Tai Chi: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

AI HI A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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AI

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tai Chi: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84647-2 1. Tai Chi-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Tai Chi. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TAI CHI ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Tai Chi .......................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TAI CHI ..................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 18 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 General References ....................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON TAI CHI ....................................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Dissertations on Tai Chi .............................................................................................................. 35 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON TAI CHI ..................................................................................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 37 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 38 Chapters on Tai Chi ..................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TAI CHI ........................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 47 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 49 Academic Periodicals covering Tai Chi........................................................................................ 49 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 62 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 65 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 65 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 71 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 71 TAI CHI DICTIONARY ................................................................................................................. 73 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 87

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Tai Chi is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Tai Chi, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Tai Chi, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Tai Chi. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Tai Chi, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Tai Chi. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TAI CHI Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Tai Chi.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Tai Chi, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Tai Chi Chuan: A Slow Dance for Health Source: Physician and Sportsmedicine. 27(6):109- 110. Contact: The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 4530 W. 77th St., Minneapolis, MN 55435. (612) 835-3222. FAX (612) 835-3460. Summary: Cheng describes the Chinese conditioning exercise known as Tai Chi Chuan or Tai Chi. It developed from a martial art into a form of exercise for body and mind, says Cheng. He first briefly describes the philosophical background of Tai Chi. Cheng then explains how it works to produce improved balance, decreased blood pressure and improved heart health. He says it is safe exercise, since part of the exercise is body awareness. In addition, the movements are low-impact. According to Cheng, Tai Chi is easily modified for different skill and ability levels, and can be adapted to fit in with

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various other exercise routines. Cheng recommends a professional Tai Chi instructor for beginners, in order to prevent injury.

Federally Funded Research on Tai Chi The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Tai Chi. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Tai Chi. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Tai Chi. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Tai Chi: •

Project Title: A MULTIMEDIA PROGRAM TO PROMOTE EXERCISE BY OLDER ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Irvine, a Blair.; Research Scientist; Oregon Center for Applied Science 1839 Garden Ave Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Exercise is crucial to the health and quality of life of older persons. This project will develop an interactive system to help older users (>60 years of age) adopt and maintain an exercise program tailored to their personal interests. It will assess each user's fitness level and activity goals, and will recommend an appropriate exercise prescription. On-screen video peer-models, tailored by gender and relative age (75 years), will offer encouragement and support, including tips to overcome user-identified barriers to exercise. Increased endurance, strength, balance, and flexibility will be promoted. Users may select from demonstrated exercises, or other recommended activities. Separate program components will offer: exercises for arthritissufferers, exercises in a seated position, guided Tai Chi-moves, and a Library of agerelevant articles. The system will provide assistance in setting up an individualized exercise plan, including an activity schedule and an appointment for a return visit, in which colorful charting functions and additional video peer-support will encourage users as they adjust their fitness goals to maintain an exercise habit. Delivered via Internet/Intranet or CD/DVD-ROM, the system may be used from homes or in conjunction with classes in senior centers. The program will be evaluated in a randomized trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: ALTERNATIVE STRESS MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN HIV DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccain, Nancy L.; Professor; Adult Health Nursing; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Description (adapted from the investigator's abstract): A growing body of research with HIV positive persons indicates that a variety of biobehavioral strategies for stress management can not only mitigate psychological distress and improve coping skills, but also enhance immune function through neuroendocrine-immune system modulation. Insights as to why such interventions might work are emanating from research in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). The PNI paradigm accounts for the negative impact of perceived stress on HIV disease progression, primarily as a function of immunosuppression mediated by elevated cortisol. Thus, chronic and / or severe psychological stress associated with having HIV disease may further compromise immune functioning over the illness trajectory. Because of the partial effectiveness of traditional interventions tested to date, as well as to expand the repertoire of potential stress management interventions, we propose a randomized clinical trial for stress management in HIV disease: 1) A cognitive behavioral approach will include coping effectiveness training combined with relaxation training to create a fairly traditional intervention we will call positive living; 2) We will test Tai Chi training and spiritual growth group interventions two potentially effective alternative stress management techniques derived from the PNI framework, against the traditional approach; 3) We will test the effectiveness of booster sessions for 4 months following the original interventions for all groups and for 8 months for a randomly selected half of all groups; 5) A qualitative component of the study will further enhance understanding of the influences of stress management interventions for people living with HIV disease. The overall purpose of the proposed study is to determine whether three short-term stress management interventions along with booster strategies will improve and sustain improvements in the domains of psychosocial functioning, quality of life, and somatic health among persons with varying stages of HIV disease. Multiple indicators derived from the PNI paradigm will measure these three outcome domains, along with neuroendocrine mediation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nicassio, Perry M.; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Behavioral interventions for rheumatoid arthritis (IRA) have had a salutary impact on patients' ability to manage difficult symptoms and other demands of this medical condition. Yet, the effects of behavioral treatments for RA on underlying disease activity and mood disturbance are largely undetermined. The proposed project compares cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Tai Chi Chih (TCC), a form of movement-based meditation, and education control (EC) on measures of psychological adaptation (e.g., helplessness, coping), mood disturbance, sleep quality, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and RA disease severity. An important feature of the CBT intervention is that it incorporates strategies to enhance mood and diminish depressive symptoms. TCC has recently shown promise as an effective intervention in increasing physical activity and health functioning in older adults. Because of its emphasis on

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relaxation and exercise, TCC offers an interesting theoretical contrast to CBT. Two Ph.D. level psychologists will administer the CBT and EC interventions, while a highly experienced TCC instructor will administer the TCC protocol. A total of 210 IRA patients will be randomly assigned after a pre-treatment evaluation to one of the three interventions and will be assessed again at Week 8 of treatment, at post-treatment (Weeks 16-17), 8-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up. A primary objective of the study will be to compare the clinical efficacy of CBT and TCC against EC. CBT and TCC are expected to contribute to significantly greater improvement in psychosocial functioning and IRA disease severity than EC. CBT, in turn, is hypothesized to lead to greater improvement than TCC on clinical endpoints because it teaches a variety of skills that patients can use to manage RA. This study will also explore the mechanisms through which CBT and TCC promote improvement in IRA disease severity. We anticipate, for example, that improvement in RA disease severity resulting from CBT and TCC will be mediated by reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IL6). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE VESTIBULOPATHY

MEDICINE

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Krebs, David E.; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT): It is proposed a randomized, blinded, controlled trial comparing vestibular rehabilitation (VR) to Tai Chi. Our overall goal is to explore whether, and if so, how TC can improve functional, dynamic stability in persons with vestibulopathy (VSP). It is hypothesized that the TC group will demonstrate significantly greater improvement in performing functional activities than the VR group. Specific Aims #1: To determine the relative neuro-biomechanical benefits of TC and VR. Sixty subjects will be randomly assigned into either TC instruction or VR. Both treatment groups will receive identical duration treatment once a week for 10 weeks, with supplemental home exercises. It is hypothesized that I) TC improves wholebody dynamic locomotor stability more than does VR; 2) TC improves gait coordination during planned and unplanned obstacle encounters more than does VR; 3) TC improves whole-body speed related movement control more than does VR. #2: To determine which biomechanical measures best demonstrate TC and VR motor control and coordination improvements. It is proposed to quantify VSP patients' motor control and coordination using muscle power flow, gaze (eyehead) stability, and whole-body dynamic stability during standing, locomotion and balance perturbations. It is hypothesized that 1) The TC group will demonstrate power flow more similar to healthy individuals than those receiving VIA during locomotion and balance recovery followingperturbation; 2) The TC group will demonstrate greater improvements in intersegmental movement coordination, which in turn, translates into improved gaze and whole-body stability, than the VR group. #3: A) To determine whether TC improves psychological status, including fear of falling. B) To determine the association between both psychological variables and TCM medical diagnosis, and their predictive value about response to TC or VR. It is hypothesized that TC will improve both fear of falling and other psychological scores more than VR. It will also be diagnosed each patient according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnostic categories to determine whether any TCM category is more likely to be associated with improvements in either group. The latter aim is purely exploratory and descriptive in nature.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF TAI CHI CHIH ON VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS IN OLDER ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Irwin, Michael R.; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RELAXATION-RELATED CAM THERAPIES FOR CHRONIC BACK PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Cherkin, Daniel C.; Associate Director and Sr Investigator; Center for Health Studies Seattle, Wa 98101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: American College of Surgeons Oncology Group, Chicago, Illinois complementary or alternative medical (CAM) therapies by adults of all ages. Despite the common use of CAM therapies for back pain, little is known about how they compare with each other or with conventional medical therapies in terms of effectiveness and cost. Studies evaluating back pain treatments for older adults are particularly rare. This study will lay the groundwork for a full-scale trial that evaluates the relative effectiveness and costs of three promising relaxation-related techniques (massage, Tai Chi, and meditation) that are appropriate for both older and younger adults with chronic low back pain. During Phase I, we will develop, test and refine specific components of a randomized clinical trial evaluating Tai Chi, massage and meditation for chronic back pain. This will include specification of treatment and comparison groups, subject selection criteria, recruitment and retention strategies, and development of instruments for measuring outcomes. During Phase II, we will use the study components developed during Phase I to conduct a pilot study designed to evaluate the three relaxation-related treatments. Thirty persons with chronic low back pain will be randomized to each of the following groups: Tai Chi, massage, meditation and continued usual care. The subjects randomized to each intervention will be divided equally between persons over and under age 65. (Recruitment will include subjects in their 70s, 80s, and older.) The pilot study will permit us to identify and resolve unanticipated problems and to estimate the sample sizes required for an adequately powered full-scale trial. At the conclusion of this project, we will be well positioned to prepare a competitive grant proposal to evaluate relaxation-related CAM therapies for treating both older and younger adults with chronic low back pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESEARCH AND MENTORSHIP IN ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Russell S.; Chief, Division of General Medicine And; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dr. Phillips is a clinician-researcher dedicated to patient-oriented research. He directs the Harvard Faculty Development and Fellowship Program in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, which is supported by a T32 Institutional Training Grant from the NIH National Center for Complementary and

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Alternative Medicine. Dr. Phillips has a long history of successful mentorship. He has mentored 29 trainees, nearly all of whom are productive clinical researchers. In recognition of his talents, he was awarded the prestigious A. Clifford Barger Award and Excellence in Mentorship at Harvard Medical School. Currently, he mentors the work of trainees in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). His career objective is to become a leading academic investigator in CAM, and to direct an exemplary CAM research training program. He proposes specific training for himself in CAM practice, including attending educational programs on homeopathy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and botanical medicine. Dr. Phillips directs a well-funded research program in the Center for Alternative Medicine Research at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He proposes to use the funded research program in the Center, and the Fellowship Program to provide comprehensive research training for young investigators to perform patient-oriented CAM research, and to prepare these trainees for careers as independent investigators. The Fellowship Program provides advanced courses in research methods, and clinical CAM experiences. Dr. Phillips provides research mentorship and helps fellows to develop and complete research projects. Ongoing funded research projects described in this proposal include clinical trials as well as descriptive epidemiologic studies. Fellows are given opportunities to become involved in ongoing projects that match their interests and to develop their own CAM research. Pilot randomized controlled trials on Tai Chi, magnet therapy, and chiropractic being performed by current fellows are described in this proposal as examples fo the types of projects Dr. Phillips' fellows will conceptualize, develop, implement, analyze and publish with his mentorship. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TAI CHI AS CARDIAC REHABILITATION EXERCISE TRAINING Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor-Piliae, Ruth E.; Physiological Nursing; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the USA and is projected to significantly increase in developing countries within the next two decades. Among Chinese populations affluence and the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle has given rise to increased levels of heart disease. A five-year program of training and research is proposed that will study the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention, as an alternative form of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training. Tai Chi is ideally suited for persons of all ages, regardless of previous exercise experience and aerobic capacity. The objective is to determine whether Tai Chi is as effective as the standard cardiac rehabilitation exercise training among Chinese adults and whether significant health benefits in physical and psychological outcomes can be documented. An experimental randomized two-group design is proposed. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the standard cardiac rehabilitation exercise training group (usual care), or the Tai Chi exercise training group. Data collection will include physical and psychological outcome measures, collected at both baseline and after completion of the intervention. Results of the study can help broaden the current method of exercise training to include Tai Chi, which is more cost-effective, as no special equipment is required and can easily be performed in a variety of community settings, either alone or in groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TAI CHI TRAINING AND SLEEP ENHANCEMENT IN THE ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Fuzhong; Research Scientist; Oregon Research Institute Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Elderly individuals often suffer from sleep disturbances, such as frequent nocturnal awakenings or early morning arousal, as indicated by verbal complaints of not having slept well (Foley et al., 1995). The consequences of chronic sleep problems can be considerable with significant medical, psychological, and social disruptions (Vgontzas & Kales, 1999). Although there is much research about sleep, few studies have focused on methods for improving quality of sleep. Thus, there is a need to develop interventions comprising non-pharmacological, behavioral modification techniques to promote quality of sleep and improve health status. This proposed study is designed to examine the effects of a Tai Chi program, incorporating meditation and breathing with whole body movements, on improving the quality of sleep among sedentary elderly individuals. Using a randomized experimental design, potential participants, to be identified through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI), will be randomly assigned to a Tai Chi group or an exercise control group. Each group will have 50 subjects exercising 3 times per week for 60 minutes. The length of the study will be set at nine months, with outcome measures related to the quality of sleep and health status taken at baseline, 3 months and 6-month, termination of the study, and 3-month follow-up. The primary aims of this study are to: (a) determine the effects of Tai Chi practice, in comparison to a conventional exercise control group, on the quality of sleep among older adults, and (b) examine the relationships between change in quality of sleep and change in health-related quality of life indicators as a result of Tai Chi exercise. The secondary aims of the study are to: (a) compare the effectiveness of the 2 activity conditions (Tai Chi and conventional exercise activity) on quality of sleep and health related quality of life, (b) explore psychological variables that could potentially serve as moderators of the activity - sleep quality relationship, and (c) examine long-term effects of activity on quality of sleep and wellbeing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: WEB REPOSITORY OF TAI CHI & CONSUMER HEALTH INFORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jiang, Xiaodong; American Tai Chi Association 13130 Thornapple Pl Herndon, Va 20171 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): American Tai Chi Association (ATCA) is a nonprofit organization based in Herndon, VA. its missions are: 1. Promote Tai Chi as a complementary medicine to benefit the public's health in the U.S. 2. Represent and serve Tai Chi coaches nationwide. 3. Educate the public on the role and importance of Tai Chi in consumer health. This proposed project has four clear goals: 1. Provide Tai Chi coaches and Tai Chi consumers with a central online repository for consumer health information (mainly comes from PubMed and MEDLINEPlus) and knowledge about Tai Chi (from the Tai Chi and Consumer Health Library of American Tai Chi Association). 2. Motivate and train Tai Chi coaches, who currently are under-recognized and under-served healthcare professionals, to make good use of online medical resources, particularly NLM databases. 3. Offer a virtual platform for Tai Chi experts and medical professionals to conduct high-quality Telehealth together for Tai Chi

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consumers. 4. Use various ways to effectively promote PubMed and MEDLINEPius among Tai Chi coaches and Tai Chi consumers, in addition to direct links to PubMed and MEDLINEPius, ATCA will customize them for customers and make them interwoven into the contents of ATCA Website. This project will be an important milestone for ATCA to achieve its missions. It will enable ATCA to influence Tai Chi coaches' attitude so that they will make use of NLM databases and other online resources on a regular basis. This will keep Tai Chi coaches equipped and updated with reliable healthcare knowledge, and therefore, they will provide better health services to their customers and improve their own businesses, it will also motivate consumers to utilize scientific health resources, particularly in the subject of Tai Chi and consumer health, on the Internet to benefit their health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Tai Chi, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Tai Chi (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

12-month Tai Chi training in the elderly: its effect on health fitness. Author(s): Lan C, Lai JS, Chen SY, Wong MK. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998 March; 30(3): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9526879

•

A research-based use of Tai Chi/movement therapy as a nursing intervention. Author(s): Chen KM, Snyder M. Source: Journal of Holistic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association. 1999 September; 17(3): 267-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690069

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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An evaluation of the effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical function among older persons: a randomized contolled trial. Author(s): Li F, Harmer P, McAuley E, Duncan TE, Duncan SC, Chaumeton N, Fisher KJ. Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2001 Spring; 23(2): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394556

•

Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance. Author(s): Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C, Judge J, King M, Amerman P, Schmidt J, Smyers D. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996 May; 44(5): 498-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8617896

•

Balance control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners. Author(s): Hong Y, Li JX, Robinson PD. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 February; 34(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690447

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Cardiopulmonary exercise: a recently discovered secret of Tai Chi. Author(s): Ng RK. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1992 August; 51(8): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1399544

•

Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during Tai Chi Chuan exercise. Author(s): Zhuo D, Shephard RJ, Plyley MJ, Davis GM. Source: Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1984 March; 9(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705129

•

Cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, and body composition among geriatric Tai Chi Chuan practitioners. Author(s): Lan C, Lai JS, Wong MK, Yu ML. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996 June; 77(6): 612-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8831482

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Cardiorespiratory responses of Tai Chi Chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects during cycle ergometry. Author(s): Lai JS, Wong MK, Lan C, Chong CK, Lien IN. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1993 October; 92(10): 894-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7908571

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Changes in haemodynamic parameters following Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Channer KS, Barrow D, Barrow R, Osborne M, Ives G. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 June; 72(848): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8758013

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Changes in heart rate, noradrenaline, cortisol and mood during Tai Chi. Author(s): Jin P. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1989; 33(2): 197-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2724196

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Clinical use of Tai Chi in elderly populations. Author(s): Chen KM, Snyder M, Krichbaum K. Source: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 2001 July-August; 22(4): 198-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505246

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Coordination exercise and postural stability in elderly people: Effect of Tai Chi Chuan. Author(s): Wong AM, Lin YC, Chou SW, Tang FT, Wong PY. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 May; 82(5): 608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346836

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Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. Author(s): Jin P. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1992 May; 36(4): 361-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1593511

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Exploring the basis for Tai Chi Chuan as a therapeutic exercise approach. Author(s): Wolf SL, Coogler C, Xu T. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997 August; 78(8): 886-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9344312

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From tibialis anterior to Tai Chi: biofeedback and beyond. Author(s): Wolf SL. Source: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2001 June; 26(2): 155-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480166

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New horizons. developing Tai Chi for health care. Author(s): Lam P. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 January-February; 27(1-2): 100-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9503718

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Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. Author(s): Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996 May; 44(5): 489-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8617895

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Self-report benefits of Tai Chi practice by older adults. Author(s): Kutner NG, Barnhart H, Wolf SL, McNeely E, Xu T. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 1997 September; 52(5): P242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9310093

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Tai Chi and ankylosing spondylitis--a personal experience. Author(s): Koh TC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1982; 10(1-4): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7183208

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Tai Chi and the art of downsizing. Author(s): Bunyan LE. Source: Natl Netw. 2000 October; 25(2): 6-7, 27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11155288

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Tai Chi as a method of fall prevention in the elderly. Author(s): Kessenich CR. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1998 JulyAugust; 17(4): 27-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9814334

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Tai Chi Chih: an exercise option for older adults. Author(s): Schaller KJ. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1996 October; 22(10): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8954380

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Tai Chi Chuan for people with haemophilia. Author(s): Danusantoso H, Heijnen L. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2001 July; 7(4): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442652

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Tai Chi Chuan for persons with haemophilia: commentary. Author(s): Beeton K. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2001 July; 7(4): 437. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442651

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Tai Chi Chuan practice as a tool for rehabilitation of severe head trauma: 3 case reports. Author(s): Shapira MY, Chelouche M, Yanai R, Kaner C, Szold A. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 September; 82(9): 1283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552205

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Tai Chi Chuan to improve muscular strength and endurance in elderly individuals: a pilot study. Author(s): Lan C, Lai JS, Chen SY, Wong MK. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 May; 81(5): 604-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10807099

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Tai Chi Chuan training to enhance microcirculatory function in healthy elderly men. Author(s): Wang JS, Lan C, Wong MK. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 September; 82(9): 117680. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552187

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Tai Chi Chuan. Author(s): Masley S. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998 November; 79(11): 1483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9821918

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Tai Chi Chuan. Author(s): Koh TC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1981 Spring; 9(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7030051

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Tai Chi practice reduces movement force variability for seniors. Author(s): Yan JH. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1999 December; 54(12): M629-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10647969

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Tai Chi: a martial art turns therapeutic. Author(s): Cerrato PL. Source: Rn. 1999 February; 62(2): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086019

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Tai Chi: physiological characteristics and beneficial effects on health. Author(s): Li JX, Hong Y, Chan KM. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 June; 35(3): 148-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11375872

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Tai Ji: the law of inflammatory response. Author(s): Wan S, Yim AP. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 December; 124(6): 1071-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12447169

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The benefits of Tai Chi. Author(s): Lutz S. Source: Beginnings. 1996 April; 16(4): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8715985

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The effect of Tai Chi on cardiorespiratory function in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery. Author(s): Lan C, Chen SY, Lai JS, Wong MK. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 May; 31(5): 634-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10331880

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The effect of Tai Chi Quan and computerized balance training on postural stability in older subjects. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies on Intervention Techniques. Author(s): Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Ellison GL, Coogler CE. Source: Physical Therapy. 1997 April; 77(4): 371-81; Discussion 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105340

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The effects of Tai Chi Chuan on postural stability in the elderly: preliminary report. Author(s): Lin YC, Wong AM, Chou SW, Tang FT, Wong PY. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000 April; 23(4): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902224

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The therapeutic effects of Tai Chi for the elderly. Author(s): Ross MC, Presswalla JL. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1998 February; 24(2): 45-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9624966

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Two-year trends in cardiorespiratory function among older Tai Chi Chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects. Author(s): Lai JS, Lan C, Wong MK, Teng SH. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995 November; 43(11): 1222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594155

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TAI CHI Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Tai Chi. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Complementary/Alternative Therapies: So Many Choices Source: Geriatric Nursing. 20(3): 125-133. May-June 1999. Summary: This journal article provides an overview of the some of the most commonly used types of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. In the author's opinion, nurses need to become more knowledgeable about these therapies and their potential risks and benefits so they can give patients accurate information and help them make informed decisions. This article summarizes the basic principles, practices, reported effects, and potential risks of the following CAM therapies: energy therapies, crystal therapy, acupuncture and acupressure, reflexology, massage, aromatherapy, homeopathy, herbal medicines, flower essences, magnet therapy, chiropractic care, craniosacral therapy, imagery and relaxation, exercises (Tai Chi, qigong, yoga), and meditation. The article has 3 tables and 57 references.

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Tai Chi and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Tai Chi: •

12-month Tai Chi training in the elderly: its effect on health fitness. Author(s): Lan C, Lai JS, Chen SY, Wong MK. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998 March; 30(3): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9526879

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A randomized, prospective study of the effects of Tai Chi Chun exercise on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Chan K, Qin L, Lau M, Woo J, Au S, Choy W, Lee K, Lee S. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 May; 85(5): 717-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15129394

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A research-based use of Tai Chi/movement therapy as a nursing intervention. Author(s): Chen KM, Snyder M. Source: Journal of Holistic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association. 1999 September; 17(3): 267-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690069

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A study design to investigate the effect of intense Tai Chi in reducing falls among older adults transitioning to frailty. Author(s): Wolf SL, Sattin RW, O'Grady M, Freret N, Ricci L, Greenspan AI, Xu T, Kutner M. Source: Controlled Clinical Trials. 2001 December; 22(6): 689-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11738125

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An evaluation of the effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical function among older persons: a randomized contolled trial. Author(s): Li F, Harmer P, McAuley E, Duncan TE, Duncan SC, Chaumeton N, Fisher KJ. Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2001 Spring; 23(2): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394556

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Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance.

Alternative Medicine 19

Author(s): Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C, Judge J, King M, Amerman P, Schmidt J, Smyers D. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996 May; 44(5): 498-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8617896 •

Balance control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners. Author(s): Hong Y, Li JX, Robinson PD. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 February; 34(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690447

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Can Tai Chi improve vestibulopathic postural control? Author(s): Wayne PM, Krebs DE, Wolf SL, Gill-Body KM, Scarborough DM, McGibbon CA, Kaptchuk TJ, Parker SW. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 January; 85(1): 142-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970982

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Cardiopulmonary exercise: a recently discovered secret of Tai Chi. Author(s): Ng RK. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1992 August; 51(8): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1399544

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Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during Tai Chi Chuan exercise. Author(s): Zhuo D, Shephard RJ, Plyley MJ, Davis GM. Source: Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1984 March; 9(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705129

•

Cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, and body composition among geriatric Tai Chi Chuan practitioners. Author(s): Lan C, Lai JS, Wong MK, Yu ML. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996 June; 77(6): 612-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8831482

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Cardiorespiratory responses of Tai Chi Chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects during cycle ergometry. Author(s): Lai JS, Wong MK, Lan C, Chong CK, Lien IN. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1993 October; 92(10): 894-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7908571

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Central Sydney Tai Chi Trial: methodology. Author(s): Voukelatos A, Metcalfe A.

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Source: New South Wales Public Health Bulletin. 2002 January-February; 13(1-2): 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12105671 •

Changes in haemodynamic parameters following Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Channer KS, Barrow D, Barrow R, Osborne M, Ives G. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 June; 72(848): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8758013

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Changes in heart rate, noradrenaline, cortisol and mood during Tai Chi. Author(s): Jin P. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1989; 33(2): 197-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2724196

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Clinical use of Tai Chi in elderly populations. Author(s): Chen KM, Snyder M, Krichbaum K. Source: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 2001 July-August; 22(4): 198-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505246

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Coordination exercise and postural stability in elderly people: Effect of Tai Chi Chuan. Author(s): Wong AM, Lin YC, Chou SW, Tang FT, Wong PY. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 May; 82(5): 608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346836

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Delineating the impact of Tai Chi training on physical function among the elderly. Author(s): Li F, Fisher KJ, Harmer P, McAuley E. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 August; 23(2 Suppl): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12133743

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Effect of 4- and 8-wk intensive Tai Chi Training on balance control in the elderly. Author(s): Tsang WW, Hui-Chan CW. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004 April; 36(4): 648-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15064593

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Effect of Tai Chi exercise on proprioception of ankle and knee joints in old people. Author(s): Xu D, Hong Y, Li J, Chan K. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 February; 38(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751946

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Effectiveness of Tai Chi exercise in improving aerobic capacity: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Taylor-Piliae RE, Froelicher ES.


Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2004 January-February; 19(1): 48-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14994782 •

Effects of a behavioral intervention, Tai Chi Chih, on varicella-zoster virus specific immunity and health functioning in older adults. Author(s): Irwin MR, Pike JL, Cole JC, Oxman MN. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2003 September-October; 65(5): 824-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14508027

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Effects of exercise on joint sense and balance in elderly men: Tai Chi versus golf. Author(s): Tsang WW, Hui-Chan CW. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004 April; 36(4): 658-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15064594

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Effects of Tai Chi exercise on balance, functional mobility, and fear of falling among older women. Author(s): Taggart HM. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2002 November; 15(4): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444582

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Effects of Tai Chi exercise on pain, balance, muscle strength, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning in older women with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Song R, Lee EO, Lam P, Bae SC. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 September; 30(9): 2039-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966613

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Effects of Tai Chi on joint proprioception and stability limits in elderly subjects. Author(s): Tsang WW, Hui-Chan CW. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 December; 35(12): 1962-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652489

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Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. Author(s): Jin P. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1992 May; 36(4): 361-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1593511

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Evaluation and treatment of balance in the elderly: A review of the efficacy of the Berg Balance Test and Tai Chi Quan. Author(s): Zwick D, Rochelle A, Choksi A, Domowicz J.

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Source: Neurorehabilitation. 2000; 15(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11455081 •

Evaluation of the effectiveness of Tai Chi for improving balance and preventing falls in the older population--a review. Author(s): Wu G. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 April; 50(4): 746-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982679

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Exploring the basis for Tai Chi Chuan as a therapeutic exercise approach. Author(s): Wolf SL, Coogler C, Xu T. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997 August; 78(8): 886-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9344312

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From tibialis anterior to Tai Chi: biofeedback and beyond. Author(s): Wolf SL. Source: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2001 June; 26(2): 155-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480166

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Health benefits of Tai Chi exercise: improved balance and blood pressure in middleaged women. Author(s): Thornton EW, Sykes KS, Tang WK. Source: Health Promotion International. 2004 March; 19(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14976170

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Heart rate responses and oxygen consumption during Tai Chi Chuan practice. Author(s): Lan C, Chen SY, Lai JS, Wong MK. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2001; 29(3-4): 403-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11789583

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Improvement of isokinetic knee extensor strength and reduction of postural sway in the elderly from long-term Tai Chi exercise. Author(s): Wu G, Zhao F, Zhou X, Wei L. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 October; 83(10): 1364-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12370869

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Intense Tai Chi exercise training and fall occurrences in older, transitionally frail adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Wolf SL, Sattin RW, Kutner M, O'Grady M, Greenspan AI, Gregor RJ. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 December; 51(12): 1693-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687346


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Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the push movement in Tai Chi. Author(s): Chan SP, Luk TC, Hong Y. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 August; 37(4): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893721

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New horizons. developing Tai Chi for health care. Author(s): Lam P. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 January-February; 27(1-2): 100-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9503718

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Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. Author(s): Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996 May; 44(5): 489-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8617895

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Regular Tai Chi Chuan exercise may retard bone loss in postmenopausal women: A case-control study. Author(s): Qin L, Au S, Choy W, Leung P, Neff M, Lee K, Lau M, Woo J, Chan K. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 October; 83(10): 1355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12370867

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Selected as the best paper in the 1990s: Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Author(s): Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T; Atlanta FICSIT Group. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 December; 51(12): 1794-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687360

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Self-report benefits of Tai Chi practice by older adults. Author(s): Kutner NG, Barnhart H, Wolf SL, McNeely E, Xu T. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 1997 September; 52(5): P242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9310093

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Spatial, temporal and muscle action patterns of Tai Chi gait. Author(s): Wu G, Liu W, Hitt J, Millon D. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2004 June; 14(3): 343-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15094148

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Tai Chi and ankylosing spondylitis--a personal experience. Author(s): Koh TC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1982; 10(1-4): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7183208

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Tai Chi and the art of downsizing. Author(s): Bunyan LE. Source: Natl Netw. 2000 October; 25(2): 6-7, 27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11155288

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Tai Chi as a method of fall prevention in the elderly. Author(s): Kessenich CR. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1998 JulyAugust; 17(4): 27-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9814334

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Tai Chi as an adjunct to cardiac rehabilitation exercise training. Author(s): Taylor-Piliae RE. Source: Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2003 March-April; 23(2): 90-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12668929

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Tai Chi Chih: an exercise option for older adults. Author(s): Schaller KJ. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1996 October; 22(10): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8954380

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Tai Chi Chuan and bone loss in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Gass R. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 April; 84(4): 621; Author Reply 621-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690605

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Tai Chi Chuan for people with haemophilia. Author(s): Danusantoso H, Heijnen L. Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2001 July; 7(4): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442652

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Tai Chi Chuan for persons with haemophilia: commentary. Author(s): Beeton K.


Source: Haemophilia : the Official Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2001 July; 7(4): 437. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442651 •

Tai Chi Chuan practice as a tool for rehabilitation of severe head trauma: 3 case reports. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD000340 Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 September; 82(9): 1283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14583918

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Tai Chi Chuan to improve muscular strength and endurance in elderly individuals: a pilot study. Author(s): Lan C, Lai JS, Chen SY, Wong MK. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 May; 81(5): 604-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10807099

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Tai Chi Chuan training is associated with enhanced endothelium-dependent dilation in skin vasculature of healthy older men. Author(s): Wang JS, Lan C, Chen SY, Wong MK. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 June; 50(6): 1024-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12110061

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Tai Chi Chuan training to enhance microcirculatory function in healthy elderly men. Author(s): Wang JS, Lan C, Wong MK. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 September; 82(9): 117680. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552187

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Tai Chi chuan. Author(s): Masley S. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998 November; 79(11): 1483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9821918

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Tai Chi chuan. Author(s): Koh TC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1981 Spring; 9(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7030051

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Tai Chi Chuan: an ancient wisdom on exercise and health promotion. Author(s): Lan C, Lai JS, Chen SY.

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Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2002; 32(4): 217-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11929351 •

Tai Chi for older people. Author(s): Ward J. Source: Nursing Older People. 2001 March; 13(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12008402

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Tai Chi improves standing balance control under reduced or conflicting sensory conditions. Author(s): Tsang WW, Wong VS, Fu SN, Hui-Chan CW. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 January; 85(1): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970980

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Tai Chi in cardiac rehabilitation. Author(s): Humphrey R. Source: Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 2003 March-April; 23(2): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12668930

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Tai Chi practice reduces movement force variability for seniors. Author(s): Yan JH. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1999 December; 54(12): M629-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10647969

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Tai Chi, falls, and the heritage of JAGS. Author(s): Lavery LL, Studenski SA. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 December; 51(12): 1804-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687361

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Tai Chi, self-efficacy, and physical function in the elderly. Author(s): Li F, Harmer P, McAuley E, Fisher KJ, Duncan TE, Duncan SC. Source: Prevention Science : the Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research. 2001 December; 2(4): 229-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11833926

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Tai Chi: a martial art turns therapeutic. Author(s): Cerrato PL. Source: Rn. 1999 February; 62(2): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086019


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Tai Chi: physiological characteristics and beneficial effects on health. Author(s): Li JX, Hong Y, Chan KM. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 June; 35(3): 148-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11375872

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Tai Chi: towards an exercise program for the older person. Author(s): Yalden J, Chung L. Source: Aust J Holist Nurs. 2001 April; 8(1): 4-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11898293

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The beneficial effects of Tai Chi Chuan on blood pressure and lipid profile and anxiety status in a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Tsai JC, Wang WH, Chan P, Lin LJ, Wang CH, Tomlinson B, Hsieh MH, Yang HY, Liu JC. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2003 October; 9(5): 747-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629852

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The benefits of Tai Chi. Author(s): Lutz S. Source: Beginnings. 1996 April; 16(4): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8715985

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The effect of Tai Chi Chuan on the autonomic nervous modulation in older persons. Author(s): Lu WA, Kuo CD. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 December; 35(12): 1972-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652490

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The effect of Tai Chi on cardiorespiratory function in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery. Author(s): Lan C, Chen SY, Lai JS, Wong MK. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 May; 31(5): 634-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10331880

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The effect of Tai Chi on health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review. Author(s): Wang C, Collet JP, Lau J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004 March 8; 164(5): 493-501. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006825

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The effect of Tai Chi Quan and computerized balance training on postural stability in older subjects. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies on

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Intervention Techniques. Author(s): Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Ellison GL, Coogler CE. Source: Physical Therapy. 1997 April; 77(4): 371-81; Discussion 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105340 •

The effects of Tai Chi Chuan on postural stability in the elderly: preliminary report. Author(s): Lin YC, Wong AM, Chou SW, Tang FT, Wong PY. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000 April; 23(4): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902224

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The efficacy of Tai Chi Chuan in older adults: a systematic review. Author(s): Verhagen AP, Immink M, van der Meulen A, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Source: Family Practice. 2004 February; 21(1): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14760055

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The therapeutic effects of Tai Chi for the elderly. Author(s): Ross MC, Presswalla JL. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1998 February; 24(2): 45-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9624966

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Two-year trends in cardiorespiratory function among older Tai Chi Chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects. Author(s): Lai JS, Lan C, Wong MK, Teng SH. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995 November; 43(11): 1222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594155

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Why Tai Chi is the perfect exercise. Author(s): Gorman C. Source: Time. 2002 August 5; 160(6): 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195902

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm


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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Tai Chi; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myocardial Infarction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Bioessence Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Chen Style Alternative names: Chen style T'ai Chi Chen style T'ai Chi Chuan Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Chi Lel Alternative names: Chi-Lel Qigong Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html


Chinese Wushu Alternative names: gongfu kung-fu martial arts Martial Qigong Wu Gong Wushu Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Chi-therapy Alternative names: Gestalt energy work Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html Feeling Light Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/f.html Holistic Nursing Alternative names: wholistic nursing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html I Liq Ch'uan Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/i.html Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Oki-do Alternative names: Master Oki's way Okido Okido way of living Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html

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Self-Applied Health Enhancement Methods Alternative names: SAHEM Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html Somatic Therapy Alternative names: somatic disciplines somatic methods somatics somatic techniques somatic therapies Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Tai Chi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tai Chi Alternative names: Tai Chi Chuan Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Tai Chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Tai Chi-Chi Kung Alternative names: Taiji Qigong Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html Zen Shiatsu Acupressure Alternative names: Zen Shiatsu Acupressure massage Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/z.html


General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON TAI CHI Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Tai Chi. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Tai Chi” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Tai Chi, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Tai Chi ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Tai Chi. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A process and outcome evaluation of community Tai Chi programs for older adults by Gavin, Trisha Suzanne; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 2001, 375 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ65240

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An artist of Tai Chi: A critical study of the life, art and cultural philosophy of the children's literature artist Ed Young by Huang, Jui-Yi, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1998, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9911206

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AN INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHY OF TAI CHI-T'AO FROM 1891 TO 1928 by MAST, HERMAN WILLIAM, III, PHD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1970, 424 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7105172

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Breast cancer, Tai Chi Chuan, and self-esteem: A randomized trial by Mustian, Karen Michelle; PhD from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2003, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3103542

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CHRISTIAN TAI CHI MEDITATION: CULTIVATING AWARENESS OF GOD IN ALL THINGS THROUGH IGNATIAN AND TAOIST PRACTICES by LE, JOSEPH PHUC, DMIN from School of Theology at Claremont, 1995, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9539914

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Exploring the biomechanical characteristics of Tai Chi exercise and the postural balance of practitioners by Luk, Tze Chung; PhD from Chinese University of Hong Kong (People's Republic of China), 2003, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3104860

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THE BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TAI CHI FIXED-STEP, SINGLE PUSH-HAND MOVEMENT by WU, DAVID JUN, PHD from University of Minnesota, 1991, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9122213

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The effectiveness of a recreational modality (Tai Chi Chuan) in enhancing health status in an older adult population by Paterna, Andrew A.; PhD from The University of Connecticut, 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089758

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The effects of Tai Chi exercise on proprioception and neuromuscular responses in the elderly people by Xu, Dongqing; PhD from Chinese University of Hong Kong (People's Republic of China), 2003, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3104863

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The thought of Tai Chi-T'Ao, 1912-1928 by Saywell, William G; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21405

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THE THOUGHT OF TAI CHI-T'AO, 1912-1928 by SAYWELL, WILLIAM GEORGE GABRIEL, PHD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2942967

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON TAI CHI Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Tai Chi. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Tai Chi include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Tai Chi: •

Alternative and Complementary Diabetes Care: How to Combine Natural and Traditional Therapies Source: New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2000. 244 p. Contact: Available from John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Distribution Center, 1 Wiley Drive, Somerset, NJ 08875-1272. (800) 225-5945 or (732) 469-4400. Fax (732) 302-2300. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wiley.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0471347841. Summary: This book provides people who have diabetes with information on alternative and complementary healing regimens for diabetes. The book is organized in a way to help readers remember what a full, balanced health program should include. This is done by using the acronym PARENT, which stands for positive thinking, assertiveness, relaxation, exercise, nutrition, and touch. Chapter one provides an overview of the field of alternative and complimentary care. Topics include the activities

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of the Office of Alternative Medicine to assist professionals and lay people in recognizing the most helpful treatments, the steps some medical schools are taking to teach future physicians about alternative treatment approaches, and models of practice. Chapter two focuses on positive thinking. Readers learn how positive thinking affects the body from the standpoint of laughter, prayer, reframing, meditation, thought stopping, problem solving, and other choices. Considerations related to blood sugar control address logical thinking versus various other approaches to management. Chapter three deals with assertiveness, focusing on how to use assertiveness in daily life, how to handle conflict, how to develop a win-win approach, how to handle anger, and how using assertiveness relates to blood glucose control. Chapter four explains the physiology of stress and examines the effect of relaxation on blood glucose levels. Relaxation methods include biofeedback, progressive relaxation, autogenic therapy, deep breathing, imagery, visualization, aroma therapy, and meditation. Chapter five provides guidelines for evaluating one's present physical condition in relation to safe exercise choices. Types of exercise include aerobics, muscle strengthening, tension relievers, Tai Chi, qigong, other martial arts, and hatha yoga. Chapter six focuses on nutrition and diets. Topics include diet programs, obesity, weight loss, and types of foods. Chapter seven discusses the use of herbs in terms of general considerations, the availability and safety of herbs, regulation problems, and the usefulness of herbs. In addition, the chapter reviews products that people with diabetes might read or hear about and identifies specialty practices that use herbs. Chapter eight provides information on therapies that have something to do, directly or indirectly, with various energy responses of the mind or body, including art therapy, aroma therapy, colon therapy, chiropractic therapy, osteopathic therapy, homeopathic therapy, hypnotherapy, imagery therapy, journaling therapy, music therapy, magnet therapy, thought field therapy, and pain management therapy. Chapter nine introduces touch and nontouch remedies and various therapies that have the potential to lead to improved circulation, improved balance, and an improved sense of well being. Chapter 10 offers general reminders about the use of alternative remedies and provides some suggestions to improve quality of life. 7 appendices. 1 figure. 45 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Tai Chi” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Tai Chi” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Tai Chi” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

101 Reflections on Tai Chi Chuan by Michael Gilman; ISBN: 1886969868; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886969868/icongroupinterna

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15-Minute Tai Chi: Strong Body, Still Mind by John Ding, et al (2003); ISBN: 0007145926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007145926/icongroupinterna

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ABC del Tai Chi Chuan by WAN Der Heyoten (2001); ISBN: 8472454827; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8472454827/icongroupinterna

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Advanced Tai Chi Chuan Wind & Fire Wheels by Steve L. Sun (1999); ISBN: 0967118212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967118212/icongroupinterna

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Advanced Tai Chi Chuan: Form and Practical Application by Andrew Lum (1990); ISBN: 0685637409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685637409/icongroupinterna

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Authentic Yang Family Tai Chi Sword Book by Fu Sheng Yuan (Author) (1996); ISBN: 9748988066; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9748988066/icongroupinterna

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Beginner's Tai Chi Chuan by Vincent Chu (2000); ISBN: 1892515172; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892515172/icongroupinterna

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Black Belt Tai Chi Chuan by Douglas Lee (1985); ISBN: 9990810052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9990810052/icongroupinterna

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Body Mechanics of Tai Chi by Chen (1989); ISBN: 0964408406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964408406/icongroupinterna

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Breathing Underwater: The Inner Life of Tai Chi Ch'Uan by Margaret Emerson (1993); ISBN: 1556431678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556431678/icongroupinterna

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Clasicos del Tai Chi by Waysun Liao (2002); ISBN: 8495456893; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8495456893/icongroupinterna

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Classical Tai Chi Sword (Tuttle Martial Arts) by Petra Kobayashi, et al (2003); ISBN: 0804834482; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804834482/icongroupinterna

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Classical Yang style Tai Chi Chuan by Mary Chow; ISBN: 0961333707; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961333707/icongroupinterna

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Combat Tai Chi by A.C. Lum (1980); ISBN: 0685637506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685637506/icongroupinterna

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Compact Tai Chi: Combined Forms for Pratice in Limited Space by Jesse Tsao (2000); ISBN: 1578631262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578631262/icongroupinterna

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Complete Tai Chi Chuan by Dan Docherty (1998); ISBN: 1861260334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861260334/icongroupinterna

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El Arte de Tai Chi Chuan by Wong Kiew Kit, Martinez Roca (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 842702357X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/842702357X/icongroupinterna

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Energetic Tai Chi Chuan by Larry Johnson (1989); ISBN: 092407101X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/092407101X/icongroupinterna

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Essence of Tai Chi Chuan: The Literary Tradition by Benjamin Pang Jeng Lo, et al (1986); ISBN: 0913028630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913028630/icongroupinterna

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Essence of Tai Chi by Paul Kerry (2004); ISBN: 1840673052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840673052/icongroupinterna

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Estilo Chen de Tai Chi Chuan - Volumen III by Ling Yen Yen (1997); ISBN: 8480192011; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8480192011/icongroupinterna

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Flowing the Tai Chi Way: A Voyage of Discovery by a Tai Chi Master & His Student by Peter Uhlmann, MD Peter Uhlmann (1998); ISBN: 0835126366; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0835126366/icongroupinterna

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Genuine Tai Chi (Lee's Modified Tai Chi for Health) by Lee Ying Arn (1940); ISBN: 0685706885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685706885/icongroupinterna

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Illustrations of Tai Chi Chuan Simplified by Y.W. Chong; ISBN: 962140228X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/962140228X/icongroupinterna

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Inside Tai Chi: Hints, Tips, Training & Process for Students and Teachers by John Loupos (2002); ISBN: 1886969108; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886969108/icongroupinterna

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Jin Shin Acutouch - Test: The Tai Chi of Healing Touch by Barbara Clark (1987); ISBN: 0961817941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961817941/icongroupinterna

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Kung Fu and Tai Chi (The Child's World of Sports-Martial Arts) by Ann Heinrichs (2004); ISBN: 1592960294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592960294/icongroupinterna

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Kung Fu and Tai Chi: Chinese Karate and Classical Exercises by Bruce Tegner (1981); ISBN: 087407035X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087407035X/icongroupinterna

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Master Cheng's Thirteen Chapters on Tai Chi Ch Uan by Man-Ch'Ing, et al (1985); ISBN: 0912059001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912059001/icongroupinterna

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Morning Cup of Tai Chi: One 15-Minute Routine to Nurture Your Body, Mind, and Spirit by John A. Bright-Fey (2004); ISBN: 157587220X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157587220X/icongroupinterna

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Peaceful Arts: Meditation, Yoga, Stretching and Tai Chi by John Hudson, et al (2002); ISBN: 0754809862; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754809862/icongroupinterna

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Peaceful Arts: Tai Chi, Meditation, Yoga, Stretching by Mark Evans, et al; ISBN: 1840382309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840382309/icongroupinterna

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Push Hands: The Handbook for Noncompetitive Tai Chi Practice With a Partner by Herman Kauz (2001); ISBN: 158567124X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158567124X/icongroupinterna

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Return to Stillness: Twenty Years with a Tai Chi Master by Trevor Carolan (2003); ISBN: 1569244871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569244871/icongroupinterna

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Ride the Tiger to the Mountain: Tai Chi for Health (Portable Stanford Series) by Martin Lee, et al (1989); ISBN: 0201180774; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201180774/icongroupinterna

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Secrets of the Tai Chi Circle: Journey to Enlightenment by Luke Chan, Zhang Yang (Illustrator) (1993); ISBN: 0963734105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963734105/icongroupinterna

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Self-Mastery Through Tai Chi Chuan, Chi-Kung and Yoga Meditation by Gerald Kuwada (1995); ISBN: 096433867X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096433867X/icongroupinterna

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Simply Tai Chi by Graham Bryant, Lorraine James (2004); ISBN: 1741213533; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1741213533/icongroupinterna

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Solo Forms of Karate, Tai Chi, Aikido and Kung Fu by Bruce and McGrath, Alice Tegner, Alice Greenfield McGrath (1981); ISBN: 0874070341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874070341/icongroupinterna

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Sun's Style Tai Chi Chuan by Sun Jian-yun, Paul F.N. Tam (2002); ISBN: 9628665111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9628665111/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chaun by R. Sieh (1998); ISBN: 0056431287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0056431287/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chuan Martial Applications: Advanced Yang Style (Martial Arts-Internal) by Jwing-Ming Yang, Alan Dougall (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1886969442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886969442/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chuan with Video by Marshall Ho'o (1999); ISBN: 1581331401; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1581331401/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chuan, Manual Practico by Hsi Rainer (2003); ISBN: 8496138011; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8496138011/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chuan: A Simplified Method of Calisthenics for Health by Man-Ching Cheng, et al (1981); ISBN: 0913028851; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913028851/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chuan: Silk Reeling Exercises by Paul Ellsworth (2001); ISBN: 0971000328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971000328/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chuan by Ferran Tarrago (1994); ISBN: 8477203245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8477203245/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chuan by Marshall Ho'o, Mike Lee (Photographer) (1989); ISBN: 0897501098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897501098/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Chuan's Internal Secrets by Doc Fai Wong, et al (1991); ISBN: 0865681473; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865681473/icongroupinterna

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TAI CHI COMBAT by Paul Crompton (Author); ISBN: 0877735956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877735956/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi for Health by Edward Maisel (2000); ISBN: 0834804204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834804204/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi for Kids: Move With the Animals: Eight Simple Tai Chi Movements Parents Can Teach Their Children for Health, Imagination, and Play by Stuart Alve Olson, et al (2001); ISBN: 1879181657; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879181657/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi for Kids by Jose Figueroa, Stephan Berwick (2004); ISBN: 0804835632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804835632/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi for Longevity With Polynesian & Alsharqi Techniques by Angelie Bliss, John S. Bliss (Photographer) (1998); ISBN: 0965143856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965143856/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi for Stress Control and Relaxation by Gary Khor (1995); ISBN: 0893467952; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893467952/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Inspirations 2005 Calendar by Don Ethan Miller (2004); ISBN: 0967724155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967724155/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Made Easy: A Step-By-Step Guide to Health and Relaxation by Robert Parry, Laura Wickenden (Photographer) (1997); ISBN: 1882606256; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882606256/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Mind and Body by Tricia Yu (2003); ISBN: 0789493608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789493608/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Ruler: Chinese Yoga for Health and Longevity by Terry Dunn (1996); ISBN: 0938045148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0938045148/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Secrets of the Ancient Masters: Selected Readings With Commentary (Tai Chi Treasures) by Yang Jwing-Ming (Translator), et al (1999); ISBN: 188696971X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188696971X/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Secrets of the Wu and Li Styles: Chinese Classics, Translations, Commentary by Jwing-Ming Yang, Qiang-Ya Liang (2001); ISBN: 1886969981; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886969981/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Secrets of the Wu Style: Chinese Classics, Translations, Commentary by Yang Jwing-Ming (2002); ISBN: 1886969175; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886969175/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Sensing Hands by Stuart Olson, Stuart Alve Olson (1999); ISBN: 1892515156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892515156/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Thirteen Sword: A Sword Master's Guide by Stuart Alve Olson (1999); ISBN: 1892515148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892515148/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Training in China: Masters, Teachers and Coaches by Howard Thomas (1997); ISBN: 1874250707; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1874250707/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi Walking: A Low-Impact Path to Better Health by Robert, Ph.D. Chuckrow (2002); ISBN: 188696923X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188696923X/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi, a Way of Centering and I Ching: A Book of Oracle Imagery, by Gia-Fu. Feng; ISBN: 0025372904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0025372904/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi: A Practical Introduction by Raymond Pawlett (1999); ISBN: 1571452117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571452117/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi: The Supreme Ultimate by Lawrence Galante, Betsy Selman (Photographer) (1983); ISBN: 0877284970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877284970/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi by Alan Peck (2002); ISBN: 849545677X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/849545677X/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi by Cheng, Smith (1982); ISBN: 0685221245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685221245/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi by Paul Brecher, Erle Montaigue; ISBN: 0007103395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007103395/icongroupinterna

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Tai Chi by Ronnie Robinson; ISBN: 0007110138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007110138/icongroupinterna

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Tai Ji: Essential Tai Ji by Chungliang Al Huang, et al (2001); ISBN: 1587611090; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587611090/icongroupinterna

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The Art of Tai Chi (1993); ISBN: 9994576739; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9994576739/icongroupinterna

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The Big Book of Tai Chi: Build Health Fast in Slow Motion by Bruce Frantzis (2003); ISBN: 0007130902; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007130902/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Book Of Tai Chi [ILLUSTRATED] by Stewart McFarlane (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0760730407; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0760730407/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Illustrated Guide to Tai Chi: The Practical Approach to the Ancient Chinese Movement for Health and Well-Being (The Complete Illustrated Guide Series) by Angus Clark; ISBN: 186204452X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/186204452X/icongroupinterna

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The Everything Tai Chi and Qi Gong Book: Enjoy Good Health, Longevity, and a Stress Free Life (Everything Series) by Ellae Elinwood (2002); ISBN: 1580626467; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580626467/icongroupinterna

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The Inner Structure of Tai Chi: Tai Chi Chi Kung I by Mantak Chia, et al (1998); ISBN: 0935621504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935621504/icongroupinterna

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The Spirit of Tai Chi: Essential Principles by John Lash (Author); ISBN: 1843332027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843332027/icongroupinterna

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The Tai Chi Book: Refining and Enjoying a Lifetime of Practice (Ymaa Book Series, 32.) by Robert Chuckrow, et al (1998); ISBN: 1886969647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886969647/icongroupinterna

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The Tai Chi Two-Person Dance: Tai Chi with a Partner by Jonathan Russell (2003); ISBN: 1556434413; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556434413/icongroupinterna

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There Are No Secrets: Professor Cheng Man-Ch'Ing and His Tai Chi Chuan by Wolfe Lowenthal (1991); ISBN: 1556431120; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556431120/icongroupinterna

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Tiger's Mouth: An Allegorical Journey of the Tai Chi Chuan by Ursula Smilde (1994); ISBN: 185230491X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185230491X/icongroupinterna

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Total Tai Chi by Matthew Rochford, Peter Warr (2003); ISBN: 1571459340; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571459340/icongroupinterna

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Wave Hands Like Clouds: Kuang Ping Tai Chi:A Chinese Yoga of Meditation in Motion by Li. Po; ISBN: 006121650X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/006121650X/icongroupinterna

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Wave Hands Like Clouds: Tai Chi Chuan by Li Po (1986); ISBN: 9996234525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996234525/icongroupinterna

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Wu Style of Tai Chi Chuan (Unique Literary Books of the World) by Tinn Chan Lee (1981); ISBN: 0865680221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865680221/icongroupinterna

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Wu Style Tai Chi Chuan: Ancient Chinese Way to Health by Wen Zee, et al (2002); ISBN: 1556433891; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556433891/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Tai Chi In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Tai Chi, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Tai Chi using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Tai Chi: •

Conservative Therapies for Interstitial Cystitis Source: in Moldwin, R.M. Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide: Your Guide to the Latest Treatment Options and Coping Strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 2000. p. 175-191. Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association. 51 Monroe Street, Suite 1402, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) HELP-ICA or (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: $12.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572242108. Summary: More than 700,000 Americans have interstitial cystitis (IC), a condition that includes symptoms of recurring bladder pain and discomfort on urination. This chapter on conservative therapies for IC is from a self care book designed to empower readers by simplifying the diagnostic and treatment process for IC. The primary object of the book is to build a framework for delivering proper care to the IC patient. This chapter reviews forms of treatment that have nothing to do with traditional medications or surgical procedures. Patients can administer some of these therapies themselves. Other forms of care involve practitioners other than doctors or nursing specialists. The author notes that some of the topics discussed in this chapter have no clinical research to substantiate their efficacy; however, their continued use by IC patients merits mention. Topics include dietary changes, fluid intake, biofeedback, electrical stimulation therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), stress reduction, bladder retraining, physical therapy, acupuncture, and vitamin therapy. Diet has an influence on the symptoms of IC in over 50 percent of patients. The author reminds readers that each person has a different response to different foods, so any dietary strategies must be highly individualized. Adequate recordkeeping can assist patients in determining which foods to avoid. A list of foods that may cause a worsening of IC symptoms is provided. Strategies for stress reduction include progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic training, hypnosis, yoga and Tai Chi, massage therapy, counseling, and peer support groups.

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Coping Source: in Senneff, J.A. Numb Toes and Aching Soles: Coping with Peripheral Neuropathy. San Antonio, TX: MedPress. 1999. p. 262-286. Contact: Available from MedPress. P.O. Box 691546, San Antonio, TX 78269. (888) 6339898. Website: www.medpress.com. PRICE: $19.95 for soft back book; $29.95 for case bound book; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0967110726. Summary: This chapter provides people who have peripheral neuropathy (PN) with information on ways of coping with this complex of disorders. The chapter begins with a discussion of the benefits of exercise, among them improved blood circulation and weight loss. In addition, general health benefits from exercise include the reduction of low density lipids and triglycerides, the increase of high density lipids, and the reduction of low pressure. Types of exercise appropriate for people who have PN include water aerobics, swimming laps, walking, using a Stair Master or exercise bike, strength-building exercises, and Tai Chi. The chapter continues with a discussion of using heat and cold therapy to relieve PN symptoms and creating conducive conditions for sleeping. Other topics include selecting appropriate shoes, shoe inserts, and socks; caring for feet on a daily basis, particularly by people who have diabetes; and easing hand pain. In addition, the chapter offers a list of suggestions to make daily life easier and provides information on organizations for people who have PN.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TAI CHI Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Tai Chi.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Tai Chi is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Tai Chi. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Tai Chi” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Tai Chi: •

Tai Chi helps people with chronic health problems Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 10, 2004

•

Tai Chi might help elderly avoid falls Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 15, 2004

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•

Tai Chi beneficial to patients with osteoarthritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 25, 2003

•

Tai Chi may help prevent shingles, study finds Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 23, 2003

•

Tai Chi helps older people stay active Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2001

•

Tai Chi may ease arthritis pain in elderly Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 19, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Tai Chi” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Tai Chi, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the

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49

company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Tai Chi” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on Tai Chi: •

A Movement Towards Tai Chi Source: Harvard Health Letter. 22(9):6-7; July 1997. Contact: Harvard Health Letter, Harvard Medical School Health Publications Group, 164 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA 02115. Summary: This article describes the Chinese form of exercise called Tai Chi Chuan or Tai Chi. According to the author, studies have shown that T'ai Chi improves balance and lowers blood pressure. It is a form of exercise that almost anyone can enjoy, as it requires no special equipment or location, and once the movements are learned, they can be done anywhere and at any time.

Academic Periodicals covering Tai Chi Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Tai Chi. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Tai Chi that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute4: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

4

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.5 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:6 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

5

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 6 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway7 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.8 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 137 29 217 5 0 388

HSTAT9 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.10 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.11 Simply search by “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

7

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

8

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 10 11

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists12 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.13 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.14 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

12 Adapted 13

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 14 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Tai Chi can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Tai Chi. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Tai Chi. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Tai Chi”:

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Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Exercise and Physical Fitness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/exerciseandphysicalfitness.html Falls http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/falls.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html Polio and Post-Polio Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polioandpostpoliosyndrome.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Tai Chi. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

What Chinese-Americans and Their Families Should Know About Lupus Source: New York, NY: Hospital for Special Surgery. 2003. 20 p. Contact: Available from LANtern (Lupus Asian Network) Program. (212) 774-2508. (866) 505-2253 (toll free). PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet (in both English and Chinese) is written for Chinese-American women with lupus. Chinese American women are twice as likely to contract lupus as white women. This booklet provides information on the symptoms, precautions, and both western and traditional Chinese treatment methods for lupus. Symptoms include a red rash across the nose and cheeks, sensitivity to the sun, mouth or nose sores, pain or swelling in the joints, chest pains, seizures or psychosis, kidney or blood problems, fatigue, hair loss, fever, muscle weakness, blood clots, or recurrent miscarriages. When many of these symptoms occur at once it is called a 'flare'. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. There is no cure for lupus but symptoms can be managed using western medications such as steroids or Cytoxan (prescribed by a rheumatologist) or traditional

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herbal medicines (prescribed by a Chinese doctor). Other traditional treatments include acupuncture and Tai Chi. Patients should have their lupus under control for at least 6 months before attempting to conceive and should be under the care of both a rheumatologist and an obstetrician. Exposure to the sun should be avoided and sunblock and clothing that covers as much of the skin as possible should be worn, even on cloudy days. It is important to express fears and concerns to the doctor and if necessary an interpreter or family member/friend should be brought along on the office visit to help translate. It is important for family members to be supportive and to learn as much about the disease as possible. A list of organizations that can provide information on lupus is included. •

Exercise Your Stress Away Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing, 1997. Contact: Journeyworks Publishing, PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz CA 95061. (408) 423-1400. Summary: This brochure explains what exercise is and how it helps to reduce tension. The author suggests using aerobic exercise such as swimming, to turn stress into energy and to reduce tension with calming exercise such as yoga and Tai Chi. Other tips are to choose exercise that is enjoyable, take a quick exercise break at work to reduce stress, and select a form of exercise that complements your personality.

•

Complementary/Alternative Therapies for HIV/AIDS : Information for Inmates Contact: SIDA Nouveau Brunswick/AIDS New Brunswick, 65 Brunswick St, Fredericton, (506) 459-7518, http://www.aidsnb.com. Summary: This brochure for incarcerated persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) discusses complementary or alternative therapies to current medical treatments. The therapies can be called complementary or alternative, depending on whether they are used with or instead of drugs or medication. The brochure discusses the complementary/alternative therapies of immune boosters, herbs, acupuncture, massage, exercise, meditation, yoga, Tai Chi, and visualization. For each of these therapies, the brochure explains the reasoning behind their use as complementary or alternative therapies for HIV/AIDS. Sources of additional information are included. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Tai Chi Summary: Tai Chi is an ancient Chinese practice designed to exercise body, mind and spirit. Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7456

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Tai Chi and Consumer Health Information Center Summary: The Tai Chi and Consumer Health Information Center is hosted by American Tai Chi Association (ATCA), a national non-profit organization that serves Tai Chi professionals in the United States. Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7556

•

Tai Chi for Health and Wellness Summary: T'ai Chi is a slow-motion martial art that can build agility, strength, and balance and reduce stress. Source: Stanford Health Promotion Resource Center/Distribution Center http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7713 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Tai Chi. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Tai Chi. By consulting all of associations listed in this

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chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Tai Chi. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Tai Chi. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Tai Chi” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Tai Chi”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Tai Chi” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Tai Chi” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.15

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

15

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)16: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

16

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

67

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

71

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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TAI CHI DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Art Therapy: The use of art as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Autogenic: A type of succession when the developing vegetation itself is the cause for the succession. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of

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donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

Dictionary 75

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements,

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megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic

Dictionary 77

growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergometer: An instrument for measuring the force of muscular contraction. [NIH]

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Ergometry: Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during exertion. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematuria: Blood in the urine. [EU] Haemophilia: A haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms: 1. Haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; 2. Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also Xlinked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses. [EU] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Resources: Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively

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assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH]

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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Music Therapy: The use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

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Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH]

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Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychological Adaptation: The alteration of the selective response of a neural unit due to the received signals. [NIH] Psychoneuroimmunology: The field concerned with the interrelationship between the brain, behavior and the immune system. Neuropsychologic, neuroanatomic and psychosocial studies have demonstrated their role in accentuating or diminishing immune/allergic responses. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]

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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH]

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Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thought Field Therapy: Radiotherapy in which a lesion is subjected to radiation entering the body through several portals. [NIH]

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Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

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INDEX A Adrenal Cortex, 73, 76 Adverse Effect, 73, 84 Aerobic, 8, 12, 20, 61, 73 Aerobic Exercise, 12, 20, 61, 73 Algorithms, 73, 74 Alternative medicine, 48, 73 Anal, 73, 77 Ankle, 20, 73 Antibody, 73, 75, 76, 79 Anus, 73, 75 Anxiety, 27, 73 Aorta, 73, 76 Art Therapy, 38, 73 Arteries, 73, 74, 76, 81 Artery, 73, 76 Articular, 73, 80, 81 Autogenic, 38, 73 Autonomic, 27, 73 B Back Pain, 7, 73 Base, 73, 76, 80, 85 Biochemical, 74, 81 Biotechnology, 10, 48, 55, 74 Bladder, 44, 74, 76, 86 Blood Glucose, 38, 74 Blood pressure, 3, 22, 27, 49, 74 Blood vessel, 74, 77 Body Composition, 11, 19, 74 Branch, 69, 74, 81, 85 Buccal, 74, 80 C Cardiac, 8, 24, 26, 74, 81, 85 Cardiorespiratory, 11, 15, 16, 19, 27, 28, 73, 74 Case report, 14, 25, 74 Causal, 74, 77 Cell, 74, 75, 76, 78, 82 Chest Pain, 60, 74 Chin, 74, 80 Chiropractic, 8, 17, 38, 74 Chromosome, 74, 78, 85 Chronic, 5, 7, 9, 27, 47, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80 Clinical trial, 4, 8, 55, 74, 76, 82, 83 Cloning, 74, 75 Coagulation, 75, 78 Cognitive restructuring, 75, 85 Cohort Studies, 75, 77

Colon, 38, 75 Complement, 75 Complementary and alternative medicine, 8, 17, 18, 33, 75 Complementary medicine, 9, 18, 75 Computational Biology, 55, 76 Consumption, 76, 77, 81 Contraindications, ii, 76 Control group, 9, 76 Coordination, 6, 12, 20, 76 Cornea, 76, 86 Coronary, 15, 27, 76, 81 Coronary Artery Bypass, 15, 27, 76 Coronary Thrombosis, 76, 81 Cortical, 76, 84 Cortisol, 5, 12, 20, 76 Cross-Sectional Studies, 76, 77 Curative, 76, 85 Cutaneous, 76, 80 Cystitis, 44, 76 Cytokines, 5, 76 D Degenerative, 76, 81 Delusions, 76, 83 Density, 18, 45, 76, 81 Developing Countries, 8, 76 Diagnostic procedure, 48, 77 Diathesis, 77, 78 Dilation, 25, 77 Direct, iii, 8, 10, 77, 84 Discrete, 77, 86 Disease Progression, 5, 77 Distal, 76, 77, 82 Drug Interactions, 77 E Efficacy, 6, 8, 12, 21, 26, 28, 44, 77 Endocrine System, 77, 81 Endothelium, 25, 77 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 77 Endothelium, Vascular, 77 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 77 Epidemiologic Studies, 8, 77 Epithelium, 77, 86 Ergometer, 77, 78 Ergometry, 11, 19, 78 Extensor, 22, 78 F Family Planning, 55, 78

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Fat, 74, 78, 80, 84 Fatigue, 60, 78 Flexor, 78 Forearm, 74, 78 G Gait, 6, 23, 78 Ganglion, 78, 86 Gene, 74, 78 Glucose, 38, 74, 78 Governing Board, 78, 82 Grafting, 76, 78 Growth, 5, 77, 78, 82 H Haematuria, 78 Haemophilia, 14, 24, 25, 78 Health Promotion, 22, 25, 62, 78 Health Resources, iv, 4, 10, 78 Health Services, iv, 4, 10, 56, 78 Health Status, 9, 36, 78 Hormone, 76, 79, 84 Hypersensitivity, 79, 84 Hypnotherapy, 38, 79 I Id, 28, 62, 68, 70, 79 Immune function, 5, 79 Immune response, 79, 86 Immune system, 5, 79, 83, 86 Immunity, 21, 79 Immunodeficiency, 61, 79 Impairment, 79, 80, 83 Indicative, 38, 79, 81 Infarction, 30, 79 Infection, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86 Infiltration, 79, 86 Inflammation, 30, 76, 79, 82, 84, 85 Interstitial, 44, 79 Intervertebral, 79, 80 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 79, 80 Intramuscular, 78, 79 Invasive, 79 Involuntary, 80, 81, 84 J Joint, 21, 73, 78, 80, 81, 85 K Kb, 54, 80 L Labyrinth, 80, 82, 86 Leukocytes, 76, 80 Library Services, 68, 80 Ligaments, 76, 80 Lipid, 27, 80 Locomotion, 6, 80, 82

Locomotor, 6, 80 Low Back Pain, 7, 80 Lumbar, 73, 79, 80 Lupus, 60, 80 Lymph, 77, 80 M Mammary, 76, 80 Manic, 80, 83 Manic-depressive psychosis, 80, 83 MEDLINE, 55, 80 Menopause, 80, 82 Mental, iv, 4, 12, 21, 54, 56, 73, 74, 78, 80, 81, 83 Mental Disorders, 80, 83 Mentors, 8, 80 Meta-Analysis, 20, 80 MI, 60, 71, 81 Mobility, 21, 81 Modification, 9, 81, 83 Molecular, 55, 57, 74, 76, 81 Mucosa, 80, 81 Muscle Relaxation, 44, 81 Music Therapy, 38, 81 Mydriatic, 77, 81 Myocardial infarction, 12, 20, 76, 81 Myocardium, 81 N Need, 3, 9, 17, 37, 44, 49, 63, 73, 81 Nerve, 44, 74, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86 Nervous System, 78, 81 Neural, 81, 83 Neuroendocrine, 5, 81 Neuromuscular, 36, 81 Neuropathy, 81, 82 O Opacity, 76, 81 Osteoarthritis, 21, 30, 48, 60, 81 Oxygen Consumption, 22, 81 P Palliative, 81, 85 Pathologic, 76, 79, 81 Patient Education, 60, 66, 68, 71, 81 Peripheral Neuropathy, 45, 82 Pharmacologic, 82, 86 Physical Therapy, 15, 28, 44, 82 Physiology, 38, 82 Pilot study, 7, 14, 25, 82 Plants, 78, 82 Pneumonia, 76, 82 Posterior, 73, 82 Postmenopausal, 18, 23, 24, 82 Postural, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 27, 28, 36, 82

89

Practice Guidelines, 56, 82 Problem Solving, 38, 82 Progressive, 38, 44, 78, 81, 82 Proprioception, 20, 21, 36, 82 Prospective study, 18, 82 Protein S, 74, 82 Proteins, 75, 76, 77, 82 Protocol, 6, 82 Psychic, 80, 83, 84 Psychological Adaptation, 5, 83 Psychoneuroimmunology, 5, 83 Psychosis, 60, 83 Public Policy, 55, 83 Pulmonary, 74, 76, 83 Pulmonary Artery, 74, 83 Pupil, 76, 77, 81, 83 Q Quality of Life, 4, 5, 9, 38, 83 R Radiation, 83, 85 Randomized, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 18, 21, 22, 27, 35, 77, 83 Randomized clinical trial, 5, 7, 21, 83 Randomized Controlled Trials, 8, 83 Reality Testing, 83 Rectum, 73, 75, 83 Refer, 1, 74, 75, 80, 83, 84, 86 Reflex, 17, 84 Regimen, 77, 84 Restoration, 82, 84 Rheumatism, 84 Rheumatoid, 5, 84 Rheumatoid arthritis, 5, 84 Risk factor, 77, 82, 84 S Saphenous, 76, 84 Saphenous Vein, 76, 84 Screening, 74, 84 Sedentary, 8, 9, 11, 16, 19, 28, 84 Seizures, 60, 84 Self Care, 44, 84 Serous, 77, 84 Shock, 84, 86 Side effect, 73, 84, 86 Skeleton, 80, 84 Skull, 84, 85 Social Environment, 83, 84

Social Security, 83, 84 Social Support, 84, 85 Soma, 85 Somatic, 5, 32, 82, 85 Specialist, 63, 77, 85 Spinal cord, 78, 81, 84, 85 Spondylitis, 13, 24, 85 Sprains and Strains, 80, 85 Steroid, 76, 85 Stimulus, 84, 85 Stool, 75, 85 Stress, 5, 8, 12, 21, 38, 42, 43, 44, 61, 62, 76, 84, 85 Stress management, 5, 85 Subclinical, 79, 84, 85 Subcutaneous, 78, 85 Support group, 44, 85 Systemic, 73, 74, 79, 85 T Telomere, 78, 85 Temporal, 23, 85 Therapeutics, 85 Thoracic, 15, 73, 85 Thought Field Therapy, 38, 85 Time Management, 85, 86 Tin, 82, 86 Tissue, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86 Toxic, iv, 79, 81, 86 Toxicity, 77, 86 Toxicology, 56, 86 Transcutaneous, 44, 86 Transfection, 74, 86 Trauma, 14, 25, 86 U Unconscious, 79, 86 Urinary, 76, 86 Urine, 74, 78, 86 V Vaccine, 82, 86 Varicella, 21, 86 Vertebrae, 79, 85, 86 Vestibular, 6, 86 Vestibule, 86 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 86 Virus, 21, 61, 86 Z Zoster, 21, 86

90

Tai Chi

91

92

Tai Chi

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