Sunflower Seeds - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SUNFLOWER SEEDS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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SUNFLOWER SEEDS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Sunflower Seeds: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84228-0 1. Sunflower Seeds-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on sunflower seeds. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Sunflower Seeds ............................................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS ........................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Sunflower Seeds............................................................................. 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS ................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 23 General References ....................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS ................................................................................ 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Patents on Sunflower Seeds ......................................................................................................... 25 Patent Applications on Sunflower Seeds ..................................................................................... 46 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS ................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 49 Chapters on Sunflower Seeds....................................................................................................... 50 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 69 SUNFLOWER SEEDS DICTIONARY ......................................................................................... 71 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 91

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with sunflower seeds is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about sunflower seeds, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to sunflower seeds, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on sunflower seeds. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to sunflower seeds, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on sunflower seeds. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on sunflower seeds.

Federally Funded Research on Sunflower Seeds The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to sunflower seeds. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to sunflower seeds. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore sunflower seeds.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for sunflower seeds in the PubMed Central database: •

Enhanced methionine levels and increased nutritive value of seeds of transgenic lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) expressing a sunflower seed albumin gene. by Molvig L, Tabe LM, Eggum BO, Moore AE, Craig S, Spencer D, Higgins TJ.; 1997 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22931

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with sunflower seeds, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for sunflower seeds (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

2S methionine-rich protein (SSA) from sunflower seed is an IgE-binding protein. Author(s): Kelly JD, Hefle SL. Source: Allergy. 2000 June; 55(6): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858987&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylactic reactions to sunflower seed. Author(s): Axelsson IG, Ihre E, Zetterstrom O. Source: Allergy. 1994 August; 49(7): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825717&dopt=Abstract

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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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Anaphylaxis to sunflower seed. Author(s): Noyes JH, Boyd GK, Settipane GA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1979 April; 63(4): 242-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=429702&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic sunflower seed bezoar. Author(s): Tsou VM, Bishop PR, Nowicki MJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1997 June; 99(6): 896-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9164789&dopt=Abstract

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Contact urticaria from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Duran S, Delgado J, Gamez R, Velazquez E, Gonzalez-Pol J, Serrano P, LopezCrespo R, Guardia P, Conde J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 October; 37(4): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385519&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of short-term oral administration of sunflower seed oil on the pattern of nonesterified fatty acids in human plasma. Author(s): Belin J, Smith AD, Thompson RH. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1975 May 15; 61(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1149251&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid patterns in parenterally fed premature and term infants: changes induced by intralipid and sunflower seed oil. Author(s): Vandenplas Y, Leyssens L, Bougatef A, Sacre L, Francois B. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1989 October; 6(4): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2506874&dopt=Abstract

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Foreign bodies of the lower airway: sunflower seed alert! Author(s): Isaacson G. Source: Pediatrics. 1995 June; 95(6): 959. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7761237&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of sunflower seed IgE-binding proteins. Author(s): Kelly JD, Hlywka JJ, Hefle SL. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 January; 121(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686505&dopt=Abstract

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Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic moulds in nuts and sunflower seeds for human consumption. Author(s): Jimenez M, Mateo R, Querol A, Huerta T, Hernandez E. Source: Mycopathologia. 1991 August; 115(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1784308&dopt=Abstract

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Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution for rectal sunflower seed bezoar. Author(s): Shah M, Nakanishi A. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1990 June; 6(2): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uid s=2371150&dopt=Abstract

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Preparation and application of vegetable proteins, especially proteins from sunflower seed, for human consumption. An approach. Author(s): Gassmann B. Source: Die Nahrung. 1983; 27(4): 351-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6877346&dopt=Abstract

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Proceedings: The correction of essential fatty acid deficiency and 'sticky' platelets in man by the cutaneous administration of sunflower seed oil. Author(s): Press M, Hartop PJ, Hawkey C. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med. 1974 February; 46(2): 13P. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4817253&dopt=Abstract

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Rectal bezoar from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Cloonan CC, Kleinschmidt K, Gatrell C. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1988 August; 17(8): 873-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3395003&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower oil is not allergenic to sunflower seed-sensitive patients. Author(s): Halsey AB, Martin ME, Ruff ME, Jacobs FO, Jacobs RL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1986 September; 78(3 Pt 1): 408-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3760399&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed bezoar leading to fecal impaction. Author(s): Purcell L, Gremse DA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 January; 88(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7817234&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed bezoar presenting as diarrhea. Author(s): Dent JM 3rd, Levine SI. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1989 June; 143(6): 643-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729207&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed rectal bezoar in an adult. Author(s): Moses F. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 September; 54(3): 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523000&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed rectal bezoar in an adult. Author(s): Lowry MH, Shah AN. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 March; 53(3): 388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231414&dopt=Abstract

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Sunflower seed syndrome: a prickly proctological problem. Author(s): Phillips RW, Moses FM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1991 September; 20(9): 1049-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1877779&dopt=Abstract

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The antihypertensive effect of dietary supplementation with a 6-desaturated essential fatty acid concentrate as compared with sunflower seed oil. Author(s): Deferne JL, Leeds AR. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1992 April; 6(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1597844&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and sunflower seeds.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Sunflower Seeds The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “sunflower seeds” (or a synonym): •

Free radical scavenging as affected by accelerated ageing and subsequent priming in sunflower seeds. Source: Bailly, C. BenaMarch, A. Corbineau, F. Come, D. Physiologia-Plantarum (Denmark). (December 1998). volume 104(4) page 646-652.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A new family of beta-hairpin mimetics based on a trypsin inhibitor from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Descours, Anne Moehle, Kerstin Renard, Annabelle Robinson, John A Chembiochem. 2002 April 2; 3(4): 318-23 1439-4227

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Aflatoxins in sunflower seeds: effect of zinc in aflatoxin production by two strains of Aspergillus parasiticus. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Rio Cuarto, Argentina. Source: Chulze, S Fusero, S Dalcero, A Etcheverry, M Varsavsky, E Mycopathologia. 1987 August; 99(2): 91-4 0301-486X

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Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols by developing sunflower seed microsomes. Source: Triki, S. Demandre, C. Mazliak, P. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1999. volume 52 (1) page 55-62. 0031-9422

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Determination of caffeic and chlorogenic acids and their derivatives in different sunflower seeds. Source: Pedrosa, M.M. Muzquiz, M. Garcia Vallejo, C. Burbano, C. Cuadrado, C. Ayet, G. Robredo, L.M. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. March 2000. volume 80 (4) page 459-564. 0022-5142

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Differential sensitivity of oleosins to proteolysis during oil body mobilization in sunflower seedlings. Author(s): Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India. Source: Sadeghipour, H R Bhatla, S C Plant-Cell-Physiol. 2002 October; 43(10): 1117-26 0032-0781

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Effect of chemical composition of sunflower seed meal on its true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility. Author(s): Departamento de Produccion Animal, E.T.S.I. Agronomos, Universidad Politecnica, Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Source: Villamide, M J San Juan, L D Poult-Sci. 1998 December; 77(12): 1884-92 0032-5791

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Effect of chicken age on the nutritive value of diets with graded additions of full-fat sunflower seed. Author(s): Departamento de Produccion Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Source: Ortiz, L T Rebole, A Rodriguez, M L Trevino, J Alzueta, C Isabel, B Br-Poult-Sci. 1998 September; 39(4): 530-5 0007-1668

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Effects of feeding flax and two types of sunflower seeds on fatty acid compositions of yolk lipid classes. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

Nutrition

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Source: Jiang, Z R Ahn, D U Sim, J S Poult-Sci. 1991 December; 70(12): 2467-75 0032-5791 •

Enhanced methionine levels and increased nutritive value of seeds of transgenic lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) expressing a sunflower seed albumin gene. Source: Molvig, L. Tabe, L.M. Eggum, B.O. Moore, A.E. Craig, S. Spencer, D. Higgins, T.J.V. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences,. August 5, 1997. volume 94 (16) page 8393-8398. 0027-8424

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Fatty acid composition and fatty acid elongase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activities in tissues of steers fed high oleate sunflower seed. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843. Source: Chang, J H Lunt, D K Smith, S B J-Nutr. 1992 November; 122(11): 2074-80 00223166

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Functional properties of sunflower seed meal obtained by ethanol extraction. Author(s): Technology Department of ESALQ/USP, Brazil. Source: Regitano d'Arce, M A Assis, R de P Lima, U de A Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 1994 March; 44(1): 29-32 0004-0622

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High-resolution structure of a potent, cyclic proteinase inhibitor from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK. Source: Luckett, S Garcia, R S Barker, J J Konarev, A V Shewry, P R Clarke, A R Brady, R L J-Mol-Biol. 1999 July 9; 290(2): 525-33 0022-2836

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Lactational responses of dairy cows to diets containing regular and high oleic acid sunflower seeds. Author(s): Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 570070647. Source: Casper, D P Schingoethe, D J Middaugh, R P Baer, R J J-Dairy-Sci. 1988 May; 71(5): 1267-74 0022-0302

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Malonylated anthocyanins in purple sunflower seeds. Source: Mazza, G. Gao, L. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. January 1994. volume 35 (1) page 237-239. 0031-9422

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Molecular cloning, functional expression, and mutagenesis of cDNA encoding a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan. Source: Doi Kawano, K Kouzuma, Y Yamasaki, N Kimura, M J-Biochem-(Tokyo). 1998 November; 124(5): 911-6 0021-924X

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Purification and some properties of polyphenoloxidase from sunflower seeds. Source: Raymond, J. Rakariyatham, N. Azanza, J.L. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-. November 1993. volume 34 (4) page 927-931. 00319422

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Rapid determination of chlorogenic acid and related compounds in sunflower seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): S.C.A.I.-Mass Spectrometry and Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, Av. S. Alberto Magno s/n, E-14004 Cordoba, Spain. Source: Aramendia, M A Garcia, I M Lafont, F Lizaso, J Marinas, J M Urbano, F J RapidCommun-Mass-Spectrom. 2000; 14(12): 1019-22 0951-4198

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Ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids from high-oleate sunflower seeds. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station. Source: Ekeren, P A Smith, D R Lunt, D K Smith, S B J-Anim-Sci. 1992 August; 70(8): 2574-80 0021-8812

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Solution structures by 1H NMR of the novel cyclic trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1 from sunflower seeds and an acyclic permutant. Author(s): Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. Source: Korsinczky, M L Schirra, H J Rosengren, K J West, J Condie, B A Otvos, L Anderson, M A Craik, D J J-Mol-Biol. 2001 August 17; 311(3): 579-91 0022-2836

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Structural characterization of a methionine-rich, emulsifying protein from sunflower seed. Author(s): Molecular Recognition Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. [email protected] Source: Pandya, M J Sessions, R B Williams, P B Dempsey, C E Tatham, A S Shewry, P R Clarke, A R Proteins. 2000 February 15; 38(3): 341-9 0887-3585

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Studies on the biotin requirement of broilers fed sunflower seed meal based diets. Author(s): Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria. Source: Oloyo, R A Arch-Tierernahr. 1994; 45(4): 345-53 0003-942X

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Sunflower seed protein concentrates and isolates obtention from ethanol oil extraction meals--(technical note). Author(s): Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Regitano d'Arce, M A Gutierrez, E M Lima, U de A Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 1994 March; 44(1): 33-5 0004-0622

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The addition of whole sunflower seeds and sodium bicarbonate to fat depressing diets for lactating cows. Source: White, B.G. Ingalls, J.R. Sharma, H.R. Can-J-Anim-Sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada. June 1987. volume 67 (2) page 437-445. 0008-3984

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The nutritional value of sunflower oils: linoleic sunflower seeds and seeds with high oleic content. Author(s): Universite de Paris 11, Orsay (France). Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Nutrition Source: Delplanque, B. Oleagineux-Corps-Gras-Lipides (France). (Nov-December 2000). volume 7(6) page 467-472. 1258-8210

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Thiamin-binding protein from sunflower seeds. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara, Japan. Source: Watanabe, K Chikushi, K Adachi, T Shimizu, M Yoshida, T Mitsunaga, T J-NutrSci-Vitaminol-(Tokyo). 1998 October; 44(5): 665-72 0301-4800

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Use of sunflower seeds in grower diets for pullets and subsequent performance as affected by aureomycin and pelleting. Author(s): Department of Animal and Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007. Source: Kashani, A B Carlson, C W Poult-Sci. 1988 March; 67(3): 445-51 0032-5791

Nutrition

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Utilization of whole rape (canola) seed and sunflower seeds as sources of energy and protein in calf starter diets. Source: Sharma, H.R. White, B. Ingalls, J.R. Anim-Feed-Sci-Technol. Amsterdam : Elsevier. July 1986. volume 15 (2) page 101-112. 0377-8401

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to sunflower seeds; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com D-alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Nutrition

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Food and Diet High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts and Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,288,00.html Sunflower Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sunflower Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,158,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to sunflower seeds. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to sunflower seeds and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “sunflower seeds” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to sunflower seeds: •

A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary plants. Author(s): Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MC, Barikmo I, Hvattum E, Remberg SF, Wold AB, Haffner K, Baugerod H, Andersen LF, Moskaug O, Jacobs DR Jr, Blomhoff R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 461-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880572&dopt=Abstract

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Accumulation of a sulphur-rich seed albumin from sunflower in the leaves of transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Author(s): Khan MR, Ceriotti A, Tabe L, Aryan A, McNabb W, Moore A, Craig S, Spencer D, Higgins TJ. Source: Transgenic Research. 1996 May; 5(3): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8673145&dopt=Abstract

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Allergy to foods in patients monosensitized to Artemisia pollen. Author(s): Garcia Ortiz JC, Cosmes PM, Lopez-Asunsolo A. Source: Allergy. 1996 December; 51(12): 927-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9020422&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylactic reactions to sunflower seed. Author(s): Axelsson IG, Ihre E, Zetterstrom O. Source: Allergy. 1994 August; 49(7): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825717&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteriological survey of sixty health foods. Author(s): Andrews WH, Wilson CR, Poelma PL, Romero A, Mislivec PB. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1979 March; 37(3): 559-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=572198&dopt=Abstract

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Bias and misrepresentation revisited: “perspective” on saturated fat. Author(s): Keys A, Grande F, Anderson JT. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1974 February; 27(2): 188-212. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4591426&dopt=Abstract

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Cholesterol and triglyceride reduction in rats fed Matthiola incana seed oil rich in (n3) fatty acids. Author(s): Yaniv Z, Schafferman D, Shamir I, Madar Z. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 February; 47(2): 637-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563945&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of three methods for determining aflatoxins in sunflower seed meals. Author(s): Trucksess MW, Stoloff L. Source: J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1980 November; 63(6): 1357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7451399&dopt=Abstract

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Composition and flavor of milk and butter from cows fed unsaturated dietary fat and receiving bovine somatotropin. Author(s): Stegeman GA, Baer RJ, Schingoethe DJ, Casper DP. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1992 April; 75(4): 962-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1578033&dopt=Abstract

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Compositional heterogeneity of protochlorophyllide ester in etiolated leaves of higher plants. Author(s): Shioi Y, Sasa T.

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Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1983 January; 220(1): 286-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6830239&dopt=Abstract •

Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. V. Unhydrogenated fats and oils. Author(s): Brignoli CA, Kinsella JE, Weihrauch JL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1976 March; 68(3): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946172&dopt=Abstract

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Datura seed intoxication in two horses. Author(s): Schulman ML, Bolton LA. Source: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1998 March; 69(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646259&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of [(14)C]imidacloprid in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) following seed treatment. Author(s): Laurent FM, Rathahao E. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 31; 51(27): 8005-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14690387&dopt=Abstract

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Does triacylglycerol biosynthesis require diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DAGAT)? Author(s): Fraser T, Waters A, Chatrattanakunchai S, Stobart K. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 2000 December; 28(6): 698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11171175&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of chemical composition of sunflower seed meal on its true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility. Author(s): Villamide MJ, San Juan LD. Source: Poultry Science. 1998 December; 77(12): 1884-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872592&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of delta5 polyunsaturated fatty acids of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seed oil on the fatty acid profile of the developing brain of rats. Author(s): Pasquier E, Ratnayake WM, Wolff RL. Source: Lipids. 2001 June; 36(6): 567-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485159&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary flax seed and sunflower seed supplementation on normal canine serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and skin and hair coat condition scores. Author(s): Rees CA, Bauer JE, Burkholder WJ, Kennis RA, Dunbar BL, Bigley KE. Source: Veterinary Dermatology. 2001 April; 12(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11360337&dopt=Abstract

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Essential fatty acid deficiency in neonates: inability to reverse deficiency by topical applications of EFA-rich oil. Author(s): Hunt CE, Engel RR, Modler S, Hamilton W, Bissen S, Holman RT. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 April; 92(4): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=416194&dopt=Abstract

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Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Author(s): Simopoulos AP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 September; 70(3 Suppl): 560S569S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479232&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of vegetal extracts as biological herbi- and pesticides for their use in Cuban agriculture. Author(s): De Cupere F, Vandebroek I, Puentes M, Torres S, Van Damme P. Source: Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2001; 66(2A): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425066&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic engineering for high methionine grain legumes. Author(s): Muntz K, Christov V, Saalbach G, Saalbach I, Waddell D, Pickardt T, Schieder O, Wustenhagen T. Source: Die Nahrung. 1998 August; 42(3-4): 125-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739551&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic engineering of grain and pasture legumes for improved nutritive value. Author(s): Tabe LM, Higgins CM, McNabb WC, Higgins TJ. Source: Genetica. 1993; 90(2-3): 181-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8119592&dopt=Abstract

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Gibberellins in higher plants. Author(s): MacMillan J. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1983 October; 11(5): 528-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6642063&dopt=Abstract

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Hazards of imidacloprid seed coating to Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) when applied to sunflower. Author(s): Tasei JN, Ripault G, Rivault E. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2001 June; 94(3): 623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425015&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing polyunsaturation of milk fats by feeding formaldehyde protected sunflower-soybean supplement. Author(s): Wrenn TR, Weyant JR, Wood DL, Bitman J, Rawlings RM, Lyon KE.


Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1976 April; 59(4): 627-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=944200&dopt=Abstract •

Influence of refining steps on trace allergenic protein content in sunflower oil. Author(s): Zitouni N, Errahali Y, Metche M, Kanny G, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Nicolas JP, Fremont S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 November; 106(5): 962-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11080721&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitors of pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin in seeds of plants consumed by humans and animals. I. Evaluation of pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin inhibitors activity in seeds of 26 plant species. Author(s): Bankowska A, Roszkowska-Jakimiec W, Worowski K. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1998; 43: 278-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9972064&dopt=Abstract

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Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated dietary fat and receiving bovine somatotropin. Author(s): Stegeman GA, Casper DP, Schingoethe DJ, Baer RJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1992 July; 75(7): 1936-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1500589&dopt=Abstract

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Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated fat from extruded soybeans or sunflower seeds. Author(s): Schingoethe DJ, Brouk MJ, Lightfield KD, Baer RJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1996 July; 79(7): 1244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8872718&dopt=Abstract

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Lactational responses of dairy cows to diets containing regular and high oleic acid sunflower seeds. Author(s): Casper DP, Schingoethe DJ, Middaugh RP, Baer RJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1988 May; 71(5): 1267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3397422&dopt=Abstract

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Milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profiles. Author(s): AbuGhazaleh AA, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 March; 86(3): 944-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12703631&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring the fate of dietary proteins in rumen fluid using gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Spencer D, Higgins TJ, Freer M, Dove H, Coombe JB.

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Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1988 September; 60(2): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3196671&dopt=Abstract •

Net transfer and incorporation of yolk n-3 fatty acids into developing chick embryos. Author(s): Cherian G, Sim JS. Source: Poultry Science. 1993 January; 72(1): 98-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8426851&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional evaluation of oilseeds and legumes as protein supplements to cereals. Author(s): Sarwar G, Sosulski FW, Bell JM, Bowland JP. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1978; 105: 415-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=727022&dopt=Abstract

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Oil stability prediction by high-resolution (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Hidalgo FJ, Gomez G, Navarro JL, Zamora R. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5825-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358445&dopt=Abstract

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Omega-3 fatty acid and cholesterol content of newly hatched chicks from alphalinolenic acid enriched eggs. Author(s): Cherian G, Sim JS. Source: Lipids. 1992 September; 27(9): 706-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1487969&dopt=Abstract

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Perinatal choline supplementation increases the threshold for chunking in spatial memory. Author(s): Meck WH, Williams CL. Source: Neuroreport. 1997 September 29; 8(14): 3053-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9331913&dopt=Abstract

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Physicochemical properties of oilseed proteins. Author(s): Prakash V, Rao MS. Source: Crc Crit Rev Biochem. 1986; 20(3): 265-363. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3519077&dopt=Abstract

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Prickly pear fruit bezoar presenting as rectal perforation in an elderly patient. Author(s): Steinberg JM, Eitan A. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2003 July; 18(4): 365-7. Epub 2003 March 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664325&dopt=Abstract


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Purification and characterization of a fatty acyl-ester hydrolase from post-germinated sunflower seeds. Author(s): Teissere M, Borel M, Caillol B, Nari J, Gardies AM, Noat G. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1995 March 16; 1255(2): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7696323&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of the ratio of positional isomer dilinoleoyl-oleoyl glycerols in vegetable oils. Author(s): Jakab A, Jablonkai I, Forgacs E. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2003; 17(20): 2295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14558129&dopt=Abstract

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Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers. Author(s): Schmuck R, Schoning R, Stork A, Schramel O. Source: Pest Management Science. 2001 March; 57(3): 225-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11455652&dopt=Abstract

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Targeting of castor bean glyoxysomal isocitrate lyase to tobacco leaf peroxisomes. Author(s): Onyeocha I, Behari R, Hill D, Baker A. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 1993 June; 22(3): 385-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329679&dopt=Abstract

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The content and composition of sterols and sterol esters in sunflower and poppy seed oils. Author(s): Johansson A. Source: Lipids. 1979 March; 14(3): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=449631&dopt=Abstract

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Transgenic Trifolium repens with foliage accumulating the high sulphur protein, sunflower seed albumin. Author(s): Christiansen P, Gibson JM, Moore A, Pedersen C, Tabe L, Larkin PJ. Source: Transgenic Research. 2000 April; 9(2): 103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951694&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to sunflower seeds; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “sunflower seeds” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on sunflower seeds, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Sunflower Seeds By performing a patent search focusing on sunflower seeds, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on sunflower seeds: •

Cleaning and sorting bulk material Inventor(s): Moret; Gilbert (Henau, CH), Wettstein; Arthur (Oberuzwil, CH) Assignee(s): Buhler AG (uzwil, Ch) Patent Number: 5,699,724 Date filed: August 9, 1996 Abstract: For cleaning foodstuffs in the form of a bulk material, such as cereal grains, rice grains, soybeans, sunflower seeds, coffee beans, and the like, there is provided an optical sorting device (24, 24a, 24a') subsequent to a precleaning system (6), which enables sorting on the basis of color and/or size and/or shape. Each particle of the bulk material is allocated to a particle class determined by parameters and conveyed on a supporting surface transporting the bulk material to a reception area (43, 44, 45) for the respective particle class. To clean the bulk material, impurities and bad particles are sorted out of the product, with the product being partitioned into classes, if required. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for cleaning by separating or sorting bulk material in the form of foodstuffs, such as cereal grains, rice grains, soybeans, sunflower seeds, coffee beans and the like, with the cleaning and sorting being provided within the scope of preparing these foodstuffs for further treatment. After a precleaning and a first cleaning, cereal grains are soaked, scoured and then ground to flour in a mill, preferably by means of a flour roller mill. In the case of rice grains, after a precleaning, there is provided a first cleaning followed by a grinding step. The first cleaning comprises the removal of impurities, a husking step and the removal of husks and undesired rice grains. The ground rice grains freed from grinding dust are preferably partitioned into various size classes. Oil seeds, such as soybeans and sunflower seeds, are subjected to a first cleaning after a precleaning, and then preferably pass treatment steps for manufacturing oil. In the case of sunflower seeds, the first cleaning is preferably provided after a husking step, so that impurities and husk particles are thereby removed. Also in the case of coffee there is provided a first cleaning following a husking step after a precleaning. Thereafter, the coffee beans are sorted according to size and quality. Of course, a corresponding number of machines are allocated to the different sorting methods, with a plurality of such machines, and/or combination machines, e.g. combining sieve classification and aspiration or air classification, being provided for each sorting criterium, if required. This does not only lead to great capital investment but also to corresponding expenses for operational energy and space requirement. If the differences in size, density and shape between the bad particles and the desired particles are just small, a satisfactory separation cannot even be accomplished with a great expenditure of machinery. For example, small unhusked rice grains or rice grains discolored black cannot be sorted out from the husked, non-discolored rice grains. It is the object of the present invention to decrease the expenditure of costs, energy and space and to improve the sorting or cleaning quality. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05699724__

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Contrivance for shelling a granular product Inventor(s): Solenthaler; Karl (Teufen, CH) Assignee(s): Gebrueder Buehler AG (ch) Patent Number: 4,341,152 Date filed: November 7, 1980 Abstract: A contrivance for shelling a granular product, in particular soy beans, sunflower seeds and the like, is provided with a distribution head that is rotatable about its longitudinal axis. This latter displays in its wall axis-symmetrical arranged passthrough openings to which radially oriented guideways (11) connect. In order to impart a uniform acceleration to all grains, passthrough openings (20) are structured slot-fashion and extend, at least partially, in the direction of the longitudinal axis in such fashion that the product, with the distribution head (10) rotating, moves veil-fashion along the guideways (11). Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a contrivance for shelling a granular product, in particular soy beans, sunflower seeds and the like, having a distribution head that is rotatable about its longitudinal axis, said distribution head displaying in its wall axially aligned passthrough openings to which radially oriented guideways connect. A contrivance of this type is described for example in German Pat. No. 718 538. In that contrivance, the granular product is fed into the distribution head through a hopper. This latter, with respect to its axis of rotation, displays two diametrically opposed passthrough openings to which are connected dispersion tubes as radial guideways. The use of tubularform guideways brings about the disadvantage that the resistance forces acting upon the individual grains inside the tube, in particular in the case of different degrees of filling, can not be controlled and, consequently, the individual grains experience different accelerations. Resulting from this, for the impact energy with which the individual grains strike against the deflecting plates that concentrically surround the acceleration mechanism, is a broad dispersion and a correspondingly poorer degree of shelling. With only partial filling of the radial tubes, arising as a further disadvantage is an undesired conveying of air, which requires additional driving energy. The task set forth for the present invention is to improve a contrivance of the initially mentioned type such that the individual grains are accelerated as uniformly as possible along the guideways. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04341152__

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Crackers having stabilized sunflower seeds Inventor(s): Fazzolare; Richard D. (Pearl River, NY), Windmuller; Rudolf (Wayne, NJ) Assignee(s): Nabisco Brands, Inc. (parsippany, Nj) Patent Number: 4,761,296 Date filed: January 2, 1986 Abstract: The invention discloses a baked dough product in which stabilized sunflower seeds have been incorporated into the dough prior to shaping and baking of the dough into a final product. Stabilized sunflower seeds are those which have been partially defatted and then impregnated with a more stable oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of baked dough products containing stabilized seeds. In particular, this invention relates to crackers containing stabilized

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seeds, especially stabilized sunflower seeds. The public is becoming ever increasingly aware of the importance of nutritious diets in leading a healthy life. A hallmark of this awareness is the gradual movement away by the public from the consumption of high sugar content candies and cookies. There is a growing consumption of food products containing natural flavors and ingredients. Nut and such products have replaced candy in the diets of many people. With this change in eating habits, there remains a need for processed snack food, which can be easily transported, stored, and consumed without any preparation of the product by the consumer. Traditionally, cookies and crackers have served to provide ready processed foods which can be transported and stored without any special refrigeration or packaging. New forms of cookies and crackers made from baked doughs are gradually appearing in the market place. These new cookies and crackers are substitutes for snack products containing a high sugar content. These new products frequently contain nutritious, naturally flavored, crunchy substances such as nuts and seeds. The inclusion of nuts and seeds in baked dough products often causes stability problems due to their content of naturally occurring unstable oils. Also, nuts and seeds disrupt the dough matrix of cookies or cracker products causing machining problems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04761296__ •

Cryogenic process for decortication and hulling of sunflower seeds Inventor(s): Hanson; Marc C. (St. Louis Park, MN), Kriva; Kenneth J. (Minneapolis, MN), Lange; Donald A. (Brooklyn Park, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 4,436,757 Date filed: September 7, 1982 Abstract: Disclosed are methods for decorticating and for hulling sunflower seeds with cryogenic liquid gases such as liquid nitrogen. The sunflower seeds are immersed in the liquid gas for up to an hour to allow for diffusion of the gas into the seeds. Thereafter, the infused sunflower seeds are immediately and rapidly heated such as by immersion into a water or hot oil bath. The gas vaporization and the severe thermal stress cause the hulls to split off the seed meats. The bath readily separates meats from hulls and seeds. Yields of hulled seeds can reach up to 60%. The process is useful for both confectionery and oilseed varieties of sunflower. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food products and their methods of preparation. More particularly, the present invention relates to sunflower seeds and to methods of hulling sunflower seeds involving contact with liquid gases at cryogenic temperatures. As is common in the industry, the term "sunflower" in the singular form is used herein synonymously to refer to sunflower seeds in a manner similar to "wheat" and "barley." Two types of sunflower are grown: (1) those for oilseed production, and (2) those for nut and bird food markets or non-oil sunflower. The oilseed varieties generally are black-seeded and have a thin hull that adheres tenaciously to the kernel. Seeds of the oilseed variety contain from 38% to 50% oil and about 20% protein. Non-oil sunflower also have been referred to as "confectionery" and also as "striped" or "large seeded" varieties. They generally have striped seeds and a relatively thick hull which is loosely attached to the kernel, permitting more complete decortication. Seeds of the nonoil varieties generally are larger than those of the oilseed types and have a lower oil content and test weight. The term "decorticated" is used in its conventional sense in the sunflower industry to refer to the breaking or loosening of the shells from the seed

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meats to form a mixture of hulls and meats. The term "hulling" refers to separating the mixture into a hull fraction and meat fraction. Both confectionery and oilseed sunflower are typically mechanically decorticated and hulled in apparatus of basically two types: (1) percussion; i.e., the splitting of seeds by high speed impact, or (2) friction; i.e., the rubbing of seeds between two furrowed discs. Conventional mechanical sunflower decortication and hulling processes suffer from certain disadvantages. Milling plants are capital intensive. Moreover, milling frequently damages the sunflower meats. Also, mechanical decortication techniques do not insure complete removal of hull material from all seed meats. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04436757__ •

Fermented sunflower meal and the method for its preparation Inventor(s): Bernardi; Adriano (Monterotondo, IT), Canella; Marco (Rome, IT), Marghinotti; Daniele (Capena, IT), Sodini; Giancarlo (Grottaferrata, IT) Assignee(s): E.n.i. Ente Nazionale Incorporated (rome, It) Patent Number: 4,551,335 Date filed: March 31, 1983 Abstract: A new protein product, namely fermented sunflower meal, prepared by the lactic fermentation of de-oiled meal originating from sunflower seeds, and characterized, in comparison with the starting material, by better chemical, physical and nutritional properties, such as increased protein solubility, a lower level of chlorogenic acid, the phenolic pigment responsible for darkening the meal, the absence of fermentable sugars (raffinose), and a higher content of lysin, the main limiting amino acid of the sunflower. The lactic fermentation, which is not spontaneous for sunflower meal in water, as in the case of various cereals, is developed by suitably acidifying an aqueous suspension of meal and allowing it to incubate for some days. Excerpt(s): Besides representing an effective means for preserving foodstuffs, fermentation modifies their original characteristics by the action of micro-organisms and their enzymes, to often improve the acceptability, odour, taste and nutrient value of the foodstuffs concerned. Of the various fermented products, protein products, play a significant role, these in western countries being mainly of animal origin (cheeses, sausages, various meats), whereas in eastern countries they originate from vegetables, in particular soya and certain cereals. For example, in Asia the unpleasant original taste of soya and the presence of antinutritional factors have been overcome for centuries by fermentation processes. Some American researchers have studied and modified the conventional soya fermentation processes by carrying out wide research on various products (Hang, Y. D. Jackson, H. Food Technol. 21, 95, 1967; Hesseltine, C. W. et al., Develop Ind. Microbiol. 8, 179, 1967; Wang. H. L. et al., J. Nutr. 96, 109, 1968), but the fermentation path has been little experimented in the case of other oleaginous products, in contrast to cereals and certain legumes, of which the nutrient value has been considerably increased by this treatment (Hamad, A. M., Fields, M. L. J. Food Sci. 44, 456, 1979; May-Gi Lay, M. Fields, M. L. J. Food Sci. 46, 1069, 1981; Au P. M., Fields, M. L. J. Food Sci. 46, 652, 1981; Sathe, S. K., Salunkhe, D. K. J. Food Sci. 46, 1374, 1981; Tongnual, P. et al., J. Food Sci 46, 100, 1981). Research carried out some years ago in France described a method for producing colza proteins by fermentation (Staron, T. Les Ind. de l'alim. anim. 9, 36, 1974). This method dispensed with the techniques used up to that time for extracting toxic compounds such as thioglucosols and isocyanates, these being simply hydrolysed and degraded by the fermentation process (Staron, T., Riv. It.

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Sostanze Grasse, 51, 225, 1974). This invention describes the preparation and chemical and nutritional characteristics of a new protein product indicated in the text as fermented sunflower meal, which is obtained by the heterolactic fermentation of deoiled meal by acidifying the aqueous suspension. In this respect, when suspended in water, sunflower meal does not undergo natural lactic fermentation because of the extremely low lactobacilli content, but becomes rapidly contaminated due to the growth of moulds and enterobacteriaceae, in contrast to many cereals, of which the meal when mixed with water ferments naturally with the growth of lactobacillaceae (Fields, M. L. et al., J. Food Sci. 46, 900, 1981; Kazanas, N., Fields, M. L. J. Food Sci. 46, 819, 1981; Frazier, W. C. in "Food Microbiology" 236, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. N.Y. 1958). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04551335__ •

Full dwarf hybrid sunflower seed and plant and method of producing hybrid seed Inventor(s): Johnson; Freeman K. (731 Homestead Ave., Moorhead, MN 56560) Assignee(s): Johnson; Freeman K. (moorhead, Mn) Patent Number: 4,527,352 Date filed: October 6, 1982 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel full and semi-dwarf hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. marcocarpus (DC.) Ckll.) (herein H. annuus) seed and a method of producing the hybrid seed. The hybrid sunflower seeds upon growth yield full and semi-dwarf sunflower plants having a reduced internode length. The hybrid seed is produced by cross pollinating a pair of parent plants P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 wherein, in at least one parent substantially all pollen is nonfunctional and at least one parent has gametes with nuclei carrying at least one dominant gene for reduced internode length. Excerpt(s): Sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus (DC.) Ckll.) is a recognized crop throughout the world and has achieved significant commercial importance in the United States over the last 10 years. The sunflower is one of the four most important oil seed crops in the world. The seed of the sunflower is the source of a high quality vegetable oil which is free from toxic constituents. The oil is used in numerous foods as well as in paints, varnishes and in the manufacture of plastics. A recent discussion of sunflower as a commercial crop appeared in an article entitled "The Sunflower Crop", B. H. Beard, Scientific American, May 1981, p. 150, which is incorporated herein by reference. Sunflower plants are grown by farmers using techniques similar to those used to grow corn. The plants are planted in rows and harvested with a combine when the plants are mature. In the northern areas of North America, sunflowers reach maturity in about 120 days. This stage occurs when the back of the head of the sunflower turns from green to yellow and the bracts turn brown. Usually the mature sunflower plant is allowed to dry in the field prior to harvesting with a combine. The sunflower is a vascular plant and is a member of the Compositae family. Other members of this family include asters, chrysanthemums, daisies, marigolds, and lettuce. Botanically the sunflower is known by its genus Helianthus, from the Greek words for sun (helios) and flower (anthos). There are about 67 different known species of the genus Helianthus; most species are native to North America. Domestic sunflowers are distinguished by their single stem and the large inflorescence (flower arrangement) herein usually referred to as the head. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04527352__

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Helianthus annuus bearing an endogenous oil wherein the levels of palmitic acid and oleic acid are provided in an atypical combination via genetic control Inventor(s): Cole; Glenn S. (Woodland, CA), Hazebroek; Jan P. (Johnston, IA), Heaton; Thomas C. (Davis, CA) Assignee(s): Pioneer Hi-bred International, Inc. (des Moines, Ia) Patent Number: 5,710,366 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Sunflower plants, seeds capable of forming the same, and a novel endogenous vegetable oil derived from such sunflower seeds are provided. The plants have the ability to yield an endogenous vegetable oil wherein the levels of palmitic acid and oleic acid are provided in an atypical combination via genetic control. The concentration of palmitic acid in the endogenous oil constitutes at least 20 (e.g., approximately 20 to 45) percent by weight of the total fatty acid content, and the concentration of oleic acid in the oil constitutes at least 45 (e.g., approximately 45 to 65) percent by weight of the total fatty acid content in the absence of hydrogenation or other chemical or physical modification. It was found that the plants of the present invention can be formed through the combination (as described) of genetic determinants that were found to be present in the Pervenets sunflower and the H-55-9-2-1 or H-55-9-2-2 sunflower. The novel endogenous oil of the present invention is particularly useful, inter alia, in the production of margarine, or a cocoa butter equivalent. Excerpt(s): See in this regard Table 3 found at Page 409 of Sunflower Science and Technology, Edited by Jack F. Carter (1978). Accordingly, the quantity of palmitic acid (C16:0) commonly present in the endogenous sunflower oil has been relatively low and the quantity of the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) found in the endogenous sunflower oil commonly has been relatively high. Research conducted in the Soviet Union has reported the development, through chemical mutagenesis, of the Pervenets sunflower from which concentrations of oleic acid (C18:1) in the oil as high as 89.5 percent by weight based upon the total fatty acid content have been reported. See, for instance, "Achievements of Sunflower Breeding in the USSR", by A. V. Pukhalsky et al., Proc. 8th Int. Sunflower Conf., Pages 48 to 55 (1978). Plant material from this research has been made available to the public and forms the basis for the high oleic acid sunflower varieties that are available today. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,627,192 and 4,743,402 for a further discussion of the high oleic acid characteristic in the sunflower plant. A sunflower wherein the endogenous levels of both palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) are provided in an atypical combination of relatively high concentrations is not provided by such research. Sunflower mutagenesis research conducted in Bulgaria is reported to have yielded an endogenous sunflower oil wherein the concentration of palmitic acid (C16:0) is significantly increased to levels which averaged 40.2 percent by weight in at least some instances. However, in all instances the concentration of the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) remained high and substantially exceeded that of the oleic acid (C18:1) that concomitantly was present. See, "Sunflower Breeding for High Palmitic Acid Content in the Oil" by Peter Ivonov et al., Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf., Pages 463 to 465 (1988). A sunflower plant wherein the endogenous levels of both palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) are provided in an atypical combination of relatively high concentrations is not provided by such research. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05710366__

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High energy snack food product and process of manufacture Inventor(s): Shifferaw; Tessema Dosho (3000 Giant Hwy., San Pablo, CA 94806-1017), Wolde; Yodit G. (3000 Giant Hwy., San Pablo, CA 94806-1017) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,139,884 Date filed: October 16, 1997 Abstract: High energy food product which consists primarily of an admixture of barley, flax and teff, and a binder which holds the admixture together. The binder includes corn syrup, honey, canola oil, ground sunflower seeds, and it is added to the admixture after the barley, flax and teff have been mixed together. The process is carried out in a way which prevents light from causing deterioration of either the admixture or the final product. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains generally to food products and, more particularly, to a high energy smack food product and process of manufacturing the same. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in heathy snack food products such as granola bars and the like. Such products are generally better for people to eat than other snack foods such as candy bars, and they can provide extra energy as well as nutrients. It is in general an object of the invention to provide a new and improved high energy snack food product and process of manufacturing the same. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06139884__

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Inbred sunflower line PHA262 Inventor(s): Cole; Glenn S. (Woodland, CA) Assignee(s): Pioneer Hi-bred International, Inc. (des Moines, Ia) Patent Number: 5,866,766 Date filed: January 17, 1997 Abstract: An inbred sunflower line, designated PHA262, the plants and seeds of inbred sunflower line PHA262, methods for producing a sunflower plant produced by crossing the inbred line PHA262 with itself or with another sunflower plant, and hybrid sunflower seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PHA262 with another sunflower line or plant. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of sunflower breeding, specifically relating to an inbred sunflower line designated PHA262. The goal of plant breeding is to combine in a single variety or hybrid various desirable traits. Major objectives in sunflower breeding include improved seed yield, earlier maturity, shorter plant height, uniformity of plant type, and disease and insect resistance. High oil percentage is important in breeding oilseed types whereas large seed size, a high kernel-to-hull ratio, and uniformity in seed size, shape, and color are important objectives in breeding and selection of nonoilseed sunflower. Other characteristics such as improved oil quality, protein percentage and protein quality are also important breeding objectives. Sunflower are bred through techniques that take advantage of the plant's method of pollination. A plant is selfpollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. A plant is cross-pollinated if the pollen comes from a flower on a different plant.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05866766__ •

Lactic acid fermentation products of sunflower seed milk Inventor(s): Fujisawa; Koichi (Osaka, JP), Suzukamo; Gohfu (Osaka, JP), Yokoyama; Akiko (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 4,563,356 Date filed: December 6, 1983 Abstract: A lactic acid fermented sunflower seed milk and imitation acidic dairy desserts and drinks made from vegetable seed milk and the product thereof. Lactic acid fermented sunflower seed milk and imitation acidic dairy desserts and drinks made from vegetable seed milk are obtained by inoculating sunflower seed milk with lactic acid bacteria to carry out fermentation, and subsequently adding acid drinks and/or organic acids to obtain the desired flavor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lactic acid fermented sunflower seed milk or imitation acidic dairy desserts and drinks made from vegetable seed milk and production thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to lactic acid fermented sunflower seed milk or imitation acidic dairy desserts and drinks made from vegetable seed milk obtained by inoculating sunflower seed milk with lactic acid bacteria to carry out fermentation and as need arises, additionally adding acidic drinks and/or organic acids, and to production thereof. A sunflower seed is an oil seed of the second largest output in the world, and its output in the world in the 1978/79 agricultural year is said to be about 13,000,000 tons [Yushi (Oil and Fat), Vol. 33, 54]. At present, however, of the constituents of sunflower seed, the oil alone is used as food, and other constituents, proteins and glucides, are only used as feed. Given the worldwide shortage of protein, it is regarded as necessary to make effective use of unused protein resources and proteins of low utility. Also, in recent years, importance of taking vegetable proteins and fats is pointed out, and for the reason of health, for example prevention of the diseases of adult people, said importance is being recognized by consumers. As a result, emulsified drinks with soybean as material are recently developed and used as drinks, but they are not always satisfactory in terms of tastiness as well as an effect on health. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04563356__

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Method and apparatus for removing the husks of oil-bearing seeds Inventor(s): von Rotenhan; Friedrich-Wilhelm (Ebelsbach, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Frische Gmbh (alzenau, De) Patent Number: 6,547,173 Date filed: August 21, 2000 Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing the hulls of oil-bearing seeds, in particular sunflower seeds, in which a quantity of oil-bearing seeds are filled in a container (3). The seeds are agitated under pressure build-up within the container (3) by means of an agitating means (110, 120) and are pressed and rubbed against each other and against fragments of the hulls.

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Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefit of European patent application EP 99 116 941.8 filed on Aug. 27, 1999. The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for dehulling oil-bearing seeds, in particular sunflower seeds. This involves separation of the husk or hull(pericarp) from the kernel (embryo) of the seeds (in the case of sunflower seeds it involves separation from the achenes). Usually, the seeds of oil-bearing plants such as sunflower, Euphorbia lathyris and coriander are characterized in that the kernel is held together by a seed membrane which in turn is protected by a porous water-absorbing husk (pericarp). If the husks or hulls are not removed before oil extraction, they absorb considerable quantities of oil, at least 7% of their weight, thus reducing oil yield during pressing. The oil absorbed by the husk can subsequently only be recovered and extracted by means of solvents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06547173__ •

Method for reducing or eliminating the odor of animal excreta, compounding ingredient to be used in the method and feeds, pet foods or foods containing the compounding ingredient Inventor(s): Hiramoto; Tadahiro (Kanagawa, JP), Motoyama; Hiromitsu (Kanagawa, JP), Tachibana; Kazuhisa (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Takasago International Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,162,470 Date filed: August 5, 1999 Abstract: A method for more fundamentally reducing or eliminating the odor of animal excreta (feces, urine, etc.) which can be relatively easily performed and is advantageous economically; a compounding ingredient to be used in this method; and feeds, pet foods or foods containing the above compounding ingredient are disclosed. The feeds, pet foods or foods contain a compounding ingredient which comprises one or more extracts selected from the group consisting of the extracts of rosemary, sunflower seeds, fresh coffee beans, grape pericarp, grape seeds, apple, carrot leaves and tea leaves and an enzyme capable of oxidizing phenolic compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for reducing or eliminating the odor of animal excreta, a compounding ingredient to be used in this method and feeds, pet foods or foods containing the compounding ingredient. There have been employed for a long time deodorizers and deodorants to reduce the odor of the excreta of living organisms, in particular, domestic and pet animals. However, these methods, which comprise spraying deodorizers or deodorants over the excreta of domestic or pet animals per se or around the same to thereby reduce the odor thereof, can achieve only temporary effects and thus the problem cannot be fundamentally solved thereby. As more fundamental methods for reducing the odor of the excreta of domestic or pet animals, it is proposed to reduce the odor of the excreta per se. For example, it is known to feed domestic or pet animals with feeds containing compounds or compositions having a good smell (lemon oil, orange oil, lime oil, clove oil, vanillin, etc.), or with feeds containing inorganic matters (zeolite, etc.) or microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria). Although these methods are effective each at a certain extent, they still suffer from some problems to be overcome, for example, insufficient deodorizing effects, difficulties in preparation and economical disadvantage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06162470__

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Method for the production of MDF boards based on sunflower seed husks Inventor(s): Barcas; Demetrio Carlos (Bs.Aires, AR) Assignee(s): Nidera Sociedad Anonima (buenos Aires, Ar) Patent Number: 5,663,221 Date filed: February 26, 1996 Abstract: Medium density fiber boards having sufficient physical strength are made from sunflower seed husks by an efficient method. The method of forming the boards involves impregnanting sunflower seed husks with steam, digesting so as to de-fibrate the husks, mixing the de-fibrated sunflower seed husks with a resin, drying the mixture and pressing the dried mixture into a medium density fiber board. Excerpt(s): This invention refers to a method for manufacturing boards made up of a mixture that mainly contains derivatives of sunflower seed husks and more particularly to boards obtained from raw material consisting in fibers of sunflower seed husks. The sunflower seed husk is a waste material which is generated as a by-product in the process of producing sunflower oil. Up to now the main application of this by-product was its use as fuel to obtain the energy necessary for that same oil production process, thus using only a part thereof. It is also used, though to a lesser extent, as a bed for fowl houses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05663221__

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Mock owl display Inventor(s): Lee; Mary Ellen (7951 Anita Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19111), Sweeney; Doris (512 A Taylor Ave., Warrington, PA 18476) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 3,976,807 Date filed: February 7, 1975 Abstract: A mock-owl display and a seed kit for preparing same which comprises: sunflower seeds and rice adfixed to a flat support which is in the shape of an owl. To enhance the desired effect there is also used: two simulated eyes, a twig for a perch and cutouts to represent an owl's beak and talons.The sunflower seeds represent the owl's feathers and by adfixing them to the support in various positions there is obtained a three dimensional effect and a feathered appearance which is unique and visually appealing. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a mock-owl display and to a seed kit for preparing same. It utilizes the unique characteristics of sunflower seeds to create an owl-shaped seed picture which is characterized by a three-dimensional effect and a feathersimulated appearance. It is known in the art to use the seeds of plants to construct seed pictures. In U.S. Pat. No. 2,937,931, there is described the use of navy beans to trace various patterns on cardboard, as, for example, the outline of a sailboat on water. The beans are colored with a vegetable dye and lacquered for protective purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03976807__

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Sunflower Seeds

Plant growth medium Inventor(s): Everett; Nicholas P. (El Sobrante, CA) Assignee(s): Stauffer Chemical Company (westport, Ct) Patent Number: 4,552,844 Date filed: June 15, 1983 Abstract: Artificial plant growth media suitable for suspension cell culture of sunflower plant cells are provided. Methods of using the media for growth of suspension cell culture of sunflower plant cells are provided. Methods for screening the oil content of sunflower seeds produced by sunflower plants utilizing the suspension cell growth characteristics of sunflower plant cells are provided. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to artificial plant growth media and methods of using the media for suspension cell culture and oil content screening. The improvement of field crops is a time-consuming, labor-intensive task that often requires extensive use of valuable cropland. Typically, a desirable characteristic is observed in a particular crop plant and is either cross-bred with another strain of the crop, selfed, or back-crossed with the parental line and then back-crossed with the parental line for numerous generations. If the characteristics for which a breeding program is initiated is only manifest in the seed or fruit of the mature plant, the time and labor expended in evaluating the candidate in a particular breeding program are maximal. Oil content of sunflower fruits is a characteristic which has heretofore only been determinable by direct evaluation of the oil content of mature seed. Thus, evaluating the oil content of seed candidates in a sunflower seed oil breeding program using traditional methods utilized the resources of time, labor and land maximally. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04552844__

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Preparation of an uncooked sunflower seed foodstuff Inventor(s): Douglass; John M. (1526 N. Edgemont St., Los Angeles, CA 90027) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,859,486 Date filed: September 23, 1987 Abstract: An uncooked sunflower seed foodstuff is prepared from soaked, rinsed and sprouted raw, shelled sunflower seeds. The sprouted seeds by themselves, or with such nutritional or flavoring additives desired (such as raisins), are ground into a dough. This dough is formed into a flat shape and submitted to ambient or mildly heated air drying until thoroughly dried. The resultant product is palatable, filling, nutritious and life supporting. Excerpt(s): Raw, whole, hulled sunflower seeds are first thoroughly soaked, drained and rinsed to remove any unwanted impurities, and to remove the majority of the seed membranes. The cleansed seeds can either be placed in room temperature tap water, or simply kept moist, until the seeds are sprouted. Care should be exercised to insure that the seeds are sprouted only until the sprout itself is approximately one-fourth inch in length (as it has been discovered that excessively sprouted seeds produce a foodstuff of unpleasant color and uncomfortably hot to the taste), and to insure that the seeds sprout but do not mold (i.e., produce fungus growth). In this regard, it has been found that only whole seeds should be used and that seed fragments should be discarded before

Patents 37

sprouting, as the fragments are more prone to molding. As the seeds absorb an abundance of water, a volume of water roughly equal to one and one-half the volume of seeds will be sufficient, and less water will, in some instances, suffice. It has been found that soaking the seeds or maintaining them moist for approximately 12-20 hours is adequate in order to sprout the seeds properly. The preferred method is to soak the seeds for approximately eight hours, then drain the seeds, but keep them in a cool place for another 10-12 hours, rinsing the seeds every 2 hours or so. The sprouting of the seeds is important in that it has been found that this sprouting decreases the protease inhibitor to minimum quantities and increases vitamin content. It is desirous, however, to have some protease inhibitor present. During the soaking and sprouting procedure, more of the shell membranes will loosen and can be removed by one or more vigorous rinsings. Additionally, the seeds can be soaked and washed in agitated water which will be more effective to remove the seed membranes which are high in phosphorus, and therefore undesirable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04859486__ •

Preparation of protein isolate from sunflower seed Inventor(s): Pearce; Robert J. (Beaumaris, AU) Assignee(s): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (campbell, Au) Patent Number: 4,435,319 Date filed: July 15, 1983 Abstract: A process for extracting protein from sunflower seed meal, which protein is free from dark or unacceptable colors. The process involves the sequential steps of (1) treating a suspension of sunflower seed meal with an acid at a pH of between 4.0 and 7.0; (2) separating the insoluble residue from the protein extract; (3) resuspending the insoluble residue and repeating steps (1) and (2) sequentially on the residue until the desired depletion of color has been achieved; (4) resuspending and treating the insoluble residue with an acid other than sulphuric acid at a pH

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