appropriate notations on patient's charts and in patient's files/records. These notations are routinely reviewed in connection with ongoing treatment protocols and decisions, and provide critical background information as medical/surgical practitioners respond and diagnose current conditions/symptoms. The types of information routinely recorded in an individual's file/chart are numerous, including age, blood type, allergies, chronic conditions, and the types and locations of infections, tumors, strains, breaks, and the like. A variety of medical/surgical personnel are routinely involved in administering care to patients. Thus, a medical/surgical office, laboratory or hospital may involve numerous clerks, attendants, nurses, nurse practitioners, physicians, surgeons and/or specialists in diagnosing a patient's condition and/or administering care to such patient. To some degree, these medical/surgical personnel consult with the patient to determine useful background information, e.g., nature of current symptoms, prior treatment regimens, etc. However, in large measure, medical/surgical personnel rely on the information contained in a patient's file or on a patient's chart to guide their treatment/diagnostic activities. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

80 Tattoos

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TATTOO SYSTEM Inventor(s): Koplen, Michael L. (Aberdeen, SD) Correspondence: Michael S. Neustel; Suite No. 4; 2534 South University Drive; Fargo; ND; 58103; US Patent Application Number: 20030171767 Date filed: March 11, 2002 Abstract: A tattoo system for providing a disposable tip that allows for efficient cleaning and tattooing. The tattoo system includes a tube member having a tapered neck with exterior threading at a distal end thereof, and a tip member threadably attached to the tube member. The tip member is comprised of a center body, a rear portion having a tapering rear lip and a rear opening, a front portion with a front opening, a reservoir connected between the front opening and the rear opening, and interior threading within a central portion of said reservoir for threadably engaging the exterior threading. The tip member is preferably comprised of a plastic to sealably engage the tube member. The front portion of the tip member is preferably tapered with the front opening slightly larger than the needle reciprocating through thereof. Excerpt(s): Not applicable to this application. Not applicable to this application. Tattoo machines have been in use for years. A tattoo machine has a reciprocating needle moves up and down within a tubular structure, carrying ink into the skin of an individual in the process. The tattoo machine has attached within solid needles that puncture the skin at the rate of 50 to 3,000 times a minute. The sterilized needles are installed in the machine and dipped in ink, which is sucked up through the machine's tube system. Then, the tattoo machine uses an up-and-down motion to puncture the top layer of the skin and drive insoluble, micrometer-sized particles of ink into the dermal layer of skin, about one-eighth inch deep. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with tattoos, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on tattoos. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning tattoos. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

81

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TATTOOS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to tattoos. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on tattoos include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “tattoos” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “tattoos” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “tattoos” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

10 Dinosaur Fun Books: Stickers, Stencils, Tattoos, and More by Dover Publications Inc (1999); ISBN: 0486403432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486403432/icongroupinterna

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10 Easter Fun Books : Stickers, Stencils, Tattoos and More by Dover (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486404625; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486404625/icongroupinterna

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10 Nutcracker Fun Books: Stickers, Stencils, Tattoos and More by Dover (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 048640546X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048640546X/icongroupinterna

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10 Oz Fun Books: Stickers, Stencils, Tattoos and More by Dover Publications Inc; ISBN: 0486405397; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486405397/icongroupinterna

82 Tattoos

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1000 Tattoos by Henk Schiffmacher (Editor), Hank Schiffmacher (2001); ISBN: 382281332X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/382281332X/icongroupinterna

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7 Tattoos: A Memoir in the Flesh by Peter Trachtenberg; ISBN: 0140273905; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140273905/icongroupinterna

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72 Favorite Tattoos by Dover (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486292037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486292037/icongroupinterna

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80 Nature Tattoos by Dover Publications Inc (1996); ISBN: 0486291170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486291170/icongroupinterna

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A Monstrous Day: Tattoo Story Books by Tony Tallarico (Illustrator), Tony (1996); ISBN: 0689809271; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0689809271/icongroupinterna

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A to Z Aliens: Glow-In-The-Dark Tattoos (Glow in the Dark Tattoos) by Monique Z. Stephens, Edward Miller (Illustrator); ISBN: 0448424819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448424819/icongroupinterna

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A. S. C. Tattoo Directory, 1996 by Margo E. Bennett, David E. Lumbert (1996); ISBN: 1887080023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887080023/icongroupinterna

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A. S. C. Tattoo Directory, 1998 by Margo E. Bennett, David E. Lumbert (1998); ISBN: 188708004X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188708004X/icongroupinterna

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ABC Valentine (Tattoo Stickers) by Pamela Jane, Ruth Flanigan (Illustrator) (2002); ISBN: 044842827X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044842827X/icongroupinterna

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Action Heroes Tattoos by Steven James Petruccio (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486295141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486295141/icongroupinterna

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African Heritage Tattoos by Sylvia Walker (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486405427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486405427/icongroupinterna

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Air Pogman (Tattoo Tales) by Shane Derolf, Mitch Schauer (Illustrator); ISBN: 0679878246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679878246/icongroupinterna

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Alice in Wonderland Tattoos by Lewis Carroll (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486427544; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486427544/icongroupinterna

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Aliens Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486403378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486403378/icongroupinterna

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American Tattoo by Alan Govenar; ISBN: 081181825X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081181825X/icongroupinterna

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American Tattoo: As Ancient As Time, As Modern As Tomorrow: Book, Postcards and 3 Temporary Tattoos by Alan Govenar; ISBN: 0811813169; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811813169/icongroupinterna

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Ancient Goddesses Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486424162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486424162/icongroupinterna

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Angels Armband Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486423565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486423565/icongroupinterna

Books 83

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Angels Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486419703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486419703/icongroupinterna

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Angels Tattoos by Barbara Steadman (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486292541; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486292541/icongroupinterna

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Animal Belly Button Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486421473; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486421473/icongroupinterna

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Ankle Bracelets Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486405478; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486405478/icongroupinterna

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Around the World in Tweety Time: Tattoo Storybook by Sarah E. Heller, et al; ISBN: 0439202825; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0439202825/icongroupinterna

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Art of Tattoo 2002 by Richard Chesler (2001); ISBN: 1892890208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892890208/icongroupinterna

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Attack of the Robot: Dc Comics Super Heroes (Golden Look-Look Book and Tattoos) by Joe Edkin, et al; ISBN: 0307130711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307130711/icongroupinterna

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Autobiography of a Tattoo by Stan Persky (1997); ISBN: 0921586620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921586620/icongroupinterna

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Baby's First Tattoo : A Memory Book for Modern Parents by Jim Mullen (Author), Barry Blitt (Illustrator); ISBN: 0743224450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743224450/icongroupinterna

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Bad Boys and Tough Tattoos: A Social History of the Tattoo With Gangs, Sailors and Street-Corner Punks, 1950-1965 by Samuel M. Steward, Phil Andros (2001); ISBN: 0918393760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918393760/icongroupinterna

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Bahia, tatuagens = Bahia, tattoos by Arlete Soares; ISBN: 8586551031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8586551031/icongroupinterna

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Ballerina Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486400271; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486400271/icongroupinterna

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Ballet Dancers Tattoos by Darcy May (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486423557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486423557/icongroupinterna

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Batman: The Terror of Two-Face (Golden Look-Look Book and Tattoos) by Suzan Colon, et al; ISBN: 0307130703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307130703/icongroupinterna

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Beating the Wild Tattoo by Lynne Youngs, Lyn Davenport; ISBN: 1562010379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562010379/icongroupinterna

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Belly Button Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486295109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486295109/icongroupinterna

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Best Friends Tattoo Scrapbook (Cardcaptors) by Sarah Heller, Scholastic Press (2001); ISBN: 0439265509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0439265509/icongroupinterna

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Big Butterfly Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486418553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486418553/icongroupinterna

84 Tattoos

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Big Dinosaurs Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486418561; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486418561/icongroupinterna

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Big Roses Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (2001); ISBN: 048641857X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048641857X/icongroupinterna

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Biker Tattoos by Bruce LaFontaine (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486289370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289370/icongroupinterna

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Bird: The Tattoo by Dark Horse Comics, Carlos Trillo; ISBN: 1569716315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569716315/icongroupinterna

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Birds of Prey Tattoos by Steven James Petruccio (Author) (1997); ISBN: 048629515X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048629515X/icongroupinterna

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Blake Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), William Blake (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486421996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486421996/icongroupinterna

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Blue Tattoo : Poems of the Holocaust by Lyn Lifshin, Lyn Lifshin (1995); ISBN: 1880391120; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880391120/icongroupinterna

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Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community by Margo Demello (2000); ISBN: 0822324679; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822324679/icongroupinterna

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Bodies of Subversion, Second Edition: A Secret History of Women and Tattoo by Margot Mifflin; ISBN: 189045110X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189045110X/icongroupinterna

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Body Art Chic: The First Step-By-Step Guide to Body Painting, Temporary Tattoos, Piercing, Hair Designs, Nail Art by Barry Bish, Laura Hodgson (Photographer); ISBN: 1570761566; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570761566/icongroupinterna

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Body Checks : Team Tattoos (NHL Hockey) by Russell Field; ISBN: 1581840349; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1581840349/icongroupinterna

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Body Piercing and Tattoos (Examining Pop Culture) by J. D. Lloyd (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0737710594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737710594/icongroupinterna

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Body Piercing and Tattoos (Just the Facts) by Paul Mason; ISBN: 1403408173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403408173/icongroupinterna

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Book of Kells Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486419711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486419711/icongroupinterna

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Bracelets Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486298728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486298728/icongroupinterna

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Bushido : Legacies of the Japanese Tattoo by Takahiro Kitamura, Katie M. Kitamura (2001); ISBN: 0764312014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764312014/icongroupinterna

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Busy Ballet School: With 20 Glitter Tattoos (Glitter Tattoos) by Stacey Lamb (Illustrator), et al (1901); ISBN: 0448424630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448424630/icongroupinterna

Books 85

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Butterflies Armband Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (2002); ISBN: 048642359X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048642359X/icongroupinterna

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Butterfly Body Art Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416488; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416488/icongroupinterna

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Butterfly Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486284123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486284123/icongroupinterna

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Captain Scarlet Tattoo Book; ISBN: 1842224107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842224107/icongroupinterna

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Cassatt Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Mary Cassatt (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486424138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486424138/icongroupinterna

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Cats Tattoos by Lisa Bonforte (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486426394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486426394/icongroupinterna

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Celebrity Skin: Tattoos, Brands, and Body Adornments of the Stars by Jim Gerard; ISBN: 1560253231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560253231/icongroupinterna

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Celtic Ankle Bracelets Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486412946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486412946/icongroupinterna

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Celtic Armband Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486423573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486423573/icongroupinterna

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Celtic Body Art Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416496; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416496/icongroupinterna

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Celtic Jewelry Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486412954; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486412954/icongroupinterna

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Celtic Tattoos by Mallory Pearce (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486284093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486284093/icongroupinterna

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Celtic Tattoos by Andy Sloss; ISBN: 1842229125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842229125/icongroupinterna

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Chagall Fine Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Marc Chagall (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416682/icongroupinterna

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Chicago Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2001); ISBN: 048641969X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048641969X/icongroupinterna

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Chinese Characters Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486417204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486417204/icongroupinterna

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Chinese Dragons Tattoos by Bruce LaFontaine (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486289826; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289826/icongroupinterna

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Chocolates, tattoos & mayflowers : Mainstreet memorabilia by Clary Croft; ISBN: 1551091364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551091364/icongroupinterna

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Christmas Fingernail Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (2001); ISBN: 048641650X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048641650X/icongroupinterna

86 Tattoos

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Christmas Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486289834; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289834/icongroupinterna

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Classic Tattoo Designs CD-ROM and Book by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486995925; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486995925/icongroupinterna

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Clifford's Halloween Bag of Fun/Mini Storybook/Puzzles Activity Book/3 Tattoos/4 Halloween Cards/Trick or Treat Bag/Crayons by Norman Bridwell (1994); ISBN: 0590661590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0590661590/icongroupinterna

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Color Full Pain: Tattoo Piercing by Walter Kehr (Photographer) (1997); ISBN: 0789300966; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789300966/icongroupinterna

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Cowboy Tattoos by Steven James Petruccio (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486430286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486430286/icongroupinterna

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Creepy Tattoos by Frank Daniel (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486289494; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289494/icongroupinterna

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Critters of the Night - Mummy Pancakes (Tattoo Tales) by Mercer Mayer (Illustrator), et al (1997); ISBN: 0679873783; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679873783/icongroupinterna

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Crystal Tattoo Book and Kit by Pamela Nichols (2002); ISBN: 0971436703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971436703/icongroupinterna

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Cuddly Animals Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486289508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289508/icongroupinterna

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Curse of the Blue Tattoo : Being an Account of the Misadventures of Jacky Faber, Midshipman and Fine Lady by Louis A. Meyer (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0152051155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0152051155/icongroupinterna

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Dalmatians Tattoos by Lisa Bonforte (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486297578; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486297578/icongroupinterna

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Decorate Yourself: Cool Designs for Temporary Tattoos, Face Painting, Henna & More by Tom Andrich (2003); ISBN: 1895569494; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1895569494/icongroupinterna

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Decorative Eagles Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486289516; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289516/icongroupinterna

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Diego Rivera Tattoos by Diego Rivera (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0486435237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486435237/icongroupinterna

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Dinosaur Tattoos by Ruth Soffer (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486284115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486284115/icongroupinterna

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Dinosaur: The Biggest Adventure (Tattoo Coloring Book) by Golden Books; ISBN: 0307104672; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307104672/icongroupinterna

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DK Sticker Gift Box 18: Tattoo; ISBN: 0754704106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754704106/icongroupinterna

Books 87

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Dorothy Parker's Elbow: Tattoos on Writers, Writers on Tattoos by Kim Addonizio (Editor), Cheryl Dumesnil (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0446679046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446679046/icongroupinterna

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Dragon Tattoo Design by Donald E. Hardy; ISBN: 0945367015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367015/icongroupinterna

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Dunc and Amos and the Red Tattoos (Culpepper Adventures) by Gary Paulsen; ISBN: 0440407907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440407907/icongroupinterna

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Easter Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486412989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486412989/icongroupinterna

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Edinburgh Castle and the Military Tattoo (Whigmaleerie Audio Books for Children) by Mary Marquis (Narrator), Gerda Stevenson (Narrator); ISBN: 1859685234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859685234/icongroupinterna

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Edinburgh Military Tattoo by Roddy Martine (2001); ISBN: 0709069197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0709069197/icongroupinterna

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Egyptian Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486413632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486413632/icongroupinterna

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Egyptian Gods and Goddesses Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2003); ISBN: 048643110X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048643110X/icongroupinterna

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Egyptian Tattoos by Gregory Mirow (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486288307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486288307/icongroupinterna

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El Tatuaje De Linz/the Linz Tattoo by Nicholas Guild (1991); ISBN: 8408011308; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8408011308/icongroupinterna

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Erotic Bodystyling: Muskeln, Tattoos, Piercings Und Andere Fetische by Christian Scheuss; ISBN: 386187069X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/386187069X/icongroupinterna

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Ethiopian Tattoo Shop by Edward Hays (1983); ISBN: 0939516063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939516063/icongroupinterna

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Everything You Need to Know About Mendhi, Temporary Tattoos, and Other Temporary Body Art (Need to Know Library) by Stefanie Iris Weiss; ISBN: 0823930866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823930866/icongroupinterna

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Eve's Tattoo (Vintage Contemporaries) by Emily Prager (1992); ISBN: 0679740538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679740538/icongroupinterna

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Expose - the Art of Tattoo: Beauty Is Only Skin Deep by Tim O'Sullivan; ISBN: 1854872249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854872249/icongroupinterna

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Faded Tattoos (Soldier of Fortune, No 16) by John F. Bradford; ISBN: 0812512529; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812512529/icongroupinterna

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Fairies and Elves Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486400085; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486400085/icongroupinterna

•

Fairyland Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Richard Doyle (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486420469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486420469/icongroupinterna

88 Tattoos

•

Favorite Birds Tattoos by Ruth Soffer (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486293300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486293300/icongroupinterna

•

Fingernail Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486405400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486405400/icongroupinterna

•

Fireworks! (Glitter Tattoos) by Mara Conlon, et al (2001); ISBN: 0448425874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448425874/icongroupinterna

•

Flash from the Past: Classic American Tattoo Designs 1890-1965 by Donald E. Hardy; ISBN: 0945367139; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367139/icongroupinterna

•

Flies/Pre-Pack of 12: Tattoos by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431246/icongroupinterna

•

Floral Fingernail Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (2000); ISBN: 048641017X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048641017X/icongroupinterna

•

Flower Belly Button Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486403416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486403416/icongroupinterna

•

Flower Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (1995); ISBN: 048628414X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048628414X/icongroupinterna

•

Fluttery Butterflies: Includes 20 Glitter Tattoos (Glitter Tattoos) by Tennant Redbank, et al (1998); ISBN: 044841838X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044841838X/icongroupinterna

•

Forever Yes: Art of the New Tattoo; ISBN: 0945367104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367104/icongroupinterna

•

Fun With Tattoo Art/With Markers by Norman Fabricant, Bonnie Zacherle (Illustrator); ISBN: 0816733678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816733678/icongroupinterna

•

Funny Bugs Tattoos by Joan OÂ’Brien (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486430278; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486430278/icongroupinterna

•

Gangs And Their Tattoos : Identifying Gangbangers On The Street And In Prison by Bill Valentine (Author), Robert Schober (Illustrator) (2000); ISBN: 1581600992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1581600992/icongroupinterna

•

Gargoyles Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486295222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486295222/icongroupinterna

•

Gauguin Fine Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Paul Gauguin (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416690/icongroupinterna

•

Gex 3 W/Tattoos for Hollywood Entertainment by Prima (1999); ISBN: 0761521410; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761521410/icongroupinterna

•

Gift Boxes: Body Art Tattoos (Gift Boxes); ISBN: 1842292277; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842292277/icongroupinterna

•

Glittering Galaxies: A Trip Through the Stars!: With 20 Tattoos (Glitter Tattoos) by Tui Sutherland, Jerry Smath (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 0448425319; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448425319/icongroupinterna

Books 89

•

Gods and Goddesses of India Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486431118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486431118/icongroupinterna

•

Halloween Fingernail Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416518; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416518/icongroupinterna

•

Halloween Parade: With 20 Tattoos (Glow in the Dark Tattoos) by Monique Z. Stephens, Jerry Smath (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 0448425076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448425076/icongroupinterna

•

Halloween Tattoo Art by Bonnie Zacherle (Illustrator) (1994); ISBN: 0816732825; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816732825/icongroupinterna

•

Halloween Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486405419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486405419/icongroupinterna

•

Happy Faces Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486403408; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486403408/icongroupinterna

•

Harry Potter Adventures With Hagrid (Coloring Book With Tattoos) by Scholastic Books (1901); ISBN: 0439286204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0439286204/icongroupinterna

•

Haunted Pirates Tattoos by Jeff A. Menges (Author) (2004); ISBN: 048643320X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048643320X/icongroupinterna

•

Hearts Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486289796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289796/icongroupinterna

•

Henna Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416461; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416461/icongroupinterna

•

Henri Rousseau Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Henri Rousseau (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486430758; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486430758/icongroupinterna

•

Heraldry Tattoos by A. G. Smith (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486421589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486421589/icongroupinterna

•

Hercules Tattoos by Steven James Petruccio (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486400107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486400107/icongroupinterna

•

Hershell Cobwell and the Miraculous Tattoo by George Edward Stanley; ISBN: 0380758970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380758970/icongroupinterna

•

Holiday Mini Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486400026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486400026/icongroupinterna

•

Horses Tattoos by John Green (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486430294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486430294/icongroupinterna

•

I Love America Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0486434907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486434907/icongroupinterna

•

IAT Air Tattoo : International Air Tattoo : the story of Europe's greatest air show; ISBN: 0904597482; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0904597482/icongroupinterna

•

Ice Tattoo by Gary Lawless (1982); ISBN: 0942396308; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942396308/icongroupinterna

90 Tattoos

•

In the Paint: Tattoos of the Nba and the Stories Behind Them by Andrew Gottlieb (2003); ISBN: 0786888687; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786888687/icongroupinterna

•

Indian Design Tattoos by Peter Linenthal (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486292509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486292509/icongroupinterna

•

Insects Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486289931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289931/icongroupinterna

•

International Air Tattoo: 1993 by Peter R. March (1993); ISBN: 095165814X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/095165814X/icongroupinterna

•

International Air Tattoo: 1994 by Peter R. March (1994); ISBN: 0951658174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951658174/icongroupinterna

•

International Air Tattoo: 1995 by Peter C. March; ISBN: 1899808159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899808159/icongroupinterna

•

International Air Tattoo: Silver Jubilee, 1971-96 by Peter March; ISBN: 1899808701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899808701/icongroupinterna

•

Irish Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486297594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486297594/icongroupinterna

•

It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time.Tattoos 2004 Calendar by Bcreative, Ronnie Sellers Productions (2003); ISBN: 1569066809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569066809/icongroupinterna

•

Jazzy Jewelry: Power Beads, Crystals, Chokers, & Illusion and Tattoo Styles (Williamson Kids Can! Series) by Diane Baker, Alexandra Michaels (Illustrator) (2003); ISBN: 1885593473; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885593473/icongroupinterna

•

Jet Fighters Tattoos by John Batchelor (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486412997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486412997/icongroupinterna

•

Jewel Ankle Bracelets Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486410153; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486410153/icongroupinterna

•

Jewelry Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486403424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486403424/icongroupinterna

•

Jewish Holiday Tattoos by Jill Dubin (1997); ISBN: 0486298752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486298752/icongroupinterna

•

Jingle Bell Sleigh (Tattoo Stickers) by Monique Z. Stephens, Jeremy Tugeau (Illustrator) (2002); ISBN: 0448425300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448425300/icongroupinterna

•

Jungle Animals Tattoos by Dianne Gaspas-Ettl (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486298744; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486298744/icongroupinterna

•

Jurassic Dinosaurs Tattoos by Ruth Soffer (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486400867; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486400867/icongroupinterna

•

Kahlo Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Frida Kahlo (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486413667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486413667/icongroupinterna

•

Kittens Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486295117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486295117/icongroupinterna

Books 91

•

Klimt Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Gustav Klimt (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486426599; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486426599/icongroupinterna

•

Lightning Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416526; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416526/icongroupinterna

•

Little Wizards Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486421864; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486421864/icongroupinterna

•

Long Snake Tattoo by Frank Downes; ISBN: 1899344357; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899344357/icongroupinterna

•

Love N' Kisses: With Cool Boynoculars, Glitzy Stickers and Funky Tattoos by Lavina Hart, Lavinia Hart; ISBN: 1902618912; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902618912/icongroupinterna

•

Magical Dragons Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486429024; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486429024/icongroupinterna

•

Make Your Own Temporary Tattoo: From Temptu, the Originator of the Long-lasting Temporary Tattoo by Roy Zuckerman, Jean-Chris Miller; ISBN: 1579120806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1579120806/icongroupinterna

•

Mandala Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486421848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486421848/icongroupinterna

•

Maori moko or tattoo; ISBN: 0908608632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0908608632/icongroupinterna

•

Maori tattoo by Ko Te Riria; ISBN: 0908608497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0908608497/icongroupinterna

•

Maori Tattooing by H. G. Robley (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486430928; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486430928/icongroupinterna

•

Mark of a Bear (Brother Bear Coloring Book with Tattoos) by Random House Disney (2003); ISBN: 0736421785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736421785/icongroupinterna

•

Marked for Life: A Gallery of Tattoo Art by Steve Bonge (2001); ISBN: 076431436X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076431436X/icongroupinterna

•

Mermaids Tattoos by Ruth Soffer (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486293319; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486293319/icongroupinterna

•

Message Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486407756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486407756/icongroupinterna

•

Michelangelo Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Michelangelo (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486424146; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486424146/icongroupinterna

•

Mini Angels Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486426416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486426416/icongroupinterna

•

Mini Birds Tattoos by Ruth Soffer (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486407713; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486407713/icongroupinterna

•

Mini Bugs Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486403386; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486403386/icongroupinterna

92 Tattoos

•

Mini Butterflies Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486403394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486403394/icongroupinterna

•

Mini Dinosaurs Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486407721; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486407721/icongroupinterna

•

Mini Insects Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1999); ISBN: 048640773X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048640773X/icongroupinterna

•

Moko Rangatira: Maori Tattoo by David Simmons, Ko Te Riria (1999); ISBN: 0790007096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0790007096/icongroupinterna

•

Moko: Maori Tattoos by Hans Neleman (Photographer), Nicole MacDonald (1999); ISBN: 3908161967; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3908161967/icongroupinterna

•

Mom, I Got a Tattoo!: The Survival Guide to Raising a Teenage Daughter by Susanna De Vries, et al (2001); ISBN: 1589040112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589040112/icongroupinterna

•

Monet Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Claude Monet (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486424154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486424154/icongroupinterna

•

Monster Party (Glitter Tattoos) by Nate Evans (Illustrator), Tui T. Sutherland (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0448421852; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448421852/icongroupinterna

•

Monsters Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (1998); ISBN: 048640191X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048640191X/icongroupinterna

•

Motiba's Tattoos by Mira Kamdar (2001); ISBN: 0452282691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0452282691/icongroupinterna

•

Motiba's Tattoos: A Granddaughter's Journey into her Indian Family's Past by Mira Kamdar; ISBN: 1891620584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891620584/icongroupinterna

•

Motorcycle Emblem Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416534/icongroupinterna

•

Munch Fine Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Edvard Munch (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416704/icongroupinterna

•

Music and Sea Tattoos (Tattootime 3) by Donald E. Hardy (Editor); ISBN: 094536704X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094536704X/icongroupinterna

•

My Brother the Ghost/Includes Free Temporary Tattoo (House of Horrors, No 1) by Suzanne Weyn; ISBN: 0064405575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0064405575/icongroupinterna

•

My Heart Is That Eternal Rose Tattoo by John Yau (2002); ISBN: 1574231685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1574231685/icongroupinterna

•

My Little Pony: Pony Pals Color & Cutie Marks Tattoo Book by Ann Marie Capalija (Author), Gayle Middleton (Illustrator) (2003); ISBN: 0060549440; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060549440/icongroupinterna

Books 93

•

My Mother's Tattoo: And Other Family Memoirs by Harry Applewhite, et al (1996); ISBN: 0964956845; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964956845/icongroupinterna

•

Mythical Beasts Tattoos by Ruth Soffer (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486288331; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486288331/icongroupinterna

•

Native American Tribal Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486423581; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486423581/icongroupinterna

•

Need to Know: Teenage Suicide / Body Piercing and Tattoos / Gambling / Teenage Sex (Need to Know) by Roger Coote; ISBN: 0431098220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431098220/icongroupinterna

•

Never Get a Tattoo: Simple Advice on the Art of Enjoying Yourself by Richard David Carson, et al; ISBN: 0060965096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060965096/icongroupinterna

•

New York City Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416542; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416542/icongroupinterna

•

Nordic Gods Tattoos by Jeff A. Menges (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0486435261; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486435261/icongroupinterna

•

Notre Dame Gargoyles Tattoos by Marty Noble (1998); ISBN: 0486400093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486400093/icongroupinterna

•

Nutcracker Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486405370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486405370/icongroupinterna

•

Old-Time Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486431126; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486431126/icongroupinterna

•

Panda Tattoos by Jan Sovak (2000); ISBN: 0486410129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486410129/icongroupinterna

•

Patriotic Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486413640; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486413640/icongroupinterna

•

Permanent Makeup and Reconstructive Tattooing by Eleonora Habnit (2003); ISBN: 0764318330; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764318330/icongroupinterna

•

Peter Cottontail Tattoos by Pat Stewart (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486297608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486297608/icongroupinterna

•

Pets Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486410161; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486410161/icongroupinterna

•

Picasso Fine Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Pablo Picasso (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416712; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416712/icongroupinterna

•

Pierced Hearts and True Love: A Century of Drawings for Tattoos by Margo Demello, et al (1996); ISBN: 0942324099; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942324099/icongroupinterna

•

Pirates Tattoos by Steven James Petruccio (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486402029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486402029/icongroupinterna

94 Tattoos

•

Pokemon Gotta Catch 'Em All!: Gs Tattoo Series 2 (Tattoo Book) by Linda Karl (Illustrator), et al; ISBN: 0307104044; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307104044/icongroupinterna

•

Pokemon Tattoo Series 2 (Tattoo Activity) by Golden Books (1999); ISBN: 030710401X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030710401X/icongroupinterna

•

Pokemon Tattoo Series 3 (Tattoo Activity) by Golden Books (1999); ISBN: 0307104028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307104028/icongroupinterna

•

Prehistoric Animals Tattoos with Tattoos by Jan Sovak (2000); ISBN: 0486413004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486413004/icongroupinterna

•

Pride and Joy (Tattoo Time: Disney's the Lion King) by Don Williams (Illustrator), Disney Press; ISBN: 0736411941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736411941/icongroupinterna

•

Prison Tattoos by Douglas Kent Hall, Richard Stratton (Introduction) (1997); ISBN: 0312151950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312151950/icongroupinterna

•

Prose Tattoo: Selected Performance Scores by B.P. Nichol, et al; ISBN: 0879240474; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879240474/icongroupinterna

•

Puppies Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486400212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486400212/icongroupinterna

•

Rain Forest Animals Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486412962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486412962/icongroupinterna

•

Rain Forest Frogs Tattoos by Steven James Petruccio (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486295176; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486295176/icongroupinterna

•

Rainbows: With 20 Glitter Tattoos (Glitter Tattoos) by Mara Conlon (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0448424622; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448424622/icongroupinterna

•

Removable Tattoo by John Knoll (1989); ISBN: 0962301302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962301302/icongroupinterna

•

Report of the Investigation into an Accident Involving 2 MiG-29 Aircraft During the International Air Tattoo at Royal Air Force Fairford on 24 July 1993 (Report); ISBN: 0117726826; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117726826/icongroupinterna

•

Reptiles Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486295214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486295214/icongroupinterna

•

Rococo Tattoo: The Ornamental Impulse in Toronto Art by Philip Monk (1998); ISBN: 0921047290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921047290/icongroupinterna

•

Romantic Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486288374; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486288374/icongroupinterna

•

Roses Tattoos by Charlene Tarbox (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486289974; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289974/icongroupinterna

•

Ruff 'N' Tuff Tattoo Book (Powerpuff Girls) by E. S. Mooney (2000); ISBN: 0439160162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0439160162/icongroupinterna

Books 95

•

Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopedia by Danzig Baldayev, et al (2003); ISBN: 3882439203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3882439203/icongroupinterna

•

Russian Prison Tattoos: Codes of Authority, Domination, and Struggle by Alix Lambert (2003); ISBN: 0764317644; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764317644/icongroupinterna

•

Sailor Jerry Collins: American Tattoo Master by Jerry Collins, Donald Edward Hardy (Editor); ISBN: 0945367112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367112/icongroupinterna

•

Sailor Jerry Tattoo Flash by D. E. Hardy (2001); ISBN: 0945367147; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367147/icongroupinterna

•

Sailor Jerry's Tattoo Stencils (2002); ISBN: 0764315625; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764315625/icongroupinterna

•

Samurai Warriors Art Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486427536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486427536/icongroupinterna

•

Santa Claus Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (1998); ISBN: 0486402282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486402282/icongroupinterna

•

Scary Halloween Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486416550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486416550/icongroupinterna

•

Scary Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author); ISBN: 0486289842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486289842/icongroupinterna

•

Sea Creatures Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486293335; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486293335/icongroupinterna

•

Sea Monster Tattoo by Ruth Thomas (1997); ISBN: 074866226X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074866226X/icongroupinterna

•

Sharks Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0486402436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486402436/icongroupinterna

•

Sharks Tattoos: 8 Safe, Waterproof Designs by Jan Sovak (1996); ISBN: 0486293343; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486293343/icongroupinterna

•

Silly Creepy Crawlies: 20 Glitter Tattoos (Glitter Tattoos Series) by Rose Mary Berlin (Illustrator), Grosset & Dunlap (2000); ISBN: 0448421860; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448421860/icongroupinterna

•

Silly Monsters Tattoos by Cheryl Nathan (Author) (2003); ISBN: 048643026X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048643026X/icongroupinterna

•

Skin Crawlers (Tattoo Tales) by Jean Cassels (Illustrator), et al (1996); ISBN: 067987514X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067987514X/icongroupinterna

•

Skin Deep: Of Tattoos, The Disappearing West, Very Bad Men, And My Deep Love For Them All by Karol Griffin (Author); ISBN: 0151008841; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0151008841/icongroupinterna

•

Skin Shows: The Tattoo Bible by Chris Wroblewski (2003); ISBN: 1843401673; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843401673/icongroupinterna

•

Skulls and Bones Tattoos by Frank Daniel (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486292444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486292444/icongroupinterna

96 Tattoos

•

Sm Pokemon Tattoo Series #1 by Golden Books (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0307597830; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307597830/icongroupinterna

•

SM Pokemon Tattoo Series #2 by Golden Books (1999); ISBN: 0307597849; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307597849/icongroupinterna

•

SM Pokemon Tattoo Series #3 by Golden Books (1999); ISBN: 0307597857; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0307597857/icongroupinterna

•

Snakes Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1995); ISBN: 048628834X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048628834X/icongroupinterna

•

Snow Angels: With 20 Glitter Tattoos (Glitter Tattoos) by Wendy Cheyette Lewison, Sonja Lamut (Illustrator) (1998); ISBN: 044841855X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044841855X/icongroupinterna

•

Sorcerers and Warriors Tattoos by Jeff A. Menges (Author) (2002); ISBN: 048642183X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048642183X/icongroupinterna

•

Spider-Man: The Chameleon's Many Faces (Fun Works Tattoo-Me Storybook) by Michael Stewart, et al; ISBN: 1570824444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570824444/icongroupinterna

•

Spiders Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486410137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486410137/icongroupinterna

•

Spiked: Church-State Intrigue and the Rose Tattoo by Gerard Whelan (2003); ISBN: 1902602927; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902602927/icongroupinterna

•

Stage Fright! (Real Monsters Tattoo Books) by Andrew Clements, Matthew Stoddart (Illustrator); ISBN: 0689816103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0689816103/icongroupinterna

•

Stars and Stripes Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2002); ISBN: 048642524X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048642524X/icongroupinterna

•

Stewed Screwed and Tattooed by Madame Chinchilla, et al; ISBN: 0960260013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960260013/icongroupinterna

•

Stickers: Tattoo Strip 01:Skulls 6pk by None; ISBN: 1862089426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089426/icongroupinterna

•

Stickers: Tattoo Strip 03:Horses 6pk by None; ISBN: 1862089442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089442/icongroupinterna

•

Stickers: Tattoo Strip 04:Tigers 6pk by None; ISBN: 1862089450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089450/icongroupinterna

•

Stickers: Tattoo Strip 07:Fish 6pk by None; ISBN: 1862089485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089485/icongroupinterna

•

Stickers: Tattoo Strip 08: Beetles 6pk: Tattoo Strip 08:Beetles 6pk: Tattoo Strip 08: Beetles 6pk: Tattoo Strip 08:beetles 6pk by None; ISBN: 1862089493; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089493/icongroupinterna

•

Stickers: Tattoo Strip 09:Frogs 6pk: STICKERS:TATTOO STRIP 09:FROGS 6PK by None; ISBN: 1862089507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089507/icongroupinterna

•

Stickers: Tattoo Strip 10:Flies 6pk by None; ISBN: 1862089515; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089515/icongroupinterna

Books 97

•

Stickers: Tattoo Strip 12:Trucks 6pk by None; ISBN: 1862089531; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089531/icongroupinterna

•

Stickers:Tattoo Strip 11:Flowers 6pk: TATTOO STRP 11:FLOWERS 6PK by None; ISBN: 1862089523; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862089523/icongroupinterna

•

Stoney Knows How: Life As a Tattoo Artist by Leonard L., St. Clair; ISBN: 0813114020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813114020/icongroupinterna

•

Stoney St. Claire: Life As a Tattoo Artist by Alan B. Govenar (2003); ISBN: 0764318322; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764318322/icongroupinterna

•

Strawberry Tattoo: Sam Jones Novel by Lauren Henderson (2000); ISBN: 0609806858; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0609806858/icongroupinterna

•

Street Sharks: Genetic Meltdown (Tattoo Tales) by Cynthia Alvarez; ISBN: 0679877134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679877134/icongroupinterna

•

Sun, Moon and Stars Armband Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486426424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486426424/icongroupinterna

•

Sun, Moon and Stars Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0486292517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486292517/icongroupinterna

•

Super Show!: International Air Tattoo and Tiger Meet: 1991 by Ian Retoul, et al (1991); ISBN: 962361702X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/962361702X/icongroupinterna

•

Super Sun Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0486418545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486418545/icongroupinterna

•

Surfing Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0486433188; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486433188/icongroupinterna

•

Swampland Animals Tattoos by Steven James Petruccio (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486405389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486405389/icongroupinterna

•

Ta Moko: The Art of Maori Tattoo by D. R. Simmons (1997); ISBN: 0790005689; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0790005689/icongroupinterna

•

Tahiti Tattoos by Gian Paolo Barbieri (1998); ISBN: 3822877638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3822877638/icongroupinterna

•

Tapies: The Tattoo and the Body by Antoni Tapies (1998); ISBN: 8488786212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8488786212/icongroupinterna

•

Tarzan Tattoos by Steven James Petruccio (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486407705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486407705/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo by Parry; ISBN: 0020810806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0020810806/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo by Dale Durfee (Photographer) (2001); ISBN: 0312267843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312267843/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo by Anthony Britto (1997); ISBN: 0312302304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312302304/icongroupinterna

98 Tattoos

•

Tattoo by Stefan Richter; ISBN: 0318193671; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0318193671/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo by Dale Banks; ISBN: 0786001690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786001690/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo by Earl Thompson (1991); ISBN: 0881847275; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881847275/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo by Jack Cady; ISBN: 0931594014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931594014/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo by Lauri Emswiler; ISBN: 1580060013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580060013/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo (Aust) O/P Dont Use Dam; ISBN: 0949155225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0949155225/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo (Aust) O/P Dont Use Dam; ISBN: 7216003543; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/7216003543/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo : an anthology of writing; ISBN: 0869053337; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0869053337/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Blues by Michael McClelland (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0743486560; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743486560/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Book of Days: Past Present and Future by Lyle Tuttle (1996); ISBN: 0963170848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963170848/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Box; ISBN: 186208825X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/186208825X/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Designs of Japan by Horiyoshi, Don Ed Hardy (Introduction) (2003); ISBN: 0945367074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367074/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Flash by Donald E. Hardy; ISBN: 0945367066; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367066/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Girl by Brooke Stevens (2001); ISBN: 0312269102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312269102/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo H/B; ISBN: 7215962083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/7215962083/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Interview by Jerry Rosen; ISBN: 0867193875; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867193875/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Magic (Tattootime 2) by Donald E. Hady (Editor), Donald E. Hardy; ISBN: 0945367031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367031/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Mania! Ctr by PH.D. Stine (1993); ISBN: 055363352X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/055363352X/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Mania: 20 Terrific Tattoos: Tattoos for Every Mood.and Fun Ideas Inside! by Megan Stine, Pat Merrell (Illustrator) (1993); ISBN: 0553481444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553481444/icongroupinterna

Books 99

•

Tattoo Nation: Portraits of Celebrity Body Art by David Ritz (Introduction), et al (2002); ISBN: 0821227815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821227815/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo of a Naked Lady by B. D. Kwiatek, et al (2001); ISBN: 193146801X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/193146801X/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo of a Wolf Spider by Anne-Marie Legan (2001); ISBN: 1401026745; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401026745/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo of Death (Choose Your Own Adventure, No 159) by Frank Bolle (Illustrator), Raymond A. Montgomery; ISBN: 0553566164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553566164/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Road Trip: The Pacific Northwest by Robert E. Baxter, Bob Baxter (2003); ISBN: 0764315226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764315226/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Armbands (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789444674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789444674/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Beetles; ISBN: 1862085641; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085641/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Beetles (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431238; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431238/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Butterflies; ISBN: 1862085625; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085625/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Butterflies (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 078943119X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078943119X/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Classics (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789444712; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789444712/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Dinosaurs; ISBN: 1862085587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085587/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Dinosaurs (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431149; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431149/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Ethnic (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789444682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789444682/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Fish; ISBN: 1862085633; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085633/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Fish (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431203/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Flies; ISBN: 1862085668; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085668/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Flowers; ISBN: 1862085676; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085676/icongroupinterna

100 Tattoos

•

Tattoo Strips: Flowers (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431122/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Frogs; ISBN: 186208565X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/186208565X/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Frogs (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 078943122X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078943122X/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Horses; ISBN: 1862085595; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085595/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Horses (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431157; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431157/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Monster Trucks; ISBN: 1862085684; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085684/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Pirate (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789444666; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789444666/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Skulls; ISBN: 1862085579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085579/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Skulls (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431211/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Spiders; ISBN: 1862085617; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085617/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Spiders (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431181; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431181/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Symbols (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789444704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789444704/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Tigers; ISBN: 1862085609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862085609/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Tigers (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431173/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo Strips: Trucks (Pack of 12) by Dorling Kindersley Publishing; ISBN: 0789431130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789431130/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo the Wicked Cross by Floyd Salas (1982); ISBN: 0933256272; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933256272/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo You! Big Foot 4X4 by Julie Mitchell; ISBN: 0681003952; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0681003952/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo You!/Beautiful Expressions: A Book of Temporary Body Art by Julie Mitchell, Frank Stinga (Illustrator); ISBN: 0681456094; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0681456094/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo You!/Bold Expressions: A Book of Temporary Body Art by Julie Mitchell, Frank Stinga (Illustrator); ISBN: 0681456108; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0681456108/icongroupinterna

Books 101

•

Tattoo You: Pisces by Joan Powers; ISBN: 0721457355; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721457355/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo, Torture, Mutilation, and Adornment: The Denaturalization of the Body in Culture and Text (Suny Series, the Body in Culture, History, and Rel) by Frances E. Mascia-Lees, Patricia Sharpe (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0791410668; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791410668/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo: 1988 Portfolio; ISBN: 0912383453; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912383453/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo: Pigments of Imagination by Chris Wroblewski; ISBN: 0912383445; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912383445/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoo: The Exotic Art of Skin Decoration by Michelle Delio; ISBN: 0312101481; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312101481/icongroupinterna

•

Tattooed: The Sociogenesis of a Body Art by Michael Atkinson (2003); ISBN: 0802085687; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802085687/icongroupinterna

•

Tattooing the Invisible Man: Bodies of Work by Don Ed Hardy (Photographer); ISBN: 0945367007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945367007/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos; ISBN: 0836215230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836215230/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos by Art Homer; ISBN: 0961646705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961646705/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos (TASCHEN Icons Series) by Henk Schiffmacher, Burkhard Riemscneider; ISBN: 3822855286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3822855286/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos and Motorcycles by Karen Lee Street; ISBN: 0575059478; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0575059478/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos from Paradise: Traditional Polynesian Patterns by Mark Blackburn; ISBN: 0764309412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764309412/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos of the Floating World: Ukiyo-E Motifs in Japanese Tattoo by Takahiro Kitamura, Katie M. Kitamura; ISBN: 9074822452; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9074822452/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos of the Heart: A Matter of Life and Death and Points of Interest In-Between by Dianne L. Schread (2003); ISBN: 0595745628; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595745628/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos of Wcw; ISBN: 1842222058; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842222058/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos, Tell-tales and Terrible, Terrible Twins (Ally's World) by Karen McCombie, Spike Gerrell (Illustrator); ISBN: 0439993717; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0439993717/icongroupinterna

•

Tattoos: Boxed Set by Elizabeth Rowe; ISBN: 1902463412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902463412/icongroupinterna

102 Tattoos

•

Tatuajes de Por Vida / Tattoos for Life by Victor Cardenas (2001); ISBN: 0884196143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884196143/icongroupinterna

•

Teddy Bear Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486297586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486297586/icongroupinterna

•

Temporary Tattoo Studio by Cmmmd 157595088X; ISBN: 157595088X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157595088X/icongroupinterna

•

Temporary Tattoos by Erick Aveline, Joyce Chargueraud (2001); ISBN: 1552096017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1552096017/icongroupinterna

•

Tennessee Williams's "The Rose Tattoo": A Study Guide from Gale's "Drama for Students" [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000A9B2G; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000A9B2G/icongroupinterna

•

Thanksgiving Tattoos by Cathy Beylon (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486405362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486405362/icongroupinterna

•

The Apostate's Tattoo by J. J. Steinfeld (1983); ISBN: 0920304206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920304206/icongroupinterna

•

The Art of the New Zealand Tattoo by Anne Nicholas, Nigel Cox; ISBN: 0806516038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806516038/icongroupinterna

•

The Art of the Tattoo by Lynn Procter, et al; ISBN: 0762402733; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762402733/icongroupinterna

•

The Art of the Tattoo; ISBN: 7215963284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/7215963284/icongroupinterna

•

The Best Easter Basket Ever (Glitter Tattoos) by Mara Conlon (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0448424649; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448424649/icongroupinterna

•

The Best of the International Air Tattoo by Peter R. March; ISBN: 0711018790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0711018790/icongroupinterna

•

The Big Book of Tattoo by Spider Webb (2002); ISBN: 0764315609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764315609/icongroupinterna

•

The Blood Tattoo by Ebi, Gabor (1987); ISBN: 0930383117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930383117/icongroupinterna

•

The Body Art Book: A Complete, Illustrated Guide to Tattoos, Piercings, and Other Body Modifications by Jean-Chris Miller (1997); ISBN: 042515985X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/042515985X/icongroupinterna

•

The Butterfly Collection : Stickers, Bookmarks, Tattoos, More by Dover (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486297500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486297500/icongroupinterna

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The Butterfly Tattoo by Barry Norman; ISBN: 0312140150; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312140150/icongroupinterna

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The Butterfly Tattoo by Philip Pullman; ISBN: 0330397966; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0330397966/icongroupinterna

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The Concubine's Tattoo by Laura Joh Rowland; ISBN: 0312969228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312969228/icongroupinterna

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The Crying Heart Tattoo by David Martin; ISBN: 0523420382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0523420382/icongroupinterna

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The Devil's Tattoo by Gudmundina Haflidason (2003); ISBN: 141341141X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/141341141X/icongroupinterna

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The Domino Tattoo by Cyrian Amberlake; ISBN: 0352327189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0352327189/icongroupinterna

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The Dragon's Tale: A Washable Tattoo Book (Quest for Camelot) by Warner Brothers; ISBN: 0590024388; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0590024388/icongroupinterna

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The Essential Guide to Cosmetic Laser Surgery: The Revolutionary New Way to Erase Wrinkles, Age Spots, Scars, Birthmarks, Moles, Tattoos.and How Not to Get Burned in the Process by Tina S. Alster, et al; ISBN: 1887110097; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887110097/icongroupinterna

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The Flower Princesses: Includes 20 Glitter Tattoos (Glitter Tattoos) by Elizabeth Anders, et al (1998); ISBN: 0448418371; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448418371/icongroupinterna

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The Ghost Who Couldn't Say Boo: With Tattoos (Tattoo Tales) by Ron Fontes, et al; ISBN: 0679864318; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679864318/icongroupinterna

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The Haunted Fort / Mystery of Whale Tattoo (Two-in-ones) by Franklin W. Dixon; ISBN: 0006944132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0006944132/icongroupinterna

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The Hawaiian Tattoo by Philibert F. Kwiatkowski, et al; ISBN: 0965575608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965575608/icongroupinterna

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The Henna Body Art Kit: Everything You Need to Create Stunning Temporary Tattoos by Aileen Marron, et al (1998); ISBN: 1885203640; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885203640/icongroupinterna

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The Japanese Tattoo by Donald Richie, Ian Buruma (Photographer); ISBN: 0834802287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834802287/icongroupinterna

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The Japanese Tattoo by Sandi Fellman, D. M. Thomas (Introduction) (1987); ISBN: 0896596613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896596613/icongroupinterna

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The Linz Tattoo by Nicholas Guild; ISBN: 0070251126; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070251126/icongroupinterna

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The Magic Forest: Tattoo Story Book by Tony Tallarico; ISBN: 0689809263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0689809263/icongroupinterna

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The Man With the Red Tattoo by Raymond Benson; ISBN: 0515135631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0515135631/icongroupinterna

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The Mark of a Princess (Book & Tattoo) by Random House (Editor), Disney Press (2001); ISBN: 0736411682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736411682/icongroupinterna

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The Mark of the Blue Tattoo (Hardy Boys, 146) by Franklin W. Dixon (1997); ISBN: 0671000586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671000586/icongroupinterna

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The Mask - Mars Needs Chocolate (Tattoo Tales) by Scott Ciencin, et al; ISBN: 067987674X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067987674X/icongroupinterna

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The Mermaid's Ball: 20 Glitter Tattoos (Glitter Tattoos) by Bea Sloboder, Heidi Petach (Illustrator) (1998); ISBN: 0448418568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448418568/icongroupinterna

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The Million-Dollar Tattoo (Thomas Black Series , No 9) by Earl W. Emerson; ISBN: 0345400674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345400674/icongroupinterna

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The Mystery of the Turkish Tattoo (Find Your Fate Thriller, Rh No 6) by Rose Estes, et al; ISBN: 0394864344; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394864344/icongroupinterna

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The Mystery of the Whale Tattoo by Franklin W. Dixon (1975); ISBN: 0448089475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448089475/icongroupinterna

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The New Tattoo by Victoria Lautman, Vicki Berndt (Photographer) (1994); ISBN: 1558597859; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558597859/icongroupinterna

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The New Tattoo Square Notecard Wallet by Dolce & Gabbana (1999); ISBN: 0789252619; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789252619/icongroupinterna

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The Pirates of Snake Island (Tattoo Tales) by Andreas Lord, Marsha Winborn (Illustrator); ISBN: 067987254X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067987254X/icongroupinterna

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The Rabbit Tattoo (Take Ten: Fantasy) by Susannah Brin, Fujiko Miller (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 1586590634; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1586590634/icongroupinterna

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The Rolling Stones: Tattoo You by L. Davis Thomas (1999); ISBN: 0793589037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0793589037/icongroupinterna

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The Rose Tattoo by Daniel Mann (1991); ISBN: 0792118502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792118502/icongroupinterna

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The Rose Tattoo. by Tennessee Williams (1998); ISBN: 0822209713; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822209713/icongroupinterna

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The Secret Valentine: 20 Glitter Tattoos in Every Book! by Johanna Maron, Jerry Smath (Illustrator) (1999); ISBN: 0448419874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448419874/icongroupinterna

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The Snake Tattoo by Linda Barnes (1990); ISBN: 0449217590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0449217590/icongroupinterna

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The Sociological Signifcance of Tattoos (Custom College Series) by Stephen C. Richards, Jan Scipio (Editor); ISBN: 0070522812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070522812/icongroupinterna

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The Strawberry Tattoo by Henderson (2000); ISBN: 009927843X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/009927843X/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo by Chris McKinney; ISBN: 1566473195; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566473195/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo by Jeff Jaguer; ISBN: 1852651008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1852651008/icongroupinterna

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The tattoo book by C. H. Fellowes; ISBN: 0878610014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878610014/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo Buyer's Guide: A Complete and Candid Guide to Getting a Great Tattoo by Paul Schwartz; ISBN: 0963577808; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963577808/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo Encyclopedia : A Guide to Choosing Your Tattoo by Terisa Green (Author); ISBN: 0743223292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743223292/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo History Source Book by Steve Gilbert; ISBN: 1890451061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890451061/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo Hunter by Juvenal Acosta (2002); ISBN: 0887394965; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887394965/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo Murder Case by Akimitsu Takagi, Deborah Boliver Boehm (Translator) (1999); ISBN: 1569471568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569471568/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo Murders by John Russell Fearn (2002); ISBN: 1587155036; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587155036/icongroupinterna

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The Tattoo: Graffiti for the Soul by Catherine Grognard, Claudio Lazi (Photographer); ISBN: 0681005777; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0681005777/icongroupinterna

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The Tattooed Cat: Where Cats and Tattoos Meet by Steven Wood, et al; ISBN: 0961033061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961033061/icongroupinterna

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The Tell-Tale Tattoo and Other Stories (Five Star First Edition Mystery Series) by K. K. Beck (2002); ISBN: 0786245700; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786245700/icongroupinterna

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The Terrible Tattoo Parlor. by Mary Chase (1998); ISBN: 0822211238; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822211238/icongroupinterna

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The Total Tattoo Book by Amy Krakow (1994); ISBN: 0446670014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446670014/icongroupinterna

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The Tree Tattoo by Karen Rivers (1999); ISBN: 1896951163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1896951163/icongroupinterna

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The Tribal Tattoo Pack: Learn the Ancient Art of Tribal Body Decoration by Andy Sloss; ISBN: 1569246106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569246106/icongroupinterna

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The Turquoise Tattoo/a Devon Macdonald Mystery by Nancy Baker Jacobs; ISBN: 0399135510; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399135510/icongroupinterna

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The Turtle Tattoo: Timeless Tales for Finding and Fulfilling Your Dreams by Margaret Olivia Wolfson; ISBN: 1882591283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882591283/icongroupinterna

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The Ultimate Godzilla Tattoo Book (Godzilla) by Scholastic Books; ISBN: 0590024523; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0590024523/icongroupinterna

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The White Tattoo: A Collection of Short Stories by William J. Cobb (2002); ISBN: 0814209017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814209017/icongroupinterna

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The Wilderness Tattoo: A Narrative of Juan Ortiz by William O. Steele; ISBN: 0152973257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0152973257/icongroupinterna

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Three by Tennessee Williams: Sweet Bird of Youth/the Rose Tattoo/the Night of the Iguana/3 Plays in 1 Book (Signet Classic) by Tennessee Williams; ISBN: 0451521498; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451521498/icongroupinterna

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Toulouse-Lautrec Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (Author) (2001); ISBN: 048641972X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048641972X/icongroupinterna

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Trapped in Time (Tattoo Time) by Disney Press (2001); ISBN: 073641195X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/073641195X/icongroupinterna

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Tribal Body Art Tattoos by Anna Pomaska (Author) (2001); ISBN: 048641647X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048641647X/icongroupinterna

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Tribal Tattoo Designs by Maarten Hesselt Van Dinter; ISBN: 1570625565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570625565/icongroupinterna

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Tribal Tattoos by Andy Sloss (Author); ISBN: 1842229141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842229141/icongroupinterna

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Tropical Fish Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486412970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486412970/icongroupinterna

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Unicorns and Other Fabulous Creatures/With Tattoos (Tattoo Tales) by Heather Lowenberg, et al; ISBN: 0679864377; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679864377/icongroupinterna

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Unicorns Tattoos by Christy Shaffer (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486420957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486420957/icongroupinterna

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Valentine Tattoos by Robbie Stillerman (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486407764; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486407764/icongroupinterna

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Van Gogh Art Tattoos by Marty Noble (Designer), Vincent Van Gogh (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486413659; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486413659/icongroupinterna

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Vbs Invitation/Registration: Zoomtastic Tattoos by Augsburg Fortress Publishing (2002); ISBN: 0806649682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806649682/icongroupinterna

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Washington, D.C. Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0486422623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486422623/icongroupinterna

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Wearing Ink: the Art of Tattoo in New Zealand by Dean Johansson (1998); ISBN: 1869531094; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869531094/icongroupinterna

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Wedding for One / Tattoo for Two by Dawn Atkins; ISBN: 0373441576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0373441576/icongroupinterna

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Wet-Wall Tattoos: Ben Long and the Art of Fresco by Richard Maschal (1998); ISBN: 0895872153; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895872153/icongroupinterna

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Whales and Dolphins Tattoos by Ruth Soffer (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486298736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486298736/icongroupinterna

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Wild Animals Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0486295184; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486295184/icongroupinterna

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Wild Cats Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (1996); ISBN: 048628994X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/048628994X/icongroupinterna

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Wild Tattoo by Lyn Davenport; ISBN: 1562012592; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562012592/icongroupinterna

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Wizard of Oz Tattoos by Pat Stewart (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0486407748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486407748/icongroupinterna

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Wizards and Sorcerers Tattoos by Eric Gottesman (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0486429032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486429032/icongroupinterna

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X-Men: Masquerade (Tattoo Tales) by Ron Fontes, et al; ISBN: 067986430X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067986430X/icongroupinterna

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X-Men: Spellbound (Tattoo Tales) by Jim K. Thomas, et al; ISBN: 0679864369; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679864369/icongroupinterna

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Y2K Tattoos: 7 Safe, Waterproof Designs by Eric Gottesman (1999); ISBN: 0486407691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486407691/icongroupinterna

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Zamora's Tattoo by Al Gowan (2002); ISBN: 0595257739; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595257739/icongroupinterna

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Zoo Animals Tattoos by Jan Sovak (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486410145; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486410145/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Tattoos In order to find chapters that specifically relate to tattoos, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and tattoos using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on tattoos: •

Chapter 265: Lasers in Dermatology Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 2901-2921. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435.

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Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with a clinical rationale for choosing specific laser therapies in dermatology. The chapter begins with a discussion of the optics of the skin. Absorption and scattering determine the penetration of light into skin. The chapter continues by describing laser-skin interactions, including photothermal effects, photochemical effects, and photomechanical effects. Thermal effects on tissue are both time and temperature dependent. Photothermal interactions include vaporization and selective photothermolysis. Photochemical interactions related to dermatology include both native photobiologic responses to ultraviolet radiation and photosensitizer-induced responses. Photomechanical injury is characterized by disruption of organelles, membranes, and cells. The chapter then addresses the issue of laser safety. The principles of laser safety focus on the maintenance of a safe environment and protection of the patient, surgeon, and surgical staff. Biological hazards include risks to the ocular, respiratory, and skin regions and also risk of transmission of infection. The remainder of the chapter discusses the use of laser treatment for various lesions. Laser treatment of postinflammatory pigmentation has been disappointing, and laser treatment for melasma generally cannot be recommended because of the expense and risk of side effects. However, lasers may be used to treat vascular lesions such as portwine stains, strawberry hemangioma, essential telangiectasias, and phlebectasias; pigmented lesions such as cafe au lait macules; dermal melanocytoses such as nevus of Ota; nevomelanocytic lesions; Becker's nevus; nevus spilus; and epidermal nevi. Lasers can also be used to remove tattoos and hair, create recipient sites for hair transplant grafts, and resurface photodamaged and acnedamaged skin. The chapter discusses laser skin resurfacing in terms of indications and contraindications, patient selection, laser method, perioperative and anesthesia considerations, safety, anesthesia requirements, effectiveness, side effects, mechanisms of action, and recent advances. 8 figures, 1 table, and 58 references. •

Acquired Mucosal Disorders Source: in Scully, C., et al. Color Atlas of Orofacial Health and Disease in Children and Adolescents. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd. 2002. p.123-173. Contact: Available from Martin Dunitz Ltd, The Livery House. 7-9 Pratt Street, London, England NW1 0AE. 4404074822202. Website: www.dunitz.co.uk. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $125.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841841021. Summary: This chapter on acquired mucosal disorders is from a full-color atlas that covers the presentation of the common orofacial disorders and a wide range of less common and some rare disorders. The chapter begins with an overview of common complaints associated with acquired mucosal disorders, including lumps and swellings, pigmented lesions, red lesions, ulcers, and white lesions. The chapter then covers acute candidosis (thrush, candidiasis, moniliasis), amalgam and other tattoos, angioedema, angular stomatitis (angular cheilitis), aphthae (recurrent aphthous stomatitis), Behcet's syndrome, bites, burns, carcinoma, chapped lips, check-chewing, cheilitis, choristoma, Crohn's disease, deep mycoses, erythema multiforme, exfoliative cheilitis, furred tongue, celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy), hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, herpes simplex infections, human papillomavirus infections, iatrogenic injury, impetigo, infectious mononucleosis, keratosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lichenoid lesions, lingual papillitis, lip fissures, lupus erythematosus, lymphoepithelial cyst, lymphoma, macroglossia and microglossia, measles (rubeola), median rhomboid glossitis, melanotic macule, melanocytic nevus, molluscum contagiosum, orofacial granulomatosis, papillary hyperplasia, pemphigus vulgaris, pyostomatitis vegetans,

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scleroderma, self-mutilation, syphilis, traumatic ulcers, and varicella-zoster virus infections (chickenpox). Full-color photographs are accompanied by brief text entries describing each condition and noting diagnostic and management considerations for each. 107 figures. 8 tables. •

Disorders of Pigmentation Source: in Eisen, D. and Lynch, D.P. Mouth: Diagnosis and Treatment. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1998. p. 175-186. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9988. Website: www.mosby.com. PRICE: $79.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815131054. Summary: Abnormal pigmentation (discoloration) of the oral cavity can result from a variety of exogenous and endogenous etiologic factors (causes). When the pigmentation is diffuse, a thorough oral examination and medical history are required to identify a specific cause. Focal areas of intraoral pigmentation that cannot be identified with certainty necessitate biopsy to exclude oral melanoma. This chapter on disorders of pigmentation is from a textbook on the mouth that offers information to primary care physicians and to many specialists in medicine and dentistry. Disorders with exogenous origin include pharmacologic agents, amalgam tattoos (from dental filling materials), heavy metal induced pigmentation, and miscellaneous foreign materials. Disorders with endogenous origin include melanotic macules, oral nevi, oral melanoacanthoma, Peutz Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, and Laugier Hunziker syndrome. For each condition, the authors describe symptoms, identification, complications, and treatment. The chapter is illustrated with numerous full color photographs of the conditions under discussion. 15 figures. 1 table. 37 references.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON TATTOOS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on tattoos. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on tattoos is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “tattoos” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on tattoos: •

AIDS: Con to Con Contact: Georgia Department of Corrections, Health Services Section, 2 Martin King Luther Jr Dr, Rm 952, Atlanta, GA, 30334, (404) 656-6449. Summary: In this videorecording, inmates tell stories of their own and others' learning that they have been infected with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or have Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Individuals trace their infection to both homosexual and heterosexual behavior, and to IV-needle sharing. A prison education program in HIV transmission warns against needle sharing, tattoos with unsterilized implements, and the use of homemade condoms. Inmates also discuss their feelings about death and dying, whether they are considering suicide, and their families' support, or lack of it.

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•

Preventing AIDS: It's a Matter of Life or Death Contact: National Sheriffs' Association, 1450 Duke St, Alexandria, VA, 22314, (800) 4247827. Summary: This videorecording is aimed at inmates in correctional facilities and seeks to correct myths about Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. It stresses that HIV, the etiological agent of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is transmitted only by exchange of blood or seminal fluid and not by casual-contact transmission. Inmates are urged to practice safer sexual conduct, including using condom use. While IV-needle sharing is a primary mode of HIV transmission, other things prisoners should avoid are exchanging toothbrushes and razors, and having homemade tattoos done with unsterilized implements.

•

Your Liver Source: Bronx, NY: Latin Organization for Liver Awareness. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Latino Organization for Liver Awareness (LOLA). 1560 Mayflower Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10465. (718) 892-8697. Fax (718) 918-0527. (888) 367-LOLA. PRICE: $10.00; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program reviews the physiology of the liver, and describes different types of liver disease, focusing on hepatitis. Narrated by Debbie Delgado-Vega, a liver transplant recipient and advocate and educator in the field, the program first summarizes the functions of the liver. The liver stores vitamins and minerals, makes bsoleilwelile to help digestion, detoxifies chemicals, stores energy, removes poisons and pollutants that may be ingested from the air, makes clotting factors, and defends against germs that cause disease. The program then lists the types of liver disease, including liver disorders in children, alcohol related liver disease, liver cancer, cirrhosis (scarring), and viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to viral infection). The program discusses hepatitis in depth, explaining the differences between acute disease (less than 6 months in duration) and chronic disease; the numbers of people in the United States with hepatitis B (1.2 million) and hepatitis C (4.8 million); the complications of chronic hepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis (inflammation, scarring and nodules); symptoms, notably fatigue; how hepatitis B and C are transmitted in blood and other body fluids; other risk factors, including the use of intranasal cocaine, intravenous drugs, tattoos or body piercing, pre 1992 blood transfusion, unprotected sex, and having served time in jail; treatment options, including interferons and ribavirin; and why it is important to get tested and treated, even if there are no apparent symptoms. The narrator stresses that more Latinos die from liver disease than any other minority group and chronic liver disease is the third leading cause of death among Latinos. The conclusion of the program shows clips and materials from educational programs and public health and advocacy activities conducted by LOLA (Latino Organization for Liver Awareness). The program is narrated in English, with some clips at the end in Spanish.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Tattoos The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in tattoos (or synonyms). Then, in the

Multimedia 113

option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on tattoos: •

Laser therapy in vascular lesions and tattoo removal [videorecording] Source: Roy Geronemus; Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1992

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TATTOOS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover tattoos.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on tattoos is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to tattoos. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “tattoos” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for tattoos: •

Tattooing inks may be poisonous, EU warns Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 17, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/07/17/eline/links/20030717elin010.htm l

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•

Tattoos source of hepatitis without symptoms: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 02, 2003

•

Hepatitis C acquired through tattooing often asymptomatic Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 02, 2003

•

Tattoos OK for bikers, not businessmen: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 17, 2003

•

Widow hopes tattoo will keep doctors away Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 06, 2003

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Teen's tattoo may signal risky behavior: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 03, 2002

•

Allergic reaction to laser tattoo removal reported Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 29, 2002

•

Henna tattoos can trigger cross-reactive allergies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 25, 2002

•

Henna tattoo can trigger other allergies, doc warns Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 24, 2002

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Tattooing can hide corneal scars Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 11, 2002

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Tattooing of corneal scars can produce lasting cosmetic improvement Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 10, 2002

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FDA reconsiders blood donation rules for people with tattoos and piercings Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 14, 2002

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•

Blood donor rules for tattoos, piercing reviewed Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 14, 2002

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Henna temporary tattooing linked to skin allergies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 23, 2002

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Tattoo parlors linked with spread of hepatitis C Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 06, 2001

•

Tattoo parlors linked to spread of hepatitis C Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 06, 2001

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Green tattoos are the toughest to remove Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 25, 2001

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Bacterial endocarditis reported after tattooing Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 22, 2000

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Tattoo artists need infection-control training Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 15, 2000

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Tattoo removal for less Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 18, 2000

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Tattoos trigger muscle wasting in three men Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 17, 2000

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Henna "tattoos" may cause allergic reaction Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 08, 2000

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Laser removal of 'double' tattoo carries scar risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 22, 2000

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•

FDA Approves PhotoDerm PL For Tattoo Removal Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 17, 1996

•

Most Seeking Tattoo Removal Say They Were Tattooed On Impulse Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 09, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “tattoos” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to tattoos, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “tattoos” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on tattoos: •

Wonder of Lasers, The Source: SkinFacts. 8(1): 1,3. Spring 2001. Contact: Available from American Skin Association. 150 East 58th Street, New York, NY 10155. (800) 499-SKIN or (212) 753-8260. Fax (212) 688-6547. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.skinassn.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have skin disorders with information on the use of lasers to treat skin lesions. Lasers can be used to treat vascular lesions of the skin, such as port wine stains and dilated blood vessels, and pigmented lesions of the skin, such as tattoos and brown birthmarks. During the early 1980s, the development of the pulsed dye laser revolutionized treatment for port wine stains. Multiple treatments are needed, but the risk of scarring is minimal. The pulsed dye laser is also effective in treating warts and red raised scars. Two to four treatments usually result in improvement. The Q-switched laser can remove liver spots with a low risk of scarring. Usually only one treatment is needed and the discomfort is minimal. Ruby lasers, diode lasers, alexandrite, and Nd:YAG lasers are used for hair removal. Rapidity, ease of use, and minimal discomfort are the advantages of these lasers over electrolysis. However, multiple treatments are needed for long term delay of hair growth.

Academic Periodicals covering Tattoos Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to tattoos. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering tattoos that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles.

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At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “tattoos” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Les Services de Consultation pour Sujets Seropositifsou Atteints du SIDA. [Consulting Services for HIV-Positive Persons or AIDS Patients.] Contact: World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unaids.org. Summary: This report suggests that the war on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can be won through a worldwide effort. It reports that 5 to 6 million people have been infected with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and that most of them ignore the infection. It further projects that by the early 1990's, 500,000 to 3 million people will develop AIDS worldwide. It discusses risk factors which, in addition to IVneedle sharing, include any type of skin perforation such as tattoos, ear piercing, acupuncture, or scarification. Various consulting services are defined in terms of counseling for Persons with AIDS (PWA's), their families, social workers, and healthservices providers. The brochure handles common misconceptions about HIV transmission, and stresses the importance of education for counselors.

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

10 11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 612 5 7 22 0 646

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “tattoos” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

12

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

14 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 15 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 16

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on tattoos can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to tattoos. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to tattoos. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “tattoos”:

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Other guides AIDS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aids.html Cosmetics http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cosmetics.html Hepatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitis.html Hepatitis B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisb.html Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html Piercing and Tattoos http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/piercingandtattoos.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to tattoos, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Body Piercing and Tattoos: More Than Skin Deep Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=MC00020

•

Treatment Dermabrasion Treatment Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/FactSheets/dermabrasion.html Laser Applications in Dermatologic Surgery Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/FactSheets/laser_applications.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Can I Get HIV from Getting a Tattoo or through Body Piercing? Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/faq/faq27.htm Oral Piercing and Health Source: American Dental Association http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/pubs/jada/patient/patient_04.pdf Tattoos and Permanent Makeup Source: Food and Drug Administration http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/cos-204.html Temporary Tattoos and Henna/Mehndi Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/cos-tatt.html

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•

From the National Institutes of Health Tattoo Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/tattoo.htm

•

Organizations American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/ American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/

•

Research Researchers Find Tongue Piercing Could Lead to Gum and Tooth Problems Source: American Academy of Periodontology http://www.perio.org/consumer/piercing02.htm

•

Teenagers Is Body Piercing Safe? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/skin_stuff/body_piercing_safe.html Is Tattooing Safe? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/skin_stuff/safe_tattooing.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on tattoos. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Making Good Decisions: Tattoos and Body Piercing: Protecting Yourself From Hepatitis and HIV: Reducing Your Risk Contact: Journeyworks Publishing, PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-8466, (831) 4231400, http://www.promotehealth.com.

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Summary: This pamphlet, written for the general public, presents information on the relationship between body art (tattoos and body piercing) and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), tuberculosis (TB), and tetanus. It discusses how unsterilized needles can lead to the transmission of these diseases and recommends that individuals consider the possible risks associated with body art, resist peer pressure to undergo such a procedure, and take steps to prevent HIV/hepatitis (i.e., by visiting a body art professional who sterilizes the equipment, uses new disposable needles for each customer, and does not use a piercing gun). It recommends that customers ask their body art professional a list of questions before getting a tattoo or piercing. •

Drugs, Tattoos, Piercing, Steroids and HIV/AIDS : How to Make Them Safer. In Prison Contact: SIDA Nouveau Brunswick/AIDS New Brunswick, 65 Brunswick St, Fredericton, (506) 459-7518, http://www.aidsnb.com. Summary: This brochure informs inmates about the safe use of needles for injection drugs use, piercings, tattoos, and steroids to help to prevent the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The brochure warns that sharing needles or other items (e.g., threads, inks, spoons) associated with these activities can transmit HIV/AIDS or hepatitis, and presents instructions concerning the sterilization of needles with bleach. It advises the readers about other liquids that they can use to clean their needle works. The brochure describes how to reduce the readers risks for HIV transmission while using needles for piercings or tattoos. Additional sources of information are provided.

•

Tattoos and Body Piercing: Protecting Yourself from Hepatitis and HIV Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 2000. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. P.O. Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998. Fax (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: $15.00 for packet of 50; discounts available for larger orders. Summary: This brochure, one in a series entitled Making Good Decisions, offers young people information about tattoos and body piercing, focusing on strategies to reduce the risk of transmission of hepatitis and HIV. For people thinking about getting a tattoo, ear piercing, or body piercing, there are many things to consider. Because the needles used in tattooing and piercing can spread hepatitis and HIV, one of the most important things to consider is health and safety. The brochure recommends that young people recognize the risks of body piercing or tattooing; only use a professional tattooist or piercer; make sure the tattooist or piercer sterilizes all equipment and uses a new, disposable needle for each customer; make sure tattoo inks are not shared or reused; do not get pierced with a piercing gun (because they cannot be properly sterilized); do not get a tattoo or piercing after using alcohol or other drugs; be aware of other risks (other infectious diseases, infection, scarring, and allergic reactions); and take time to think over any decision about getting a tattoo or piercing. The brochure is illustrated with cartoon drawings of a variety of people.

•

Thinking About Tattooing or Body Piercing? Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1999. 16 p.


Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Contact company for pricing information; available in bulk. Order Number 71563A-1-98 (English) or 71571A-1-98 (Spanish). Summary: This illustrated booklet, which is available in both English and Spanish, provides the general public with information on tattooing and body piercing. The booklet uses a story about two adolescents who are considering a tattoo to provide guidelines on safely getting a tattoo or having a body part pierced. Topics include whether tattoos and body piercing holes are permanent, how people can get an infection from tattooing or body piercing, the kinds of infections and other health problems resulting from these forms of body art, the impact of alcohol or other drugs on pain relief during these procedures, and the legal age for getting a tattoo or body piercing. The booklet also lists questions people should ask themselves prior to getting a tattoo or body piercing. •

Tattoo Removal Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS). 1998. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. 930 North Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-6016. (800) 441-2737 or (847) 330-9830. Fax (847) 330-0050. Website: www.asds-net.org. PRICE: Call '800' number or access website for single free copy. Summary: This fact sheet provides the general public with information on removing tattoos. Although a tattoo used to be permanent, physicians have developed safe and effective methods to successfully remove them. Removal techniques are tailored to each individual case because each tattoo is unique. The most common techniques are dermabrasion, surgical excision, and laser surgery. The fact sheet describes each technique and highlights possible side effects or complications. Also included are information on the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and a source for further information.

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Tattoo Removal Summary: A tattoo used to be a permanent and irreversible adornment to one's skin. Source: American Society For Dermatologic Surgery http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6752

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•

Tattooing: Questions & Answers Summary: According to the limited statistics available, there appears to be resurgence in the popularity of tattoos. Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2011 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to tattoos. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to tattoos. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with tattoos. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about tattoos. For more information, see the


NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “tattoos” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “tattoos”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “tattoos” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “tattoos” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 139

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 141

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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TATTOOS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Age Distribution: The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH]

146 Tattoos

Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Argyria: A condition induced by the prolonged use of salts of silver. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced

Dictionary 147

by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH]

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Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast reconstruction: Surgery to rebuild a breast's shape after a mastectomy. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH]

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Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Choristoma: A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes

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immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and

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vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH]

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Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current

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passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU]

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External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Firearms: Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc. [NIH]

Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH]

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Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Annulare: Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal

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contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus. Species of lentivirus, subgenus primate lentiviruses, formerly designated T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). It is acknowledged to be the agent responsible for the acute infectious manifestations, neurologic disorders, and immunologic abnormalities linked to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to

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an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imagination: A new pattern of perceptual or ideational material derived from past experience. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incarceration: Abnormal retention or confinement of a body part; specifically : a constriction of the neck of a hernial sac so that the hernial contents become irreducible. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and

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other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive

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substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

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Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes

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place. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle Sharing: Usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. Needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease. [NIH] Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on

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the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nevus of Ota: A macular lesion on the side of the face, involving the conjunctiva and lids, as well as the adjacent facial skin, sclera, ocular muscles, and periosteum. Histological features vary from those of a Mongolian spot to those of a blue nevus. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nurse Practitioners: Nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch

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over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain

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pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Product Packaging: Form in which product is processed or wrapped and labeled. (From Popline Thesaurus, 1991) Product labeling is also available. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino

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acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH]

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Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiosensitization: The use of a drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of

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developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schematic: Representative or schematic eye computed from the average of a large number of human eye measurements by Allvar Gullstrand. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock.

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[NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

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Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for

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increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH]

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Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

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Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

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INDEX A Ablation, 15, 145 Abrasion, 31, 48, 58, 76, 145 Acantholysis, 145, 163 Acne, 25, 108, 145, 170 Acne Vulgaris, 145, 170 Acute Disease, 112, 145 Adverse Effect, 145, 168 Age Distribution, 145 Age Groups, 145 Algorithms, 145, 147 Alkaloid, 145, 149 Allo, 145, 155 Alpha Particles, 145, 165 Alternative medicine, 118, 145 Alveoli, 145, 171 Amber, 145, 157 Ammonia, 145, 169, 170 Amphetamines, 146, 149 Anaesthesia, 13, 22, 146 Anesthesia, 13, 108, 146 Animal model, 4, 146 Antibody, 146, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 166, 172 Antigen, 146, 150, 156, 157 Anti-infective, 146, 156 Antimetabolite, 146, 166 Antioxidant, 146, 147 Antiseptic, 146, 172 Antiviral, 146, 166 Aphthous Stomatitis, 108, 146 Aqueous, 69, 146, 147, 156 Argon, 9, 11, 19, 21, 146 Argyria, 8, 146 Arteries, 146, 147, 151, 160 Arterioles, 146, 147 Artifacts, 17, 146 Ascorbic Acid, 42, 147 Aseptic, 3, 147, 162 Astringent, 147, 172 Asymptomatic, 43, 116, 147 Atypical, 147, 158 Autologous, 14, 147 Autosuggestion, 147, 157 Axillary, 22, 147 B Bacteria, 146, 147, 160, 168, 169, 170 Bacterial Infections, 69, 147

Base, 66, 69, 147, 151, 159 Benign, 21, 32, 147, 154, 155, 161, 166 Bile, 147, 159 Biopsy, 109, 147 Biotechnology, 6, 118, 125, 147 Bladder, 147, 164, 170 Blister, 147, 163 Blood transfusion, 112, 147 Blood vessel, 119, 147, 155, 168, 169, 171 Body Fluids, 112, 147, 168 Body Image, 28, 61, 147 Brachytherapy, 148, 158, 165, 172 Branch, 38, 141, 148, 163, 165, 168 Breakdown, 148, 151, 154 Breast reconstruction, 51, 74, 148 Buccal, 148, 159, 169 Burns, 108, 148 Burns, Electric, 148 C Cadmium, 18, 21, 148 Cadmium Poisoning, 148 Callus, 148, 159 Candidiasis, 108, 148 Candidosis, 108, 148 Carbon Dioxide, 11, 14, 26, 32, 148, 154, 166 Carcinoma, 6, 9, 108, 148 Cardiac, 148, 153, 161 Caudal, 148, 164 Cause of Death, 112, 148 Celiac Disease, 108, 148 Cell, 6, 9, 108, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 154, 156, 158, 160, 161, 163, 166, 169, 170, 171 Cell Division, 147, 148, 163 Cellulose, 148, 154, 163 Central Nervous System, 146, 149, 154 Character, 50, 72, 149, 151, 155 Cheilitis, 108, 149 Chest wall, 6, 51, 74, 149 Chickenpox, 109, 149 Choristoma, 108, 149 Chronic, 76, 79, 112, 145, 149, 157, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 Chronic Disease, 112, 149 Citrus, 147, 149 Clamp, 56, 77, 149 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 125, 149, 163, 165, 166 Cloning, 147, 149

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Coagulation, 149, 159 Coca, 149 Cocaine, 112, 149 Coenzyme, 147, 149 Collagen, 149, 155 Complement, 149, 150 Complementary and alternative medicine, 41, 44, 150 Complementary medicine, 41, 150 Computational Biology, 125, 150 Condoms, 111, 150 Congestion, 150, 153 Conjunctiva, 150, 162 Connective Tissue, 147, 149, 150, 154, 159 Constriction, 150, 157 Consumption, 46, 72, 150, 166 Contact dermatitis, 8, 12, 24, 30, 150 Contamination, 151, 156 Contracture, 6, 151 Contraindications, ii, 51, 74, 108, 151 Cornea, 151, 167, 170, 172 Corneum, 151, 153 Coronary, 151, 160 Coronary Thrombosis, 151, 160 Coxsackieviruses, 151, 155 Cutaneous, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 33, 148, 151, 159 Cyst, 108, 151 Cytotoxic, 151, 165, 166 D Databases, Bibliographic, 125, 151 Degenerative, 151, 155 Density, 53, 75, 151, 162 Dental Care, 38, 41, 151 Dermal, 4, 9, 45, 76, 80, 108, 151 Dermatitis, 19, 30, 38, 151 Deuterium, 151, 156 Diagnostic procedure, 47, 118, 151 Digestion, 112, 147, 151, 159, 170 Dilatation, 151, 164 Diploid, 151, 163 Direct, iii, 53, 60, 74, 152, 166 Disease Transmission, 3, 152 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 152 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 152 Dispenser, 71, 152 Distal, 65, 66, 80, 152, 153, 165 Domesticated, 152, 155 Dopamine, 149, 152 Dorsal, 152, 153, 164 Drive, ii, vi, 37, 48, 52, 63, 65, 78, 79, 80, 109, 152

Drug Tolerance, 152, 169 Dyes, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 70, 76, 78, 152 E Edema, 150, 152 Efficacy, 4, 16, 152 Elasticity, 64, 152 Elective, 24, 152 Electric shock, 63, 152 Electrode, 48, 153 Electrolysis, 119, 153 Electrons, 146, 147, 153, 158, 165, 166 Encapsulated, 48, 153 Endemic, 153, 168 Endocarditis, 117, 148, 153 Endocardium, 153 Environmental Health, 124, 126, 131, 134, 153 Enzyme, 149, 153, 155, 169, 171 Epidemic, 153, 168 Epidermal, 33, 76, 108, 153, 160 Epidermis, 4, 145, 147, 151, 153, 156, 163, 165 Epithelial, 153, 156 Epithelial Cells, 153, 156 Epithelium, 14, 153, 162, 172 Erythema, 108, 150, 153 Erythema Multiforme, 108, 153 Eukaryotic Cells, 153, 162 Excitation, 53, 74, 146, 153 Exogenous, 64, 109, 153 External-beam radiation, 154, 158, 165, 172 F Facial, 15, 33, 154, 162 Family Planning, 125, 154 Fat, 154, 159, 168 Fathers, 5, 154 Fatigue, 112, 154 Fibrosis, 151, 154 Firearms, 9, 154 Flavoring Agents, 49, 154 Forearm, 22, 154 Friction, 69, 154 Fungus, 148, 154 G Gamma Rays, 154, 165, 166 Ganglion, 154, 172 Gas, 145, 146, 148, 154, 156, 162, 169, 171 Gas exchange, 154, 171 Gels, 73, 154 Gene, 147, 154, 170

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Gene Expression, 154, 170 Generator, 66, 155 Glossitis, 108, 155 Glucose, 147, 148, 155, 158 Glutathione Peroxidase, 155, 167 Gluten, 108, 148, 155 Governing Board, 155, 164 Grafting, 14, 33, 155 Granuloma, 19, 155 Granuloma Annulare, 19, 155 Graphite, 58, 155 Growth, 119, 146, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 170, 171 Guinea Pigs, 31, 155 H Habitual, 149, 155 Hair follicles, 155, 168, 171 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, 108, 155 Haploid, 155, 163 Health Education, 4, 155 Hemolytic, 155, 157 Hemorrhage, 155, 169 Hepatitis, 3, 9, 41, 42, 62, 112, 116, 117, 130, 131, 132, 155, 156, 158, 171 Hepatitis A, 132, 155 Hepatocytes, 155, 156 Hepatomegaly, 156, 158 Hepatovirus, 155, 156 Herpes, 108, 156 Herpes Zoster, 156 Histiocytosis, 108, 156 HIV, 3, 5, 111, 112, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 156, 159 Hormone, 145, 156, 158 Horny layer, 153, 156 Host, 148, 156, 171 Human papillomavirus, 108, 156 Hybrid, 54, 156 Hydrogen, 32, 147, 151, 155, 156, 161, 165 Hydrogen Peroxide, 32, 155, 156 Hyperplasia, 108, 156 Hypersensitivity, 17, 156 Hyperthermia, 6, 156 Hypertrophy, 156 I Iatrogenic, 108, 157 Id, 39, 43, 130, 134, 140, 142, 157 Illusion, 63, 90, 157 Imagination, 71, 101, 157 Immune response, 146, 157, 171 Immune system, 157, 160, 163, 170, 171

Immunodeficiency, 12, 111, 112, 126, 132, 156, 157 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 111, 112, 126, 156, 157 Immunologic, 156, 157, 166 Impetigo, 108, 157 Implant radiation, 157, 158, 165, 172 In vitro, 6, 157, 169 In vivo, 157 Incarceration, 5, 45, 157 Incision, 157, 158 Indicative, 81, 157, 163, 171 Infarction, 151, 157, 160 Infectious Mononucleosis, 108, 157 Infiltration, 158, 172 Inflammation, 112, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 168, 169, 170, 171 Infusion, 158, 170 Ingestion, 148, 158, 164 Inlay, 158, 166 Insulin, 27, 158 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 158 Interferons, 112, 158 Intermittent, 52, 158 Internal radiation, 158, 165, 172 Interstitial, 64, 148, 158, 172 Intestinal, 148, 158, 160 Intracellular, 157, 158, 167 Intravenous, 112, 158 Invasive, 75, 79, 158 Ionizing, 145, 158, 166 Ions, 147, 156, 158 Irradiation, 4, 158, 172 K Kb, 124, 159 Keratosis, 108, 145, 159 L Laceration, 159, 169 Laser Surgery, 55, 103, 133, 159 Laser therapy, 12, 113, 159 Lentivirus, 156, 159 Lesion, 76, 155, 159, 162 Library Services, 140, 159 Lice, 82, 159 Lip, 66, 80, 108, 159 Lipid, 158, 159 Liver, 76, 112, 119, 147, 155, 156, 159, 170 Liver cancer, 112, 159 Lobe, 65, 159 Localization, 9, 159 Localized, 8, 153, 155, 157, 159, 163, 167, 169

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Locomotion, 159, 163 Loop, 50, 159 Lumbar, 13, 159 Lupus, 13, 108, 159 Lymph, 147, 156, 158, 159, 160 Lymph node, 147, 159, 160 Lymphadenopathy, 156, 158, 160 Lymphatic, 157, 159, 160 Lymphoid, 160 Lymphoma, 108, 160 Lytic, 160, 167 M Macrophage, 158, 160 Malabsorption, 148, 160 Malignant, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 166 Mastectomy, 51, 73, 148, 160 Medial, 6, 160 Medical Records, 160, 166 MEDLINE, 125, 160 Melanocytes, 160, 161 Melanoma, 109, 160 Membrane, 145, 146, 150, 153, 160, 161, 162, 166 Mental Health, iv, 4, 11, 124, 127, 160, 165 Mercury, 8, 18, 38, 160 MI, 63, 143, 160 Microbe, 160, 170 Microorganism, 160, 171 Microscopy, 8, 30, 160 Microspheres, 48, 160 Mitochondria, 160, 162 Modification, 63, 161 Molecular, 125, 127, 145, 147, 150, 161 Molecule, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153, 161, 166 Monoclonal, 159, 161, 165, 172 Mononuclear, 155, 157, 161 Mucins, 161, 167 Mucosa, 8, 18, 148, 159, 161, 169 Mutilation, 101, 109, 161 Myocardium, 160, 161 N Necrosis, 157, 160, 161 Need, 3, 48, 52, 55, 56, 59, 62, 70, 77, 79, 87, 93, 103, 107, 111, 117, 119, 126, 135, 161, 169 Needle Sharing, 9, 111, 112, 126, 161 Neodymium, 11, 31, 34, 161 Neoplasms, 161, 166, 170 Neoplastic, 160, 161 Nerve, 146, 154, 161, 166, 167, 168, 172 Neurologic, 156, 161 Neurons, 149, 161

Neutrons, 145, 158, 161, 165 Nevus, 76, 108, 161, 162 Nevus of Ota, 76, 162 Nitrogen, 145, 146, 162 Nucleic acid, 162, 166 Nurse Practitioners, 76, 79, 162 O Ocular, 108, 162 Ointments, 162, 172 Opacity, 151, 162 Ophthalmic, 162, 164 Organ Culture, 162, 169 Organelles, 108, 160, 162, 163 Orgasm, 162, 167 Orofacial, 10, 108, 162 Ownership, 162 P Palate, 162, 169 Pancreas, 158, 162 Papilla, 162 Papillary, 76, 108, 162 Papillomavirus, 162 Parasitic, 159, 162 Patch, 19, 70, 72, 162 Pathologic, 147, 148, 151, 156, 163, 165 Patient Education, 131, 138, 140, 143, 163 Patient Selection, 108, 163 Pelvic, 9, 163, 164 Pemphigus, 108, 145, 163 Penis, 150, 163 Perception, 8, 11, 163 Perforation, 126, 163 Perioperative, 108, 163 Perspiration, 61, 163 Phagocyte, 30, 163 Phagocytosis, 158, 163 Pharmacologic, 109, 146, 163, 170 Photodynamic therapy, 163 Photosensitizer, 108, 163 Physiology, 112, 163 Pigment, 18, 38, 64, 65, 72, 160, 163 Pigmentation, 108, 109, 163 Plants, 68, 145, 148, 149, 155, 163, 170 Plastids, 162, 163 Platinum, 159, 164 Poisoning, 148, 160, 164 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 49, 164 Port, 119, 164 Port-a-cath, 164 Posterior, 9, 152, 162, 164, 167 Practice Guidelines, 127, 164 Probe, 8, 164

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Product Packaging, 78, 164 Progression, 146, 164 Progressive, 152, 155, 161, 164 Projection, 51, 74, 164 Promyelocytic leukemia, 164, 170 Prostate, 164, 167 Prosthesis, 51, 74, 164 Protein S, 147, 164 Proteins, 146, 149, 150, 158, 161, 162, 164, 167, 170 Protocol, 165 Protons, 145, 156, 158, 165 Proximal, 65, 152, 165 Psoriasis, 165, 170 Psychiatric, 7, 20, 25, 165 Psychiatry, 18, 25, 28, 42, 165, 171 Psychopathology, 30, 165 Public Health, 3, 29, 112, 127, 165 Public Policy, 125, 165 Pulse, 52, 76, 165 Pustular, 145, 157, 165 R Radiation, 4, 6, 15, 57, 76, 77, 78, 108, 154, 156, 158, 165, 166, 172 Radiation therapy, 154, 158, 165, 166, 172 Radioactive, 156, 157, 158, 165, 166, 172 Radioimmunotherapy, 165, 166 Radiolabeled, 159, 165, 172 Radiology, 6, 17, 28, 166 Radiopharmaceutical, 155, 166 Radiosensitization, 6, 166 Radiotherapy, 6, 9, 148, 159, 165, 166, 172 Random Allocation, 166 Randomization, 6, 166 Randomized, 42, 152, 166 Refer, 1, 145, 148, 149, 156, 159, 161, 165, 166 Regimen, 152, 166 Respiration, 148, 160, 166 Respiratory Physiology, 166, 171 Restoration, 12, 51, 73, 166, 167, 172 Retina, 166, 167, 170 Retrospective, 19, 166 Retrospective study, 19, 166 Ribavirin, 112, 166 Rigidity, 163, 166 Risk factor, 27, 41, 112, 126, 166 Risk patient, 6, 167 Risk-Taking, 5, 26, 167 Rod, 149, 167 S Saliva, 3, 167

Salivary, 167 Salivary glands, 167 Sanitary, 61, 167 Scatter, 4, 167 Schematic, 75, 79, 167 Sclera, 150, 162, 167, 170 Scleroderma, 109, 167 Screening, 27, 149, 167 Sebaceous, 167, 171 Secretion, 145, 158, 161, 163, 167, 170 Selenium, 38, 167 Seminal fluid, 112, 167 Sensibility, 146, 167 Septic, 147, 167 Serologic, 42, 167 Serum, 62, 149, 167 Shock, 63, 167, 170 Side effect, 16, 108, 133, 145, 168, 170 Skeletal, 149, 168 Social Work, 126, 168 Sodium, 168, 169 Soft tissue, 6, 8, 42, 168 Specialist, 135, 168 Species, 145, 152, 155, 156, 159, 161, 162, 168, 170, 171, 172 Sperm, 167, 168 Spinous, 153, 168 Spirochete, 168, 169 Splenomegaly, 158, 168 Sporadic, 41, 168 Staphylococcus, 157, 168 Staphylococcus aureus, 157, 168 Steel, 56, 77, 149, 168 Sterile, 34, 62, 147, 168 Sterilization, 61, 62, 132, 168 Steroids, 132, 168 Stimulus, 152, 153, 168 Stomatitis, 108, 169 Streptococci, 157, 169 Stroke, 52, 124, 169 Subacute, 6, 157, 169 Subclinical, 157, 169 Subcutaneous, 6, 58, 152, 169 Substrate, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 169 Suction, 64, 169 Supplementation, 42, 169 Sweat, 73, 163, 169 Sweat Glands, 169 Syphilis, 4, 109, 169 Systemic, 148, 157, 158, 165, 167, 169, 172 T Teratogenic, 169, 170

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Tetani, 169 Tetanic, 169 Tetanus, 132, 169 Thermal, 6, 51, 74, 108, 161, 169 Thorax, 159, 169 Thrombosis, 164, 169 Tissue, 4, 6, 12, 18, 51, 54, 58, 64, 73, 76, 108, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 166, 168, 169, 172 Tissue Culture, 54, 169 Tolerance, 6, 169 Topical, 33, 38, 147, 156, 170, 172 Toxic, iv, 69, 71, 167, 170 Toxicity, 69, 160, 170 Toxicology, 126, 170 Toxins, 146, 157, 165, 170 Traction, 149, 170 Transfection, 147, 170 Transfusion, 26, 27, 42, 170 Trauma, 30, 161, 170 Tretinoin, 38, 170 Tuberculosis, 4, 132, 150, 159, 170 U Unconscious, 157, 170 Urea, 169, 170 Urethra, 163, 164, 170 Urine, 3, 147, 170 Uvea, 170 Uveitis, 22, 34, 35, 170 V Vaccine, 15, 165, 170 Vacuoles, 162, 170 Vagina, 148, 171 Vaginitis, 148, 171

Varicella, 109, 171 Vascular, 12, 51, 73, 108, 113, 119, 157, 170, 171 VE, 87, 171 Vein, 158, 171 Venereal, 169, 171 Ventilation, 68, 171 Ventricle, 165, 171 Venules, 147, 171 Vesicular, 155, 156, 171 Veterinary Medicine, 125, 171 Villous, 148, 171 Viral, 112, 155, 171 Viral Hepatitis, 112, 171 Virulence, 170, 171 Virus, 12, 41, 109, 111, 112, 126, 132, 149, 151, 156, 157, 171, 172 Viscosity, 63, 171 Vitro, 6, 171 Vulgaris, 108, 145, 171 W War, 126, 171 Wart, 159, 171 White blood cell, 146, 157, 160, 171 Wound Healing, 40, 42, 172 X Xenograft, 146, 172 X-ray, 30, 154, 158, 165, 166, 172 X-ray therapy, 159, 172 Y Yeasts, 148, 154, 172 Z Zinc Oxide, 61, 172 Zoster, 109, 172

Index 179

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