UICIDE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Suicide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83641-8 1. Suicide-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on suicide. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SUICIDE ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Suicide........................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ..................................................................................................... 141 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .............................................................................. 146 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SUICIDE ......................................................................................... 273 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 273 Finding Nutrition Studies on Suicide ....................................................................................... 273 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 276 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 277 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SUICIDE ................................................................... 279 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 279 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 279 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 296 General References ..................................................................................................................... 298 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SUICIDE ..................................................................................... 299 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 299 Dissertations on Suicide ............................................................................................................ 299 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 329 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SUICIDE ................................................................................ 331 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 331 Recent Trials on Suicide ............................................................................................................ 331 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 332 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON SUICIDE ................................................................................................ 335 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 335 Patents on Suicide...................................................................................................................... 335 Patent Applications on Suicide.................................................................................................. 343 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 347 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON SUICIDE ................................................................................................... 349 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 349 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 349 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 352 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 374 Chapters on Suicide ................................................................................................................... 375 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 377 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON SUICIDE ......................................................................................... 381 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 381 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 381 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 382 Bibliography: Multimedia on Suicide ........................................................................................ 383 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SUICIDE ...................................................................... 387 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 387 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 387 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 393 Academic Periodicals covering Suicide ...................................................................................... 394 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 397 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 397 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 397 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 399
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Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 405 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 407 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 407 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 407 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 416 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 419 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 419 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 419 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 419 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 419 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 425 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 426 SUICIDE DICTIONARY .............................................................................................................. 429 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 521
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with suicide is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about suicide, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to suicide, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on suicide. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to suicide, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on suicide. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SUICIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on suicide.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and suicide, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Suicide in Two Patients With a Diagnosis of Probable Alzheimer Disease Source: Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 13(2): 88-90. 1999. Summary: This article presents case studies of two patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) who committed suicide during a clinical trial for eptastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. A 57-year-old man who had developed symptoms approximately 2 years before his death died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound; and a 73-year-old man who developed symptoms approximately 3 years before his death jumped from a 19th story window. These patients shared several clinical features found in the literature, including being in the early stage of the disease; having a high level of education with preserved insight; having access to firearms; and being aware of not responding to pharmacological treatment. Case studies from the literature are examined in an attempt to identify additional factors that may contribute to the decision of AD patients to
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commit suicide. The authors conclude that the presence of certain risk factors increases the risk of a person with AD committing suicide, even in the absence of classic suicide risk factors. 11 references. •
Case Studies of Suicide in Older Persons With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Source: Journal of Mental Health and Aging. 4(4): 397-402. Winter 1998. Summary: This commentary addresses the issue of suicide in aged persons with Alzheimer's disease and other dementia and provides patient summaries and brief descriptions of circumstances surrounding eight successful suicides. Suicidal ideation, attempts, depression, and serious physical illness were prominent in this case series. The medical examiner found no ambivalence about accidental death, nor was alcohol or other drug use indicated that would have lowered inhibitions. The case reports suggest that while impaired memory and reasoning may have existed, executive functions and attention were more intact. Also, while some memory loss in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementia exists, memories from early periods in a patient's life possibly including violent events often remain, particularly if those events had involved previous attempted suicide, or if another family member had committed suicide. The case studies illustrate that a patient's expressions of wishing to die should not be ignored, and that close monitoring of these patients' mental health is essential. 13 references.
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Physician-Assisted Suicide in Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 45(5): 647-651. May 1997. Summary: This journal article explores the issue of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It reviews arguments for and against PAS in AD, considers the question of equal access for the AD population in relation to the possible legalization of PAS in the United States, and compares practices in the United States and the Netherlands. It examines the potential implications of legalized PAS for a healthcare system with inadequate long-term and hospice care, and explores the possibility of PAS leading to euthanasia of AD patients. The article considers alternatives to PAS that avoid the overtreatment of end-stage patients with severe AD or other dementias. It is noted that a hospice approach is increasingly considered to be highly appropriate for the care of people with advanced dementia. The author suggests that treatment limitations be routinized in the moderate stages of AD according to advance directive or family entrustment. The author recommends caution in moving toward PAS and calls for greater public debate of this issue. 26 references.
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Attitudes of Elderly Patients and Their Families Toward Physician-Assisted Suicide Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 156: 2240-2248. October 28, 1996. Summary: This journal article describes a study of the attitudes of 168 older patients and 146 of their relatives toward physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The study also explored how accurately family members could predict patients' attitudes toward PAS and the extent to which they agreed on their predictions. Older patients receiving outpatient care for medical and psychiatric problems were asked about their attitudes toward PAS in cases of terminal illness, chronic illness, and mental incompetence. Relatives were asked the same questions and also were asked to predict how the patient had responded. The results suggest that relatives were more likely than patients to favor PAS for terminally ill people (59 percent versus 40 percent) and to favor legalization of
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PAS (56 percent versus 34 percent), but similar proportions were in favor of PAS for chronically ill patients (25 percent versus 18 percent) and for mentally incompetent patients (15 percent versus 14 percent). The family members showed a marginal ability to predict patients' attitudes toward PAS, and they had difficulty agreeing with each other on these predictions. According to the authors, the patients who opposed PAS were those who may be most vulnerable to the misuse of PAS: women, African Americans, people with less education, people with lower incomes, and people with dementia. 5 tables, 28 references. •
Suicide in Two Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 43(2): 187-189. February 1995. Summary: This article presents case reports of two patients who were diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease and who had committed suicide: a 54-year-old woman whose intentional death was physician-assisted, and an 80-year-old man who died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Both patients were highly educated professionals in the early stages of dementia with unusually intact insight as to the nature of their disease and their future severe disability. Both patients had enrolled in experimental drug treatment trials and eventually became disappointed with the results. Neither patient had classic risk factors for suicide, nor suffered from depressive disorders, psychiatric illness, a history of previous suicide attempts, or substance abuse. The cases suggest that patients with probable AD may commit suicide and that patients with preserved insight who perceive that they are not responding to treatment must be considered as potential suicide candidates even in the absence of other risk factors. 21 references.
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Alzheimer Disease and Physician-Assisted Suicide Source: Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 7(2): 65-68. Summer 1993. Summary: This journal article examines ethical issues related to Alzheimer's disease and physician assisted suicide. The author cites the 1990 case in which the Michigan pathologist Jack Kevorkian assisted a 54 year old woman in suicide. The woman was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and did not want to face further decline. The author suggests that legalization of assisted suicide for such reasons may impede both the development of Alzheimer care programs that make dementia more tolerable and the elimination of restrictive laws in the area of treatment refusal and withdrawal. In addition, he presents evidence indicating that elderly people with terminal illnesses have a relatively low orientation toward self destruction and, with adequate palliative and long term care, would prefer to continue living. He concludes that the acceptance of assisted suicide is incompatible with the goal of creating a health care system that provides good care for the terminally ill or those with long term progressive illness such as Alzheimer's disease. 9 references.
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Geriatricians' Attitudes Toward Assisting Suicide of Dementia Patients Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 40(9): 878-885. September 1992. Summary: This study explored the attitudes of Board-certified internist geriatricians in four regions of the United States toward physician-assisted suicide of dementia patients, with specific reference to the case of Janet Adkins and Dr. Kevorkian. In May 1990, Dr. Kevorkian helped Mrs. Adkins, a woman in her 50's with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, to end her life. A total of 727 geriatricians responded to a questionnaire that asked six questions about physician-assisted suicide of dementia patients, two of which were specifically about the Adkins case. The respondents judged Dr. Kevorkian harshly:
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66 percent felt his action was not morally justifiable, while 14 percent felt it was. Respondents, however, were more sympathetic towards Mrs. Adkins. Only 29 percent believed that her decision to commit suicide was morally wrong, versus 49 percent who felt it was not; 41 percent felt that if they themselves were in Adkin's place they would consider suicide, and 39 percent said that they would not. A total of 57 percent of respondents opposed easing restrictions on physician-assisted suicide of competent dementia patients, and only 26 percent were in favor of easing restrictions. Geriatricians in the Midwest tended to be more conservative in their responses than those in the Far West or Northeast. The authors conclude that the range of responses to the survey are a measure of the helplessness experienced by physicians, patients, and the general public alike at the prospect of a chronic, debilitating illness like Alzheimer's disease. 15 references. •
Morals and Moralism in the Debate Over Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 323(11): 750-752. September 13, 1990. Summary: The newspaper headlines in early June about Dr. Jack Kevorkian and the 'suicide machine' with which Mrs. Janet Adkins took her life captured the attention of the nation and stimulated anew the long-running public debate over assisted suicide and euthanasia. A remarkably consistent series of interviews with the press, physicians, lawyers, and ethicists expressed their abhorrence of Dr. Kevorkian's act. However, the unusual circumstances of this highly publicized case should not be permitted to obscure the profound and genuine suffering and legitimate wish for release that motivates some patients to consider suicide. The debate over assisted suicide and euthanasia should shift to an examination of the needs and values of patients in a context that recognizes the limits of modern medicine and the inevitability of death. A strict proscription against aiding in death may betray a limited conceptual framework that seeks the safety of ironclad rules and principles to protect the physician from the true complexity of individual cases. 10 references.
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Suicide in Tinnitus Sufferers Source: Journal of Audiological Medicine. Volume 1: 30-37. 1992. Summary: In this article, the authors report six case histories of patients who died in violent circumstances (five suicides and one killed by his son). The authors discuss the role of tinnitus as a factor leading to their deaths, and also consider the potential risk factors for suicide, in terms of demographic features, associated mental illness, and tinnitus parameters. The patients in this group were mainly working class, male, lived alone, and had a history of psychiatric illness and previous suicide threats or attempts. Their tinnitus was generally of recent onset, pulsatile, and in their left ear. The number of cases quoted is small, so it is difficult to make firm conclusions, but the authors believe this represents the first published series on the subject. 1 table. 10 references. (AA-M).
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Suicidal Thinking in Community Residents Over Eighty Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 12: 337-343. 1997. Summary: This journal article describes a study of the relationship between suicidal thinking and both cognitive impairment and depression in community residents aged 81 years and older in Cambridge, United Kingdom. A random sample of 125 patients and 118 informants was drawn from an preexisting epidemiological study of dementia. Participants were interviewed using the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders
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of the Elderly (CAMDEX). Patient and informant versions of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Scale for Suicidal Ideation were incorporated into the CAMDEX. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was Alzheimer's disease (AD), either alone or coexisting with vascular dementia. Nine participants, all women, had experienced suicidal thoughts within the previous 2 years. All of these women had other medical diagnoses, the most common of which was cardiovascular disease. Patients with suicidal thinking had higher CAMDEX depression scores, a weaker wish to go on living, a stronger wish to die, and higher rates of depressive illness and mixed AD/vascular dementia as primary psychiatric diagnoses. Suicidal thinking was not associated with GDS score, AD alone, awareness of memory difficulties, or severity of dementia. 1 figure, 3 tables, 35 references.
Federally Funded Research on Suicide The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to suicide. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to suicide. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore suicide. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for suicide: •
Project Title: 5-HT2C-RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Schmauss, Claudia; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Applicant's abstract) The expression and function of one subtype of serotonin (5-HT) receptors, the 5-HT2C receptor, is regulated by RNA editing and alternative splicing of its encoded pre-mRNA. In postmortem prefrontal cortical tissue from depressed suicide victims, the editing pattern of 5-HT2C pre-mRNA differs significantly from the editing pattern of control brains that could potentially result in a decreased efficiency of 5-HT2C receptor-G protein interactions. The overall objectives of the proposed research plan are to varify further a possible relationship between depression and an altered editing pattern of prefrontal cortical 5-HT2C pre-mRNA, and to define the possible functional consequences of this altered editing pattern and to test possible underlying mechanisms. Three specific aims are proposed to attain these objectives. In specific aim 1, the investigator proposes an extended replication of the differential 5-HT2C editing finding piloting this work. The 5-HT2C receptor editing
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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pattern would be compared in brains of groups of male depressed suicide victims and depressed non-suicide subjects to assess the relative contribution of depression versus suicide. Editing patterns of 5-HT2C receptor mRNAs would be identified by nucleotide sequencing of cDNAs generated by RT-PCR. Proposed specific aim 2 would assess the functional significance of altered 5 HT2C receptor mRNA editing using stably transfected lines of NIH3T3 cells that express the three major altered 5-HT2C receptor isoforms associated with depression, as well as the more rare nonedited and fully edited isoforms. Functional assays would determine the comparative ability of the edited and nonedited isoforms to couple to G protein and activate the phospholipase C second messenger system. The effects of RNA editing on the guanyl nucleotide sensitivity of 5HT2C receptor-G protein interactions, and the interaction of different receptor isoforms would also be preliminarily assessed. Related functional experiments would compare GTP(S binding to membranes of prefrontal cortical tissues of depressed suicide victims and depressed non-suicide subjects to determine the effect of 5-HT2C editing alterations associated with depression on basal and agonist-promoted activation of G proteins by 5HT2C receptors. Specific aim 3 would compare the effects of mechanistically distinct antidepressants, and the 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist ketanserin, on the neocortical 5-HT2C receptor RNA editing pattern, in wild-type mice. These studies would attempt to assess whether the observed alteration of 5-HT2C RNA editing in depression reflects medication effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF SUICIDE PREVENTION IN THE USAF Principal Investigator & Institution: Knox, Kerry L. Assistant Professor; Community and Prev Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposal is to allow me to develop the skills necessary to become an independent investigator and a leading scholar in the design and evaluation of the effectiveness of community-based preventive mental health intervention research. My primary focus will be on prevention of suicide. I have a unique opportunity to assess, both retrospectively and prospectively, the effects of a program developed in the United States Air Force that may have implemented effective strategies for reducing the suicide rate among its members. The program in the USAF is an unusual example of a community level prevention to address suicide prevention specifically, and mental health illness in general, integrating universal and targeted approaches to prevention. In the United States, research and programs on prevention of suicide and related morbidities has languished while other public health challenges have not. In part this has been due to the lack of political and social will to address mental health problems, especially suicide. Recently, our nation's top leading public health official, the U.S. Surgeon General recognized prevention of suicide and suicidal behaviors as a national priority. Taken together, my current capacity to access a "naturalistic laboratory", in a climate of political imperative to advance the status of the field of suicide prevention, renders a prospect of tremendous potential for participating in advancing the field of mental preventive mental health. As the field of preventive trials for mental health moves forward, the availability of investigators who are broadly trained not only to conduct program evaluations but also can direct and carry out field trials for the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions will become vital. I propose to transition to this level of competency, through engaging in a rigorous training program with a interdisciplinary team of mentors, expert consultants and collaborators. This career development award will build upon my already strong skills in
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epidemiology and public health, social sciences, and basic science research. It is designed to enhance my knowledge and skills in preventive mental health, focusing on suicide, and to develop new skills in investigative methodologies applicable to field trials. The major research question of this proposal is to investigate whether the USAF Suicide Prevention Program results in a reduction in events of suicide, attempted suicide, and related morbidities, such as domestic violence, alcoholism and depression and maintains the reduction over time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ACUTE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF UNIPOLAR PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Flint, Alastair J.; Uhn Toronto General Hospital 200 Elizabeth St, Ccrw1-800 Toronto, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Psychotic depression (PD) is a severe disorder that is present in 20% of mixed-age inpatients and in more than 40% of elderly inpatients hospitalized for the treatment of major depression. Acutely, PD is associated with a greater level of depression severity, functional impairment, and resistance to antidepressant treatment than nonpsychotic depression. Longitudinally, PD is associated with a greater likelihood of recurrence, a shorter symptom-free interval, greater disability, and an increased long-term risk of suicide. Among elderly patients, PD has also been associated with a high one year mortality rate. Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for PD, pharmacotherapy is more easily administered and generally preferred by many patients and psychiatrists. Furthermore, ECT is less available to, and less frequently used by minority ethnic groups, patients with low incomes, and those residing in rural areas. In the early 1980's a landmark NIMH randomized controlled trial demonstrated that a combination of high doses of both a tertiary amine tricyclic and a conventional antipsychotic was more efficacious than monotherapy with either medication. However, this combination has been associated with a high incidence of significant side effects, particularly in elderly patients. This collaborative U01 project builds on findings from the four sites principal investigators and others. Based on preliminary studies suggesting that sertraline, a serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor (SSRI) and olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, may be effective in the acute treatment of PD, this study uses a two-armed randomized doubleblind parallel-group design to compare the efficacay and tolerability of combining these two medications to olanzapine alone. By blocking recruitment of subjects age greater than or equal to 60 on a 1:1 basis the study will determine the relationship between older age and remission, time to remission and tolerability. A 12-week acute phase efficacy study is followed by a 20-week continuation trial during which subjects who achieved partial remission enter a placebo-controlled augmentation trial that is based on their initial assignment. Remitted subjects are also followed during stabilization to determine the stability of remission and predictors of clinical and functional deterioration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT:VULNERABILITIES/OPPORTUNITIES
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Dahl, Ronald E. Professor; New York Academy of Sciences 2 E 63Rd St New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2004
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The New York Academy of Sciences is sponsoring a 2.5 day conference titled "Adolescent Brain Development: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities," scheduled for September 18-20, 2003, in New York City. Adolescent development involves complex changes in neurobehavioral systems underpinning the control of emotion and behavior; this period is often difficult and accompanied with steep rise in mortality and morbidity related to the control of behavior and emotions, some of which have significant long-term consequences. A multitude of biological, psychological, and social changes occur rapidly during this interval and a developmental framework is essential to examine questions about specific maturational processes-including pubertal brain and body changes-and the unique opportunities and vulnerabilities created by these developmental processes. Establishing a better understanding of these processes can help inform the timing and focus of interventions (and eventually preventive efforts) to shift the trajectories away from negative outcomes, and toward healthy positive pathways. A critical problem in this area is the dearth of basic knowledge about human brain development during puberty and adolescence-particularly the maturation of neurobehavioral systems involved in affect regulation and behavioral choices that have enormous clinical and social policy relevance. However, significant progress has recently been made in a number of areas relevant to these issues. There is a critical need at this time for better integration across the variety of areas where rapid progress is being made with a specific focus on the neurobehavioral changes during normal adolescent development that contribute to increased risk-taking and/or reward seeking. The purpose of this conference is to bring together basic and clinical investigators from a number of different areas to begin a better-integrated dialogue to move the field forward. Discussion during the conference will include studies in animal models that can inform key aspects of human brain development and the usefulness of new tools (such as functional neuroimaging and genetic studies). The long-term goal is to stimulate further interdisciplinary research and advance understanding with clinical and policy relevance to a wide range of adolescentonset health problems-particularly the development of nicotine dependence, alcohol and other substance use, risk-taking behaviors, depression and suicide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADOLESCENT PATHWAYS TO MOOD DISORDER AND RISK OF SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenhill, Laurence L. Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This application is for a five-year project that uses a high-risk design to study the familial transmission of early-onset suicidal behavior. The probands consist of 200 adolescents depressed suicide attempters and non-attempters who will be well characterized in studies at NYS Psychiatric Institute. We will recruit some of this group from a cohort of 100 individuals previously studied for serotonergic function by us under R01 MH47113 at which time they were adolescents with major depression and half were suicide attempters. For each proband, the biological parents and full siblings (age 10 and older) of adolescent/young adult attempters and non-attempters will also be studied. Probands and their biological first-degree relatives will be characterized as to Axis I and II disorder, suicide attempt history, tendency to impulsive aggression and family environment. Parents and siblings will be genotyped with polymorphic markers for tryptophan hydroxylase and other candidate genes per Projects 2 and 4. After initial assessment, the probands and their siblings 24 years old or less will be followed at one
Studies 11
and years after intake to observe the development of aggression, psychopathology, and suicidal behavior. The project will test the following hypotheses: (1) first- degree relatives of adolescent attempters will have higher rates of suicide attempts than the offspring of non-attempters; (2) impulsive aggression will be greater in relative of attempters, and will predict development of suicide attempts in siblings, especially in those siblings who also develop Axis I disorders; (3) the familial transmission of suicide attempts will not be explained by the familial transmission of mood disorders alone; (4) familial transmission of suicide attempts will persist after controlling for the expected greater exposure to familial adversity in the offspring of attempters; and (5) polymorphism of the of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene and other genes related to central serotonergic function will be associated with impulsive aggression and suicide attempts among proband and their first-degree relatives. We will also acquire pilot data on the relationship of baseline serotonergic and clinical indices to long-term outcome in the 100 previously studied cases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Duncan B. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This Independent Scientist Award (K02) is proposed for the applicant to acquire necessary skills to apply the developmental psychopathology conceptual framework and innovative statistical techniques for categorical longitudinal data to creating a model for the relationships among alcohol use disorders (AUD) and other mental disorders in adolescence. Based on empirical findings to date, the specific hypotheses focus on antisocial disorders (i.e., conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder) and negative affect disorders (i.e., mood and anxiety disorders) as possible predictors, consequences, or moderators of the structure, course and consequences of adolescent AUD. The applicant, trained as a child clinical psychologist and adult psychiatrist, is the Scientific Director of the NIAAA-funded Pittsburgh Adolescent Alcohol Research Center (PAARC). The career development plan focuses on the acquisition of a thorough foundation in statistical modeling techniques and related methodological issues, including the implications of sampling strategies, missing data imputation, model selection, and controversies concerning causal inference from observational data. The applicant will learn statistical methods based on regression for modeling time-dependent relationships among continuous and categorical variables. The focus on methods for categorical variables is relevant to longitudinal research involving symptom and diagnostic categories. Relevant statistical techniques include methods for observed variables, including proportional hazards and random regression modeling and methods for latent variables, including latent class analysis, latent transition analysis, and growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Bayesian approaches to model selection and causal inference will also be considered. These methods will be specifically applied to examining the relationships among AUD, antisocial disorders, and negative affect disorders using longitudinal data from PAARC (n=1000 adolescents). Methods for evaluating the extent and the influence of sampling bias will assessed through comparison of the model generated using PAARC data with models generated with other data sets, including studies using high-risk and community sampling approaches. The integration of the concepts of developmental psychopathology with innovative longitudinal statistical modeling methods will
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contribute to the applicant's long-term career goal to advance research on adolescent AUD by clarifying the importance of psychopathology in determining the structure, course and consequences of adolescent alcohol abuse and dependence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADOLESCENT ORIENTATION
SUBSTANCE
USE,
SUICIDE
AND
SEXUAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Feldman, Michael J.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by the applicant) Substance use disorders in adolescents are a serious public health problem. They can be chronic, cause significant impairment in school and social functioning and show marked continuity with adult substance use disorders. Prior research demonstrates that drug use is especially prominent among gay, lesbian and bisexual (GLB) youth. It may be related to the increased rates of suicide attempts seen in this population. The overall goal of this study is to compare levels of alcohol and illicit substance use, in GLB youth, to those in heterosexual peers. It will also assess substance use as a potential mechanism to explain the relationship between GLB status and suicide. We propose a secondary analysis of two different samples that will include younger as well as older GLB youth. One sample is the first wave of a longitudinal epidemiological study of Puerto Rican youth, age 11- 13 years. That study compares levels of antisocial behavior in Puerto Rican youth living in one borough of New York City (N=375) to those for youth living in metropolitan San Juan, Puerto Rico (N=375). Each youth and a parent are assessed for psychiatric symptoms, drug use, impairment and risk and protective factors. Each youth also completes a sexual development interview. The other sample, (N=1,500, compares rates of suicidality in youth exposed to a recent suicide at their school to rates for youth from matched control schools. This two-stage study screens youth for psychiatric disorders, drug use, and suicidality in addition to psychosocial risk factors and sexual development. Specific aims of the proposed study are: (1) To describe and compare rates of alcohol, marijuana and other illicit drug use in different sexual orientation groups, (2) To extend the findings regarding drug use from older to younger GLB youth less than 14 years of age, (3) To examine rates of attempts, psychiatric disorders and comorbidity related to sexual orientation, (4) To examine whether concurrent psychiatric illness is a mediator in the relationship between GLB status and drug use, and (5) To examine whether drug use is a mediator in the association between GLB status and attempts. Although the proposed study uses only cross-sectional data, it offers a unique opportunity to examine sexual orientation in large samples that include significant proportions of younger and ethnically diverse youth. The findings will contribute to the description of psychiatric problems associated with a GLB orientation and generate further hypotheses to explore what mechanisms link a GLB sexual orientation with drug use and suicidality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALCOHOL AND INTENTIONAL INJURY IN THE U.S ARMY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bell, Nicole S.; Social Sectors Develop Strategies Strategies, Inc. (Ssds) Natick, MA 01760 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Alcohol use has been linked to family violence, assaults, and suicides. Some studies suggest that all these forms of intentional injury may result from a similar
Studies 13
constellation of risk factors, such as alcohol abuse, depression, impulsivity, and aggression. The factors that may mediate the role of alcohol and those that may determine whether the endpoint is violence against others versus violence against self are less clear. Long-term health and occupational experiences of perpetrators and victims of violence are not clear, nor have potential modifying factors for these outcomes been elucidated. Specific Aims: This study uses a large linked database to identify fixed and time-varying factors that modify the relationship between alcohol use and perpetrating or experiencing violence or suicide. Factors can be measured prior to the event as well as during the event. In addition, we will follow perpetrators and victims of violence subsequent to the violent episode to document long-term health and occupational experiences of these individuals. Methods: This study uses data from the Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database (TAIHOD). Data are available on almost 3 million unique soldiers who were on active duty 1980-1998, including personnel records (occupation, hazardous duty pay, gender, age, rank, education, marital status, dependents, overseas assignments-all updated every 6 months), hospitalization (including ICD-9-CM codes, cause of injury codes indicating mechanism and intentionality), disability evaluations, health habit surveys (including typical alcohol use, the CAGE, drinking and driving, and, other health behaviors, and satisfaction with one's life and family), occupational surveys (job satisfaction, harassment on the job) and outpatient data. In addition, Spouse Abuse Registry Data have recently been added to the TAIHOD, which include information on victims and perpetrators as well as severity of the assault. Most questions will be addressed using a retrospective cohort design. Standard time-to-event statistical techniques will be employed (e.g., Cox Proportional Hazards Models). MIMIC models (i.e., confirmatory factor analyses with background variables) will be used to investigate more complex relationships where there may be multiple possible outcomes (e.g., different levels of severity of assault; or violence against self versus others). Conclusions: This study offers a number of advantages over prior research. This population is fully employed and has full access to healthcare and housing, controlling many potential socioeconomic confounders. Data are very complete with little lost information. Data for both victims and perpetrators regarding the incident of violence, precursors to the event, and longrange health and occupational outcomes are available. This study will allow us to costeffectively assess the role of alcohol in intentional injuries, for a large diverse population encompassing a wide range of occupational, racial, and gender groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION & SPECIFIC CAUSES OF FATAL INJURIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Li-Hui; Health Policy and Management; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad objectives of this proposal are to better understand the relationship between usual drinking behavior and the incidence of various types of fatal injuries among different age, gender, and race/ethnic groups, and to use this to prevent further fatalities. The specific aims of this proposal are: 1) To compare specific types of fatal injuries with regard to their association with usual drinking behavior and to determine the effect of usual drinking.behavior on various types of fatal injuries. 2) To examine the association of usual drinking behavior with the risk of various types of fatal injuries by age, gender, and race/ethnic groups. 3) To disseminate the results to both scientific and public communities and to make relevant
14 Suicide
policy recommendations. Injuries are the third leading cause of death, claiming more than 145,000 lives each year in the United States. Although acute alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for fatal injuries, little is known of the relationship between usual drinking behavior and risk of fatal injury among various types of causes and different age, gender, and race/ethnic groups. Previous research on alcohol and injury either is limited to select population groups, or lacks sufficient sample size. Moreover, no published paper simultaneously explores major specific injury categories in relation to alcohol consumption, based on the general population. The proposed population based case-control project will be based on two nationwide surveys, the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey (NMFS) and the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES). Cases will be deaths in the United States due to various types of injuries; each will be analyzed separately -- they include motor vehicle injuries, unintentional poisoning, unintentional falls, unintentional fire deaths, unintentional drowning, firearm related unintentional injuries, firearm related suicide, other suicide, firearm related homicide, and other homicide Controls will be all respondents in the NLAES and from the same population as NMFS. Stratified analyses will be performed on each individual injury having sufficient number of cases. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, employment, occupation, income, marriage status, geographic region, and illicit drug use will be considered in analyses. Weighted analyses will be performed using SUDAAN. The results will provide needed information for evaluating injury related alcohol policies and for developing new intervention programs to effectively improve safety and for designing further studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Conner, Kenneth R. Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 14-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: This award will allow the Principal Investigator, Dr. Conner, to develop expertise in the study of suicide risk-identification in alcoholics. He will develop expertise through collaborative research and research training at the University of Rochester Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide (CSPS) and education and training in alcoholism research at the Research Institute on Addictions (RIA) in Buffalo, NY. He will also earn a Master's in Public Health degree. Following the award, his goal is to continue programmatic research on the identification of risk factors for suicide in alcoholics, to apply this knowledge in developing community and clinic-based riskassessment and prevention strategies, and in the long-term to reduce suicide morbidity and mortality in alcoholics. He has chosen to focus on alcoholism, suicide and their association because of their profound public health significance. Alcohol use disorders are the most common psychiatric diagnosis among suicide victims under age 50 but very little is known about the risk factors for suicide in alcoholics. The proposed research is a case-control study of 60 alcohol-dependent suicide victims age 18-49 compared with 60 community controls and 60 clinic controls with alcohol dependence matched for gender, race and age. Cases will be from the population of all suicides in this age group identified over a 3 year period in Monroe County, NY (Rochester) and six surrounding rural counties identified by the Monroe County Medical Examiner. Information about cases and controls will be gathered using comparable methods of informant interviews, structured questionnaires, and record review. The study will test a model for suicide in alcoholism with four foci: aggression, depression, attachment disruption, and alcohol and drug misuse severity. Multiple logistic regression is the
Studies 15
principal analytic strategy, with separate analyses for comparisons of suicide victims and clinic controls and community controls respectively. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALCOHOLISM IN WOMEN WITH ANOREXIA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA Principal Investigator & Institution: Herzog, David B. Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a revised submission of a proposal to conduct secondary analyses of alcoholism (ALC) in women with eating disorders (EDs). The co-occurrence of ALC and EDs has been well documented. To date, there have been no prospective studies reporting on the course and sequence of comorbid EDs and ALC. The aims of this study are to 1) describe the association between ALC and EDs 2) examine the longitudinal sequence of comorbidity in terms of onset, remission, relapse, and mortality and 3) test a conceptual model that describes the nature of the association between ALC and EDs. The data will also allow for the analysis of longitudinal patterns of alcohol consumption in women with ALC and EDs. A longitudinal, prospective, naturalistic study of 246 treatment-seeking women with AN and BN has been conducted for a median of 9 years with a low attrition rate of 7%. Extensive data on weekly assessments of ED symptomatology, ALC, comorbid psychopathology, and treatment participation, as well as monthly ratings of psychosocial functioning have been gathered. At entry into the longitudinal study, 42 (17%) participants reported a history of ALC. During the course of 9-year follow-up, 24 (12%) of the women with no history of ALC were diagnosed with ALC prospectively, resulting in a total of 66 (27%) women reporting a lifetime history of ALC in the sample. During the course of followup, 6 women from this subset have died, resulting in 60 remaining subjects with a lifetime history of ALC2 Preliminary analyses show fatal outcome was associated with severity of ALC over the course of follow-up, even after controlling for age and duration of ED episode at intake (LRT = 11.0, df= 1, p =.0009). [Lifetime history of ALC was marked in three of the four deaths by suicide, and severity of ALC over the course of the study was associated with increased rates of suicide attempts in women with AN (LRT = 7.02, df = 1, p =.008).] Findings from this study will inform clinicians and patients about the nature of the association between ALC land EDs, underscore interactions between course and outcome variables, and assist in the design of future ALC and ED treatment studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ANGIOTENSIN AND CELLULAR MEDIATORS OF VASCULAR APOPTOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gibbons, Gary H. Associate Professor; Medicine; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, GA 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract): An emerging body of evidence suggests that vascular cell programmed cell death or apoptosis may be an important determinant of vascular remodeling and lesion formation during the pathogenesis of diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Although the phenomenon is well described, the factors that regulate vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) death in vascular disease are poorly characterized. The applicant is intrigued by his observation
16 Suicide
that angiotensin II (Ang 11) inhibits VSMC apoptosis via the AT-1 receptor, yet induces VSMC apoptosis via the AT-2 receptor. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which G-protein-coupled receptors modulate programmed cell death. The goal of the proposed project is to systematically dissect the signal transduction pathways that couple extracellular factors such as Ang II with intracellular mediators of the genetic program governing VSMC suicide. The observation that a single ligand (Ang II) can induce diametric effects on the regulation of VSMC apoptosis provides the applicant with a unique opportunity to define the molecular mechanisms by which cell membrane receptor activation specifies whether VSMC survive or die. The proposed project will test the hypothesis that the opposing effects of AT-1 vs AT-2 receptor stimulation on VSMC fate involves a differential activation of G-proteins that transduce countervailing influences on the activation of protein kinase-mediated signals coupled to the regulation of VSMC apoptosis. Specifically, the studies will focus on defining the role of a sequential signaling cascade involving PI-3-kinase, ERK and Akt as essential mediators of the anti-apoptotic effect of Ang II. The proposed project will utilize both pharmacologic and genetic approaches to systematically define the components of the signal transduction that are necessary and sufficient for preventing VSMC death in response to Ang II. Genetic engineering technologies will be employed to create novel in vitro and in vivo model systems for characterizing the molecular determinants of VSMC fate. It is anticipated that the comparative analysis of AT-1 vs AT-2 receptors will elucidate how differences in structural motifs encoded in Ang 11 receptors selectively specify whether VSMC live or die by differential activation of G-proteins, PI-3-kinase, ERK and Akt. These studies will provide important new insights into the molecular mechanisms governing the cell suicide program in VSMC and the potential role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIPROGESTINS AND ACTIVE CELL DEATH IN BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: El Etreby, M F. Surgery; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, GA 30912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (adapted from the applicants abstract) Antiprogestins are a promising new class of mammary tumor inhibitors with a unique mechanism of action which does not seem to involve a classical progesterone antagonism. The objective of this application is to confirm an additive antitumor activity and to clarify the intracellular mechanism of action of the antiprogestin mifepristone, and the antiestrogen tamoxifen, in inhibition of growth of established tumors (chemotherapy) and in prevention or delay of tumor development (chemoprevention/adjuvant setting) in clinically relevant breast cancer models. The focus of the mechanistic studies is to explore the role of (and the specific pathways for) induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells as a treatment response. The importance of (and the effect of treatments on) estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors as well as the potential additive or synergistic interaction between mifepristone and tamoxifen will also be explored. The research design includes the use of the ER(+) and PR(+) MCF-7 and the ER(-) and PR(-) MDA-231 human breast cancer cell lines grown in culture (in vitro studies) or inoculated into female nude mice supplemented with 17BETA-estradiol (in vivo studies). Companion experiments utilizing the MXT [hormone-dependent ER(+) and PR(+)] and MXT-OVEX [hormoneindependent ER(-) and PR(-)] homograft mammary carcinoma models of the mouse are also included to compare the antitumor effects in a normal (nonimmunologically
Studies 17
suppressed) animal with those induced in nude mice. The following cellular parameters and their time-dependent sequence will be assessed: morphological features (e.g., mitotic and apoptotic indices), in vitro cell viability (cytotoxicity), Cdk1 protein concentration, DNA fragmentation, PKA and PKC isoform activity and subcellular distribution, as well as the changes in the expression of bax, bcl2 and TGFBETA isoforms. The expression of other known "cell death genes" or "cell cycle determinants" will also be included whenever they seem appropriate. These various outcome measures will be evaluated using immunocytochemistry, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, Western blots, Northern analysis, specific ELISA, enzyme kinetics and saturation lignad binding assays. The results generated from the described studies will confirm an additive antitumor activity of mifepristone and tamoxifen. This activity is mainly the result of a steroid receptor-mediated interaction with the cell suicide mechanism which involves distinct changes in gene expression (an increase in the bax/bcl2 ratio) in distinct subpopulations (different receptor status) of breast cancer cells. These changes initiate a direct and/or an indirect cell death command via distinct PKC or PKA second messenger signaling pathways and/or via expression or specific TGF-b isoforms. Induction of apoptosis in two distinct subpopulations of breast cancer cells and/or through multiple reinforcing molecular biochemical mechanisms would provide an excellent rationale for a combination therapy. The expected additive effect may delay malignant progression, reduce metastatic spread and increase survival of breast cancer patients. The studies could also impact the future clinical development of "antiprogestins" for this indication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOLOGY OF HEADPIN (A NOVEL SERPIN) IN ORAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Clayman, Gary L. Associate Professor; Head and Neck Surgery; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity is a debilitating and often fatal disease afflicting approximately 30,000 individuals annually in the United States and is a major health problem worldwide. To better understand the molecular biology governing the invasive and aggressive behavior of these tumors, differences in gene expression have been studied between non-malignant oral mucosa and SCC derived from the oral cavity. Using differential display reverse transcription-based PCR, a novel serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) was cloned, called headpin, that is down regulated in SCC biopsies and in 50 percent of established head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor lines. Headpin was mapped to a serpin cluster on chromosome 18q21, which is a region that often exhibits loss of heterozygosity in head and neck cancers. Purified and functional recombinant human headpin (rHeadpin) has been generated and kinetic analysis indicates it is a bona fide suicide-inhibitor of both cathepsin L (catL) and cathepsin K (catK). Immunohistochemistry using a highly specific mAb raised against headpin has confirmed that the protein is abundant in non-malignant oral epithelium and lost or down-regulated in primary and metastatic SCC from the oral cavity. Based on the current body of literature linking expression of catL to progression of tumors, the implicit role of catK in degrading bone extracellular matrix, and the ability of headpin to inhibit both of these enzymes, suggest that loss of headpin protein expression from oral SCCs contributes to their aggressive clinical behavior. To test this hypothesis, the full target spectrum of proteinases inhibited by headpin will be assessed, while investigating the in vitro and in vivo consequences of headpin re-expression in
18 Suicide
tumors, define the mechanism(s) of headpin loss in tumor specimens, and analyze the predictive clinical SIGNIFICANCE of headpin expression in archival specimens from patients with oral SCC. Progress in this area could lead to development of new molecular based targets for the management of oral cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOMATERIAL ACTIVATION/APOPTOSIS
SURFACE
CONTROL
OF
FBGC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Brodbeck, William G. Pathology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000 Summary: A continuing effort exists to identify methods and mechanisms that can be exploited to enhance the biocompatibility of implanted prosthetic devices. My approach is based on the concept that the foreign body response, which ultimately leads to structural, mechanical, or functional implant failure, can be controlled by modifications in implant materials surface design and properties. Critical cellular components of the foreign body reaction are adherent macrophages and foreign body giant cells (FBGCs), and several functional capacities of these cells, including inflammatory and wound healing cytokine secretions, are influenced by material surface properties. In addition, it has been demonstrated float apoptosis, or intentional cell suicide, can be induced by imposing geometric constraints on other adherent cell types. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the presentation of different surface chemistries and geometric constraints to macrophages and FBGCs can be utilized to influence cytokine production and the induction of apoptosis by these cells. Both in vitro and in vivo model systems will be employed to address two specific aims arising from the hypothesis: First, I will evaluate the effects of different micropatterned surface chemistries and geometric constraints on the activation of macrophages and FBGCs for the production of inflammatory and wound healing cytokines. And, secondly, I will investigate the effects of micropatterned surface chemistries and geometric constraints on the induction of apoptosis of adherent macrophages and FBGCs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIPOLAR DISORDER ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Calabrese, Joseph R. Professor and Director; Psychiatry; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 03-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bipolar disorder (BPD) affects a minimum of 2.3 million American adults aged 18 and older (1.2% of US population) and in the 5-9% of children with serious emotional disturbances, the prevalence of BPD is unknown, in 1990, BPD in established market economies resulted in 1.7 million years of lost healthy life due to premature death or disability, third only to major depression and schizophrenia. About 15% of patients with BPD commit suicide. The proportion of the NIMH dollar that goes to support research in BPD is less than expected by NIMH leadership, and there are no NIMH-funded BPD research centers. These data suggest there exists an urgent need for an NIMH research center dedicated to BPD research across the life cycle. The proposed Center addresses many of the recommendations in the 1999 "Bridging Science and Services" report by focusing on the utilization of novel longitudinal study designs in complex comorbid groups of patients with BPD from ages 5 through the end of life, as well as by focusing on function and disability, not just
Studies 19
symptom improvement. The scientific theme of this Center will be conduct of studies designed to "improve clinical outcomes in underserved population of BPD, including those receiving care within community mental health centers (CMHC), children and adolescents, and adults currently abusing alcohol and/or drugs. The pilot projects include: 1) a single-center psychosocial intervention study designed to develop an efficient and practical way of improving treatment adherence in 166 adults with BPD in a CMHC, 2) a single-center child services project intended to improve the early and accurate recognition of BPD in 615 children and adolescents evaluated at a CMHC, and 3) a six-month, two-center, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of two regimens of combination therapy (lithium/divalproex/lamotrigine versus lithium/divalproex/placebo) for the acute and continuation outpatient management of 90 adult patients with rapid cycling BPD comorbid with alcohol, cannabis, and/or cocaine abuse/dependence at Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland and a CMHC. This application will be used to build and maintain a network of sites to conduct clinical trials research that concurrently addresses issues of efficacy and effectiveness in BPD across the life cycle. This Developing Center application will be used to develop research partnerships with community settings and grow ongoing relationships, and is intended to lead to an Advanced Center submission in five years. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CASE CONTROL STUDY OF ALCOHOL OUTLETS & FIREARM VIOLENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Branas, Charles C. Biostatistics and Epidemiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Both interpersonal violence (including homicide) and self-directed violence (including suicide) are the end result of a "causative web" of contributing factors that includes alcohol, firearms, and risky neighborhoods. Nevertheless, injury reduction measures that focus on firearms can sometimes be protracted strategies that must contend with ambivalent political support and uncertain consequences. Because individuals may place themselves at risk simply by entering a neighborhood where alcohol is present, regardless of their consumption, alcohol may function as a strong, although sometimes indirect, contributor to violence committed with firearms. Moreover, the management of certain alcohol-related factors that contribute to violence are often politically easier to accomplish than the management of many firearms-related factors. One reasonable approach to the control of violent deaths due to firearms may be to focus on alcohol outlets. However, the ecological evidence that alcohol outlets produce violence remains conflicted. Localities interested in rezoning alcohol outlets for health reasons are similarly conflicted when deciding how best to proceed. Using Philadelphia County as a study site, a population-based casecontrol study will be conducted to better delineate the causal relationship between alcohol outlets and firearm violence. Cases of firearm injury will be compared with age, race, and gender-matched controls identified with random-digit dialing. This study will specifically aim to answer the following questions: (1) Does geographic proximity to alcohol outlets increase the risk of being injured with a firearm when compared to the genographic proximity of alcohol outlets?; and (3) Does geographic proximity to other non-residential land-uses, such as firearms dealers, fast food restaurants, or minimarkets, pose a differential risk of being injured with a firearm when compared to alcohol outlets? The proposed study will fill several gaps in knowledge that continue to limit the understanding of alcohol outlets and violence: (1) A comparison of individual
20 Suicide
and environmental risk factors for alcohol-related violence; (2) Determination of the influence of alcohol outlets on firearm violence; (3) Analysis of the influence of alcohol outlets on self-directed violence; (4) Analysis of the influence of alcohol outlets on violence using other non-residential land-uses for comparison; and (5) Analysis of the influence of alcohol outlets on violence using a case-control (and not ecological) study design. In this way, health policies to change the numbers and locations of alcohol outlets can become more certain, more effective, and more politically admissible. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CASPASE ACTIVATION IN NEURONAL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Ghatan, Saadi; Neurological Surgery; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2001 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Apoptosis refers to a cellular suicide program employed as part of normal development or in response to cellular injury, as seen in neurodegenerative and ischemic diseases. Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases represented by interleukin 1^D-converting enzyme (ICE), and are distal elements in the apoptotic pathway. They mediate irreversible cellular damage through proteolytic cleavage of specific substrates, but little is known regarding the specific settings in which they are activated or how they are regulated. We propose to test the central hypothesis that within the CNS, caspase activation is dependent upon the developmental stage of the neuron, the specific cytotoxic stimulus it receives, and the upstream signal provided by the proapoptotic gene Bax. We will determine if caspases are regulated in a developmental and injury-dependent manner by measuring caspase activity in embryonic and postnatal neuronal cultures, in response to diverse cellular insults. We will determine if Bax is an upstream regulator of caspases, by measuring caspase activity in wild-type and Bax deficient neuronal cultures, in response to diverse death stimuli. Elucidation of cell death regulatory pathways will delineate targets for selective therapeutic intervention in the treatment of diseases where apoptosis plays a role. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CD19-SPECIFIC T-CELL THERAPY FOR FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooper, Laurence J.; Beckman Research Inst of City of Hope Helford Building Duarte, CA 910103000 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Currently, patients with treatment-refractory follicular lymphoma, the most common sub-type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, have a poor chance of disease-free survival and this group needs to be treated with innovative approaches. Adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded autologous T cells rendered specific for CD19 is a method proposed to augment tumor-specific immune responses in these patients in order to improve disease control. The specificity for CD19 is derived from a chimeric immunoreceptor expressed on the cell surface of genetically modified T cells that combines antibody recognition of CD19 with the effector-function of activated T cells. A phase I clinical trial is proposed for relapsed/recurrent follicular lymphoma based on the introduction of a CD19-specific chimeric immunoreceptor to render CD8+ and CD4+ T cells capable of targeting CD19+ lymphoma cells in an MHC-independent manner and be deleted by ganciclovir as a result of the co-expression of a bifunctional hygromycinlthymidine kinase (HyTK) selection/suicide gene. Following fludarabine-
Studies 21
based lympho-depleting therapy, research participants will receive low-dose recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhlL-2) and an intra-patient dose escalation of autologous CD19R+HyTK+ T cells, expanded in vitro in compliance with current good manufacturing practice. This study will answer questions regarding the safety and feasibility of infusing CD19-specific HyTK+ T cells (specific aim #1), as well as determining the in vivo persistence (specific aim #2) and immunogenicity of the genetically modified T cells (specific aim #3) and will investigate the antitumor efficacy and lymph node-homing properties of the CD19-specific T cells (specific aim #4). The data collected from this clinical trial will facilitate the design of second-generation adoptive immunotherapy protocols, not just for follicular lymphoma, but other Blineage malignancies. The specific aims of this application are: (1) To determine the feasibility and safety of adoptively transferred autologous CD19R+HyTK+ T cells in research participants with recurrent/refractory follicular lymphoma (2) To determine the persistence of adoptively transferred autologous CD19R+HyTK+ T cells in research participants after lympho-depleting therapy. (3) To determine the immune response against adoptively transferred autologous CD19R+HyTK+ T cells in research participants after lympho-depleting therapy (4) To determine the efficacy of adoptively transferred autologous CD19R+HyTK+ T cells and low-dose rhlL-2 in research participants after lympho-depleting therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELLULAR IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR NEUROBLASTOMA WITH CTL CLONES Principal Investigator & Institution: Jensen, Michael C. Dr. City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, CA 91010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Disease relapse is the leading cause of mortality for children diagnosed with disseminated neuroblastoma despite the use of highly intensive front-line therapy. Studies conducted in our laboratory have focused on developing strategies to target neuroblastoma with adoptively transferred T lymphocytes genetically modified to express a chimeric immunoreceptor, designated CE7R, for redirected recognition of a neuroblastoma-specific epitope on the L1-CAM adhesion molecule. The engineering of CE7R was accomplished by assembling a cDNA construct encoding a single-chain antibody extracellular domain derived from the murine CE7 hybridoma fused to the cytoplasmic tail of the T cell receptor CD3 complex zeta chain (scFvFc:zeta). In vitro culture systems have been developed for genetically modifying human T cells with naked plasmid DNA by electroporation and expanding modified clones to numbers in excess of 10e10. Ex vivo expanded CE7R scFvFc:zeta-expressing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones specifically recognize human neuroblastoma tumor cells and are activated for tumor cell cytolysis and cytokine secretion. These preclinical studies have provided the rationale to explore the therapeutic utility of cellular immunotherapy with autologous CTL clones engineered to express the CE7R chimeric immunoreceptor and the selection/suicide fusion protein HyTK in children with recurrent/refractory disseminated neuroblastoma. The in vivo persistence, anti-tumor activity, and immunogenicity of infused clones will be assessed following adoptive transfer in order to delineate how the in vivo biology of ex vivo expanded CE7R+ CTL might be further optimized. The specific aims of this project are: 1.) To evaluate the safety and toxicity of adoptively transferred CE7R+/HyTK+ CD8+ CTL clones in children with recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma. 2.) To quantitate the anti-tumor activity of infused clones in patients with measurable disease. 3.) To study the
22 Suicide
persistence of transferred clones in research participants by Q-PCR and the impact of administering exogenous IL-2 on the duration and magnitude of in vivo persistence. 4.) To assess in this patient population the development of antibody and cellular immune responses against the scFvFc:zeta and HyTK chimeric proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bonnet, Dominique A. Assistant Professor/Chief; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Understanding the processes that regulate the developmental program of normal stem cells and how aberrations in this program initiate leukemic proliferation remain a major challenge in biology. Progress to address these major questions in the human hematopoietic system has been hampered, until recently, by the lack of in vivo assays for normal and leukemic stem cells. The only way to conclusively assay stem cells is to follow their repopulating capacity. The recent development of methods to transplant human hematopoietic cells into immune-deficient mice provides an important approach to characterize stem cells and to develop animal models for hematopoietic diseases including leukemia. The development of an in vivo model that replicates many aspects of human AML and allows the identification of a novel leukemic stem cell (termed the SCID-Leukemia Initiating Cell, SL-IC) based on the ability of that cell to initiate AML in NOD/SCID mice provides the foundation of an assay to define the biological and molecular properties of such new leukemic stem cells. The major long-term objectives of my research program are to further characterize human leukemic stem cells. The research project proposed here will focus on three objectives: 1) determine the existence of an heterogeneity at the leukemic stem cell level (both Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD341o/- subfractions have leukemic stem cell properties); 2) evaluate the biological properties of the leukemic stem cell pool (i.e., self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation capacities, response to cytokines and/or stromal cell environment); 3) to study the gene expression pattern of six regulatory molecules (AML1, PU.1, GATA- 1, Hox A5, Hox B4 and SCL/tal-1), known to be involved in the early stage of hematopoietic development and/or in the physiopathology of leukemia, before and after induction of differentiation of the leukemic stem cell fraction. The information obtained from these studies will gave us a more complete understanding of the nature of the leukemic stem cells, their biological properties, and the early molecular factors involved in the maintenance and/or differentiation of such leukemic stem cells. Furthermore, the knowledge gained about leukemic stem cells will allow us to devise new therapeutic strategies such as cell purging strategy, gene suicide therapy, antisense therapy and others, targeted specifically to the leukemic stem cell pool. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: APOPTOSIS
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
OST-BASED
ACTIVATION
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Brewster, Jay L. Natural Sciences; Pepperdine University 24255 Pacific Coast Hwy Malibu, CA 90265 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) The proper synthesis and processing of proteins is critical to normal cellular function. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in all higher organisms, whose central role in cell function is to mediate protein
Studies 23
synthesis. Humans afflicted with abnormal protein processing in the ER and a related organelle, the Golgi body, suffer from devastating developmental abnormalities and comprise a broad category of disease known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDGs). The key aspect of protein processing in the ER and Golgi is the addition of sugars to newly synthesized proteins, called glycosylation. This proposal seeks to characterize fundamental aspects of protein glycosylation, specifically how abnormal glycosylation influences the generation of signals within a cell. These signals are generated as a result of abnormal protein synthesis, which results in ER stress. The activation of ER stress can result in cell suicide (apoptosis), adaptation to the stress, growth arrest, or stimulation of localized inflammation. Our long-term goals focus upon how cells activate apoptosis following ER stress. This proposed project will allow characterization of the molecules that carry this stress signal, and examine how this cell suicide is executed. The improper processing of proteins in the ER and Golgi causes mutations in a variety of genes, and the type of disease that results from such mutations depends upon the identity of the mutated protein. Cystic fibrosis patients suffer lung degeneration that is the result of ER stress-activated signals as a membrane protein is improperly glycosylated, and one type of inherited hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) is the result of ER-associated processing deficiencies of a signal receptor. The characterization of ER stress and its signaling mechanisms will offer vital insight into the cell biology of stressed cells, and will be valuable to our understanding of diseases that result from abnormal ER function/processing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACIDS IN COCAINE ADDICTION RELAPSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Buydens-Branchey, Laure B. Acting Associate Chief of Staff; Narrows Institute for Biomedical Res Inc Biomedical Research, Inc. New York, NY 11209 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to determine whether our preliminary findings of significant associations between low circulating levels of cholesterol and of some polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the relapse rate of detoxified cocaine addicts can be replicated in a larger population sample. Attempts will be also made to determine whether some factors such as poor nutritional habits contribute to the presence of altered cholesterol values or fatty acid profiles in some patients. The role of cholesterol and PUFAs has not been investigated in addictive disorders but our data can be understood in light of recent literature suggesting the existence of associations between low cholesterol levels and a number of psychiatric disorders including depression, suicide and violence. Cholesterol does not cross the blood-brain barrier but it has been suggested that it could be a marker for changes in PUFAs. There is mounting evidence that low levels of some PUFAs are also associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Some PUFAs are main components of neuronal synaptic membranes and influence neuronal function. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that PUFAs influence the function of dopamine and 5-HT that play a role in reward mechanisms. One hundred and twenty cocaine addicts admitted to a Substance Abuse Inpatient Unit will be studied. While on the ward, they will undergo assessments of cholesterol and its subfractions and of the entire fatty acids series. After discharge, they will be transferred to a Substance Abuse clinic where follow-up assessments will be conducted for 12 months. The primary outcome measures will be time to relapse as determined monthly by qualitative urine and selfreported use.
24 Suicide
Psychosocial functioning, cocaine craving and dietary intake will also be monitored monthly. Cholesterol and fatty acids will be determined every 3 months. If our preliminary findings are confirmed, the use of fatty acids supplements or changes in dietary habits could have a significant potential in the prevention of relapse in a subgroup of cocaine addicts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLOZAPINE, CANNABIS AND FIRST EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Green, Alan I. Psychiatry; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 11-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Accumulating evidence suggests that early intervention (particularly with novel antipsychotics) may improve the long-term course of schizophrenia. While clinicians are routinely using novel antipsychotic drugs for patients within the first episode of schizophrenia, and large-scale investigations of novel antipsychotics in first episode patients are underway, the novel drug clozapine (CLOZ) is not used clinically or in most research studies in patients because of Its side effects and the practical difficulties with its use. The notion behind our proposed research, however, is that CLOZ may be relatively safe and particularly helpful for first episode patients who are comorbid for cannabis use disorder (CUD). These comorbid patients, comprising approximately 50% of first episode patients, have a poor outcome, especially when cannabis use continues over time. A number of lines of evidence provide support for a study of CLOZ in this population: (a) preliminary data suggest that CLOZ (but not risperidone [RISP] -or olanzapine) decreases substance use in patients with schizophrenia; (b) preliminary data suggest that CLOZ (but not RISP or olanzapine) is more efficacious for first episode patients than typical antipsychotics; (c) preliminary data suggest that CLOZ decreases suicide rates in chronic schizophrenia; and (d) established data indicate CLOZ's unique efficacy in poor-outcome patients. The PI's recently published neurobiologic formulation to help explain the beneficial effects of CLOZ on comorbid substance use provides further support for this application. In this revised application (under 'Pilot Effectiveness Trials for Mental Health'), the PI and colleagues begin a line of investigation to study the comparative effects of CLOZ and RISP in patients within their first episode of schizophrenia who are comorbid for CUD. The overarching hypothesis is that CLOZ (compared to RISP) will decrease cannabis and other substance use and will also improve the outcome of these patients. The clinical implication of this hypothesis is that CLOZ may have a clear therapeutic advantage for such patients (and may even be lifesaving) and may well be the drug of choice for them. In this pilot application, we will gather short- and long term preliminary efficacy data (and effect sizes), and further assess the risks and benefits of CLOZ in this population, to provide the basis for a large-scale effectiveness trial to compare the effects of treatment with CLOZ or RISP on cannabis and other substance use, global functioning, clinical symptoms, quality of life, and neurocognitive functioning, as well as on cost effectiveness of treatment in first episode patients with schizophrenia who are comorbid for CUD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CNS PAIN/OPIOIDS
REWARD/AVERSION
CIRCUITRY
ACTIVATED
BY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Borsook, David; Associate Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant) Pain is a critical problem in health care: it affects millions of individuals, costs billions of dollars, and is a major cause of morbidity, suffering, drug abuse and suicide. The aversive nature of pain is presumably a major cause of suffering and of maladaptive pain-associated behaviors. In addition, it has been suggested that chronic pain has a rewarding component, which may reinforce these behaviors. The CNS circuitry underlying the motivational and aversive aspects of pain has not been identified. However, recent animal research suggests that the CNS circuitry mediating reward is also involved in processing aversive experiences such as pain. The long-term objectives are: I) to identify in humans the regions of CNS reward circuitry involved in the response to acute pain and 2) to assess the effect of exogenous and endogenous opioids on activity in these regions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments will examine activation of reward circuitry (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, sublenticular extended amygdala, ventral tegmentum/periaqueductal gray) by noxious thermal stimuli, morphine and the opioid antagonist naloxone alone and in combination. In addition fMRI will be used to evaluate reward circuitry function during acute oploid withdrawal, and to evaluate how opioid withdrawal alters activity in reward circuitry during painful stimulation. The results of these studies should provide a framework for future experiments to address whether activation of reward circuitry in fact mediates the aversive and rewarding aspects of pain and to investigate how this circuitry is activated in chronic pain patients and opioid addicts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COGNITIVE ADOLESCENTS
AND
PHARMACOTHERAPY
FOR
SUICIDAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Daniel, Stephanie S. Psychiatry and Behavioral Med; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, NC 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application for a career development award describes a plan for training and research in the area of clinical trials among children and adolescents, and will allow the candidate to pursue a program of research examining the efficacy of two different combinations of treatments for depressed, suicidal adolescents. The primary objective of this development award is for the candidate to gain expertise as an independent investigator in psychiatric clinical trials, particularly with children and adolescents. On-site mentoring for this development award will be provided by Dr. David Goldston (primary mentor) and by Dr. Curt Furberg (mentor in clinical trials methodology). External mentors for this development award include Drs. John March and John Curry (Duke University Medical Center). External consultants for this development award include Drs. David Brent, Maria Kovacs, Graham Emslie and Thomas Ellis. The research study described in this application is designed to examine the feasibility and efficacy of two different combinations of treatment (combined cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy vs. combined supportive therapy and education and pharmacotherapy) for depressed, suicidal adolescents. A small randomized contolled trial will be used to test the hypothesis that combined cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy will be more efficacious than combined supportive therapy education and pharmacotherapy in decreasing adolescents' depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors (including suicidal ideation). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COLLABORATIVE DEPRESSION STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fawcett, Jan A. Professor and Chairman; RushPresbyterian-St Lukes Medical Ctr Chicago, IL 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1977; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Results from the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) have clearly show that affective illness is a lifetime disorder and the longterm observation will be necessary to adequately characterize it. Follow-up so far shows high rates of recovery, recurrence, changes in inter-episode psychosocial functioning, comorbid alcoholism, minor affective syndromes, mortality and suicide. Recoveries are likely even after lengthy periods of illness, the distribution of episode length is relatively constant and unimpaired psychosocial functioning appears to require a complete absence of symptoms. It is essential that this follow-up continue, especially as the probands enter their sixth and seventh decades of life. This application seeks to extend the prospective annual follow-up of the CDS proband sample to at least 22 years for all subjects. The general aim in doing this is to describe the long-term course of the affective disorders. The specific aims are to collect data that will describe more fully: 1) the cumulative probability of recovery and recurrence, and the changes in polarity, severity, and episode and cycle lengths; 2) the predictors of long-term course and diagnostic change; 3) the eventual level of psychosocial functioning, physical health likelihood of suicide and mental health services utilization; 4) the influence of naturalistically applied treatments as a mediating variable; 5) the course and outcomes of subsyndromal states of affective disorders; and 6) the long-term inter-relationships of the affective disorders and other chronic and recurrent disorders such as alcohol and drug us disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COLLABORATIVE DEPRESSION STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rice, John P. Professor of Mathematics in Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1977; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Results from the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) have clearly shown that affective illness is a lifetime disorder and that long-term observation will be necessary to adequately characterize it. Follow-up so far shows high rates of recovery, recurrence, changes in inter- episode psychosocial functioning, co-morbid alcoholism, minor affective syndromes, mortality and suicide. Recoveries are likely even after lengthy periods of illness, the distribution of episode length is relatively constant and unimpaired psychosocial functioning appears to require a complete absence of symptoms. It is essential that this follow-up continue, especially as the probands enter their sixth an seventh decades of life. This application seeks to extend the prospective annual follow-up of the CDS proband sample to at least 22 years for all subjects. The genera aim in doing this is to describe the long-term cause of the affective disorders. The specific aims are to collect data that will describe more fully: 1.) the cumulative probability of recovery and recurrence, and the changes in polarity, severity, and episode and cycle lengths; 2.) the predictors of long-term course and diagnostic change; 3.) the eventual level of psychosocial functioning, physical health, likelihood of suicide and mental health service utilization; 4.) the influence of naturalistically applied treatments as a mediating variable; 5.) the cause and outcomes of subsyndromal stages of affective disorders; and 6.) the long-term inter-relationships of the affective disorders and other chronic and recurrent disorders such as alcohol and drug use disorders.
Studies 27
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONDUCT DISORDER AND DEPRESSION IN CHILDHOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Beauchaine, Theodore P. Assistant Professor; Psychology; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 07-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Conduct Disorder (CD) and depression are highly comorbid conditions in childhood and adolescence. This comorbidity is associated with increased risk for several adverse outcomes, including social rejection, substance use, anxiety disorders, and suicide. However, because much of the extant research in this area has been conducted at the symptom level, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of action that are responsible for the observed rates of comorbidity. Moreover, a number of plausible alternatives obtain. Identifying which of these mechanisms is at work is likely to require the application of several strategies that have generally not been employed in the comorbidity literature to date. These include (a) distinguishing between childhood-onset and adolescent-onset CD, (b) expanding the scope of comorbidity research to include biological and physiological measures, (c) generating and testing mechanistic theories of comorbidity, and (d) studying the development of comorbidity and its associated symptoms longitudinally. In the proposed research, each of these issues will be addressed in a study including childhood-onset conduct-disordered, depressed, comorbid (conduct-disordered + depressed), and control preadolescents, ages 8-12. Studies conducted within this age range are critical, as it represents a period of escalating delinquency, depression, and substance use, which often co-occur. Following from theories of emotion regulation (Porges, 1995) and motivation (Gray, 1 982a, 1 982b, 1 987a, 1 987b), patterns of psychophysiological responding will be assessed in participants during conditions of reward, punishment, and social threat. In addition, extensive family history interviews with be conducted with parents, and measures of child delinquency, symptoms of depression, and substance use will be obtained at each of three one-year intervals. Using these data, the following Specific Aims will be pursued: (1) elucidate patterns of autonomic nervous system activity within and across groups through assessment of appropriate psychophysiological markers of behavioral inhibition (electrodermal responding during punishment), behavioral activation (cardiac pre-ejection period during reward), and emotion regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia during social threat); (2) assess developmental trajectories in autonomic responding within and across disorders, and relate these trajectories to parental background characteristics and parenting practices; and (3) assess developmental trajectories in child substance use patterns, and examine the potential mediating roles of autonomic responding in relations between parental and child use. Findings obtained should further our understanding of the autonomic substrates of CD, depression, and their comorbidity, and may have differential treatment implications for depressed probands who do and do not present with comorbid CD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--BRAIN IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Laruelle, Marc A. Associate Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001
28 Suicide
Summary: Numerous lines of evidence reviewed in the introduction of this CCNMD suggest that alterations of serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission in discrete brain areas confer vulnerability to suicidal behavior. Recent development of methods to assess 5HT neurotransmission in vivo with PET allows direct testing of this hypothesis in patients. The brain imaging core is an integrated team of scientists from various disciplines (chemistry, pharmacology, physics, mathematics), covering the range of expertise needed to develop and support PET neuroreceptor studies. The services provided to the Center by the brain imaging core fall into four general categories: 1) To provide logistical support and technical expertise to brain imaging projects of the Center. The core provides expertise at the level of study design, implementation, and analysis. In addition, these studies benefit from the general infrastructure maintained by the core, such as radiochemistry laboratories and image analysis workstations. 2) To provide chemistry and radiochemistry services to other cores, such as tritiated ligands or other compounds not available commercially. 3) To provide training in brain imaging to young investigators. These include PGF-IV to VI residents, who are completing a fellowship in the Brain Imaging Division, as well as other investigators in the Center, interested in applying brain imaging techniques to the study of mood disorders and suicide. 4) To develop new imaging modalities that are pertinent to suicide research. Over the next five years, our development effort will be targeted at the serotonin (5-HT) system with PET. The choice of these objectives is guided by a general model of neurochemical imbalance associated with suicide vulnerability provided in the background section. 1) To develop and validate a measure of 5HT/2A receptors binding potential in humans using the radiolabeled antagonist [11C],DL 100907; 2) To develop a new radiotracer to measure 5-HT/1B receptors with PET ([11C]GR127935); 3) To develop a new radiolabeled agonist to measure the agonist high affinity state of the 5HT/1A receptors ([11C]MHA) and to develop with this ligand a measure of 5-HT release based on endogenous competition techniques; 4) To develop a radiolabeled agonist to measure high affinity state of 5HT/2A receptors ([123I]/[11C]DOI). Together, these projects should provide new and sophisticated tools for the in vivo characterization of 5-HT neurotransmission in patients with history of suicidal attempts. The radiotracers developed during this funding cycle of the Center will be used in clinical studies in the next funding cycle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CHEMISTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Han, Xianlin; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that the diabetic states induces a fatty acid-based metabolic dysfunction which has complex effects on multiple endorgan systems. Both accelerated atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy are the major etiologic agents in the excessive cardiovascular mortality and morbidity present in diabetic patients. A central theme in diabetic cardiovascular disease is the dysfunctional accumulation of lipids in multiple critical cell types. The proposed research in the component projects focuses on the role of alterations in peroxisomal regulatory proteins (e.g., peroxisomal phospholipases) and proliferative elements (e.g., PPARalpha and PPARgamma) which accelerate atherosclerosis and predispose critical cells in the cardiovascular system to maladaptive metabolic alterations. Core A of the program project embodies five major technical advances either made in our early research or developed in the current chemistry Core. Provision of lipid-analytical,
Studies 29
synthetic, and proteomic services to the component projects will facilitate the costeffective accrual of vital scientific information for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying altered lipid metabolism in the diabetic state. The Core will offer a wide variety of state-of-the-art analytic (mass spectrometry, evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD), fluorescence spectrometry, quantitative PCR) and synthetic (chiral BEL, fluorescence probe for real-time PLA2 assays) expertise. Specifically Core A will perform: 1) analysis of polar and neutral lipid individual molecular species including free fatty acids, triacylglycerides, cholesterol, acylcarnitines, and all types of phospholipids from biological sources using state-of-the-art ESI/MS and ELSD with sensitivity at the subpicomole to picomole range; 2) proteins sequencing and protein post- translational modification determinations utilizing LC/MC (proteomics); 3) the synthesis of the iPA2 suicide inhibitor (i.e., BEL) and its resoled enantiomers which selectively inhibit iPA2beta dn iPLA2gamma; 4) real-time PLA2 activity assays utilizing novel fluorescence substrates we have developed; and 5) quantitative PCR utilizing Taqman methodology. As it has done during the current grant interval, the Core will continue to provide methodologic advances to facilitate the study of lipid and protein alterations in the diabetic state (see Progress Report). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Rachel G. Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Since its inception in 1989, the Clinical Core has been a key component in the Clinical Research Center to study Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide-Related Disorders. The Clinical Core?s principal activity was to assist therapeutic trials. These activities will remain essentially unchanged in the proposed Intervention Center, since they are ideally suited to its focus. The proposed Core has been designed to provide an infrastructure to foster the development and execution of clinical trials. The program of therapeutic studies of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders at Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute is a large one and includes psychopharmacological and psychotherapy studies in most of the common disorders of childhood, including anxiety, mood, eating, disruptive-behavior disorders, ADHD, and early-onset schizophrenia. The feasibility and quality of these studies can be greatly assisted by the services that the Clinical Core will provide, which will include: Systematic and centralized patient recruitment (from clinical outpatient services, from respondents to advertisements and other activities that publicize the Core, and from the Department?s school-based screening and outreach efforts; State-of-the-art diagnostic assessments; An efficient data-management system that matches screened individuals to available protocols and provides a database for present collaborations and future follow-up studies; and Clinical care after the experimental phase of treatment has been completed. The clinical Core will also foster the development of clinical researchers. It will offer child psychiatry research trainees from the Research Training Program (5T32 MH16434) an opportunity to participate in numerous and varied clinical trials. It will interface closely with clinical staff and trainees and expose them to therapeutic research. In the past the Core has attracted clinical trainees into research. The Core?s interface with clinical services also provides a way to conduct efficacy studies in the real-world clinical setting and reduces competition for patients between research and clinical services. To the above ends, the Clinical Core has been designed to: Systematically assess large numbers of children and adolescents using state-of-the-art clinical procedures. The Core
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will determine suitability for protocol research, introduce children and their parents to research opportunities, and establish a systematic database to serve as a basis for additional studies; Ascertain and coordinate investigators? interests, and thus maximize the variety of interventions that are investigated and minimize unhelpful competition between researchers studying similar patients; 3. Facilitate the smooth transition from efficacy to effectiveness research; and Enhance opportunities for the development of clinical researchers in child psychiatry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL EVALUATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sackeim, Harold A. Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Clinical Evaluation Core's goals are to: (1) recruit, characterize, and follow all human subjects participating in projects #2-7 of the CCNMD (2) develop and maintain state-of-the-art methods for clinical characterization of human framework for testing the stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior. The CEC identified and recruits patients with MDE, BPD, and Schizophrenia across the life cycle (and post-mortem). Normal volunteers are recruited to provide normative values on the clinical and neurobiological measures used and to establish psychometric properties of measures in a non-pathological population. The CEC utilizes a core of clinical/neuropsychological instruments covering major risk factor domains for suicidal behavior, and ensures uniformity of assessment domains and measures across the projects of the CCNMD. These assessments include Axis I and II diagnostic interviews, measures of state and trait-related risk factors, neuropsychological assessment, measures of suicidal behavior, demographic history, life events, social functioning, family psychiatric history. Assessments are performed at intake, at time of biological procedures, at discharge, at 3 month, 1 and 2 year follow-up. The CEC investigates, develops and tests new assessment procedures to address current and future needs in the field of suicide research, and regularly reviews the reliability and validity of instruments. The CEC ensures the quality of clinical assessments through inter-rater reliability rounds using live or taped interviews. On all measures, our faculty provides consultation to investigators in research methodology and result interpretation. The CEC faculty provides consultation to investigators in research methodology and result interpretation. The CEC has successfully recruited and followed adequate members of life subjects in the proposed diagnostic and age categories. The training and reliability of all CCNMD raters is coordinated by the CEC. The CEC works with SCC staff in developing forms, data management procedures and in generating reliability statistics The CEC coordinates with the BIC regarding recruitment, interviewing, control matching and subject flow. The CEC obtains the blood and cerebrospinal fluid from subjects to be analyzed by the CLC. The CEC interfaces with the Administrative Core regarding recruitment of new staff and maintenance of a central database of all CEC manuscripts. The CEC coordinates all diagnostic consensus conferences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooper, Thomas B.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001
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Summary: Clinical Laboratory Core. The CLC comprises an analytical laboratory directed by Mr. T.B. Cooper and a molecular genetic studies laboratory directed by Dr. T. Conrad Gilliam, Head of the Columbia Genome Center. In the latter blood will be collected for genotyping from all Conte Center subjects and DNA will be extracted from postmortem brain tissues of suicides and controls. These samples will be tested for a series of candidate genes related to central serotonin metabolism and include the serotonin transporter, tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin receptors 5HT/1A, 5HT/1D, 5HT/1E and 5HT2A. The Genome Center will be responsible for development and interpretation of the microarray assays to be run in postmortem brain samples from selected regions to detect differences in gene expression and identify new candidate genes. The promoter region of the 5-HTT from postmortem causes that are phenotypic extremes will be sequenced in a attempt to determine new functional polymorphisms. The analytical laboratory will be responsible for assay of neurotransmitters and metabolites (cortisol, prolactin, HIAA, HVA, MHPG, GABA and glutamate) and neuroendocrine measures (cortisol, prolactin, ACTH, and CRF) in CSF and brain tissue from patients, controls, non-human primates and rodents. Brain tissue samples are being screened for the presence of drugs which effect the serotonergic system. Similarly hair samples are screened for these same drugs to detect long term exposure (months or even years). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--PRINCIPAL RESEARCH CORE Principal Investigator & Institution: Jeste, Dilip V. Professor & Chair; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, CA 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: The aim of the Principal Research Core (PRC) is to build the Center's capacity to facilitate the testing of interventions for middle-aged and elderly patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The goal of such capacity building is to increase the number of evidence-based interventions applicable to community care. We will use different intervention approaches (preventive, treatment, and rehabilitative), with the focus being on the following themes: (I) Reducing psychopathology (including primary deficits such as positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms with suicidability, and functional impairment), (II) Reducing physical comorbidities (both age-associated and itrogenic), (III) Optimizing health behaviors (especially, reducing substance use and increasing medication adherence), and (IV) Minimizing healthcare disparities (e.g., among Latino and other ethnic minority groups). Our prior work over the past decade included a number of pharmacologic intervention trials targeted to older patients with psychotic disorders. During the past 3 years, our group has developed manualized cognitive and behavioral interventions for this patient population. Our recent studies have highlighted undertreatment of physical comorbidity in older psychosis patients along with ethnic and other disparities in the utilization of mental healthcare services in the San Diego County public mental health system. Our proposed work in the PRC will incorporate pharmacologic, psychosocial, and services interventions. To illustrate this process, we have selected seven examples of pilot projects relevant to the Center themes, including community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly persons with schizophrenia, and involving: (1) Delivery of manualized cognitive behavioral social skills training with therapists from community settings, (2) Citalopram augmentation of anti-psychotic treatment to reduce suicidality, (3) Vocational rehabilitation, (4) Healthcare case management for older homeless patients with psychosis, (5) A multi-pronged smoking
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cessation intervention, (6) Medication adherence therapy for anti-psychotic and selected non-psychotropic medications, and (7) Cross-cultural needs assessment using qualitative and quantitative methods. A critical component of our work will be a close two-way partnership with community stakeholders including patients, caregivers, care providers, and payers throughout the development and execution of research projects. With the help of our collaborators in the community, we propose to implement and disseminate successful treatment strategies for use in community settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--PRINCIPAL RESEARCH CORE Principal Investigator & Institution: Coyne, James C. Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Principal Research Core is directed by Dr. James Coyne. This section of the application describes a) the background and rationale for our focus on latelife depression in medical care settings; b) "bulleted" descriptions of recent research findings; c) current and planned research grants enabled and facilitated through the Center; and d) specific pilot research projects. The pilots reflect a number of themes of the Center: the focus on both enabling research and investigator development; the use of qualitative as well as quantitative methods, and newer as well as standard designs; investigations of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy; the locus of studies in primary-, medical specialty-, and long-term care settings; and the design of studies to facilitate the evaluation of findings between- as well as within- comorbidities and contexts. There are four sets of pilot projects: a) Qualitative and quantitative followup of providers and patients who participated in the Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborating Trial (PROSPECT) and PRISMe studies. They will allow us to incorporate what stakeholders have learned from research participation in the dissemination of findings and the design of subsequent interventions. b) Pilot studies on the course of minor depression in older and middle-aged women with breast cancer, and older patients, women and men, in primary-care. These studies will inform the design of a "biased-coin toss", adaptive randomization design to help to evaluate "early treatment" versus "watchful waiting strategies", and to determine the optimal period of "watchful waiting" before the initiation of treatment for each group. c) Studies to evaluate patients' preferences and to estimate effect sizes for continued antidepressant treatment versus drug discontinuation and monitoring for nursing home residents and primary-care patients in remission from a first episode of late-life depression. These pilots will facilitate the design of a partially randomized patient preference study designed to evaluate the benefits versus the risks of maintenance treatment for patients who recover from a first episode of geriatric depression. d) Studies evaluating the feasibility and the nature of the adaptations to standard methods that are necessary to allow the delivery of cognitive therapy for depression to patients with Parkinson's disease, developing a manual for this treatment, and early tests of its outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--STATISTICS AND COMPUTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Waternaux, Christine M. Associate Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001
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Summary: The Statistics and Computing Core (SCC) provides the following services to CCNMD Center Projects and Cores: 1) Statistical consultation to Center investigators at all stages of their research; 2) Management of data and maintenance of a centralized data base with standardized data forms and rigorous quality control procedures; 3) Data analysis and preparation of manuscripts for publication; 4) Implementation and/or development of innovative applications of statistical techniques for suicide research; 5) Administration of the NYSPI/Columbia Conte Center Local Area Network to facilitate access to and sharing of Center data; Training in research design, statistical design, statistical methodology, and computer software to relevant CCNMD personnel. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COUNSELORS AND PARENTS PREVENT YOUTH SUICIDE RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Randell, Brooke P. Psychosocial & Community Hlth; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CTI IN THE TRANSITION FROM HOSPITAL TO COMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Herman, Daniel B. Assistant Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): We propose a controlled study of Critical Time Intervention (CTI) for men and women with severe mental illness (SMI) during the transition from psychiatric hospital to community care. The primary objective of CTI is to reduce adverse outcomes during this transition and thereby improve community integration for mentally ill persons. Homelessness is the primary adverse outcome we hope to diminish. Other adverse outcomes include: suicidal ideation and behavior; violence toward others; and psychiatric re-hospitalization. CTI is a time-limited intervention designed specifically to enhance the continuity and focus of care during such transitions. It does not replace community treatment and supports, but instead is meant to complement available services. CTI has previously been demonstrated to be effective with severely mentally ill men following discharge from psychiatric care in a shelter institution to community care. It consists of in vivo training in community living skills and team-managed transfer of caregiving to services and supports in the community. A key aspect of CTI is that the post-discharge phase of the intervention is delivered by staff who have established relationships with patients during their institutional stay. Effective outreach and support are greatly enhanced by staff knowledge of the population and the strength of the individual relationships that have been previously developed. A sample of 250 individuals (175 men and 75 women) will be enrolled into the study during their hospital stay. Subjects will receive a thorough baseline assessment, including research diagnoses of major mental disorders. After this assessment, subjects will be randomized into control (n=125) and experimental (n=125) treatment groups. Following hospital discharge, the control group will receive usual aftercare and community care services; aftercare services from this hospital are considered among the best in the region. Those in the experimental group will receive these services as well as nine months of CTI. Both groups will be followed for eighteen months. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CYCLOOXYGENASE CATALYSIS AND SUICIDE INACTIVATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, William L. Professor; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, MI 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The goal of our research is to understand the mechanism of cyclooxygenase catalysis by PGH synthases (PGHSs). PGHS-1 and -2 catalyze the formation of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH/2) from arachidonic acid--the committed step in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Both enzymes catalyze (a) a cyclooxygenase reaction in which arachidonate is converted to PGH/2 and (b) a peroxidase reaction in which PGH/2 is reduced to PGH/2. These two reactions occur at distinct but interconnected cyclooxygenase and peroxidase sites that are bisected by a heme group. The cyclooxygenase active site is a hydrophobic tunnel that protrudes from the membrane binding surface of PGHS into the major globular domain of the enzyme. Fatty acid substrates and probably 02 enter this site from the membrane at the base of the tunnel. The peroxidase site is located on the opposite surface of the protein and resembles that of myeloperoxidase. Our first specific aim to characterize the contributions of amino acids within the cyclooxygenase active site to the binding of arachidonic acid. We will determine the crystal structure of a cyclooxygenase-inactive Y371F human (h) PGHS-2 mutant with arachidonate bound in the active site. We will also prepare mutations of various active site amino acids and analyze the effects of these changes on substrate binding and catalysis. Our second specific aim is to determine if suicide inactivation of cyclooxygenase activity results from radical-initiated intramolecular protein cross linking involving a Tyr504 radical. We will characterize peptide products derived from native and suicide-inactivated ovine PGHS-1 to determine what residues are modified during inactivation. We will also determine the rates of formation of various spectral intermediates formed upon interaction of hydroperoxides with H386A ovine PGHS-1, a mutant PGHS that fails to undergo inactivation. Finally, we will determine the effect f replacing Tyr504. Our third specific aim is to determine if the H20 channel of PGHS that connects the cyclooxygenase active site with the exterior of the protein serves as a conduit for the proton that is abstracted from the active site Tyr385 during cyclooxygenase catalysis; we will characterize mutations likely to block the H20 channel (G227A, G536A) and mutations expected to negate proton transfer (R37G,L). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DELINEATING THE EXTERNALIZING CONSTRUCT & ITS FACETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Patrick, Christopher J. Psychology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Five years of funding are sought to pursue translational research on the externalizing spectrum of personality and psychopathology. The externalizing spectrum is conceived of as a coherent set of personality traits and psychopathological syndromes characterized by a lack of impulse control. At the highest level within this spectrum stands a variable that links specific externalizing disorders and traits, the externalizing dimension. Recent research demonstrates both the existence and high heritability of this dimension via significant observed (phenotypic) and etiological (genetic) connections between an unconstrained, impulse-driven personality style and psychopathological syndromes involving antisocial behavior and substance dependence. This application seeks to build on these preliminary data by pursuing three specific aims. First, quantitative models of behaviors
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in the externalizing spectrum will be built by developing a hierarchical model of the externalizing spectrum that links the broad externalizing dimension to its manifestations as specific traits and syndromes. Second, models of externalizing behavior will be linked to models of neurocognitive processing, with a particular focus on event related potentials, to characterize the biobehavioral bases of externalizing behavior. Third, high levels of externalizing will be studied in criminal offender samples to characterize the implications of the externalizing spectrum model for understanding behaviors with high social costs, such as reactive violence and impulsive suicide attempts. This research is designed to realize the aims of the RFA to which it is a response by integrating ideas from diverse scientific areas (ranging from statistical modeling to cognitive neuroscience), in linking basic methodological advances in these areas to a broad range of costly, impulsive behaviors in both clinical and non-clinical samples. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEPRESSION IN LATE LIFE AND CAUSES OF DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Gallo, Joseph J. Associate Professor; Family Practice and Cmty Med; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overarching goal of this study is to assess mortality of depressive syndromes in older adults in relation to overall death rates as well as in relation to deaths from specific causes, especially cardiovascular disease, while accounting for baseline and time-varying cardiovascular risk factors and other potentially influential personal and clinical characteristics. We will compare death rates among a representative sample of older persons who participated in an intervention trial designed to increase the number of older adults who receive appropriate depression treatment, such as antidepressant medications and psychotherapy. The study sample is enriched with older primary care patients with major and minor depression (n = 719) participating in an intervention trial, making it possible to study the impact of treatment on mortality risk associated with depression. Specific aims of this study are: (1) to estimate the relative risk of all-cause mortality among older primary care patients with major depression and clinically significant minor depression compared to patients without significant depression after a 3-year follow-up interval, accounting for potentially influential personal and clinical characteristics; and, (2) to assess whether varying intensity of depression treatment is associated with different allcause mortality after a 3-year follow-up interval. To accomplish these aims, we will capitalize on screening, clinical assessment, treatment, and follow-up assessments which have occurred for up to 2 years in PROSPECT (the "Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial"). PROSPECT is a collaborative multi-site intervention study funded by the NIMH in primary care practices have been randomized into one of two treatment conditions: (1) treatment as usual (n = 597 patients); and (2) a guideline management intervention (n = 620 patients). In all, 1,217 patients, including all patients who screened positive for depression and a random sample of patients who screened negative, have been enrolled in the 2-year longitudinal study and clinically evaluated for DSM-IV major depression, minor depression, and dysthymia. In PROSPECT, 719 patients met criteria for depression treatment. The adequacy of depression treatment is assessed for all 1,217 patients regardless of diagnosis. Our proposal seeks support for identifying the follow-up vital status of the participants (using the National Death Index) and, for the persons who have died, determining primary and underlying causes of death using data from NDI Plus and primary care medical records. What we learn from this follow-up will help design interventions that are specifically targeted to
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decrease mortality among older adults with depression that is frequently associated with concurrent medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DESIRE FOR DEATH AMONG TERMINALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Breitbart, William; Professor and Chief; SloanKettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Despite the hope created by the recent introduction of protease inhibitors, patients with AIDS are still dying in large numbers,and palliative care/quality of life issues in patients with advanced AIDS remains an important area of clinical investigation. Perhaps the most compelling and clinically relevant issue in palliative care today concerns desire for death and physician assisted suicide (PAS). Despite the recent Supreme Court decisions, the issue of whether or not to legalize PAS will continue to be actively debated in many state legislatures. It is anticipated that several states will legalize PAS, and guidelines are being developed for its use that involve psychiatric evaluation as an important component. There have been several recent studies of patients with cancer or AIDS, including one on interest in PAS among ambulatory patients with AIDS published by the investigator's research group, demonstrating that depression plays an important and perhaps central role in some patients' desire for death or interest in PAS. With only one exception, these studies have failed to directly assess/measure desire for death among terminally ill patients,and no research to date has attempted to answer the question of whether treatment for depression has a significant impact on patients' desire for death. This project's overall aim is to describe desire for death among patients with end-stage AIDS, determine the correlates of desire for death, and assess the impact of treatment for major depression on patients' desire for death. Specifically, the investigators will assess the prevalence, severity, consistency over time (8 weeks), and medical/psychosocial correlated of desire for death among terminally ill AIDS patients, as well as the relationship between desire for death and a clinical diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode. Desire for death will be monitored over an 8-week period in a group of patients who receive a standardized pharmacological treatment for depression. This study aims to provide the first direct evaluation of the desire for death among terminally ill patients with AIDS, and will provide data on the critical issue of whether or not treatment for depression influences patients' desire for death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL REJECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Baumeister, Roy F. Professor; Psychology; Florida State University 118 North Woodward Avenue Tallahassee, FL 323064166 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by investigator): Social rejection and exclusion from social groups have been widely suggested as contributing to a broad range of societal and mental health problems, including aggression, drug abuse, suicide, and anxiety. The proposed research begins with a recognition of the pervasively social nature of adolescent and young adult human beings, a nature that includes a powerful motivation by excluding such people from social groups may therefore elicit an assortment of abnormal, antisocial, undesirable, and even pathological responses. The proposed research will
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employ primarily laboratory manipulations of social rejection and exclusion to investigate the direct consequences of this common but often highly aversive experience. People will be exposed by random assignment to experiences of social acceptance and social rejection, such as hearing that no other member of an ad hoc group expressed a preference to work with them individually, or a diagnostic forecast that they will be alone later in life. The first part of the application proposes to study how social exclusion causes a shift toward antisocial behaviors (including aggression) and away from prosocial behaviors (such as affiliating and helping). The second part will investigate inner psychological processes that may contribute to these behavioral manifestations. The inner processes affected by exclusion may include self-regulation and volition, emotion, and passivity. Rejection may promote depression and impair people's control over attention. The third application will pull the first two parts together to show that the impairments in self-regulation mediate the antisocial responses. The fourth part of the application will examine possible gender differences in the effects of social exclusion in terms of the basis for rejection, internalizing versus externalizing responses, and the social sphere implicated in the exclusion. The fifth project will examine social exclusion outside the laboratory, in order to elucidate how exclusion affects people in everyday life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DETECTING DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN OLDER ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Duberstein, Paul R. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): One consistent and disturbing finding in the suicide literature compels this investigation. Most older adults who take their own lives have an affective disorder, but the potential risk for suicide was unrecognized by family members and health professionals. The central thrust of our symptom detection model is that specific factors deter the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of depression in older adults. ROl funding is sought to test aspects of this model in a demographically and clinically heterogeneous sample of 1000 primary care patients 65 years of age and older. Beginning in August 2001, these patients were recruited into a naturalistic study, "Depression Outcome in Primary Care Elderly" (DPC) (NIMH ROl MH61429-O1A1, J. Lyness, M.D., P.I.). For this proposed ROl, we will collect data from informants who are members of the social networks of participants in the DPC study in order to examine informant detection of depressive disorders and symptoms of depression and anxiety. We will strive to recruit one informant for each subject in that study, and plan to collect data from more than 628 informants. We will ask the informants questions about themselves and the DPC participants' psychiatric symptoms. Specifically, we will examine informant detection of depression as a function of: the severity and history of patients' psychiatric disorders (Aim 1), patients' psychosocial (personality and social support) characteristics and physical health parameters (Aim 2), patients' demographic characteristics (Aim 3), and informants' psychiatric history and self-reported health (Aim 4). We will explore the role of informants' personality traits and attitudes toward mental illness, and differences between African-Americans and Whites will be explored. We hypothesize the detection will be poorer for: disorders that are less severe and first episode (Aim1); patients with certain personality traits (e.g., low extraversion; low openness to experience) or poor physical health (Aim 2); and men and unmarried participants (Aim 3). Detection will also be poorer when informants have no prior history of depression or are in poor physical health (Aim 4). For Aim 2, the mediating
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effect of social support will be examined. Confirmation of these hypotheses will indicate needed revisions in current approaches to late-life depression and suicide. Findings will help guide the development of screening instruments, educational and clinical interventions, and surveillance strategies to lessen the public health impact of unrecognized and untreated depression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF NOVEL SERT PET LIGANDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodman, Mark M. Professor of Radiology; Radiology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Considerable evidence accrued over the last two decades have convincingly implicated decreased serotonin transporter (SERT) binding in the pathophysiology of major depression and suicide. Although a tremendous amount of information regarding the SERT and its role in depression and suicide has been obtained, this supporting evidence has, however, been indirect in being derived almost exclusively from the study of postmortem tissue and animal and peripheral cell models of transporter cell function and pharmacology. The mechanisms responsible for decreased brain SERT binding in depression and suicide are still unknown. We propose to develop fluorine-18 and bromine-76 imaging agents as tools to the exploration of the mechanism of major depression by assessing the functional status of SERT using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). This application wide focus on the development of positron emitting analogs of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4'-(Z-2iodoethenyl)phenyl)nortropane (ZIENT) that show high selectivity and affinity for the SERT and low nonspecific binding. Our recent preliminary data with iodine-123 labeled ZIENT indicate that structural features unique to ZIENT permit in vivo measurement of SERT density in cortical brain regions suggesting ZIENT is a suitable lead compound for PET radiotracer development. Two goals of this proposal are: 1) conduct a structure activity relationship study (SAR) to identify a sutiable fluorine-18 and bromine-76 radiotracer for in vivo imaging of the SERT in atients with mood disorders; the SAR study will involve: (a) the development of synthetic methods for the preparation of new 18F- and 76Br-labeled 2beta-carboalkoxy-3beta-(4'-(Z-2-haloethenyl)phenyl)nortropanes, (b) the in vitro determination of relative affinity of 18F- and 76Br- candidates (c) ex vivo estimation of brain penetrance and regional distribution in rats. (d) microPET studies defining time- activity curves for specific and nonspecific binding in brain regions-ofinterest in rhesus monkeys. (e) ligand metabolite studies performed on arterial samples (f ) microPET studies of in vivo binding site selectivity assessed by "chase" competition in rhesus monkeys. (g) Graphical analysis of cerebral SERT site binding using microPET in non-human primates with the lead radiolabeled analog; 2) To conduct toxicity studies on an optimized ligand that will support the submission of an RDRC and an IND application. Our hypotheses include: 1) the introduction of fluorine onto an alkyl group in the 2P-carboakoxy- position of ZIENT and replacement of iodine with bromine on the 3beta-(4'-(Z-2-haloethenyl)phenyl) group will generate a PET ligand with imaging characteristics equivalent to ZIENT; 2) A 18F- and 76Br-analog of ZIENT provides substantial temporal and logistical benefits for SERT imaging as compared to a SERT [11C] radiotracer due to the longer half-life of fluorine-18 (t1/2=110 min) and bromine76 (t 1/2= 16 h) compared to carbon (tlI2=20min). After the best novel PET SERT ligand is identified, it will be applied in humans to define the relationship between brain SERT binding and depression and suicidal behavior. We will also begin to define SERT
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alterations in dimensional traits that are related to suicide, such as aggression, impulsivity and anxiety. The relationship between SERT 5-HTTLPR promoter region and in vivo SERT expression will be explored. Once SERT binding is determined in depressed patients, we will be able to assess the relationship of SERT binding and treatment response to SSRIs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF SUICIDE RESEARCH IN CHINA Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, Jie; Sociology; Buffalo State College 1300 Elmwood Ave Buffalo, NY 14222 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: This is a revised proposal requesting small grant support to conduct a pioneering project to study suicide in China. The high suicide rates in China, especially those for rural young women in China have recently been noticed by the international community with China's open door policy. So far, no scientific and systematic studies have been accomplished to investigate the leading cause of premature death in China, where the overall suicide rate is one of the highest in the world and approximately 56 percent of the world's female suicides - about 500 a day - occur in China. The long term goal of our research team is to develop and test suicide prevention measures that are efficient and effective for use by young women in rural China, as well as other populations in China. The current small grant is proposed to conduct a feasibility study of psychological autopsy (PA) to be later used in China for a larger scale survey on the effect of mental health on Chinese suicide. Instruments commonly used in the US need to be pilot studied for their reliability and validity with Chinese samples. In addition, we will make full use of the data, if feasibility and instrument tests are passed, to conduct some exploratory studies to examine some very basic questions in Chinese suicide. Dalian Medical University in China will collaborate to collect data. The aim for this project are as follows: (1). To examine the feasibility of the psychological autopsy (PA) method for the studies of completed suicides in China using rural suicides aged 1549 (n=65) and matched normal controls (n=65) (2). To test the reliability and validity of the instruments to be used in future studies with rural Chinese suicides aged 15-9 and matched normal controls (3). To pilot study the effects of psychiatric status, suicidal intent, life events, and social support on Chinese rural young female suicide with a case control design. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DNA RISK FACTORS IN YOUTH SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcmahon, William M. Associate Professor; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This proposal was designed to identify hereditary risk factors (genetic polymorphisms) that contribute to risk of youth suicide. Two methods are under study, each examining candidate genes in Utah's suicide victims. The methods include haplotype relative risk and direct mutation analysis. Previous research has indicated that factors contributing to suicide are both environmental and inherited. The serotonergic system has been implicated in impulsivity and suicidality, and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin. The Principal Investigator has detected polymorphisms in intron 7 of the TPH gene, and this was studied in a sample of 66 suicide victims from the Utah Youth Suicide Study.
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Studies of polymorphisms at several loci in and surrounding this gene did not appear to be associated with suicide in this population. Additional loci are now being sought. DNA for these studies is obtained from post-mortem blood or other tissues made available through the Medical Examiner's office (located at the University Medical Center). Blood from pedigree members of probands who were suicide victims is collected under another IRB-approved study, entitled "A Community Approach for Investigating Suicide Among Teenagers and Young Adults in Utah" (IRB #5698-95). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUG-RELATED SUICIDAL AND/OR HOMICIDAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Wines, James D. Instructor in Psychiatry; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, MA 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: This application is in response to PA-98-052 for the Mentored PatientOriented Research Career Award (K23). The broad intersection of drugs and violence both directed toward oneself (suicide) and toward others (assault) remains a serious public health problem. A substantial proportion of these events are drug-related. The main objective of this application is to allow the candidate to develop a research career in the area of drug-related harm, specifically drug-related suicidal and/or homicidal behavior (hereafter, DRSHB). The mentor, Dr. Jack Mendelson, will provide a unique source of supervision and guidance for the candidate. The goals of the career development plan are to (1) develop the expertise necessary for the design and execution of clinical studies pertaining to DRSHB, (2) acquire further training in public health for research in clinical populations, (3) obtain the necessary qualities and skill for independence as a researcher. The primary aim of the research plan is to amplify our understanding of the impact of recent drug use (within 24 hours), co-morbid diagnosis (depression and alcohol), and drug combinations (cocaine and alcohol) on the course of DRSHB. Three prospective studies on psychiatric inpatients are specifically designed to rigorously examine DRSHB. Study One, Hypothesis: Suicide attempters with recent drug use will have more severe attempts and higher levels of suicidal/homicidal ideation than attempters without recent drug use. Study Two, Hypothesis I: Depressed alcoholics, compared to patients with major depression only and patients with alcohol dependence only, will have more severe attempts and higher levels of suicidal/homicidal ideation. Hypothesis II: For depressed alcoholics, the amount of recent alcohol use will be positively associated with the degree of suicidality/homicidality. Study Three, Hypothesis I: Patients with alcoholic and cocaine use disorders, compared to patients with alcohol use disorders only and cocaine use disorders only, will have more severe attempts and higher levels of suicidal/homicidal ideation. Hypothesis II: For patients with alcohol and cocaine use disorders, recent use of alcohol and cocaine will have more severe suicidal/homicidal behavior than either drug alone. The present studies as designed will extend and enhance our current knowledge of the phenomenology of DRSHB and shed light on the complex interplay of the drug-individual-environment triad. Understanding these relationships is essential for the development of useful risk-assessment instruments, appropriate intervention strategies and improved suicide and violence prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DST AND SUICIDE PREDICTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Elizabeth Ann. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Suicide is a major public health problem in the US. To date, the main risk factors identified in multiple clinical samples include male sex, living alone and suicidal ideation. Recent data suggest that demonstrating nonsuppression to cortisol on the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) may be a more robust clinical predictor than these other variables. This is further supported by postmortem data indicating chronic activation of the HPA axis such as increased adrenal weight and increased POMC mRNA in the anterior pituitary. Furthermore, strong evidence supports the effects of cortisol in modulating brain serotonin systems. This project depends upon the existence of a large database of subjects with the diagnosis of major depression who received the DST between 1978 and 1987. All subjects also received SADS interviews and weekly Ham-D ratings during assessment and follow-up. After identifying index cases, we will examine mortality rates particularly suicide in DST positive and negative subjects as well as examining the relationship between a number of other potential risk factors for suicide and completed suicide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EARLY COGNITIVE INTERVENTION FOR SUICIDE ATTEMPTERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Beck, Aaron T. Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-DEC-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Suicide attempts constitute a major risk factor for completed suicide. The current study aims to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of a short-tem cognitive therapy intervention for suicide attempters, implemented as soon as possible after a suicide attempt. The target group of suicide attempters, largely compromised of people from economically disadvantaged and minority groups, has a high rate of substance abuse. Our approach addresses the social as well as the psychological problems that contributes to suicide attempts in this disadvantaged group. The proposed intervention includes: (1) Cognitive and behavioral strategies that focus on the modifiable psychosocial risk factors including depression, hopelessness and suicide ideation, (2) problem-solving strategies, (3) utilization of social support, (4) addressing thoughts and beliefs that lead to substance abuse, and (5) increasing compliance with adjunctive medical, substance abuse, psychiatric and social interventions. In the research design, 120 patients evaluated at the emergency, medical, surgical, or psychiatric departments of a large urban hospital following a suicide attempt will be randomly assigned to cognitive therapy plus treatment-as-usual (CT+TAU) condition or to a treatment-asusual condition. To test the generalizability of this intervention, all suicide attempters will be eligible for study participation. Patients in the CT+TAU condition will receive therapy immediately after the pre-treatment evaluation. The therapy will continue on a weekly basis post-hospitalization for ten sessions followed by booster sessions at the time of the post-treatment evaluations. All patients will receive in- hospital evaluations and then re-evaluations at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the suicide attempt. The primary outcome variable will be the incidence of subsequent suicide attempts. In addition, we will assess changes in hopelessness, depression, suicide ideation, appropriate health care utilization, cost-effectiveness and overall psychological and
42 Suicide
social adaptation. Analyses of repeated measures data will be performed for each measure to determine and characterize differences in the pattern of change over time between the two treatment conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EATING BEHAVIOR AFTER GASTRIC BYPASS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hsu, L. K. George. Professor; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, MA 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): This is a 30-month longitudinal study of 74 severely obese (BMI greater than 40 kg/m2) patients who have undergone gastric bypass (GBP) for weight reduction. It will focus on longitudinal changes in eating behavior, energy metabolism, health status, psychiatric status and psychosocial functioning in 37 binge-eating and 37 non-binge-eating, severely obese subjects followed for 30 months after GBP. It will clarify the outcome of GBP and its prognostic indicators, particularly the role of binge eating and energy expenditure in mediating its outcome. Severe obesity increases both morbidity and mortality and is often resistant to conventional weight loss treatments. Bariatric surgery, particularly GBP, is effective for severe obesity. However, there is great variation in weight loss after GBP and weight regain is common after 18 to 30 months [following] surgery. Furthermore, GBP may not improve binge eating behavior which is very common in severe obesity and may be related to weight regain after GBP. Therefore, the role of binge eating in mediating the outcome of GBP should be studied. Mechanisms that govern energy regulation may influence both eating behavior (including binge eating) as well as energy expenditure. The role of energy expenditure in mediating the outcome of GBP has never been studied. Because of the major weight loss which occurs after GBP, and because weight regain occurs in many patients 18 to 30 months after surgery, the opportunity exists in GBP subjects for a definitive study of energy expenditure in severe obesity. Outcome in psychiatric status and psychosocial functioning after GBP remains unclear. Despite improvement in health status and successful weight loss, suicide is a major cause of death after bariatric surgery. Furthermore, initial improvement in psychosocial functioning may not be sustained despite successful weight loss. Therefore, research in outcome of psychiatric status and psychosocial functioning after GBP is needed. This study is significant because a better understanding of the outcome and the prognostic indicators of GBP may allow better patient selection and the implementation of adjunctive treatments such as cognitive therapy or anti-obesity medications for individuals demonstrating poor outcome predictors or showing persistent psychosocial impairment. Furthermore, it may clarify the role of binge eating and energy expenditure in the pathogenesis of severe obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EBV VECTORS FOR TARGETED GENE THERAPY OF BLYMPHOMAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pagano, Joseph S. Professor; Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): The goal of this application is to effectively and selectively eliminate B-cell derived lymphoma and leukemia cells in cancer patients using a naturally targeted viral vector system. To achieve this goal, the applicant
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proposes to develop a novel combinatorial gene therapy approach as applied to Burkett B lymphoma based on i) a minimal "gene-less" B lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus (miniEBV) vector, and ii) a genetically enhanced "hyper-suicide" HSV1 thymidine kinase (super-TK). Specifically, the following studies will be undertaken: Aim 1) To test the efficacy of B lymphotropic miniEBV vectors to deliver and express a suicide gene into human B-cell lymphomas following oncotropic and oncolytic strategies. This approach is based on the transfer of the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene into B-cell derived lymphomas rendering them sensitive to the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV). For this endeavor miniEBV/sTK will be used to infect B-lymphoma cells in vitro and the transiently infected cells implanted in an animal model to analyze prodrug mediated eradication of the lymphoma using ex vivo protocol. Aim 2) Development of an in vitro cultured packaging cell system to produce helper-free infectious miniEBV. This will involve cloning the genome of EBV in a BAC based vector to delete the packaging sequence by homologous recombination. In addition, EBV negative cell lines will be evaluated for their permissivity to miniEBV replication and packaging into infectious virions. Aim 3) Use the results obtained in Aims 1-2 to test the miniEBV system for its efficiency and safety in a SCID-Human lymphoma/leukemia animal model using an in vivo protocol. Pre-established human B-lymphoma in vivo by intravenous (i.v.) injection with this system will be also evaluated in order to eliminate the disseminated Blymphoma from various organs of the animal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EMERGENCY LINKAGE TO OUTPATIENT PSYCHIATRIC CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Currier, Glenn W. Psychiatry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 03-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): My ultimate goal is to become a leading expert in the design, implementation, and evaluation of novel therapeutic and preventative interventions for patients receiving care in the psychiatric emergency service (PES), which for many is the primary entrance point to the mental health care system. Viewing the PES as an alternative portal of entry provides a compelling opportunity to rethink how we provide mental health services to underserved, highly distressed patient populations at elevated risk of morbidity and mortality, and to extend our understanding of how best to deploy the costly resources of the PES. During the K23 award period, I will build my patient-oriented, research, evaluation and system-oriented intervention skills with a specific goal in mind. By the end of this award period, I hope to be well prepared in all academic, administrative, and methodological skill areas needed to carry out the highest quality randomized controlled trials in the most challenging patient populations imaginable. The project that I am proposing for this application will have two related parts. First, using population-level profiles of those patients at highest risk for treatment noncompliance, I will implement and test a model intervention aimed at non-hospitalized suicidal patients, discharged from the PES, who are at highest risk of not sustaining prescribed outpatient care. For the most part, these patients now are 'lost to care' until they reappear at the PES door for another transient contact. The proposed randomized prospective trial will compare two alternative approaches to linking discharged PES patients to outpatient mental health services: treatment as usual (provision of an outpatient intake appointment within five days of PES discharge) versus a home or community mobile crisis team (MCT) visit within 48 hours. The content of all initial clinical contacts will be standardized. In the second part of the proposed project, I plan to examine the implications of interventions both from
44 Suicide
the patients' perspective (using symptom and functional measures), and from a health services perspective (through mental health service usage data). By the end of this Career Development Award period, I will be highly prepared to implement and rigorously examine large-scale PES-based clinical interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality for disenfranchised patient populations. This preparation will facilitate future R01 level studies, applying skills gained during the K23 award period to conduct trials focused on children and youth, elders, ethnic and cultural minorities, substance abusers, personality disordered patients, and possibly other groups receiving care in the emergency treatment setting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EMOTIONAL AROUSAL AS A PREDICTOR OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Welch, Stacy S. Psychology; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-JUN-2002; Project End 15-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Patterns of physiological arousal as well as selfreported emotional arousal associated with parasuicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder are examined. Women with BPD will participate in personally relevant imagery procedures while both physiological measures of arousal (heart rate, skin conductance, respiration, and blood pressure) as well as self-report measures are conducted. Arousal patterns associated with imagery involving suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury will be compared to each other and to arousal patterns elicited during control scenes using a four-stage methodology (cue situation, approach, incident, consequence). The research is based on the theory that parasuicidal behavior is learned via escape conditioning with relief from negative emotional states serving as the negative reinforcer. It is hypothesized that both non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors as well as non-lethal suicide attempts are maintained (i.e., negatively reinforced) by immediate reductions in aversive tension and emotional arousal, which will appear in both physiological and psychological measures. It is further hypothesized that changes in these patterns will predict subsequent changes in the frequency of parasuicide and suicide ideation four months after testing. Analysis of variance techniques and regression analyses are employed. Research of this nature is extremely important to help develop and improve treatments for chronic parasuicide in BPD. It remains a serious public health problem with few efficacious treatments, and is very costly in terms of health services utilization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENGINEERING ENZYMES FOR ANTI-TUMOR SUICIDE GENE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoddard, Barry L. Full Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, WA 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prodrug gene therapy is a therapeutic strategy in which tumor cells are transfected with a 'suicide' gene that encodes a metabolic enzyme which is capable of converting a nontoxic prodrug into a potent cytotoxin. Such a method allows selective eradication of tumor cells while sparing normal tissue from significant cell killing. The effectiveness of this strategy is dependent on a bystander effect in which untransfected tumor cells are killed through active or passive transport
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of the cytotoxic enzyme product. Several enzyme/prodrug combinations are under active investigation, demonstrating effectiveness in both tissue culture and animal models. However, the combination of low transfection efficiencies and poor turnover of prodrug substrates limit the efficiency of cell killing in the tumor. In order to improve such therapies, enzyme variants must be selected and engineered for enhanced turnover of the prodrug substrate. In this proposal, a collaboration of two laboratories propose to optimize the nucleoside salvage enzymes cytosine deaminase and deoxycytidine kinase for prodrug suicide gene therapy, using a combination of structural biology and directed evolution screens, and to test the efficacy of enzyme variants in cell line and animal models. Cytosine deaminase (CD) catalyzes the deamination of cytosine to uracil and ammonia. Cytosine deaminase is found in bacteria and fungi but is not present in mammalian cells. Cells expressing CD are sensitive to the nucleoside analog, 5fluorocytosine. Due to the enzymatic conversion of 5FC to 5-fluorouracil (5FU). This compound and its deoxyribonucleoside, fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR), are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis and RNA function and are widely used in cancer treatment. In contrast, deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) generates cytidine-monophosphate from cytidine nucleoside, and also activates the antineoplastic agents gemcitabine and cytarabine. The specific aims for this project are: (1) Determine the structure of bacterial CD, yeast CD and human dCK. (2) Perform structure-based mutagenesis and genetic screens to isolate enzyme variants with enhanced binding and turnover of prodrug substrates. This aim will exploit crystallographic information both to direct the mutagenesis of specific regions of the enzyme, and to directly visualize the structural basis of enhanced prodrug. activation by selected enzyme variants (3) Test enzyme variants for tumor cell killing in established tumor model systems, using cell lines and animal models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGIC SEQUELAE OF SUICIDE IN SCHOOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gould, Madelyn S. Associate Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: The increase in adolescent suicides has led to an increase in the development of suicide prevention programs throughout the United States. The most common programs are school-based and are directed to students. There is evidence that many of these programs are initiated after a suicide has occurred in a school or community (postvention). However, a review of the literature indicates that current knowledge about the sequelae of a suicide within a school community is restricted to anecdotal accounts, that there is no empirical basis for traditional postvention programs, and that their efficacy or impact is untested. We propose a program of epidemiologic research in 24 community schools, reaching an estimated 24,000 students, to address these deficiencies. The goal of the project is to identify the prevalence of postulated sequelae (such as, induction of suicidal behavior or ideation; new onset depression; posttraumatic stress responses; and pathological bereavement responses) in a series of schools where a suicide has occurred and use this information to identify the logical components of a postvention program. The exposed group will consist of all children in 12 high schools, within specified geographical limits in three downstate counties in New York State, in which a fellow student has committed suicide within the past month. A two-stage screening procedure will be employed to estimate the range of disorders in those schools. The two-stage screening procedure will also be conducted in a matched comparison group of schools in which no death occurred, in order to determine the
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extent to which excess morbidity is associated with the occurrence of a suicide. To determine whether distress among the surviving student body is transient or of a more persistent nature, a six month and twelve month follow-up will be conducted. The examination of the duration of clinical distress following a student's death and the identification of pathological sequelae that evolve over time are of particular import. The implications for the need or type of intervention are different if the death of a student generates transient symptoms in the surviving student body in contrast to more enduring disorders. The information yielded by this study will provide the empirical basis upon which to develop a school-based suicide postvention program, rather than merely relying on well-intentioned but not necessarily well-informed efforts. Our ultimate goal is to utilize the information generated from the present study to develop a school based suicide postvention program and to prepare a controlled clinical trial to examine the efficacy of the postvention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN ADOLESCENTS MENTAL DISTRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Choi, Heeseung; Nursing Systems and Technology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, TX 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-NOV-2001 Summary: Examining the role of ethnicity in mental distress (depression, somatic symptoms, and suicidal behaviors) is important to overcome disparities in mental distress and to develop culturally competent prevention programs for vulnerable youth in this culturally diverse society. The specific aims of the study are to: 1) examine differences among four ethnic groups of middle school students (African, Anglo, Hispanic, and Asian Americans) in: (a) three indicators of mental distress (b) social stress (general social stress and sociocultural stress) and resources (family relationships, coping, and self-esteem) 2)(a) investigate the relations of ethnicity, resources, and the interaction of ethnicity and resources with mental distress to identify the significant resources for each ethnic group; and 2)(b)investigate the relations of ethnicity, social stress, and the interaction of ethnicity and social stress with mental distress, controlling for resources, to identify the extent to which ethnicity moderates the relation between social stress and mental distress. The sample for this cross-sectional epidemiologic study will consist of a minimum of 320 male and female middle school students. Social stress, depression, and suicidal behaviors will be measured using the Social Attitudinal, Familial, and Environmental Stress Scale for Children (SAFE-C), DSM scale for depression (DSD), and Youth Risk Behavior survey (YRBS) questionnaire, respectively. Resources will be measured using the Family Environment Scale (FES) and ageappropriate adaptations of two existing coping scales and Rosenberg?s Self-Esteem Scale. ANOVA, logistic regression, and the general linear model will be used to analyze the data. Conducting this study is significant and very timely considering the increasing number of minorities and their needs for culturally competentnursing care in the United States. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEPRESSION
ETHNICITY,
GENDER,
AND
MEASURING
ADOLESCENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Randall, Brandy A. Child Devel & Family Science; North Dakota State University Fargo, ND 581055756 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2004
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Summary: (provided by applicant): In recent years, there has been increasing recognition that it is inappropriate to make cross-racial/ethnic group comparisons without empirically establishing the equivalence of the measure being used. It has been suggested that some racial/ethnic groups and subgroups have higher rates of depression. However, whether these differences are, in part, an artifact of the measures used is unclear. In the proposed 1-year project, data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) will be used to examine the crossracial/ethnic measurement equivalence (ME) of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among adolescents. The following aspects of ME will be examined: (1) equivalence of the factor structure and factor Ioadings for boys and girls within each of four ethnic/racial groups (Anglo Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans) and within the following Hispanic American subgroups (Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Puerto Rican Americans) and Asian American subgroups (Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans); (2) equivalence of the factor structure and factor Ioadings between whites and each racial ethnic group and subgroup listed in Aim 1 separately for boys and for girls (3) impact of level of acculturation on the ME of the CES-D for boys and girls in each ethnic/racial group and subgroup; (4) compare the mean levels of depression for groups that show ME of the CES-D (5) examine the relation between depression and suicide risk within and across groups. Confirmatory factor analytic and structural equation models will be utilized to examine the dimensions of ME. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FACTORS IN AN ADOLESCENT SUICIDE CLUSTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Norberg, Karen E.; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: The purpose of this project is to develop the candidate as an independent researcher with skills in clinical psychiatry, epidemiology, and economics, investigating the role of social and economic factors in an epidemic of adolescent suicide. The Research Plan will have three components: (1) a case/control retrospective investigation of an outbreak of adolescent suicide in South Boston in 1997, with a focus on the role of social networks linking victims of suicide and a large number of adolescents in the community who made non-lethal attempts during the outbreak; (2) a record linkage study, making use of a unique database collected by the candidate and by the Boston Emergency Services Team, comparing the roles of neighborhood risk and protective factors as predictors of adolescent self-injury in South Boston and in neighborhoods elsewhere in Boston; and (3) an econometric analysis, using cross-sectional and longitudinal data, placing the South Boston epidemic in a national context. The Training Plan is designed to develop the candidate's practical skills in research methodology and biostatistics, and to deepen her theoretical background in the psychological study of trauma and affective disorders, economic theory, and epidemiology. Her training will involve three components: (1) individual guidance and instruction from a multidisciplinary group of mentors and consultants, representing the disciplines of psychology, epidemiology, and economics; (2) formal coursework in biostatistics, economics, other social sciences, and epidemiology, and (3) the completion of the three research projects, as outlined. The principal mentors for the candidate's career development will be Dr. Terence Keane (psychology) and Prof. Jonathan Gruber (economics); other consultants will include Drs. Eva Deykin and Madelyn Gould
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(psychiatric epidemiology), and Drs. David Cutler and Richard Frank (health economics). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FAMILIAL PATHWAYS TO EARLY-ONSET SUICIDE ATTEMPTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brent, David A. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: This is a resubmission of MH#56612. This two-site R-10 proposal, based at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic (WPIC, the site of this proposal) and at New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYPSI) requests five years of support for a high risk design to study the familial transmission of early.onset suicidal behavior. The probands are adult depressed suicide attempters and depressed non-attempters well characterized in previous interrelated studies in Pittsburgh and New York. In Pittsburgh, approximately 161 offspring of 36 attempters and 25 non-attempters, and in New York, 338 offspring of 90 attempters and 68 non-attempters will be studied. Because clinical and demographic characteristics of the probands in Pittsburgh and New York are similar, it is likely that the data can be pooled across sites. Probands, biological offspring over the age of 10, and the other biological parent will be characterized as to Axis I and II disorder, suicide attempt history, aggression, impulsivity, and family environment. Probands will be genotyped with polymorphic markers for tryptophan hydroxylase and other candidate genes related to central serotonergic metabolism. After the initial assessment, offspring will be followed up at one and two years after intake to observe the development of aggression, impulsivity, psychopathology, and suicidal behavior. We predict that the confluence of aggression and impulsivity, "impulsive aggression," the tendency to impulsively respond to provocation or frustration with anger or overt aggression, is central to the familial transmission of suicidal behavior. The project will test the following hypotheses: (1) offspring of attempters will have higher rates of suicide attempts than the offspring of non-attempters; (2) aggression, impulsivity, and the dimension of impulsive aggression will be greater in offspring of attempters, and will predict development of suicide attempts, especially in those who also develop mood disorders; (3) the familial transmission of suicide attempts will not be explained by the familial transmission of mood disorder alone; (4) there will be evidence of familial transmission of suicide attempt even after controlling for the expected greater exposure to family adversity in the offspring of attempters; and (5) polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene and other genes related to central serotonergic function will be associated with impulsive aggression and suicide attempts among probands. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FAMILIAL TRANSMISSION OF YOUTH SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Glowinski, Anne L. Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dr. Anne L. Glowinski is an instructor in child and adolescent psychiatry and a postdoctoral fellow in psychiatric genetic epidemiology at the Washington University School of Medicine. This is a revised application for a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award (K08) to support 5 years of investigation of the familial transmission of youth suicidal behavior. The Candidate will
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be mentored by Dr. Andrew Heath, an internationally renowned behavior geneticist, and Dr. Richard Todd, a child psychiatrist with advanced expertise in molecular genetics and neurobiology. The research funded by this award will be in keeping with the 1999 Surgeon General's call to heed youth suicide. The Candidate's preliminary analyses of twin and family data sets suggest the existence of genetic and environmental susceptibilities to suicidal behavior. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been found in many studies, to be the disorder most firmly associated with suicidal behavior, yet the precise etiological relationship of suicidal behavior and depression is unclear. Also, familial factors, such as parental alcoholism appear to substantially increase the risk of youth suicidal behavior. Using a program of comprehensive secondary data analysis of existing twin-family data sets and new data, collected in a community sample of adolescent female and male twins, the Candidate will examine: 1) Epidemiological, clinical and other characteristics associated with youth suicidal behavior; 2) Familial aggregation of suicidal behaviors; 3) Genetic and environmental influences on youth suicidal behavior; 4) The relationship between genetic influences on suicidal behavior and genetic factors involved in the familial transmission of depression and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents; 5) The contribution of parental alcoholism to suicidal behavior is adolescents (including genotype by environment interaction effects) and the mediators involved in this contribution. In carrying out this plan of research, and through formal coursework, tutorials and selected readings, the Candidate will acquire expertise in conducting twin-family studies, analyzing complex twin-family data and will additionally gain knowledge in other areas upon which she anticipates her career as a clinician scientist will draw in the future including: Developmental neurobiology, molecular genetics, genetic association and linkage analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FAMILY INFLUENCES ON BORDERLINE OUTCOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoffman, Perry D. Psychiatry; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: This applicant requests a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award to identify the influence of family factors on the course of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and its treatment in the community. A five year program of research and education will furnish the principal investigator with the multifaceted skills and expertise needed to completed state-of-the-art research with this segment of the persistently mentally ill and their relatives. BPD patients are not only challenging and expensive to treat but are also the largest growing subset of psychiatric patients with persistent illnesses. Although the role that the family environment plays in the genesis of the disorder plays in the course and effective treatment of the disorder. The absence of this critical information severely limits the range of potential treatment strategies that are crucial to the recovery process. The research component has two studies. The first study will collect data to test the hypothesis that certain family patterns and attributes (e.g., the absence of parental pathology, high emotional involvement, low perception of burden, high patient validation, effective familial problem-solving, low negative affective style, knowledge about the disorder) will predict one-year patient outcome as measured by: 1) frequency and severity of suicidal behaviors; 2) number of rehospitalizations; 3) behaviors that limit the quality of life, including: a) depression, b) alienation in family relationships, c) generalized hopelessness, d) level of loneliness; and 4) reasons for living. The second study is to conduct a pilot study on a family intervention as an additional treatment to standard Dialectical Behavior Therapy. The
50 Suicide
"add-on" intervention will be pilot tested in a controlled study targeting the variables that are shown to be documented as influential, prevalent, and modifiable in the longterm course of the disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FAMILY PSYCHOEDUCATION: EFFICACY IN CHILD MOOD DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fristad, Mary A. Professor; Psychiatry; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, OH 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Mood disorders and suicide in youth represent major health concerns. Clinicians working with these youth need effective intervention strategies. However, there are no well established psychosocial interventions for prepubertal children with depression or manic-depression. Existing literature suggests that reducing expressed emotion (EE) via family psychoeducation improves outcome for adults with mood disorders, but similar studies in children are lacking. We developed an eight session, manual-driven, multi-family psychoeducation group therapy program (MFPG) designed to serve as an adjunct to the ongoing medication management and individual/family psychotherapy a child receives. Preliminary studies suggest MFPG is associated with multiple improvements for families, including: increased knowledge about mood disorders and improved coping skills in parents; improved family climate; increased perceptions of social support for parents and children; and increased effective treatment utilization. However, these studies have had significant methodologic limitations. In the proposed study, we hope to rigorously test the efficacy of MFPG with 165 mood disordered children aged 8 to 11. Participants will be recruited from multiple settings to obtain variability in socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity, prior treatment history, and typical access to mental health services. Children and their primary and secondary parents/caregivers will complete pre-treatment assessment batteries at Time 1, then will be randomized into immediate MFPG plus treatment-as-usual (TAU) or a wait-list condition (WLC) plus TAU. All will be reassessed at Time 2 (approximately 3 months after study entry), Time 3 (7 months), and Time 4 (12 months). After the Time 4 assessment, WLC+TAU families will receive MFPG. A final assessment (Time 5, 15 months) will occur post-treatment. Hypotheses are: 1) MFPG+TAU families will function better than WLC+TAU families at Times 2, 3 and 4; 2) all families will improve functioning from immediately pre-treatment to immediately post-treatment; 3) several baseline variables (healthier child and parent functioning, higher caregiver concordance regarding treatment, and greater access to services) will be associated with better outcome for all participants; and 4) differences in gender and ethnicity will be unrelated to outcome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FETAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE AND NEURODEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Miranda, Rajesh C. Associate Professor; Human Anatomy and Medical Neurobiology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, TX 77843 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy is the leading preventable cause of craniofacial and central nervous system birth defects. These defects include hypodevelopment of the mid-face, microcephaly, and loss of brain
Studies 51
tissue mass. Fetal alcohol exposure is especially linked to a significant risk for mental retardation, attention deficits, hyperactivity and other mental health disorders. Alcohol induces a loss of neural tissue by inhibiting neurogenesis while promoting neuronal death. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We know little about the neurotrophic mechanisms that are targeted by alcohol. We also know little about the gene transcription gestalt that is associated with the deleterious actions of alcohol on the brain. Therefore, our central hypothesis is that is that alcohol suppresses survival and neurogenesis signals, and related patterns of gene expression in the developing cerebral cortex. We will test our hypothesis in cerebral cortical models of neural development. We propose three specific aims: (#1): To identify the extent to which alcohol alters the balance between developmental cell-suicide and survival mechanisms. Our working hypotheses are that alcohol will increase activation of Fas/Apo [apoptosis]-1 suicide receptor and repress compensatory Akt-related survival signals. Furthermore, inhibition of Fas/Apo-1 will prevent alcohol-induced apoptosis. We will test these hypotheses in embryonic mouse cerebral cortical cultures exposed to alcohol. (#2): To identify neural p53-associated genetic differentiation patterns that are regulated by alcohol. p53 is a key intracellular initiator of differentiation. Based on our studies, our working hypothesis is that alcohol alters p53 activation to prevent differentiation-related patterns of gene expression in the cortex. We will use western immunoblot analyses to examine p53 activation, and cDNA microarray analyses to specifically identify p53-associated genes that are regulated by alcohol. (#3) To identify neurogenesis-related genes that are regulated by alcohol in the cerebral cortex. We have identified neurogenesis-related genes in an embryonic cerebral cortical model, using differential hybridization strategies. Based on our data, our working hypothesis is that alcohol will suppress expression of proliferation-associated genes in embryonic cortex. We will use cDNA microarrays to identify relationships between alcohol exposure and induction of genes related to neurogenesis. At the conclusion of the proposed research, we expect to have identified some of the trophic support mechanisms underlying alcohol neurotoxicity. We also expect to identify unique neurogenesis and differentiation gene patterns that are regulated by alcohol during development. These outcomes will be significant because they are expected to provide the foundations for an analysis of neurobiological processes targeted by a leading environmental teratogen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLUOXETINE & COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY IN SOCIAL PHOBIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Foa, Edna B. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: This competing continuation application is one-half of a jointly proposed multicenter study by Drs. Foa, Franklin, and Kozak, of the Allegheny University of Health Sciences and Drs. Davidson and Keefe of Duke University Medical Center. Who are submitting two separate but similar proposals. We request that the two proposals be reviewed together. The proposed research is a continuation of an ongoing study funded by NIMH for the period of 9/30/94 though 8/31/98. Patient recruitment in the ongoing study has been slower than anticipated, and we are seeking funds to extend the study for an additional 3 years to accrue sufficient sample size to test the original hypotheses. The major goals of the study are: (a) to evaluate the effectiveness of FLU, a comprehensive cognitive behavioral program (CCBT) that includes CT,EX and SST, and a combination of FLU and CCBT in generalized anxiety disorder (GSP); (b) to compare
52 Suicide
relapse rates associated with different groups after discontinuation of treatment; ~ to examine the transportability of the two treatment approaches; and (d) to examine possible predictors of treatment response. GSP is chronic and debilitating anxiety disorder, affecting over 2% of the population and resulting in significant morbidity and suicide attempts. Recent studies have indicated a number of promising treatments, including fluxetine (FLU), cognitive therapy (CT), exposure therapy (EX) and social skills training (SST). No studies have compared FLU ( or any other serotonergic drug) with cognitive behavior therapy in GSP or examined the effectiveness of a combined treatment group. Moreover, no study has yet evaluated the extent to which different treatments for GSP (e.g., medications, CBT) can be transported/replicated across sites. One hundred and sixty subjects (80 per site) in addition to the 200 to be accrued in the ongoing study, meeting DSM-IV criteria for GSP will be randomly assigned to one of five conditions: FLU, CCBT, FLU+CCBT, CCBT + pill placebo, and placebo alone. Treatment is administered for 14 weeks, followed by a 24 week treatment free followup. Outcome is assessed by independent evaluator ratings, self-report scales, and behavioral measures of social skills. Assessments are conducted before, during and after treatment as well as during an extended follow-up phase. Important to this proposal is the collaboration between pharmacologically and cognitive- behaviorally oriented research programs. Long range goals are to establish guidelines for the pharmacological and cognitive behavioral treatment of GSP, to understand the separate and combined effects of pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in this condition, and to integrate pharmacological and psychosocial approaches to the anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLUOXETINE AND BEHAVIOR THERAPY IN SOCIAL PHOBIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Davidson, Jonathan R. Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, NC 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This application is one-half of a jointly proposed multicenter study by Drs. Davidson and at DUMC and AUH respectively, who are submitting two separate but similar competing continuation proposals. Generalized social phobia (GSP) a chronic and debilitating anxiety disorder affecting over 10 percent of the population and resulting in significant morbidity and suicide attempts. Recent studies have indicated that fluoxetine (FLU), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) may be effective in treating GSP. No studies have compared FLU vs. CCBT vs PBO in GSP, nor have they examined the effectiveness of combined FLU-CCBT. No study has yet evaluated the extent to which different treatments for GSP (e.g. medications, CCBT) can be transported/replicated across centers, nor have the comparative effects of an SSRI, a widely used class of drugs in GSP, been assessed relative to psychosocial treatments. Major goals of this ongoing study are to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of FLU, CCBT, the combination of FLU plus CCBT, vs CCBT with placebo vs placebo; (2) to compare relapse rates associated with different treatment groups following discontinuation at week 14; (3) to examine the transportability of the two treatment approaches; (4) to examine possible predictors of treatment response. This study was begun in 1994, and involves both a pharmacologically oriented site and a psychosocial treatment oriented site, thus providing state-of-the-art treatment in each mode. The collaborative study has been very successful to date, but we have proceeded at a slower speed than we had expected, and propose to extend the study for three more years in order to accumulate a sufficient sample of completed subjects to allow adequate power to test our original hypotheses.
Studies 53
We will enroll 160 subjects at each site, to attain 120 completers (n=25 per group; n=20 for placebo). This will provide adequate statistical power to test treatment and site effects. This study serves as a model for psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy comparisons because experts in each modality are providing both forms of treatment. As a result, this protects against expert bias for either treatment and the results of this study are expected to establish guidelines for pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy of GSP, to understand the separate and combined effects of each type of therapy in this disorder, and to integrate pharmacological and psychosocial treatments in generalized social phobia. Effective treatments can be a long way towards reducing the societal burden associated with the disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FOLLOW-UP OF VIETNAM VETERANS AT RISK FOR SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Price, Rumi K. Research Associate Professor of Epidemio; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This amended application (RO I MH/DA6096 1-01 A2) requests support for four and a half years (July 200 Ito December2005) to conduct a follow-up of Vietnam veterans whose risk levels for current suicidal behaviors have been projected from the results from the Washington University Vietnam Era Study Phase III (VES-HI), carried out in 1996-97. The VES cohort originates from a study initiated by the White House in 1971 to address substance abuse and adjustment problems to civilian life among returning servicemen deployed to Vietnam. Two waves of in-person interviews were conducted by Washington University in 1972 and 1974 with two national probability samples of male Vietnam War veterans and a comparison sample of nonveterans (total target N=l,227). The 25-year follow-up (VES-Ill) implemented life crisis intervention protocols after a suicide occurred during fieldwork. Analyses of VES-Ill and two large general-population studies, the National Mortality Followback Survey, 1993, and the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey, 1992, together confirmed a significant excess risk of both suicide and suicide attempts among Vietnam veterans, within men of the age group of 40-60, controlling for demographic risk and protective factors. Alcoholism, drug use, depression, and trauma/PTSD appear to largely explain Vietnam veterans' excess risk. This application (VES-IV) will attend closely to protective factors mitigating suicidal risk to improve the precision of suicidal behavior prediction. Based on self-reports and a suicide behavior predictive scale, higher-risk (n=168) and lower-risk (n=250) target samples have been selected from VES-III to balance the considerations for scientific yields and challenges expected in the field. The scientific aims are to examine: 1) the mechanisms of coping and other protective factors using mixed qualitative and quantitative measures, including analyses of a) qualitative measures of appraisal, coping, religiosity, optimism, substance use, social networks, and barriers to care based on suicide episodes or negative events, b) quantitative measures of qualitative codes used in a), c) quantitative measures of episode/event-based and general coping, and d) quantitative measures of time-dependent protective factors; and 2) the interactions of risk and protective factors in predicting suicidal behaviors, using the measures including a) quantitative episode/event -based or time-dependent risk and protective factors obtained from VESIV, and b) previous risk and protective factors obtained from VES-III and earlier waves. A human subject protection aim is added to: 3) provide follow-up treatment triage and access to an on-call suicide intervention for those with current suicidal risk. The study
54 Suicide
will provide a better understanding of the inner working of protective factors, and their interaction with risk factors, which were identified as a gap in knowledge in the literature. We hope the study's results will help guide intervention for those with known risks for suicidal behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FORMATION AND NATURE OF SERPIN COMPLEXES WITH SERINE AND CYSTEINE PROTEINASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Olson, Steven T. Professor; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, IL 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Protein proteinase inhibitors of the serpin superfamily play an important role in regulating intracellular and extracellular proteolytic enzymes in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation, apoptosis and other key physiological processes. Serpins are distinguished by their ability to inhibit both serine and cysteine proteinases and by their novel mechanisms of trapping proteinases in kinetically stable covalent complexes through major conformational changes. While the multi-step serpin inhibitory mechanism has provided serpins with function through natural mutations associated with disease. The long range goals of this project are to dissect the stepwise sequence of molecular events involved in the conformational trapping mechanism by which serpins inhibit proteinases and to characterize the molecular events involved in the conformational trapping mechanisms by which serpins inhibit proteinases and to characterize the molecular basis of kinetic stabilization of the complexes for both serine and cysteine proteinase targets. The knowledge gained from such studies is expected to deepen our understanding of how serpins regulate proteolysis and to illuminate the multiple ways in which serpin mutations disrupt this regulation. Three hypotheses for how serpins function as unique protein proteinase inhibitors will be tested in these studies: i) serpins function as suicide substrate inhibitors, being initially recognized as normal substrates by their target proteinase, by then being induced to undergo a major conformational change which traps the proteinase at the acyl-intermediate stage of proteolysis; ii) the trapping of proteinases in stable serpin-proteinase complexes results from conformational changes induced in the proteinase by the serpin which disrupt the proteinase catalytic machinery and thereby prevent deacylation of the complex; iii) cysteine proteinases are inhibited by serpins by the same suicide substrate mechanism of kinetic trapping but with different outcomes dictated by the greater reactivity of the thioester linkage between serpin and proteinase. The three specific aims which will test the hypotheses are: 1) to elucidate the novel multi-step mechanism by which serpins inhibit serine proteinases; 2) to determine the nature of the trapping mechanism and elucidate the role of proteinase conformation changes in inducing the trap; and 3) to determine the mechanism by which serpins inhibit cysteine proteinases and assess any differences from serine proteinase inhibition mechanism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTION-BASED SELECTION OF TARGET GENES IN TUMOR CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roninson, Igor B. Professor/Head; Ordway Research Institute, Inc. 150 New Scotland Ave Albany, NY 12208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006
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Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal uses a new methodology to identify human genes that are required for tumor cell growth. Such genes, which provide potential targets for cancer treatment, will be identified through expression selection of genetic suppressor elements (GSEs). GSEs are biologically active sense- or antisenseoriented cDNA fragments that inhibit the function of the gene from which they are derived. Genes that are essential for cell proliferation are expected to give rise to GSEs that inhibit cell growth. Such GSEs can be isolated by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) suicide selection from a normalized (reduced-redundance) library of human cDNA fragments in an inducible retroviral vector. In preliminary studies, selection for growthinhibitory GSEs has been carried out in breast carcinoma cells, yielding growthinhibitory GSEs from about 60 genes. Many of the genes identified by GSE selection are known oncogenes or positive regulators of cell growth, while other genes have no known function or had not been previously implicated in cell proliferation. This analysis will now be extended to several other types of tumor and normal cells. A normalized cDNA fragment library in an inducible retroviral vector will be generated from a mixture of RNA preparations from multiple human tumor cell lines. This library will be transduced into recipient cell lines derived from several major types of human cancer and into telomerase-immortalized lines of normal human cells. Prior to transduction, the recipient cell lines will be derivatized to provide for high efficiency of retroviral infection and for the ability to regulate gene expression from retroviral vectors. The transduced cells will be subjected to BrdU suicide selection for growth-inhibitory GSEs, and GSE-enriched population of cDNA fragments will be recovered from the selected cells. Genes enriched by GSE selection will be identified by sequencing, and representative GSEs from each gene will be tested by several functional assays. The role of GSE-cognate genes in cell proliferation will be confirmed via siRNA inhibition. Genes identified through GSE selection will be prioritized as potential targets by comparing the ability of their cognate GSEs to inhibit cell growth in different types of tumor and normal cells and by analyzing the ability of the GSEs to induce tumor cell death through mitotic catastrophe. This analysis will provide a database of potential new targets for the development of anticancer drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Duman, Ronald S. Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 07-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Depression is characterize behaviorally by depressed mood, inability to experience pleasure, withdrawal of interest, and feelings of worthlessness which can often result in a debilitating quality of life, as well as suicide in many cases. Despite the significant advances that have been made in neurobiology and neuropharmacology of antidepressants, the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions antidepressant treatment have not been identified. Although the acute action of most antidepressants occurs via inhibition of the reuptake or breakdown 5-HT and NE, increased synaptic levels of these monoamines alone cannot account for the therapeutic action of antidepressants. Recent studies have shown that chronic antidepressant treatment (ADT) alters gene expression, especially components of cAMP signal transduction cascade. The delay in the therapeutic effects of ADT coincides with changes in gene expression in intracellular pathways, and it is thought that these changes mediate the therapeutic effects of antidepressants. It is known that stress and antidepressants have opposing actions on neuronal growth and vulnerability, in part
56 Suicide
due to the opposing effects on expression of neurotrophic factors. We hypothesize that stress and antidepressant administration have reciprocal changes in gene expression profiles. The aim of this R21 Exploratory Grant is to characterize the gene expression profiles to different classes of ADT, including 5-HT and norepinephrine selective reuptake inhibitors and ECS, and compare these profiles with changes observed with stress. It is however necessary to distinguish between acute and chronic alterations in response to ADT as only chronic ADT has been shown to possess therapeutic effects. This can be accomplished by comparing expression profiles by microarray analysis at various time points after and ADT. Gene expression changes will be characterized in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of rat brain. This will increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the actions of antidepressant treatment and could lead to novel therapeutic targets. The results from these studies should lead to an ROl proposal aimed at extending these findings. Briefly, further studies would involve modulating the expression of genes identified by viral-mediated expression of genes in discrete brain regions and generation of transgenic mice, for study in behavioral models of stress and depression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENE THERAPY TARGETING HYPOXIC GLIOMA CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Deen, Dennis F. Berthold and Belle N. Guggenhime Profess; Neurological Surgery; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Radiation is a primary treatment modality for patients with malignant gliomas, and in most patients radiation therapy is clearly beneficial. However, the overall outcome of therapy for these patients is dismal, and most patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) die within a year of diagnosis. The presence of hypoxic cells in brain tumors is a major obstacle for radiation therapy, because these cells are notoriously resistant to radiation-induced damage. Therefore, we propose to devise a gene therapy approach for killing hypoxic brain tumor cells during the course of radiation therapy. The DNA construct to be delivered to the tumor cells contains hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) in the enhancer region of the promoter and a suicide gene. Under hypoxic conditions, the transcriptional complex hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF- 1) builds up in cells and binds to HREs. This, in turn, activates the adjacent promoter and causes expression of the downstream suicide gene that kills the cell. This project has 2 goals. The first is to investigate how several cellular or intratumoral characteristics impact on this gene therapy strategy. The second is to investigate whether the gene therapy enhances the radiation response of the tumor cells. We propose 4 specific aims to accomplish these goals. 1) investigate the relationship between HIF-1 and oxygenation status in brain tumor and normal brain; 2) evaluate suicide genes under low pH and in noncycling brain tumor cells; 3) reveal and investigate any bystander effect (BE) produced by specific suicide genes under hypoxic conditions; 4) determine whether expression of suicide genes in hypoxic and oxic cells enhances their response to radiation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENE MYASTHENIA
TRANSFER
FOR
SPECIFIC
IMMUNOTHERAPY
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Drachman, Daniel B. Professor; Neurology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 09-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): This is a proposal to develop and apply a unique and powerful new gene transfer strategy for specific immunotherapy of myasthenia gravis (MG). Ideally, therapy of MG should specifically inhibit the autoimmune response to the autoantigen, acetylcholine receptor (AChR), without otherwise interfering with the immune system. Because the antibody response to AChR is T cell dependant, elimination of the AChR-specific T cells interrupts the autoimmune disorder at a pivotal point, resulting in clinical benefit. This requires elimination of virtually all AChR-specific T cells. However, the marked heterogeneity of T cell responses to AChR in humans and in experimental animals presents a challenge in designing specific treatment capable of eliminating the entire repertoire of AChRspecific T cells. The investigator's targeting strategy is based on the fact that a myasthenic individual's own antigen presenting cells (APCs) can present AChR epitopes to that indivudual's entire repertoire of AChR specific T cells. They have adapted a method that induces the APCs to process and present AChR by inserting a cDNA construct that encodes the key immunogenic domain of the AChR flanked by signals that induce the APCs process and present it. These APCs target AChR-specific T cells highly effectively. In order to eliminate the targeted T cells, they utilize Fas ligands as a "warhead." When FasL interacts with Fas, which is abundantly expressed on activated T cells, it induces apoptosis and death of the T cells. Insertion of the gene for FasL in APCs induces them to express FasL, which effectively kills Fas-expressing target cells. It is essential to protect these APCs, which would die by FasL- induced "suicide," because they also express Fas. To protect these APCs, they insert a 3rd gene for a truncated form of FADD, which acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of Fas-mediated cell death, into the APCs. To insert all 3 genes simultaneously into APCs ex vivo, they have developed a vaccinia virus vector (vvv), which carries all 3 genes. This vaccinia vector can transfer multiple genes simultaneously, inducing high level production of the gene encoded proteins. When it is attenuated (by treatment with psoralen and UV light) the vvv does not replicate but does direct expression of the gene products. Finally, the expression of FasL directed by their vvv system should confer protection against an immune attack by the host's immune system on the virus vector itself. They now propose to optimize the system and develop it in two animal models: (1) experimental MG, including a new transgenic myasthenic mouse model; and (2) a transgenic mouse model of hemaglutinin (HA) sensitivity. The experiments described in the present proposal will develop this novel strategy in experimental animals, both for prevention and for treatment of EAMG. This method is designed to be suitable for treatment of human autoimmune diseases. When optimized in experimental animals, it will be adaptable for treatment of patients with MG and other autoimmune diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC EFFECTS ON SEROTONERGIC ACTIVITY AND AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hen, Rene; Associate Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The diathesis for suicidal behavior plays a major role in determining risk and includes aggressive and impulsive traits. Low serotonergic activity correlates with greater aggressive impulsivity. Genetic factors play a role in determining aggressiveimpulsive traits and serotonergic activity. While suicidal behavior is unique to humans, certain associated behaviors such as aggression, impulsivity, novelty seeking and risk
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taking behaviors in animals may be of direct relevance to suicide-related behaviors in humans. Studies are proposed to examine the hypothesis that alterations in neurodevelopment may result in enduring impairment in the serotonergic system and an increase in impulsivity, novelty seeking and aggression in animals. To further understand these genetic-biological-behavioral relationships, three studies using different, but complementary, strategies are proposed. Study 1 (AGGRESSION IN SEROTONIN RECEPTOR KNOCKOUT MICE, R. Hen) will identify differences in aggressive behavior, serotonin receptor (serotonin transporter, 5-HT/1A, 5-HT/2A) concentrations, and differential gene expression in the brain of 5-HT/1B knockout mice (more aggressive) and compare them with less aggressive 5-HT1A knockout mice and wild type control animals. The genes that produce candidate proteins will be rescued in specific brain regions, and the resulting effects on aggressive behaviors will be determined. Behavioral genetics will be examined in two populations. One population, the vervet monkey component of Study 2 (SEROTONIN SYSTEM NEURODEVELOPMENT, M. Underwood), proposes studies of neurodevelopment to understand the conditions under which genetic factors influence behavioral outcomes. In this work, and in parallel experiments in knockout mice, candidate genes and the morphometry of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus are examined. Study 3 (GENETICS OF TEMPERAMENT AND CENTRAL MONOAMINERGIC ACTIVITY IN PEDIGREED BABOONS, J. Kaplan) examines the second population, baboons, in a linkage study of candidate genes, aggression, novelty seeking and neurobiology (CSF indices). It offers the possibility of identifying the genetic loci of other genes possibly contributing to the aggression or the level of central monoaminergic activity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC ALCOHOLISM
EPIDEMIOLOGY
OF
SOCIAL
PHOBIA
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, Elliot C. Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This proposal is for a NIAAA Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award (KO8) to foster the development of Dr. Elliot Nelson's career by supporting his work with Dr. Andrew Heath and Dr. Richard Todd. The award will enable the candidate to explore the relationship of alcohol dependence and social phobia, controlling for comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD). The candidate's career development will include a program of formal coursework and independent tutorials focusing on biostatistics, genetic epidemiology, research methodology (including the mediation of alcohol dependence and dangerous behavior risks), and behavioral and quantitative genetics. The skills acquired will be applied to both the analysis of existing data and to an independent research project designed to provide a better understanding of the mediation of shared risk. The preliminary data from adolescent female twins suggests that comorbid alcohol dependence is likely to be seen at increased rates in individuals with social phobia and that these subjects are also at increased risk for dangerous behaviors such as having unprotected sex, suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts. The goals of the proposal are to collect two waves of data on l00 control pairs and l00 pairs where at least one twin has a history of social phobia. We will use these data, plus existing data-sets, to address the following Specific Aims: l) To characterize prospectively the profile of comorbid illness observed in individuals with social phobia; 2) To determine prospectively the risk for alcohol dependence and harmful alcohol use given a primary diagnosis of social phobia; 3) To use multivariate
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twin analysis to characterize the relative contributions of disorder-specific and shared genetic and environmental risk factors for social phobia, alcohol dependence, and MDD; 4) To examine whether a variety of dangerous behaviors are seen more frequently in individuals with social phobia, and determine their association with the development of alcohol problems; 5) To examine the routes by which the shared risks appear to be mediated (including both risks of comorbid illness and dangerous behaviors). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC MANIPULATION OF T CELLS--PRECLINICAL MODELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dipersio, John F. Cheif, Division of Oncology; Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Description Verbatim): Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is a curative therapy for hematologic malignancies, marrow failure states, and selected inherited metabolic diseases. Unfortunately, BMT is associated with significant morbidity and mortality related to graft vs. host disease (GvHD). Attempts to mitigate GvHD using T-cell depletion resulted in increased rates of graft failure, post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases, leukemia relapse and opportunistic infections. We propose to genetically modify T-cells using novel cell surface chimeric suicide genes. We will test the expression and purification of novel fusion suicide genes in vitro and in vivo using instructive transgenic and "knock-in" murine pre-clinical models. The optimal method and potential role of genetically manipulated T-cells to mitigate GvHD while maintaining engraftment and graft vs. leukemia can only be defined by developing new reagents and novel pre-clinical murine transplant models. We propose to generate important new reagents to study T-cell transduction by suicide genes and to use a number of well-defined pre-clinical models to develop a rational approach and a clear foundation for future clinical trials. In Aim I, we will design methods to optimize transduction, selection, and expansion of transduced T-cells, using OKT3 and 11-3 and CD3/CD28 magnetic beads. In addition, we will generate novel second-generation suicide genes designed to optimize detection and killing in response to prodrug. We will also test the survival and function of transduced murine and human T cells using in vivo using allogeneic transplant models and several murine SCID models. Aims II and III, we will use the chimeric suicide genes developed in Aim I to generate informative transgenic and knock-in pre-clinical murine models in which these suicide genes will be expressed in all (Aim II) or in subsets (Aim III) of peripheral T-cells. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation will be performed using the transgenic and knock-in mice developed in Aims II and III to further develop the optimal method of suicide in vivo, its effect on GvHD and engraftment, and its possible role in clinical trials. In Aim 1V, we will utilize three novel murine leukemia models in which the effects of genetically modified T-cells and their in vivo suicide on GvHD, engraftment and graft vs. leukemia can be compared to animals receiving unmanipulated T-cells and T-cell depleted BM. These studies will provide new insights into the pathophysiology of GvHD and its effective treatment. Issues regarding the use of genetically manipulated T-cells to control GvHD can best be investigated through the use of informative animal models and the comprehensive studies described in this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETICS OF EARLY ONSET DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Depaulo, J R. Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) Major depressive disorder (MDD) has at least a 5-10% lifetime population prevalence and causes severe morbidity and mortality including suicide. Heritability in twins is 0.4-0.70. Mapping of susceptibility genes may be feasible with the recurrent, early-onset subtype (MDD-RE) which demonstrates a three- to eight-fold increase in risk to first-degree relatives of probands, vs. twofold for all MDD. The complex pattern of transmission suggests multigenic transmission and/or locus heterogeneity, so that large samples may be required. We propose a four-year, six-site project to collect an estimated 770 pedigrees which contain 1,000 independent affected sibling pairs (ASPs), extended by first-degree relationships to include additional affected relatives, plus unaffected relatives (parents and sibs) for genetic phase information. All sites will have identical inclusion criteria, clinical assessment DIGS and FIGS interviews and the NEO personality inventory), interviewer training and reliability monitoring, consensus diagnostic procedures, data management system, and administrative oversight including a quality assurance program. Permanent cell line specimens will be created and DNA extracted at the NIMH-sponsored cell repository. A 10 cM genome scan will be completed on all affected subjects at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), which has approved this project for CIDR access. A three-stage design is proposed: regions with maximum lod scores (MLS) exceeding a liberal simulation-based threshold will be identified in a genome scan of the affected individuals from the first half of the sample, and candidate regions selected which continue to meet this threshold after unaffected individuals are typed in these regions and added to the analysis. Evidence for linkage in these regions will then be tested in the entire sample with parametric and non-parametric analyses using stringent simulation-based thresholds for 5% genome-wide significance. In the four-year project period, genetic analyses can be completed on 80% of the sample (over 600 pedigrees, 800 ASPs), with the remaining families to be available by the end of the project period for immediate completion of the genome scan on these pedigrees at CIDR. A timetable is proposed for rapid sharing of all biological materials, blinded clinical data, genotypes and linkage analyses with the scientific community through the NIMH-sponsored Center for Genetic Studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION IN DEPRESSION AND SUICIDE. Principal Investigator & Institution: Sibille, Etienne L. Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Major depression is emerging as a disease of the central nervous system with a characteristic pathophysiology. For inpatients with major depression, the lifetime mortality due to suicide reaches 15%. Despite a global burden of neuropsychiatric disorders on individual mental health and society's productivity, little is known on mechanisms or molecules that are responsible for these diseases. Accordingly, the identification of the neurobiological underpinnings for mood disorders represents an important challenge in neuropsychiatric research. Complex polygenic mechanisms are likely, with environmental factors contributing to the development of depression and suicidal behavior. However, research efforts have been largely limited to components of brain biology that are affected by antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Microarray technology and genomic characterization represent new investigational developments that allow for unbiased identification of new molecular components and mechanisms of mood disorders. During the award period, the
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applicant aims to train in the application of microarrays to postmortem human brain studies, to initiate a genomic and molecular characterization of prefrontal cortex dysfunction in depressed patients who died by suicide, and to seek new mechanisms, genes and molecules that contribute to the development of the disease. Preliminary results indicate a rich potential for genomic approaches to psychiatric disorders and hints at a possible molecular classification of depression into unrecognized subtypes. The specific aims of the study are /) to characterize gene expression profiles in the prefrontal cortex of human subjects, ii) to assess the effect of major depression and suicide on gene expression, iii) to investigate genes and molecular pathways that were affected by the disease, and iv) to develop new understanding of biological mechanisms involved in depression and suicide, with possibilities for designing new genetic mouse models, and uncovering new molecular targets for treatment and prevention of mood disorders. The proposed training plan will enable the applicant to benefit from recent advances in genome sequencing and genomic technologies, and to develop expertise to bridge these approaches to the study of neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, the applicant will receive valuable training in genomics, statistics and bioinformatics, and in clinical and basic science aspects of brain function. The training program proposes formal courses, supervised training and frequent interactions with several research groups involved in pioneering aspects of genomic research in mood disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GOD/HIGHER POWER CONTROL BELIEFS AND PROBLEM DRINKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Goggin, Kathy J. Psychology; University of Missouri Kansas City Kansas City, MO 64110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Drinking among adolescents is prevalent. By the age of 14, over half all secondary school students drink at least occasionally. Further, adolescents are one of the major at-risk populations for alcohol abuse, with an estimated 30% of adolescent boys and 15% of adolescent girls meeting the criteria for heavy drinking (consuming greater than or equal to 5 drinks at a time) by the age of 18. The initiation of drinking is associated with a variety of negative outcomes for teens including higher risk of alcohol dependence, serious health problems including suicide and alcohol-related traffic accidents. While rates of heavy drinking among other adolescents have declined, rates among African-American youth have stayed consistently high (15% for boys and 5% for girls) over a 10-year period. Frequent heavy drinking places African-American youth at high risk for the development of problems related to their alcohol use. In fact, AfricanAmerican adolescents who drink experience disproportionately more negative consequences as a result of alcohol use even though their levels of use are comparable or even lower than youth of other ethnic groups. Due to the severity of the problems associated with adolescent alcohol misuse, researchers have begun to explore protective factors that may inoculate at-risk adolescents from developing problem drinking patterns. Several of those inquiries have examined the potential protective role that religiosity and spirituality might play. Higher ratings of global religiosity and spirituality do indeed appear to be protective factors against problem drinking in adolescents. However, in adults recent evidence suggests that the extent of an individual's belief that God directly controls his or her alcohol use may have particular importance as a protective factor against problem drinking. This new evidence suggests a need for research on the protective role of alcohol- related God/Higher Power control beliefs in adolescents, however no published studies exist. The dearth of studies in this
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area is due at least in part to the paucity of available measures of domain-specific God/Higher Power control beliefs for use with African-American youth, 2) to explore the protective role of alcohol-related God/Higher Power control beliefs in the development of problem drinking among African-American youth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HEALTH SERVICES FOR PARASUICIDAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Comtois, Katherine A. Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 13-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (K01) will provide the education and skills that I need to make the transition from clinically based randomized controlled trials and survey designs to population-based health services research. I am particularly concerned about assuring that high quality treatments with empirical support are in use in the public mental health system. This will require not only available evidence based treatments but the skills to adapt these treatments when necessary for effectiveness, dissemination, and implementation trials. Some disorders, such as depression in primary care, have benefitted from adaptation of evidence based efficacy treatments to meet the clinical needs of primary care patients and to fit into the primary care system. I am interested in expanding such research interventions to the treatment of parasuicidal behavior in the public sector. My long term goal is to develop a population-based allocation of mental health services for parasuicidal behavior within the public sector that is (a) guided by evidence based treatments, (b) implementable, given variable local system needs and structures, and (c) is cost-effective relative to usual care. To pursue this goal, I will need to expand my training in three areas: (1) clinical epidemiology and quality of care evaluation of usual care, (2) issues that facilitate or impede implementation of evidence based treatments in public mental health settings, and (3) health services research and design of population-based effectiveness studies. These goals reflect NIMH's recommendations of bridging science and service. The proposed study is a naturalistic epidemiologic follow-up of a sample of patients admitted to the psychiatric emergency department (ER) of a county hospital on a random-selection of assessment periods. Subjects will be assessed in the ER for parasuicidal behavior, psychiatric diagnosis, and service utilization for the previous 6 months. Subjects will then be re-interviewed 3 and 6 months following their ER admission regarding parasuicidal behavior and service utilization since admission. The goal is to identify the patterns and predictors of the course of parasuicide as it relates to utilization of treatment. The specific aims for the research study are as follows: 1) Determine subgroups of parasuicidal patients as defined by service utilization patterns and describe them based on clinical and diagnostic characteristics. 2) Evaluate quality of care for parasuicidal patients based on process indicators of mental health treatment quality. 3) Identify service utilization patterns related to system factors above and beyond patient factors (e.g., crisis services replacing outpatient as primary treatment for parasuicidal individuals). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIV AND SUBSTANCE USE IN THE PACIFIC Principal Investigator & Institution: Havens, Jennifer F. Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-NOV-2002; Project End 14-NOV-2006
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Garment and other contract workers account for more than half of the population of the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI). The majority are immigrant laborers who are young women from Asia and other Pacific Islands, and who are exposed to harsh working and living conditions. Allegedly, some women have been forced into the sex trade, whereas others may choose to participate in the sex industry (e.g., because it is lucrative). It is hypothesized that these stressors result in substance use and risky sexual practices, which can lead to the aquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). To date, data on substance use, STDs and HIV risk behaviors among CNMI contract workers are sparse, however, the CNMI experienced a methamphetamine epidemic in recent years and its use is believed to be prevalent. This prospective study will measure baseline substance use and sexual history via an interviewer-administered questionnaire as part of government-sponsored HIV/STD screening, which is required by the workers' employment contract upon entry into the CNMI. Prevalence and correlates of substance use, HIV and STDs will be determined. Subsequent visits at six months and one year would measure changes in substance use and sexual practices, as well as stress, depression, and suicidal behavior, in addition to HIV/STD testing. Identifying incident HIV/STD cases and the correlates of infection among the female migrant workers could aid in the design of HIV/STD education programs for contract workers, prevent spread of HIV/STDs to/from women working in the sex trade, and identifying appropriate treatment options for those infected young women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HUMAN POSTMORTEM STUDIES OF THE STRESS AXIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Watson, Stanley J. Co-Director/Research Scientist; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Studying the neuroanatomical substrates of stress, suicide and depression in human brain is the central theme of this project. While these are also major foci of this entire Program Project application, this project specifically emphasizes postmortem human brain in an effort to understand the fundamental anatomy of stress-related circuits in man, and the possible changes in gene expression within these circuits which may accompany suicide and depression; in addition, however, this project includes some pre-clinical studies in the rodent specifically focused on the interface between stress circuits and the sites of action of antidepressant drugs, as these studies will help us interpret the human findings. Therefore, this project comprises 3 Specific Aims. The first Specific Aim involves the study of serotonergic (5HT) and nor-adrenergic (NA) systems as they respond to stress and antidepressants in rodent models. These paradigms will allow us to establish a clearer view of the functional links between the stress axis and monoamine systems, thereby clarifying the impact of monoaminealtering compounds on depression and on the endocrine disturbances associated with it. The second Specific Aim directly analyzes postmortem human brain from suicide victims, suicide victims also having a documented history of affective disease, and controls. The same circuits and systems laid out in the rodent will now be analyzed inhuman brain (prefrontal cortex, limbic circuits associated with the stress axis, 5HT and NA nuclei and their receptors). The third Specific Aim is designed to allow the threedimensional (3D) analysis of individual human brain nuclei at cellular resolution using mRNA levels. This method will substantially increase the power and value of human postmortem studies by combining the regulatory information found in mRNA levels
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with anatomical precision and with high resolution statistical tools. In sum, at the end of the requested 5 years of this proposal we expect that we will have made very substantial gains in appreciating the circuitry of the stress axis in rodent and man, and begun to establish the relationship between the stress axis and affective disease at the level of biochemically specific brain nuclei and structures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HUMAN TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE AND SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Haycock, John W. Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, LA 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1992; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: This is a revised application for competitive renewal of K02 support for Dr. John W. Haycock. This award will enable Dr. Haycock to continue his scientific development and to pursue his recently funded research program (MH55208) on brain monoaminergic systems in mental illnesses, which was initiated and developed over the course of the current award. The ability to study clinical issues related to catecholamine function concurrently with his previously established fundamental neuroscience research program (NS25134) has realized one of the candidate's major long-term goals. As a result, the candidate's short-term goals are focused upon development of his laboratory by recruiting younger scientists to participate in effecting the scientific goals of both the clinical and fundamental research projects. In addition to developing his role as a laboratory director, the candidate will continue his scientific development by pursuing a novel, multidisciplinary approach which he has recently developed, using antibodies to labile epitopes for studying the regulation of signaling molecules in vivo. The proposed research plan focuses upon tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH), which catalyze the initial and rate- limiting steps in catecholamine (dopamine and norepinephrine) and serotonin biosynthesis, respectively. Alterations in each of these systems have been implicated in mental disorders and, in particular, schizophrenia. TyrOH is highly regulated--by protein phosphorylation in the short-term and by transcriptional control in the long-term; and, alternative splicing (which occurs exclusively in monkeys and humans) produces multiple TyrOH isoforms and perhaps, an additional level of regulation. By contrast, comparatively little is known about TrpOH, despite its evolutionary and functional proximity to TyrOH. Postmortem human brain tissue will be analyzed using quantitative blot immunolabeling techniques and a bank of antibodies developed for this purpose by the applicant. TyrOH and TrpOH protein levels, as well as the relative abundances of TyrOH isoforms, will be measured in neurochemically appropriate brain regions dissected from cryostatic sections. DOPA decarboxylase (immediately downstream of both TyrOH and TrpOH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (which converts dopamine to norepinephrine) protein levels will also be quantitated, and similar assays have been developed for another class of presynaptic monoaminergic markers--the vesicular and plasmalemmal monoamine transporters. The primary study groups will consist of (a.) suicide/sudden death victims having confirmed diagnoses of schizophrenia and (b.) age-matched, sudden-death control subjects having no Axis 1 mental disorder. Parallel, collaborative studies of major depressives will provide comparison groups and allow identification of potential disease-specific differences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ICOHRTA: CHINA-ROCHESTER SUICIDE RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Caine, Eric D. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This ICOHRTA application from the University of Rochester?s Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide (UR/CSPS) proposes to develop, along with colleagues from Hong Kong and China, the China-Rochester Suicide Research Center (CRSRC). The "MFC" for the ICOHRTA will be based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and the CRSRC also will include The University of Hong Kong and the Dalian Medical University. Suicide and attempted suicide are major public health problems, now recognized in China and Hong Kong, by the US Congress and the Surgeon General, and by the WHO. Yet it only has been during the past few years that they have begun to draw the attention of policy makers and researchers. China and Hong Kong have few investigators equipped to carry out rigorously designed epidemiological or clinical risk research devoted to understanding the factors associated with suicide and suicidal behaviors. As well, there is no widespread infrastructure developed on which one could build an array of carefully evaluated prevention efforts. It is in this context that we make this proposal. The UR/CSPS has grown from 15 years of concerted effort to study suicide and attempted suicide into an integrated, multidisciplinary group of investigators, who conduct an array of NIH funded grants and two T32 training programs that will serve as the base on which we will build the ICOHRTA training and research efforts. The ICOHRTA will allow what has become a vibrant but informal research and training alliance among researchers in Rochester, Hong Kong, and Dalian to emerge as a formal, institutionalized research and training "engine." We propose to carry out the following aims as we undertake this transformation. We will build a collaborative "clinical research center without walls." The "China-Rochester Suicide Research Center" (CRSRC) will maintain a formal organizational structure, a well-planned training program and curriculum, and key core faculty. It will gradually build its collaborative consortium over the course of five years, emphasizing the effective incorporation of new faculty and trainees into established education and research operations. The CRSRC will recruit and train talented individuals to participate in interdisciplinary research teams. We will develop and conduct effective and productive risk research pertaining to suicide and attempted suicide in Hong Kong and China, and in its later years broaden its scope to include prevention-focused initiatives. Finally, the CRSRC will systematically evaluate the effectiveness of our recruiting, training, and research efforts throughout the course of the grant period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMAGING REPORTER GENE EXPRESSION USING PET Principal Investigator & Institution: Gambhir, Sanjiv S. Professor; Molecular & Med Pharmacology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Reporter genes have been used by molecular biologists for over a decade to track gene expression in cell culture and in animals. Endogenous gene expression is monitored through the creation of a chimeric fusion gene, in which the promoter of an endogenous gene is coupled to the reporter gene. If the endogenous gene promoter is off, neither the endogenous gene nor the reporter gene are transcribed (because they
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share the same promoter). Similarly, if the promoter for the endogenous gene is activated, then the reporter gene is transcribed. Through the use of reporter genes such as beta-galactasidase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and luciferase the study of endogenous genes in vivo has been possible. However, these traditional reporter gene methods are limited by their inability to track the location, magnitude, and persistence of gene expression over time. We are developing quantitative assays to image reporter gene expression using positron emission tomography (PET) in living animals and humans. We propose to study two distinct reporter gene/reporter probe systems. These include (i) the Herpes Simple Type 1 Thymidine Kinase (HSV1-tk) reporter gene/8-[18-F]- fluoroganciclovir (FGCV) reporter probe; (ii) the Tyrosinase (TYR) reporter gene/6-[18-F]Fluoro-L-DOPA (FDOPA) reporter probe. For both these systems we will (a) relate the PET signal to levels of gene expression using both an adenoviral delivery model and a tumor model; (b) develop tracer kinetic models for uptake and trapping of the reporter probe; (c) develop inducible constructs to show induction of gene expression in vivo; (d) construct a dual reporter gene system in which both reporter genes are expressed with the use of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). For the HSV1-tk reporter gene we will study mutant genes and alternate reporter probes to enhance the sensitivity of the imaging assay to detect lower levels of gene expression. We will also study transgenic animals which express HSV1-tk. Pre-clinical studies with suicide gene therapy will also be performed. The assays developed through this work should lead to direct methods for the noninvasive study of gene expression in living animals, and allow for the monitoring of gene expression in human gene therapy trials (e.g., trials using suicide gene therapy to destroy brain tumors). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS IN DEPRESSION--BASIC STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Piletz, John E. Psychiatry and Human Behavior; University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State St Jackson, MS 39216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): This grant application presents the cloning of a candidate for the human imidiazolene receptor (IR) cDNA and gene. The brainstem IR has been thought to function in the central neuronal modulation of blood pressure by clonidine, but the probable role of IR in other brain region is currently under investigation. The investigator's laboratory has demonstrated consistent and robust elevations in platelet IR radioligand binding in five earlier studies of depressed patients, followed by a normalization of radioligand binding after chronic treatments with earlier desipramine or fluoxetine. The investigator and other investigators also observed alterations in IR in depressed suicide victims brain tissue. Hence it is of interest to identify the signaling mechanisms of IR and the manner in which IR are normally regulated, or possibly dysregulated in depression. The following studies are proposed in order to characterize a cloned IR-like cDNA: a)The first aim is to establish whether the investigator's IR- like cDNA encodes the pharmacological properties expected of the IR, subtype of imidzoline receptors. Preliminary transfection data have indicated that the expressed protein possesses high affinity for IR1>IR2 ligands. b) To test the investigator's hypothesis that IR are coupled to a phosphatidylcholine-selective phospholipase C (PC-PLC) signal transduction pathway, it will be determined whether transfected IR-like cDN will express ligand-specific coupling to the PC-PLC, and other second messenger pathways. c) To determine the regionalization of brain IR (and to test whether an endogenous IR candidate neurotransmitter, agmatine, shares a similar
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distribution in rats and humans), the regional distribution of IR-like mRNA will also be determined by situ hybridization. d) A final aim of this grant will be to identify possible regulatory DNA sequences in the upstream gene promoter region of the human and rat IR gene. These studies will clarify the molecular nature of the IR anit's signal transduction pathways. This basic grant is thematically linked to a clinical grant (Halaris, PI) which has also been submitted for consideration. The clinical grant will explore whether brain IR1 protein, IR1 mRNA and agmatine are elevated in brains of depressed suicide victims, whether imidazoline receptors underlie a blunted growth hormone response to clonidine as observed in depressed patients, and whether platelet IR1 levels and/or plasma agmatine concentrations are sensitive to the severity of depression. The findings from the clinical grant will best be understood within the context of these studies in the basic grant, and vice versa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS IN DEPRESSION--CLINICAL STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Halaris, Angelos E. Psychiatry and Human Behavior; University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State St Jackson, MS 39216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): For the last twelve years the investigator's laboratory has attempted to identify a specific and readily obtainable biological marker for depression. Platelet a2-adrenergic receptors (a2AR) were of theoretical interest because brain a2AR modulate monoamine output. In the wake of over 60 studies or the platelet a2AR in depression, the investigator noted a high degree of consistency only with an elevation in radioligand binding amongst those studies which utilized imidazolines (principally 3H-clonidine) in their "a2 assays". After thoroughly characterizing the imidazoline-receptive sites on human platelets, the investigator concluded that platelets possess a nonadrenergic imidazoline receptor (IR1) binding site, in addition to an a2AR. In four studies of depression, and one of dysphoric PMS, the investigator has consistently observed an elevation of IR1 on platelet plasma membranes of depressed patients compared to matched controls, suggesting that the earlier literature might be explained by IR1 sites. The investigator also found that treatment of patients with either desipramine (DMI) or fluoxetine for 6 weeks leads to normalization (i.e., down regulation) of platelet IR1, suggesting that the platelet IR1 site might be a state marker for depression. These alterations were not correlated with changes in catecholamines. After transferring the grant from Case Western Reserve University the investigator replicated his findings in depressed patients with a demographically different population. Furthermore, he has developed a selective antibody assay for the IR1 protein, which is 100-fold more sensitive than the older IR1 radioligand binding assay. Using IR1-selective antiserum, depressed patients continue to display a marked elevation in the platelet IR1 density. The density of this single band (33 kDa), as detected on Western blots, is linearly correlated with the IR1 Bmax values of platelet samples. Recently the investigator has also observed an increase in 33 kDa/IR1 in hippocampi of depressed victims of suicide. Thus, in our search for an a2AR marker, he uncovered a novel nonadrenergic receptive protein which in five pre-treatment and 3 post-treatment studies of depression (and as assayed by two independent techniques) appears to be a marker for depression. The investigator's specific aims will determine: a) the extent to which IR1 elevation is observed throughout brain regions of depressed suicide victims, b) whether depressed patients also exhibit a functional IR1 alteration in hypothalamic growth hormone (GH) and prolactin responses to moxonidine infusions (as assessed under an a2AR mask), c) whether the potential platelet IR1 marker is
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sensitive to the severity of depressive illness, and d) whether the IR1 neurotransmitter candidate, agmatine, is also altered in depression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPROVED SUICIDE GENE THERAPY FOR HEPATIC CANCERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ensminger, William D. Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposal is to examine the potential for a new generation of regional treatments for intrahepatic cancers using improved methods of delivery and forms of cytosine deaminase/5-flucytosine (CD/FC) in enzyme/prodrug gene therapy. Current gene therapy approaches have at least two critical limitations. The first concerns the ability to generate sufficient cytotoxicity and radiosensitization because of an inadequate ability to kill adjacent cultured tumor cells that are not transduced ("bystander effect"). FU generated from FC has been demonstrated to have a significant bystander effect. Unfortunately, FC is an inefficient substrate for bacterial CD compared to cytosine, the natural substrate. To begin to overcome this limitation we will develop the use of yeast (y) CD for which FC is a far more efficient substrate compared to the previously utilized bacterial (b) CD (Aim 1) and, thus will work at FC levels lower than the bCD in gut bacteria (for lowered systemic toxicity). A second limitation of the current versions of CD/FC system is selectivity. Preliminary data using a clinically relevant animal model for intrahepatic cancer (BD9 rats bearing intrahepatic K12 adenocarcinoma tumors) suggest that even (regional) hepatic arterial infusions of bCD adenovirus produce significant FU levels in the normal liver, high systemic concentrations of PU, and potential normal tissue toxicity. To overcome this limitation, we will construct an adenoviral vector using a tumor selective promoter for yeast CD (Aim 2). Preliminary data suggest that the use of CEA as a promoter significantly enhances the specificity of expression. In addition, we will enhance regional delivery of virus using vascular manipulations (Aim 3), including osmotic (mannitol), mechanical (microspheres) and hormonal (epinephrine) methods, and pretreatment with focal ionizing radiation. Preliminary data show that pretreatment with mannitol or with ionizing radiation can increase tumor CD expression. These improvements will be developed and then tested in therapy trials comparing the most aggressive standard therapy, i.e., hepatic arterial FUdR, with the best "enhanced" CD/FC gene therapy (Aim 4) using MRI to monitor antitumor effects in vivo. Nude rats will be used in therapy trials and in all longer term studies where immunogenicity could affect results. Although the goal of this project is to understand how to design better regional chemoradiation treatments, our long term objective is to generate information and principles relevant and applicable to effective, systemic, tumorselective gene therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPROVING SUICIDE GENES FOR CANCER GENE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Margaret E. Assistant Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, WA 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 11-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2005
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Summary: Gene therapy offers the prospect of selectively introducing genes into cancer cells, leaving them susceptible to specific antitumor drugs. Current protocols to elicit tumor reduction utilize Herpes Simplex Virus type 1(HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) with the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) or the E. coli cytosine deaminase with the prodrug 5fluorocytosine (5FC). While the wild-type TK is functional as a suicide gene, a number of caveats restrict its full effectiveness. These include a poor Km or binding affinity for GCV (approximately 47muM) and the toxicity associated with high doses of GCV. Another prodrug, acyclovir (ACV), predominantly used as an anti-herpetic drug, does not demonstrate the immunosuppressive attributes of GCV, even at very high doses. However, the very high Km that HSV TK displays towards ACV (approximately 320 muM), precludes its use as a prodrug in ablative gene therapy. Similarly, there are caveats with cytosine deaminase and 5FC that preclude its potential as a safe and effective suicide gene. We seek to identify the optimal suicide gene and prodrug combination for the safest and most effective cancer gene therapy. Towards this end we seek 1) to understand the structure-function relationship of nucleoside metabolizing enzymes important to suicide gene therapy and 2) to manipulate HSV-1 thymidine kinase and cytosine deaminase genes for superior performance in ablative gene therapy settings. The goal of this work is to 1) create novel genes by mutagenesis, 2) evaluate mutant genes for improved tumor sensitivity to various prodrugs, 3) construct minipathways and 4) create fusion proteins with other genes to enhance prodrug activation and tumor ablation. Not only will the results from the project impact the choice of gene(s) used for cancer treatment, but it also has wide-reaching applications including graft versus host disease, restenosis, AIDS, tumor imaging, cell lineage ablation studies, in negative selection systems and selection against non-homologous recombination for the generation of transgenic mice. Furthermore, understanding the molecular basis of nucleoside metabolizing enzyme function and interaction with current drugs will have far-reaching ramifications in the design, development and use of novel antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPUTATION FOR MODERATE SIZED MENTAL HEALTH STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Belin, Thomas R. Associate Professor; Psychiatry & Biobehav Sciences; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: In mental health research, it is common for there to be numerous variables measured, many of which may have some missing values. When sample sizes are modest, existing strategies that address missing data using multivariate statistical models can easily have too many parameters for the available data to estimate. This R01 proposal-revises an earlier application, seeking support to evaluate a newly-developed factor-based multivariate statistical method for imputation of missing values, to extend the method to accommodate longitudinal factor-analysis models, to integrate software programs into a user-friendly Windows-based interface, and to snake the programs available to researchers over the world-wide web. Two applied problems motivate the present work, one from a suicide prevention study by Rotheram-Borus, Piacentini, Van Rossem, et al. (1996), where because of scattered missing values only 107 of 140 subjects for whom data were collected were available for model fitting, and another from an investigation of medication use and unmet need among children who live in foster care in Los Angeles County, where scattered missing values resulted in only 216 out of 302 subjects being available for model fitting (Zima, Bussing, Crecelius, Kaufman, Belin
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1999). The proposed statistical methods offer the prospect of including all subjects in these analyses, of incorporating information from partially observed cases, and of accurately reflecting uncertainty. Ideas from factor analysis are central to the strategy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTIMACY IN DEPRESSED ELDERLY WITH AXIS II COMORBIDITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Compton, Jill S. Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, NC 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Major depression is a serious and prevalent psychiatric disorder among the elderly. Psychotropic and psychosocial interventions have been used with some success, still significant numbers of patients fail to respond adequately to treatment. Approximately one third of depressed elderly patients show only partial response to treatment, and partial responses are associated with higher rates of relapse. Many others are unable to tolerate pharmacotherapy because of existing medical conditions, interactions with other prescription medications, and unwanted side effects. Thus, it is important to understand the factors associated with treatment resistant depression in the elderly. Many patients with chronic depression have co-existing personality disorders (PD's) that complicate treatment. Comorbid PD's among the elderly have been associated with poorer response to treatment, greater risk of suicide, and impaired social support. Social support factors have been associated with the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms and level of emotional support, in particular, appears to have a critical role in the course of depressive disorders. However, research investigating intimate relationships in the elderly have been scarce, overly global, and often contradictory. The primary aim of the proposed study is to better understand tile role of emotional support and relationship quality in the treatment of older adults with major depression and coexisting Axis II psychopathology. This study is an add-on to a larger project investigating the relative outcomes of antidepressant medication and a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy plus antidepressant medication for this complex population. Thirty-six subjects (n = 36) will complete pre- and post-treatment assessments, including questionnaires, interviews, and interaction tasks. Videotaped interactions will be coded using the IDGOS, an observational coding system that measures intimacy. Bivariate correlations and MANCOVA procedures will be used to examine correlations between relationship factors and depressive symptoms at Time 1 and Time 2. Data from this study will clarify the role between emotional support and complex depression in the elderly and will yield estimates of effect size for a subsequent K Award submission. Thus, the proposed study is the first step in a research trajectory aimed at developing and testing a couple/family intervention for improving outcomes among treatment resistant elderly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INVESTIGATIONS OF DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Marc M. Professor; Chemistry; Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of the proposed research is to probe the DNA mutagenicity and repair of three lesions that are produced in nucleic acids via a variety of oxidative stress mechanisms. These lesions all lack the presence of a nucleobase, and result from formal oxidation of the carbohydrate moiety. The presence
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of these oxidized abasic lesions in DNA in vivo is associated with cancer and aging. Despite their importance, the effects of these abasic lesions on the function of DNA at the molecular level are not well understood. Using the fundamental knowledge gained from these and previous related studies, we are designing enzyme inhibitors of DNA repair processes. First generation molecules that inhibit the lyase step of base excision repair (BER) enzymes are presented in this proposal. Our general experimental approach involves the unambiguous synthesis (and characterization) of oligonucleotides containing individual oxidized abasic lesions site specifically incorporated. The effects of the lesions on duplex stability and enzyme activity are examined using these chemically synthesized substrates. Specific aims include: 1. Investigation of the in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity of the lesions. 2. Investigation of the repair of these lesions by BER enzymes in vitro and in vivo. 3. Examination of the lethality of these lesions in E. coli and in yeast. 4. Design of suicide inhibitors of BER. Increased understanding of the effects of oxidized abasic lesions on nucleic acid structure and function will be useful for understanding the association between nucleic acid damage and aging, as well as the etiology of diseases such as cancer. Application of these studies, such as the design of enzyme inhibitors may provide new therapeutic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: JABSOM ENDOWED CHAIR FOR NATIVE HAWAIIAN HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Cadman, Edwin C. None; University of Hawaii at Manoa 2500 Campus Rd Honolulu, HI 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD) Endowment Program for Increasing Research and Training Capacity provides the Native Hawaiian Center of Excellence (NHCOE) at the University of Hawaii (UH) John A. Burns School of Medicine (JABS(o)M) an opportunity to establish a research program through the recruitment of a Director of Research under the $21 funding mechanism and to pursue a renewable source of funding for infrastructure, programs, education and research. Both of these opportunities will encourage efforts to reduce and eliminate health disparities in Native Hawaiians and other underserved populations. Although residents of Hawaii enjoy one of the longest overall life span and the best health status in the nation, the comparative life expectancy of Native Hawaiians (NH) is the lowest of all major ethnic groups and is about 5 years less than the state average. The NH suffer the highest age-sex standardized mortality rates of any major ethnic group in Hawaii and have more years of productive life lost due to heart disease, accidents, cancer, suicide, AIDS, stroke, diabetes, chronic lung disease and chronic liver disease. The following specific aims are proposed to address these major health disparities: 1) to establish an endowment fund for a Chair at JABSOM who will serve as the Director of Research at the NHCOE. The fund will be managed by the UH Foundation and administered by the NHCOE at JABSOM; 2) To increase the corpus of the NCMHD endowment through reinvestment of earnings, solicitations and bequests from charitable trusts, private industry, private citizens and applications for other funding opportunities from the NIH and other agencies; 3) To recruit a Director of Research to develop a strong research program focused on health disparities of NH and other underserved populations; and 4) To establish a renewable source of funding for researchers engaged in disparities in NH health research, support for students, enhance educational and training programs and build infrastructure to support the objectives of the NHCOE and the health disparities research program. The goal of this grant is to develop an effective organization for promoting the physical and mental health of all
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Native Hawaiians and underserved populations in Hawaii. The research program addresses the objective of this RFA to "close the gap between disparities in the burden of illness and death experienced by. Asian Pacific Islanders and other underserved populations as compared to the Nation as a whole." Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LEUKOTRIENES AND SLOW REACTING SUBSTANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Murphy, Robert C. Professor; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, CO 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1989; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract). Leukotrienes are lipid mediators derived form arachidonic acid by enzymatic oxidation catalyzed by 5-lipoxygenase (5LO). Interest in these molecules stems from their potent activities in causing neutrophil chemotaxis (LTB4) and bronchial smooth muscle constriction (LTC4). Fundamental questions remain concerning their biosynthesis and metabolism and these are the focus of the proposed work. This project consists of four major goals. The first goal will be to utilize mass spectrometry (MS) for the structural characterization of the major human urinary metabolites of LTB4. A MS quantitative assay will be developed to asses in vivo biosynthesis and normal entry rate of LTB4 into the circulation. The second goal is to asses LTC4 and LTB4 biosynthesis in asthmatic patients that are intolerant to aspirin by quantitative analysis of urinary metabolites for each eicosanoid. LTB4 biosynthesis involves 5-LO and LTA4 hydrolase that are inactivated through a mechanism based suicide reaction that results in covalent binding of an electrophilic eicosanoid intermediate to the enzyme. LTA4 also binds covalently to human serum albumin, a carrier protein for this triene epoxide. The application's third goal is to utilize electrospray tandem MS and MALDI-TOF MS in order to determine the site of covalent attachment and structure of the protein bound lipid. It is expected that such information will provide insights into the mechanism of suicide inactivation and the importance of specific amino acids to the catalysis event The fourth goal will be to investigate the autocrine and paracrine effects of LTB4 on leukotriene biosynthesis and metabolism. The mechanisms by which extracellular LTB4 can modulate neutrophil LTB4 biosynthesis will be investigated. LTB4 has been suggested to increase LTB4 metabolism through the interaction with the nuclear peroxisomal proliferation activating receptor (PPARalpha) and by this mechanism, limit the proinflammatory properties of LTB4. This putative effect of LTB4 will be investigated in hepatocytes and other cells by analysis of both kinetics and extent of leukotriene metabolism. An understanding of the metabolic events occurring in vivo is essential to an understanding of the role these molecules play in inflammation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM IN MAJOR DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ordway, Gregory A. Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Human Behavior; University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State St Jackson, MS 39216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 14-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: A vast amount of research reveals that central dopamine (DA) containing systems are neuronal substrates of a broad spectrum of behaviors related to rewardseeking, motivation, and environmental responsivity. Disruption of these behaviors
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leads to anhedonia, social isolation, and psychomotor retardation that form core symptoms of depression. While there is little debate for a critical role of limbic structures, e.g. amygdala, in the regulation of mood and affect, the role of limbic DA in the pathobiology of depressive illness is not known. Functional imaging studies report involvement of limbic structures in depression, but few have focused on dopaminergic indices. Furthermore, there is a paucity of neurochemical studies of depression that have utilized postmortem brain tissue. Studies using postmortem brain tissue offer much higher anatomical resolution than it is offered by functional imaging. In preliminary studies, we have found lower dopamine transporter (DAT) and up-regulation of D2 receptors in the basal and central nuclei of the amygdala, but not in the other nuclei of this complex region, in major depression as compared to psychiatrically normal controls. These and other findings compel us to examine the possibility that there is diminished DA neurotransmission in subjects diagnosed with major depression (who died of suicide or natural causes). The central hypothesis of this proposal is that subjects with major depression have diminished mesolimbic DA activity that can be revealed by neurochemical abnormalities in discrete regions of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. These neurochemical measures will be performed in discrete regions of the amygdala, (Aim 1), in the nucleus accumbens (Aim 2), and in the ventral tegmental area (VTA, Aim 3), core limbic regions of the brain. We also hypothesize that a distinct constellation of neurochemical abnormalities within limbic structures is specific for major depression (Aim 4), and will differentiate the pathobiology of major depression from that of suicide or schizophrenia. Groups of subjects to be studied will be: a) subjects with major depression who committed suicide, b) subjects with major depression not dying by suicide, c) sudden death non-psychiatric controls, and d) schizophrenics not dying by suicide. The proposed research will be the first focused investigation of potential abnormalities of limbic DA in major depression utilizing psychiatrically characterized subjects. The research will establish the specificity of neurochemical findings with respect to major depression and with respect to regional brain anatomy. Uncovering the potential role of DA in the pathobiology of depression may lead to advancements in the pharmacological, and possibly genetic, intervention of major depression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LONGITUDINAL ADOLESCENTS
STUDY
OF
SUICIDE
ATTEMPTS
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldston, David B. Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Med; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, NC 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Over the last four years, 180 youths discharged from an impatient psychiatric facility have been successfully recruited and followed longitudinally as part of a FIRST Award. The project was designed to examine the course, predictors, and covariates over time of suicidal behavior among a high risk population of adolescents. Eighty four percent of the eligible sample of consecutively referred adolescents were recruited, and the cumulative rate of attrition in the study has been limited to less than 10%. This continuation application describes a proposal to follow these high risk youths for an additional five years until the youngest subjects reach late adolescence and the oldest subjects reach young adulthood. Late adolescence is a period of multiple developmental transition, and a period of time during which young people presumably are at continued risk for suicidal behavior. Within this developmental context are a number of psychiatric, cognitive, sociodemographic, and
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environmental factors that may interact in increasing the risk that youths will make additional suicide attempts. The first specific aim of this continuation is to examine the rates of suicide attempts among these high-risk adolescents from mid-adolescence to young adulthood. The second specific aim is to examine the effects of the course of affective disorder, and of comorbid affective and substance disorders on the likelihood of suicidal behavior. The final aim of this continuation is to test the utility of a hopelessness diathesis stress model (derived from Beck's cognitive model of depression) in predicting suicide attempts among high-risk youths. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MALIGNANT PROGRESSION IN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TRANSGENIC MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hanahan, Douglas A. Professor; Hormone Research Institute; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1988; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: (adapted from the investigator's abstract) Transgenic mouse models of human cancers present the opportunity to elucidate pathways of cancer development, through which a normal cell in its natural microenvironment is progressively converted into an aberrant cancer, acquiring characteristics that contribute to the resultant cancer phenotype. This laboratory has developed transgenic mice that express the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) oncogenes in basal keratinocytes; these 'K14-HPV16' mice develop squamous cell carcinomas of the epidermis, and, in concert with chronic estrogen treatment, cervical and vaginal squamous cancers. Both epidermal and cervical pathways to carcinoma are characterized by progression through histologically distinct stages. In humans, the oncogenes of HPV16 and related HPV subtypes are found in a majority of cervical carcinomas, and in premalignant lesions thought to precede those cancers. The overall goal of this proposal is to characterize and assess the function contributions of cellular parameters that appear during tumor progression in this mouse model of squamous carcinoma, parameters hypothesized to be influencing the developing cancers in distinct and complementary ways to those directly effected by the human viral oncogenes; these parameters are: 1. Selective upregulation of a fibroblast growth factor receptor in aggressive, metastatic cancers. 2. The acquired resistance to induction of apoptosis, the process of programmed cell suicide, which is implicated as a growth-limiting mechanism that must be controlled by successful cancers. 3. The upregulation of telomerase, an enzyme that protects the ends of chromosomes during cell proliferation and thereby sustains tumor growth potential, in aggressive epidermal carcinomas. 4. The apparent capability of CD8+ T cells to restrict the appearance of invasive squamous cancers. 5. Dermal infiltration by mast cells in epidermal dysplasias, and their role in malignant progression. The long term goal is to define the pathways to epidermal and cervical cancer in mice expressing oncogenes implicated in a relevant human cancer, identifying the critical cellular and molecular parameters governing progression, and eventually utilizing the knowledge of mechanism to design therapeutic and preventative interventions that can be evaluated in this preclinical model of human carcinogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MAMMALIAN HEME PEROXIDASE ACTIVE SITE REACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Goff, Harold M. Professor; Chemistry; University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) Mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes are distributed in various tissues, but the common reactivity feature is utilization of hydrogen peroxide for oxidation of halide or pseudo-halide ions. Peroxidases in leucocytes and in the exocrine fluids generate oxidized halide or pseudo-halide species as a defense mechanism against invading microbes. Leucocyte myeloperoxidase oxidation of chloride ion may also be associated with an inflammatory response, and this oxidative process has been implicated in atherogenesis. Exocrine fluid peroxidases such as lactoperoxidas utilize thiocyanate ion as the physiological substrate. Only very recently hav the heme structures been identified for myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase. The structures are unprecedented for heme compounds, in that the 1and 5-position methyl groups of the common protoporphyrin IX are converted to hydroxymethyl groups, and these moieties are esterified to glutamate and aspartate residues of the protein. The X-ray structure of myeloperoxidase reveals a third covalent linkage to the protein with sulfonium ion formation between a methionine residue and the 2-position vinyl group of the porphyrin. The fundamental reactivity properties of these unusual heme species merit investigation in terms of how the porphyrin substituents may dictate enzyme catalytic properties, and also in terms of known suicide substrate inhibition of the mammalian peroxidases. The specific objectives directed toward this long-term goal include the following: (1) chemical synthesis of metalloporphyrin complexes that contain either the hydroxymethyl or the vinyl sulfonium ion substituents, to include total synthesis of the heme isolated from lactoperoxidase; (2) physical characterization of the synthetic compounds with particular regard to substituents effects on redox potentials, and a correlation of the presence of the sulfonium ion linkage with chloride ion oxidation by myeloperoxidase; (3) investigation of the susceptibility of the synthetic compounds and the heme peptides of lactoperoxidase to modification b suicide substrates, with corresponding structural characterization of modified hemes; and (4) correlation of the unusual heme structures with formation of a unique, presumably antimicrobial oxidized thiocyanate intermediate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISM BASED INHIBITION OF CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Hu, Longqin; Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (verbatim from the applicant's abstract): Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play an important role in the control and regulation of cell cycle events. Inhibitors specific for CDKs could potentially be used as pharmacological probes for the elucidation of signal transduction pathways and as therapeutic agents in the control and management of cell cycle-related diseases. However, most current chemical inhibitors of CDKs act as a competitive inhibitor of the common substrate ATP and often lack the desired specificity and potency. This prompted us to develop specific CDK inhibitors with a novel mechanism of action and a generally applicable approach to the design of protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitors. Mechanism-based inhibitors designed using a specific substrate sequence, as a template should offer the best probability of retaining specificity of the template without compromising the necessary inhibitory potency. To test this hypothesis, several potential mechanism-based inhibitors are designed by incorporation of dipeptide Gly-Ser replacements into a sequence known to be a good
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substrate of CDKs. The use of modified peptide groups surrounding the targeted serine will be explored in converting the phosphorylated peptide analog to a more highly reactive species, which could react with the targeted kinase to produce a covalently inactivated enzyme (specific aim 1). Replacements are designed to cover a wide range of activation in order to discover the fundamental chemistry necessary for making "suicide" inhibitors of CDKs. These inhibitors will be tested for their type and nature of inhibition against a recombinant human cyclin B/CDC2 kinase (specific aim 2). The specificity of inhibitors will be evaluated and compared with the substrate specificity of the original template towards cyclin B/CDC2, relative to cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C (specific aim 3). Future efforts will focus on identifying the active site residue(s) modified and on improving the inhibitors' permeability across cellular membranes and their stability towards proteolysis. This approach should be generally applicable to the quick development of mechanism-based inhibitors specific for any protein serine/threonine kinase with a known specific substrate sequence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISM OF BCL-X EXPRESSION IN LYMPHOCYTES AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Boise, Lawrence H. Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Miami Box 016159 Miami, FL 33101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's abstract): Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a cellular suicide process that is necessary to maintain homeostasis in multicellular organisms. In recent years several genes have been cloned that function to either induce or inhibit apoptosis. Many of these genes share homology with the anti-apoptotic oncogene bcl-2. One of these genes, bcl-xL, can function in a similar fashion as bcl-2, yet displays a different pattern of expression. Specifically in lymphocytes Bcl-2 is expressed at high levels regardless of the activation state of the cell while Bcl-xL is expressed only upon cell activation. In addition, upregulation of bcl-x but not bcl-2 occurs in tumor cells following irradiation or induction of multidrug resistance. The objectives of this proposal are to determine the molecular mechanisms by which bcl-x expression is regulated. Specifically to characterize the bcl-x promoter and determine the cis elements which are involved in regulation of gene expression during lymphocyte activation as well induction of drug resistance in tumor cells. A fragment of genomic DNA which extends 2.7 kb 5' of the start methionine has been isolated. This fragment has two putative TATA boxes within 1 kb of the start ATG. The first specific aim is to determine usage of these TATA boxes by primer extension analysis and RNase protection analysis. Functional analysis will be carried out by subcloning promoter fragments into reporter constructs and determining regions of the promoter required for responsiveness to different activation signals. In addition, the cloned fragment contains a GC rich region that displays differential methylation in drug sensitive and drug resistant cell lines. The final aim of this proposal is to determine the methylation pattern of the bcl-x CpG island by sequencing of sodium bisulfite-treated DNA to reveal methylation sites. The role of methylation of the CpG island on bcl-x expression will be determined by in vitro methylation of reporter constructs. While bcl-x overexpression has not been shown to lead to any specific tumors, it's expression has been demonstrated in several types of tumors including breast, prostrate and the Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Understanding the mechanisms by which bcl-x is controlled may result in the development of ways to increase the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy through decreasing the apoptotic threshold of the tumor cell. In addition determination of the
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methylation state of bcl-x in tumors may be a good indicator of the outcome of cancer chemotherapy of a given tumor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL DEATH IN ISCHEMIC LIVER Principal Investigator & Institution: Clavien, Pierre A. Professor; University of Zurich 71 Ramistrasse Zurich, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Ischemic liver injury is a major clinical problem in shock, liver surgery and transplantation. Our initial results allow us to implicate apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) - an active process of cell suicide - as a central feature of reperfusion injury in rat models of hepatic ischemia. We have also discovered that calpains, a family of intracytoplasmic calcium dependent cysteine proteases, are activated during periods of ischemia and reperfusion (I/Rp) and in part mediate SEC apoptosis. We HYPOTHESIZE that ischemia sensitizes SEC to the effects of proapoptotic mediators released at the time of reperfusion, resulting in the apoptosis of SEC, even when the direct ischemic damage is reversible. The overall objective of this project is therefore to elucidate in vivo mechanisms of SEC apoptosis in rodent models of hepatic I/Rp, and design protective strategies to improve viability of the ischemic liver. The first objective is to characterize the temporal dynamics of SEC apoptosis in hepatic injury by monitoring characteristic microscopic, histomorphologic and biochemical markers of apoptotic cell death at successive time points during I/Rp. Second, we will determine the cellular mechanisms of calpain- mediated SEC apoptosis by identifying tissue localization of calpain activity and the relationship between calpain activation and other possible calpain related cellular effectors of apoptosis (caspase and ceramide) in a hepatic I/Rp whole-organ model. Third, we will design protective strategies by inhibiting mediators of SEC apoptosis or by manipulations designed to favor anti-apoptotic activities. We have shown that calpain inhibition is effective in protecting SEC in normothermic I/Rp. Unfortunately, calpain inhibitors are not as effective in cold I/Rp injury, relevant for transplantation, and are not water soluble reagents, limiting their clinical applicability. Because many interacting pathways lead to apoptosis, we anticipate that interventions at multiple levels will be necessary. In addition to using new water soluble calpain inhibitors, we will block FAS and TNFalpha, well characterized extracellular pro-apoptotic mediators that may be active in the I/Rp-injured liver. A potential regulatory role for the Bcl-2 gene, whose product is inhibitory at various levels of the apoptotic process, will be investigated using transgenic mice overexpressing Bcl-2. Our whole-organ model is uniquely suited to these studies, since - if known precedents hold - signaling for apoptosis most likely involves complex interactions among several cell types. Identification of mechanisms of SEC death in hepatic I/Rp injury and the ability to protect these cells may have significant clinical impact by allowing longer and safer preservation prior to transplantation and by lessening ischemic liver damage during non- transplant surgery and shock. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF HERBAL RADIOSENSITIZATION OF GLIOMA CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yount, Garret L. Scientist; California Pacific Med Ctr-Pacific Camp San Francisco, CA 94115
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Gliomas are the most common central nervous system tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme (GM), the highest-grade malignant, grows very rapidly-sometimes doubling in size every 10 days- and is nearly uniformly fatal. GM tumors are generally treated by surgery followed by radiation. Although radiation therapy is the most effective postoperative adjuvant for GM, however, it has not substantially altered long-term disease control. The median survival of patients with GM has remained approximately 1 year, regardless of therapeutic approach. The poor clinical outcome of patients with GM is associated with a characteristic in vivo and in vitro radioresistance of these brain tumors compared to other human neoplasms. Furthermore, although conventional synthetic radiosensitizing drugs can potentiate tumor-cell killing by radiation, undesirable normal tissue morbidity prevents repeated administration of the sensitizer and is thus a major obstacle to its use. Approaches that can enhance the radiosensitivity of such resistant tumor cells are much needed to reduce mortality in cancer patients. We discovered that berberine, a relatively non-toxic compound isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs, could enhance the radiation response of radioresistant human glioma cells in vitro. In addition, we showed that berberine could trigger an endogenous cellsuicide mechanisms, apoptosis, in GM tumor cells that express mutant p53, a genetic defect endogenous cell-suicide mechanism, apoptosis, in GM tumor cells that express mutant p53, a genetic defect thought to contribute to radioresistance in many cell types. We propose to extend these findings by comparing the efficacy of berberine with conventional radiosensitizers in cultures of GM tumor cells and normal human brain cells. In traditional Chinese Medical practice, herbs are nearly always prescribed in combination, with the intention of regulating the biological action of each individual herb. Thus, our second aim is to determine whether the effect of berberine, as a radiosensitizer, can be enhanced by combining it with other herbal compounds. Our third aim is to determine the mechanisms of radiosensitization by berberine and by any optimal combination treatments discovered. Cellular and molecular pathways mediating radiosensitization will be evaluated by time-lapse video microscopy and nucleic acid array-based gene expression analysis. These studies represent an initial step toward the clinical goal of providing improved multi-modality radiotherapy for patients with gliomas. In addition, because more than half of adult malignancies and high-grade pediatric brain tumors harbor p53 mutations, important clinical applications may emerge from the elucidation of p53-independent mechanisms of apoptosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF MET-INDUCED HEPATOCYTES SURVIVAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Zarnegar, Reza; Professor; Pathology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: Based on the results of our recent experiments, we hypothesize that one major function of Met protooncogene in the liver is to inhibit apoptosis in hepatocytes. We believe that one mechanism by which Met elicits an anti-apoptotic effect is via an interaction between Met and the death promoting cell surface receptor Fas, the net result of which is sequestration of Fas by Met and inhibition of the initiation of the Fasmediated apoptotic pathway. Another novel mechanism by which Met may modulate apoptosis involves direct inhibition of the executioners of the apoptotic pathway, namely the effector caspases (casepase- 3 and caspase-7), by a substrate suicide mechanism employing the cytoplasmic c-terminal tail of the Met protein. These interactions squelch the apoptotic command and thus promote cell survival. In Aim 1,
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we will determine the nature of the Met-Fas interaction and will map the structural domains in Met and Fas that are required for their association. We will address the biological relevance of Fas sequestration by Met and its contribution to hepatocyte survival, liver development, hepatic homeostasis and transformation using transgenic and knock out mouse models. In Aim 2, we will test the hypothesis that Met is a key target of the destructive action of the effector caspases (such as caspase-3) during apoptosis. This hypothesis is based on our findings that Met is essential for cell survival and because a perfect caspase cleavage site is present in Met's tyrosine kinase activation domain. Importantly, germline and sporadic mutations in this tyrosine kinase activation domain (in the putative caspase cleavage site that we have identified) have been reported. We will investigate the hypothesis that these mutations make Met refractory to caspase cleavage thus causing cells to be resistant to apoptosis and contributing to malignant transformation. In Aim 3, we propose to test the hypothesis that Met protein has evolved a novel mechanism to elude/inhibit the executioners of the apoptotic pathway, namely the effector caspases. We propose that caspase inhibition by Met is achieved through a substrate suicide mechanism involving the intracellular cytoplasmic end of the Met molecule. In this region, we have discovered the octapeptide sequence DNADDEVD. Since this peptide sequence harbors tandem perfect effector caspase cleavage sites (i.e. for caspase-3), we propose that during apoptosis this peptide sequence is cleaved by these caspases resulting in the formation of the tetrapeptide DEVD, a well-known potent inhibitor of caspase-3 and caspase-7. In Aim 4, we will test the hypothesis that the met gene is induced in response to cellular stress to protect cells from apoptosis and is a target of upregulation of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor known to be essential for hepatocyte survival during embryonic development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF PHOTORECEPTOR DEATH IN PHOTIC INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Dunaief, Joshua; Ophthalmology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Age related macular degeneration, the most common cause of blindness among people aged 50 and older in the United States, results in photoreceptor degeneration. Similarly, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment and ischemic diabetic retinopathy all lead to photoreceptor death. The loss of photoreceptors is the ultimate cause of significant visual loss. The mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration in these diseases is poorly understood, but is known to occur through apoptosis. This programmed cell death is a highly ordered and regulated cellular suicide pathway that has been well defined in lymphocytes. This application proposes to draw from the rich knowledge of apoptosis in lymphocytes to elucidate mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death in the photic injury animal model of retinal degeneration. This model has been studied extensively at the cellular but not yet at the molecular level. Good evidence suggests that photoreceptor degeneration in this model occurs through apoptosis. The ability of anti-apoptotic genes expressed in transgenic mice to inhibit photic injury induced cell death will be tested. Specifically, the ability of anti-oxidant genes and antiapoptosis genes that act upstream or downstream in apoptosis pathways to inhibit photoreceptor degeneration will be evaluated. Further, the intracellular localization of cytochrome c, a mediator of apoptosis, and the role of caspase activation will be probed. Caspases are proteases involved in a number of apoptotic pathways. These studies will define critical apoptotic pathways and suggest therapeutic interventions for the blinding disorders that result from photoreceptor degeneration. The proposed study is well
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within the realm of feasibility. The principal investigator has experience with molecular biology, transgenic mice and retinal histology. The mentor is an international leader in the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, and the co- mentor has extensive experience with transgenic mouse models of retinal disease and gene therapy. This proposal should serve as a good launching pad for the PI's career devoted to understanding the molecular basis of photoreceptor degeneration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEDICALLY TREATED AND FATAL SUICIDE ACTS: NUMBER & COST Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Ted R. Principal Research Scientist; Pacific Institute for Res and Evaluation Calverton, MD 207053102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This project's goals are to increase knowledge of the epidemiology and cost of medically identified suicide acts and to provide tools to further increase knowledge at the state and national level. A medically identified suicide act is a suicide act that was medically treated or fatal and that someone coding injury cause (assigning an external cause or E-code) probably would identify as a suicide act. E-coding is mandated for all injury deaths, hospital discharges in 23 states, and emergency department (ED) discharges in 8 states but is voluntary elsewhere. The project aims: (1 ) To compare demographic, method choice, and other characteristics of suicide completers versus hospital admitted attempters, to compute age-adjusted completion rates by mechanism, and to analyze medically identified comorbidities associated with hospital-admitted suicide acts. This analysis will use pooled E-coded mortality and hospital discharge data from 15-20 states, and in a separate analysis, state ED data as available. (2) Using the pooled state data and CHAID tree-building tools, to develop and validate a discriminant analysis model for estimating injury causes from national or state hospital discharge data without E-codes. To apply the model to national hospital discharge data (E-coding is voluntary), then combine the output with national mandatory-E-code data on mortality, ED discharges, and physician visits. This activity will yield the first reliable, detailed picture of the epidemiology of medically identified suicide acts in the US. (3) Applying probit and logit analyses to the pooled state data, to assess the influence of state level iaws and policies on odds that hospital-admitted or fatal injury results from a suicide act and that a suicide act is completed. Among others, variables considered will include coroner versus medical examiner state, suicide coding practices and state prevention programming (variables derived from telephone interviews with in-state experts), mental health care parity level, substance abuse, health insurance coverage mandates, existence of advanced treatment directives, and percentage of households with guns. (4) To develop and apply a probit based model for assigning intent to the 3,000-3,500 injury deaths per year that are coded as intent unknown. The model will use medical examiner data from Maryland and North Carolina and the pooled state data. We expect the model to suggest the estimated annual US suicide death toll is 5%-7% above reported levels. (5) To modify an existing injury cost model to more accurately cost suicide acts and apply the model to national data. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MEMORIAL SLOAN-KETTERING CANCER GENE THERAPY PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Golde, David W. Physician in Chief; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: Over the past 3-year grant period, the Program-Project on Cancer Gene Therapy on MSKCC has been entirely focused on the use of retroviral mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic cells for the purpose of (a) improving existing therapeutic protocols and (b) introducing new approaches to the control of malignant diseases. The main advances in this past 3-year period have been: In Project introducing new approaches to the control of malignant diseases. The main advances in this past 3- year period have been. In Project 1, achieving high efficiency transduction of murine and human T lymphocytes; and demonstrating in vitro and in vivo the sensitivity to gancyclovir of the transduced T lymphocytes. In Project 2, achieving high efficiency transduction of dendritic cells; and using them to generate cytotoxic T cells directed against ovalbumin peptides. In Project 3, producing new drug-resistant enzyme variants and demonstrating in a pre-clinical model that the use of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells involves the survival of tumor-bearing mice treated with methotrexate. Over the next 5 years we plan to do the following. Project 1 will perfect methods for producing rapidly suicide-susceptible T cells targeted to EBV lymphoma and to ALL cells; clinical trials against these conditions will be undertaken. Project 2 will test the anti-tumor efficacy of dendritic cells expressing melanoma molecules first in a mouse model, and then in a clinical trial in patients with stage III/IV melanoma. In Project 3, a new major aim will be a clinical trial (currently at the stage of IRB approval) in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, aiming to establish for how long hematopoietic cells expressing genes conferring resistance to methotrexate will persist in vivo, and to what extent drug administration will select immunoglobulin molecule and the surface receptor CD28 receive a co-stimulator signal from the tumor antigen. The PSMA molecule will be targeted in a pre- clinical model of human prostate carcinoma. The retroviral core will continue to support the development of new vectors for all 4 projects, and it will have a much expanded role in producing viral stocks for use in clinical trials; as well as taking responsibility for continuous monitoring of efficacy and safety. The administrative ore will continue to coordinate all 4 projects, and it will have an expanded role in providing data management for clinical trials in 3 projects and support in biostatistics for all. A third new core is being introduced (Imaging core),a imaging to provide state-of-the-art technology for in vivo imaging of the targeting to tumor sites of genetically engineered cells in mice and eventually in humans: preliminary data have been already obtained in work carried out with Project 1 and Project 4. Interactions among projects have been extensive and increasing particularly because optimization of vector design and transduction protocols accruing form one project have immediately benefitted others. In addition, the atmosphere of collaboration arising from regular joint meetings among investigators and fellows having similar aims has naturally produced valuable feedback on all projects. This in turn has helped in the formation of the present renewal proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF A MAJOR STRESSOR IN ADOLESCENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Ryan A. Anthropology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Throughout the world, young men account for a disproportion of suicide, substance abuse, violence, and accidents, and Egypt is no exception. Psychiatric and social science research indicates that men in Egypt are under tremendous psychological stress, due largely to rapid social change and limited economic opportunities, a situation found across the developing world. At 17-18 years, Egyptian men on the educational track face a nationwide university entrance exam. Performance on this exam heavily partitions future opportunities, at a time when young men are motivated to join the adult world, but are hindered by limited life prospects and an unpredictable social world. Given these stresses in psychosocial development, this study will examine how Egyptian men who either pass or fail university entrance exams reach individual psychosocial outcomes. I will examine how social behavior and social context, cognitive schemas and subjective experience of the social world, HPA and autonomic reactivity, and the physical effects of long-term stress relate to psychiatric morbidity over this one-year period. 120 men will complete a 70-minute protocol every four months, which includes psychiatric inventories and an Epstein-Barr virus antibody test (measure of chronic stress) as outcome variables, and cortisol/skin conductance as major physiological predictor variables. Subjective experience of social stressors (interview assessment) will provide the major psychosocial predictor variable. Longitudinal data analysis will allow synchronic and diachronic examinations of risk factors and psychiatric outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MIDCARRER MENTORING AWARD: ADOLESCENT SUICIDE RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Spirito, Anthony; Professor of Psychiatry; Ctr for Alcohol & Addict Studs; Brown University Providence, RI 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This application for the K24 midcareer mentoring award in patient-oriented research is organized into 3 sections. In the first section, I describe my history of conducting patient-oriented research in 2 major areas: pediatric psychology and adolescent suicide. I have conducted research in the areas of pediatric asthma, sleep disorders, cancer, cystic fibrosis and developed a brief measure of coping which is widely used. I have also had a number of state, private, and federal grants to study the behavioral and psychological characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters. The last few years this programmatic research has been focused on how to improve treatment compliance and use structured treatment protocols for this high risk population. My career objectives are to conduct treatment research with high risk adolescent populations; in particular, adolescents with suicidal behavior and substance abuse problems. This award will contribute to my career objectives by relieving me of patient care duties and providing the time for additional training in substance abuse treatment. Opportunities for memorizing, which are ample due to Brown's strong postdoctoral training programs, are described in the second section. Three junior faculty are specifically identified to work under me on the proposed research project: a comprehensive, integrated, theoretically-based treatment protocol for the most high risk group of suicide attempters with comorbid substance abuse. In addition, two postdoctoral fellows will also work on this comprehensive intervention. In section three, the treatment program is presented. The premise of this protocol is that these high risk adolescents with comorbid substance abuse and suicidal behavior need multiple training opportunities in different circumstances - individual and family - to be
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able to effectively develop and positively appraise their problem-solving and affect management skills. An individual 14 session therapy protocol focusing on problemsolving and affect management is complemented by a 14 session family therapy protocol. These sessions will be conducted at the clinic or in home-based sessions. Similar skills are emphasized in both the individual and family sessions to reinforce skill retention. A substance use treatment protocol will be developed in the first 18 months of this application, piloted for an additional 6 months, and then integrated into the comprehensive treatment protocol. This integrated substance abuse/suicidal behavior treatment protocol will then be compared to the standard treatment protocol in a group of 50 adolescents with comorbid substance abuse/dependence and psychiatric symptomatology, including suicidal behavior, with outcome assessed at 6 and 12 month follow-up. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODULATION OF DNA REPAIR TO ENHANCE CHEMOTHERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Erickson, Leonard C. Robert Wallace Miller Professor of Oncol; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, IN 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Overwhelming evidence has demonstrated that the major mechanism of tumor cell resistance to the chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENU) results from the DNA repair activity of 06-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). This DNA repair protein is thought to protect cells from the cytotoxic DNA inter- strand crosslink (ISC) produced by the CENU by removing chloroethyl adducts from the 0-6 position of guanine before these adducts can rearrange to form a lethal crosslink. Studies conducts over the previous eight years have demonstrated that this DNA repair system can be temporarily inhibited by a variety of biochemical strategies including pre-incubation of tumor cells with DNA methylating agents such as streptozotocin (STZ) which product the natural substrate of MGMT, 06- methylguanine. Repair of this lesion depletes the tumor cell of MGMT due to MGMT's suicide repair activity. In addition, the free bases 06- methylguanine (MG) and 06-benzylguanine (6-BG) can also deplete cells of MGMT activity and subsequently sensitize tumor cells to treatment with BCNU. Recently, we have demonstrated that STZ combined with 6-BG and BCNU can produce a prolonged sensitization of resistant tumor cells in vitro and in xenograft tumors in vivo. Currently 6-BG plus BCNU is being tested in Phase I clinical trials at other institutions and 6-BG plus STZ plus BCNU will be tested at this institution. However, biochemical modulation strategies are not selective for tumor cells over normal cells. In this Project we propose to develop gene therapy strategies that will allow the protection for critical normal tissues while modulating tumor resistance to the CENU. The specific aims are: 1. To develop a in vitro and in vivo a 6-BG continuous exposure schedule using a bolus of 6BG followed by a low dose continuous exposure to maximize the duration of MGMT depletion. 2. To determine the ability of transduced DNA repair genes to protect mouse and human cells from the cytotoxic killing by BCNU when combined with pretreatment regimens containing 6-BG or 6-BG plus STZ. 3. Using the NOD/SCID mouse model we will determine whether 6-BG (with and without STZ) and BCNU chemotherapy can be selectively administered to xenograft tumors in mice transplanted with human marrow. 4) To analyze MGMT activity and DNA cross linking in tumor cells from patients with relapsed B-cell malignancies from Phase 1 trials examining continuous infusion of 6-BG, or 6-BG in combination with STZ and BCNU. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR TARGETS OF LITHIUM AND VALPROATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Miriam L. Professor; Biological Sciences; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, MI 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): Bipolar affective disorder is a severe, chronic and disabling illness that affects 1-2 percent of the population and is a leading cause of hospitalization. Recurring bouts of mania and depression devastate family relationships and impair career progress. Approximately 15 percent of affected people commit suicide. Only two drugs are currently approved by the FDA for treatment of this disorder, lithium and valproate. While lithium has revolutionized the treatment of bipolar disorder and remains one of psychiatry's most important therapies, 20-40 percent of all patients fail to show an adequate antimanic response to lithium. Similarly, valproate has limited efficacy. There is evidence that lithium and/or valproate affect the phosphoinositide second messenger signal transduction system, protein kinase C, glycogen synthase kinase, transcription activation by AP-1, and B-cell Iymphoma protein 2 (bc1-2). However, the therapeutic mechanisms of action of these drugs have not been elucidated. Although lithium and valproate are structurally dissimilar and may not exert their effects in exactly the same manner, identification of genes regulated by both drugs may provide insight into common mechanisms of action. We are utilizing the yeast model system to elucidate molecular mechanisms of action common to lithium and valproate. Yeast is currently the only eukaryote in which we can combine genetic, molecular, and functional genomic approaches to identify lithium and VPA targets. We have identified genes that are affected by both lithium and valproate in pathways for phosphoinositide metabolism (INOI and IN02), secretion and exocytosis (SEC14 and SCS2), fatty acid metabolism (PDC5), and transcription activation (DOT6). The goal of the proposed experiments is to determine how lithium and valproate affect activity and expression of these genes. The specific aims are: 1) Targets in inositol metabolic pathway: Determine how lithium and valproate affect expression of INOI and other genes regulated by the transcriptional activator IN02. 2) Targets in other pathways that are affected by inositol: Characterize lithium and valproate targets in secretion, the unfolded protein response, fatty acid synthesis and transcription activation. 3) Targets not affected by inositol: Genome-wide expression analysis to identify all yeast genes regulated by lithium and valproate. Ultimately, an understanding of target gene function may provide insight into the molecular basis of the disease process, and may assist in the identification of biochemical and/or genetic predictors of drug responsiveness. The yeast model system may also be utilized in future testing of safer and more effective treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEGATIVE EMOTION MODERATORS OF TREATMENT FOR PARASUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Milton Z. Psychology; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-MAR-2001 Summary: The main aim of this study is to better understand chronic parasuicide in BPD in order to identify specific emotions to target in treatment. Primary emotions will be identified that increase the risk for repeated parasuicide and reduce treatment effectiveness in a chronically and acutely parasuicidal BPD sample. Nonverbal expressions that occur when parasuicide is discussed will be measured. It will be tested
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which primary emotions are elicited and predict the repetition of parasuicide. The main hypothesis, that in this context patients showing high negative emotions will be more likely to repeat parasuicide, will be tested using a survival analysis model. This study will provide feasible methods for assessing risk for parasuicide and will provide direction for future treatment research. It is essential that basic research such as this be used to develop better treatments for chronic parasuicide in BPD since it is such a serious public health problem, incurring substantial costs both in terms of intense suffering and substantial service utilization. To date, however, there are few treatments with demonstrated efficacy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEIGHBORHOODS, NETWORKS, AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Burgos, Giovani; Sociology; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, IN 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a request for a dissertation research grant (PAR-99-139) designed to stimulate minority doctoral candidates to pursue research careers in mental health. The specific aims are to: 1) develop a theoretical model, the Structural Inequality Network Model (SINM), to examine how social networks and social support mediate and/or buffer the influence of neighborhood race-specific inequality and segregation on multiple mental and behavioral problems (i.e., depression, delinquency, suicide, substance abuse, and violence) among adolescents; 2) develop measures of racial inequality, and racial segregation at the neighborhood level that move beyond traditional and static measures of poverty, unemployment, and female-headed households with emphasis on the methodological properties of the inequality indices, their theoretical grounding, and their integration into the development and testing of the SINM; and 3) examine how and whether race-specific inequality and segregation directly and indirectly (through social networks and social support) affect each outcome. To accomplish these aims, this study will use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a sample of 80 high schools and 52 middle schools in the United States. These data provide a nationally representative sample of students (and racial/ethnic over-samples) that links adolescents to a wide range of contextual variables at Census block, Census tract, county, and state levels. To examine the simultaneous impact of individual and neighborhood characteristics, this proposal uses hierarchical linear modeling, which allows researchers to separate the impact of neighborhood-level errors from individual-level errors and thus produces correct standard errors and efficient parameter estimates. This research is expected to significantly contribute to the knowledge base of the impact of social context on adolescent health. There have been few systematic attempts to build a formal theoretical model that accounts for ethnic differences in the impact that community factors, such as inequality and segregation, have on adolescent mental and behavioral health. This study is particularly timely since inequality is increasing across U.S. communities and racial segregation continues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEUROCHEMISTRY OF SEROTONIN SYSTEM IN SUICIDE VICTIMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Austin, Mark C. Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURONAL DEPRESSION
ORGANIZATION
OF
FRONTAL
CORTEX
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rajkowska, Grazyna; Professor; Psychiatry and Human Behavior; University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State St Jackson, MS 39216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Recent neuroimaging studies indicate changes exist in gross morphology and metabolic activity of the left prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal and/or dorsolateral) of subjects with depression and schizophrenia. The investigator's recent studies have demonstrated changes in cell architecture in prefrontal cortex which are associated with schizophrenia, providing a morphopathological basis for abnormalities reported in neuroimaging studies on schizophrenic cortex. However, cytoarchitectonic studies of the prefrontal cortex have not been undertaken on depression to date. Thus, based on neuroimaging studies demonstrating gross morphological and metabolic changes in prefrontal cortex in depressive brains the investigator hypothesizes that cytoarchitectonic changes occur in left prefrontal cortex in major depression. Furthermore, multiple lines of evidences implicate dysfunction of monoamine systems in the pathology of affective disorders. Frontal cortex may be a site of this pathology since this region is an important postsynaptic target of monoamine projection systems. Therefore, the investigator also hypothesizes that cytoarchitectonic changes in frontal cortex are accompanied by alterations in neurochemical organization of monoamine systems in this region. The specific aims of this project will: 1) examine the quantitative cytoarchitecture of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in postmortem brain tissue of suicide victims with major depression and compare it to that of nonsuicide major depressive subjects, nondepressed schizophrenics and age- and sexmatched nonpsychiatric controls; 2) establish quantitative cytoarchitectonic criteria for the orbitofrontal cortex in normal human brain and examine the cytoarchitecture of this cortex in the four diagnostic groups; 3) reveal the autoradiographic densitometry of catecholaminergic and serotonergic receptors in prefrontal cortex of the four groups; 4) and compare neuronal and receptor densities for individual cortical layers. To accomplish these aims the investigator will use a direct, 3-dimensional image analyzer to measure cytoarchitectonic parameters (neuronal and glial density, cell size, laminar width) and a computerized imaging device to conduct densitometric analyses of receptors in individual layers of the very same prefrontal regions in the same subjects. The proposed project will detect alterations in neuronal organization (cytoarchitecture and/or chemoarchitecture) of prefrontal cortex which may underlie the neuropathology of depression. This information may elucidate potential neuronal sites for the development of novel antidepressant treatments. In addition, this project will support specificity of the investigator's previous morphopathological findings with respect to schizophrenia and define whether the same or different prefrontal regions are involved in the neuropathology of schizophrenia and major depression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BEHAVIOR
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL
DYSFUNCTION
IN
SUICIDAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Keilp, John G. Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Neuropsychological dysfunction in major depression appears to contribute to the risk for suicidal behavior. We have recently demonstrated that depressed past attempters making severe suicide attempts can be discriminated from less severe attempters, non-attempters, and controls on the basis of deficits in executive functioning, that are independent of deficits typically found in depressed patients regardless of past suicide history. The purpose of this study is to clarify the nature of these executive function deficits in past attempters, in order to identify those measures that will be most effective for identifying suicidal risk. We will contrast the performance of depressed past suicide attempters (n=50) and depressed non- attempters (n=50) on measures of executive functioning (abstraction, working memory, fluency, and impulsiveness) and on measures sensitive to cognitive performance impairments typically found in depression (general intellectual performance, attention, verbal memory, and visual memory). We hypothesize that past suicide attempters will perform more poorly than non-attempters on executive functioning measures, but no worse on depression- related measures. All subjects will be washed out of psychotropic medication for baseline evaluation. These samples will be followed for one year, and assessed again to determine the effect of treatment on the persistence of these deficits. A sample of non-patients (n=50) will be assessed with the same battery at both time points in order to establish performance standards for comparisons of attempters and nonattempters. The specific aims of this project are to determine if (1) past attempters are uniquely impaired on executive function measures during an acute episode of depression, and if (2) their unique deficits remit after treatment or persist. Data from this study will provide much-needed information about a neglected realm of functioning in those at risk for suicide and identify the impairments in thinking that might be used to predict suicidal behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NIMH COLLABORATIVE DEPRESSION STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Coryell, William H. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1977; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Results from the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) have clearly show that affective illness is a lifetime disorder and the longterm observation will be necessary to adequately characterize it. Follow-up so far shows high rates of recovery, recurrence, changes in inter-episode psychosocial functioning, comorbid alcoholism, minor affective syndromes, mortality and suicide. Recoveries are likely even after lengthy periods of illness, the distribution of episode length is relatively constant and unimpaired psychosocial functioning appears to require a complete absence of symptoms. It is essential that this follow-up continue, especially as the probands enter their sixth and seventh decades of life. This application seeks to extend the prospective annual follow-up of the CDS proband sample to at least 22 years for all subjects. The general aim in doing this is to describe the long-term course of the affective disorders. The specific aims are to collect data that will describe more fully: 1) the cumulative probability of recovery and recurrence, and the changes in polarity, severity,
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and episode and cycle lengths; 2) the predictors of long-term course and diagnostic change; 3) the eventual level of psychosocial functioning, physical health likelihood of suicide and mental health services utilization; 4) the influence of naturalistically applied treatments as a mediating variable; 5) the course and outcomes of subsyndromal states of affective disorders; and 6) the long-term inter-relationships of the affective disorders and other chronic and recurrent disorders such as alcohol and drug us disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NIMH COLLABORATIVE DEPRESSION STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Endicott, Jean J. Professor of Clinical Psychology; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1991; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Results from the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) have clearly shown that affective illness is a lifetime disorder and that long-term observation will be necessary to adequately characterize it. Follow-up so far shows high rates of recovery, recurrence, changes in inter- episode psychosocial functioning, co-morbid alcoholism, minor affective syndromes, mortality and suicide. Recoveries are likely even after lengthy periods of illness, the distribution of episode length is relatively constant and unimpaired psychosocial functioning appears to require a complete absence of symptoms. It is essential that this follow-up continue, especially as the probands enter their sixth an seventh decades of life. This application seeks to extend the prospective annual follow-up of the CDS proband sample to at least 22 years of for all subjects. The general aim in doing this is to describe the long-term course of the affective disorders. The specific aims are to collect data that will describe more fully: 1.) the cumulative probability of recovery and recurrence, and the changes in polarity, severity, and episode and cycle lengths; 2.) the predictors of long-term course and diagnostic change; 3.) the eventual level of psychosocial functioning, physical health, likelihood of suicide and mental health service utilization; 4.) the influence of naturalistically applied treatments as a mediating variable; 5.) the course and outcomes of subsyndromal states of affective disorders; and 6.) the long-term inter-relationships of the affective disorders and other chronic and recurrent disorders such as alcohol and drug use disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOVEL SUICIDE GENE FOR THERAPY OF GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Riddell, Stanely R. Professor; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: A novel suicide gene for therapy of graft versus host disease. The use of small molecules to control the expression and/or activity of transgene products is an attractive strategy for initiating signaling pathways that regulate cellular functions including cell death. A novel inducible suicide gene based on the induction of apoptosis through oligimerization of the human Fas protein by a bivalent synthetic drug ligand has been developed and could potentially overcome the problem of immune responses to protein products encoded by suicide genes derived from pathogens. The Fas suicide construct, termed NGFR-2FKBP-Fas is made up of three human proteins expressed as a chimeric molecules. The molecule consists of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor, two copies of the FK506binding protein., and the cytoplasmic domain of Fas. A bivalent drug AP1903 that will
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bind to FKBP can be administered to induced oligomerization of the linked Fas receptor and signal apoptosis in the target cell. In the proposed study the strategy of using a synthetic drug to regulate the survival of gene- modified cells in vivo will be evaluated in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients who receive donor T lymphocytes modified to express NGFR-2FKBP-Fas as adoptive immunotherapy for relapsed chronic myeloid leukemia. In this setting, the transferred T cells may eradicate the leukemia but also cause persistent graft-versus-host disease. The introduction of NGFR-2FKBP-Fast will bring these cells under persistent graft-versus-host disease. The introduction of NGFR-2FKBP- Fas will bring these cells under pharmacologic control and permit their ablation in vivo in patients with GVHD. These studies will provide insight into the clinical use of chemical dimerization agents to regulate transgene function and may identify a suicide gene which is not immunogenic in humans and could be broadly applied to control graft versus host disease. The specific aims are: 1.) To determine the safety, in vivo persistence, and biologic activity of adoptive immunotherapy with donor T lymphocytes modified by retrovirus mediated gene transfer to express LNGFR-2FKBP-Fas for patients with relapse of CML after allogeneic HCT. 2.) To determine if LNGFR-2FKBP-Fas transduced T lymphocytes can be ablated in patients who develop graft-versus-host disease by the administration of the synthetic FKBP binding drug AP1903. 3.) To determine if a host immune response is elicited to the LNGFR-2FKBP-Fas transgene product. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL VECTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Breakefield, Xandra O. Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This project will focus on developing novel targeted viral vectors and imaging delivery and transgene expression in tumor cells and in mouse tumor models. Based on over ten years experience developing novel vectors and therapeutic transgenes for tumor therapy, it is clear that one of the major limitations to the effectiveness of this new treatment paradigm is insufficient gene delivery to tumor cells in vivo. In order to compare and optimize different delivery strategies, it is imperative to be able to quantitatively assess vector targeting and transgene delivery in animals, and eventually in human patients. Our goals, then, are to help develop technology, which can be widely applied to a variety of vector/tumor paradigms in order to effect on-site visualization of gene therapy in vivo. Our model vector will be the plasmid-based amplicon vector, which incorporates non-coding elements of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), and hence combines ease of construction, highly efficient gene delivery, and minimal inherent toxicity. These vectors will be targeted to tumor cells by incorporation of the peptide/protein ligands, which bind to tumor- enriched receptors, into the envelope of the virion. These tumor receptors are believed to have an important role in the oncogenesis of specific tumor types and hence serve both as diagnostic markers and eventual therapeutic targets. Virions will be imaged in several ways, including: 1) 111/IN-oxine labeling or genetically modifying the viral envelope protein (gC) with metallothionein known to bind 99m/Tc to image genetically modifying the viral envelope protein (gC) with metallothionein known to bind. 99m/Tc to image mass distribution; and 2) use of proteases as reporters to rapidly monitor transgene expression in cells using previously developed near infrared fluorescent imaging probes (Nature Biotech 1999; 17:375-378). We will attempt to amplify the imaging signals conferred by transgene expression by genetic amplification of the transgene within the
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host cell nucleus. In addition, we will try to enlarge the domain of imaging by expression of proteins which can be translocated from transduced cells through the extracellular space to surrounding cells or which will mediate fusion of transduced cells with neighboring cells. And finally, we will elicit and monitor tumor cell killing through apoptosis, as mediated by expression of ICE which induces cell suicide. In vivo imaging will play a critical part in this project to test the novel approaches. The developed vector systems may ultimately be used to follow transgene delivery and expression in patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ONLINE DEPRESSION EDUCATION FOR PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tanner, T Bradley. President; Clinical Tools, Inc. 431 W Franklin St, #30 Chapel Hill, NC 27516 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 22-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Nineteen million adults suffer from depression and it is the leading cause of disability in the United States and a leading cause of suicide. Yet there is clear evidence that primary care physicians --those who treat the majority of depression cases are undertreating depression. During Phase I we developed and implemented a successful Internet based CME course on diagnosing depression. During Phase II we will create a complete continuing education program of 6 Internet-based courses on the topic of depression diagnosis and treatment in the primary care setting. Courses will be approved by the University of Pittsburgh for CE credit and/or by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The Principal Investigator, Co-PI, and an esteemed group of depression and education consultants will apply an approach used in the development of other CE projects to expand upon the work done in Phase I. The Webbased courses will emphasize learning via a case-based approach. In addition, courses will be enhanced to include unique features possible with web-based courses including support for user control and feedback, discussion/communication, an accompanying news/resource area, patient education materials, and links to other information resources. A standard rapid-prototyping formative analysis technique will utilize consultation with and review by our consultant experts as well as input from potential end-users to produce successively improved versions of each course. If successful, this project will affect improved knowledge, attitude, depression clinical skills, self-efficacy, and awareness of resources. We will evaluate the benefits of the educational experience offered by the courses by using a two-group, pre-post testing design. Over a six-month period, the study group will be required to view all of the web-based courses. The control group will view courses of the same format that are on other clinical topics and do not include any information on depression. We will also assess overall user satisfaction with the online learning experience in terms of course elements, comparison to other learning experiences, and perceived impact. If the courses are successful, this project will produce a new means to educate physicians in depression diagnosis and treatment techniques. The methodology used in this research will serve as a template to guide other Investigators interested in developing other mental health continuing education materials. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OVARIAN SELECTIVE ADENOVIRAL VECTOR FOR GENE THERAPY OF OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Albelda, Steven M. Professor,; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, PA 19111
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) New treatments for ovarian cancer are clearly needed. One novel approach under active preclinical and clinical evaluation is gene therapy. Strategies being investigated include use of replication incompetent retroviruses or adenoviruses (AD) to deliver suicide genes such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (tk) to activate ganciclovir (GCV) into a cytotoxic drug. One major limitation discovered in an ongoing phase I trial for malignant mesothelioma at the University of Pennsylvania is poor depth of penetration of ADHSV tk into the tumor after intracavitary delivery. A promising approach to overcome this problem is to use replication-competent adenoviruses. When such viruses infect cells and replicate, it causes cell lysis. In addition, active virus is released to infect other tumor cells. By coupling this mechanism of enhanced killing and infection with the ability to activate GCV, we hypothesize that anti-tumor efficacy will be enhanced. However, the delivery of such replication competent viruses causes some safety concerns. To address this issue, a virus conditionally replicative in tumor cells will be constructed. Success would result in a clinical gene therapy trial. Based on the recent discovery at FCCC of a promotor which shows specificity of function in human ovarian cancer, the goal of this proposal is to construct such vectors and preclinically evaluate their efficacy and safety by accomplishing the following specific aims: Specific Aim 1. Develop and evaluate a replication-competent adenoviral vector expressing HSVtk. This will be accomplished by developing and testing a replicating adenoviral vector containing the HSVtk suicide gene. In a first series of experiments (proof of principal), we will study a fully replicative virus containing the HSVtk gene inserted into the E3 region in ovarian tumor models. This will begin to allow us to understand the dynamics of viral replication vs delivery of GCV. Specific Aim 2. Develop and evaluate a replication-competent adenoviral vector expressing HSVtk that will only replicate in ovarian cancer cells. This will be accomplished by developing Ad mutants that replicate selectively in ovarian tumors using the "U3" promoter developed by Dr. Hamilton and his group. These vectors will be made by disrupting the normal Ad E1a promoter region and inserting the ovarian cancer-selective promoter into this region. Since replication is dependent on early production of E1 proteins, viral replication will be limited to those cells in which the tumor specific promoter is active. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OXYGEN UTILIZING MEMBRANE HEME PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferguson-Miller, Shelagh M. Professor & Associate Chair; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, MI 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The goal of this Program Project entitled Oxygen Utilizing Membrane Heme Proteins is to characterize the structures of prostaglandin H synthases (GHSs) and cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX) in the context of the chemical changes that occur during catalysis as these enzymes interact with their substrates and with biological membranes. PGHS catalyzes the initial step in the biosynthesis of prostanoids--the formation of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 from arachidonic acid, two molecules of 02 and two electrons. CcOX is a terminal heme/Cu oxidase of the respiratory electron- transfer chain which catalyzes a net four electron reduction of 02 to two H20 molecules with concomitant translocation of four protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane (or bacterial plasma membrane). There are five projects and four cores. Project I: Cyclooxygenase Catalysis and Suicide Inactivation (Smith) will examine the binding of
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arachidonate to the cyclooxygenase site of PGHS, the mechanism of suicide inactivation and the role of H20 channels in PGHS. Project II: Structural Biology of Peroxidation by PGH Synthases (Garavito) will examine the structural aspects of peroxidase catalysis in PGHSs and discern the structural basis for the differences in the peroxidative activities of PGHS-1 and -2. Project III: Monotopic Membrane Anchors in PGH Synthases-1 and -2 (DeWitt) will test the hypothesis that PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 associate with a single leaflet of the membrane bilayer through hydrophobic faces of four contiguous amphipathic helices present in the amino-terminal third of the proteins. Project IV: Substrate Docking in Cytochrome c resolved Spectroscopy of Cytochrome Oxidases and PGH Synthases (Babcock) is designed to understand oxygen and peroxide activation by CcOX and PGHSs and the mechanisms by which the free energy is released in the reduction of these substrates. Core A. Administration (Smith), Core B: Membrane Protein Expression and Purification (DeWitt), Core C: Crystallization and X-ray Crystallography (Garavito) and Core D: EPR and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (McCracken) provide administrative and technical support for these projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PANCREATIC CANCER TREATMENT USING SURGERY & GENE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Brunicardi, F Charles. Professor and Chairman; Surgery; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Since there are no effective treatments for the overwhelming majority of patients with this terrible disease, pancreatic cancer is one of the few diseases where the incidence equals mortality. A new approach for the treatment of these patients is urgently needed. We have developed a cancer-specific cytotoxic gene therapy for human pancreatic cancer that appears to be successful in a SCID mouse model. The exciting new finding central to this proposal is that the rat insulin promoter is activated in pancreatic cancer, thus permitting tumor-specific activation of suicide genes. Our hypothesis is that human pancreatic cancer cells can be selectively ablated using a rat insulin promoter-thymidine kinase construct and a liposomal gene delivery system followed by ganciclovir treatment. The specific aims of the proposal have been designed to test the hypothesis: Specific Aim I: todetermine whether a) PDX-1, BETA-2, GATA-4 and/or E47 transcription factors regulate expression of rat insulin promoter in human pancreatic cancer cell lines, b) these transcription factors are present in resected human pancreatic cancer and metastases, and c) the cytotoxic effect of rat insulin promoter-thymidine kinase and ganciclovir invitrocan be enhanced by cotransfection of human pancreatic cancer cell lines with PDX-1, BETA2, GATA4, or E47. Specific Aim II: to determine whether the rat insulin promoter-thymidine kinase and ganciclovir can be used to ablate human pancreatic cancer cells invivoin SCID mice via a) iv versus ip liposomal versus adenoviral delivery systems b) repeated rat insulin promoter thymidine kinase gene delivery and prolonged ganciclovir treatment, c) escalating doses of rat insulin promoter thymidine kinase and d) to determine whether the cytotoxic effect of rat insulin promoter-thymidine kinase and ganciclovir invivocan be enhanced by invitroor invivocotransfection of human pancreatic cancer cell lines with PDX-1, BETA2, GATA4, or E47. Specific Aim III: to determine whether a)rat insulin promoterthymidine kinase and ganciclovir treatment will affect isolated mouse and human islets invitrousing liposomal versus adenoviral gene delivery systems and b) invivoliposomal versus adenoviral rat insulin promoter-thymidine kinase and ganciclovir will affect
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native mouse islet and/or transplanted human islet morphology, insulin secretion and glucose regulation in SCID mice. The purposes of this proposal are to 1) acquire a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in the activation of the rat insulin promoter within pancreas cancer cells 2) obtain the preclinical data needed for a clinical trial which will combine surgery and systemic RIP-TK liposomal gene therapy, and 3) to determine whether rat insulin promoter-thymidine kinase will affect mouse and human islets both invitroand invivo. We hope this strategy will ultimately lead to a more effective treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer using surgery to resect the primary cancer and systemic pancreatic cancer-specific gene therapy to ablate the micrometastases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PARS ACTIVATION AFTER TBI Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Robert S. Associate Professor; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS), also termed poly (ADPribose)polymerase or PARP, is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that facilitates repair of DNA strand breaks in a process that consumes NAD and ATP. Several in vitro studies in non-neuronal cells support a "suicide theory of PARS activation" where active PARS leads to energy failure and cell death by necrosis. Our preliminary studies provide evidence that PARS is activated after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mice deficient in PARS showed dramatic from functional deficits typically produced by TBI, suggesting that in toto PARS activation is detrimental after TBI. Our hypothesis is that oxidative DNA damage produced by peroxynitrite activates PARS, disturbs cellular energetics, injures mitochondria, and contributes to necrotic cell death. Specific aims to address this hypothesis include testing the effects of peroxynitrite-induced PARS activation on oxidative DNA damage, cellular energetics, mitochondrial function, and apoptotic necrotic and total cell death in neurons in vitro using pharmacologic PARS inhibitors. The role of PARS after TBI will be established by first characterizing PARS activation in mice, rats, and human samples after TBI; then testing the effects of PARS activation on NAD stores, mitochondrial injury, brain edema and cerebral blood flow, apoptotic necrotic, and total cell death, and neuropathologic outcome after TBI using pharmacologic inhibitors or genetic disruption (PARS knockout mice). Preserving cellular energy stores by inhibiting PARS may represent a key strategy for the treatment of TBI. Importantly, PARS inhibition may target necrotic neuronal death which has been previously felt to be unmanipulable. However, PARS may also play a beneficial role after TBI by participating in the maintenance of genomic integrity. The potential dualrole of PARS after TBI needs to be carefully addressed prior to implementation of clinical treatment strategies targeting PARS after acute brain injury. TBI strikes without warning and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults and children. Cellular energy failure and necrotic neuronal death contribute to morbidity and mortality and currently only few non-specific therapies are available. The proposed experiments address the key question, does oxidative stress produced by peroxynitrite trigger PARSmediated mitochondrial damage, energy failure, and neuronal death in vitro and after TBI in vivo? The development of novel and clinically-relevant pharmacologic strategies that target energy failure and necrosis after TBI may prove to be powerful and efficacious agents for the treatment of TBI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PEER ADOLESCENCE
FUNCTIONING,
SUICIDALITY,
TRANSITION
TO
Principal Investigator & Institution: Prinstein, Mitchell J. Psychology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (adapted from the investigator's abstract): This is the second revision of a new investigator proposal that seeks four years of funding for a longitudinal study of predictors of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts during the transition from early to mid-adolescence. The application targets 450 adolescents aged 12-14 years (225 clinically referred; 225 normative) who will participate in a baseline assessment followed by six telephone and home-based assessment at three-month intervals. The multiple-informant design will include adolescent self-reports parent reports, teacher reports and peer nomination. The study will focus on peer and family factors affecting suicide ideation and behaviors. It will test three conceptual models: incidental, causal, and transactional. Analyses will include MAC/SEM for evaluation of predictor variables across the normative and clinical samples and growth curve analyses to track effects of across time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS AND IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Blair, Ian A. A.N. Richards Professor of Pharmacology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The overall goal of this project is to optimize the suicide gene therapy approach to achieve maximum clinical benefit. This will be accomplished through the development of non-invasive imaging techniques and by devising the most efficient method for delivery of ganciclovir to the tumors of human subjects transfected with Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk). Pharmacokinetic models will be constructed using analytical methodology based on liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry as the foundation for non-invasive imaging strategies for use in patients being treated with suicide gene therapy. We hypothesize that there is a relationship between systemic exposure of ganciclovir and concentrations that are found in tumors. Initial experiments will be performed using animal tumor models so that this hypothesis can be tested. In addition, all optimal dosing strategy will be defined, and the relationship between plasma and tumor concentrations will be determined. The n vivo metabolism of ganciclovir will be studied in order to ensure that it is not altered in the animal tumor models when compared with control animals. Ganciclovir metabolites that are found in tumor tissue will also be characterized and quantified. The experiments with animal models will lay the groundwork for phase I pharmacokinetic studies in patients with ovarian cancer and malignant mesothelioma. Extensive modeling will be performed in order to provide parameter estimates that describe the experimental data. These should permit predictions of, for example, likely dosing regimens and probable plasma drug levels using different dosing schedules or different routes of administration. An important component of this proposal involves the development of non-invasive methodology to assess the duration and distribution of gene expression. We propose to develop imaging methodology so that we can monitor HSVtk activity and thereby provide information that can be used to further improve this strategy. These studies will be performed using a new PET imaging technique to measure the thymidine kinase enzymatic activity. This study will have important
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implications for suicide gene therapies in general, and will validate novel technique for assessing gene transfer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ADOLESCENT BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hollander, Eric; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, NY 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAR-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This study proposes to investigate the treatment response of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in adolescents. Body dysmorphic disorder, a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance, is a distressing and impairing disorder that is more common than is generally recognized. BDD usually begin during childhood or adolescence, but its treatment in adolescents has not been investigated. Such investigation is important because BDD appears to often be chronic and to cause considerable morbidity. It is associated with high rates of social and academic/occupational impairment, being housebound, psychiatric hospitalization, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Preliminary data from adults and adolescents suggest that BDD and its delusional variant (a type of delusional disorder, somatic type) may respond to serotonin-re-uptake inhibitors. Furthermore, similarities between BDD and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) make these medications promising for adolescent BDD. The primary specific aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine versus placebo in BDD and its delusional disorder variant in 100 adolescents age 12-17. The proposed study will be a 12-week double-blind parallelgroup trial that will occur at three sites: Butler Hospital/Brown University, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and The University of Cincinnati School of Medicine. A secondary specific aim is to explore the predictors of treatment response. The hypothesis to be tested is that delusionality (insight), comorbid major depression or OCD, and illness severity will not predict fluoxetine response. The proposed study will provide needed data on BDD's treatment in adolescents. It will be the first controlled treatment trial of BDD in an adolescent age group. Such investigation is needed because this underrecognized, often-secret disorder usually begins during adolescence and can cause significant distress and impairment in functioning. When untreated, adolescent-onset BDD appears to often interfere with the developmental tasks of adolescence, to persist, and to cause substantial morbidity through out the life span. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PILOT--MOUSE MODEL OF BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cotsarelis, George; Assistant Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: Over the last two decades, the rate of increase in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has exceeded that of any other carcinoma in the United States. Specialized columnar metaplasia of the intestinal type at the gastroesophageal junction or Barrett's esophagus, is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Injury of the esophageal squamous epithelium by acid reflux from the stomach or by H. pylori infection is thought to lead to the replacement of the squamous epithelium by glandular epithelium, followed by the appearance of intestinal-type goblet cells, which are not normally found in the stomach
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or esophagus. The specific cellular events leading to Barrett's esophagus, including the origin of the metaplastic cells (squamous vs. glandular) and the time course for the conversion to an intestinal phenotype are not well characterized. The overall goals of this proposal are to develop and utilize an inducible transgenic mouse model of Barrett's esophagus to study the pathogenesis of this disorder. We isolated the keratin 15 promoter that drives expression of transgenes to the squamous epithelium of the esophagus and forestomach in mice. By expressing the K15/HSV-1 thymidine kinase suicide gene using this promoter, we discovered that intestinal metaplasia that closely mimics Barret's esophagus develops at the squamocolumnar junction after administration of ganciclovir. In this proposal, we plan to: 1. further develop and molecularly validate this transgenic mouse model for Barrett's esophagus, 2. study changes in gene expression in the tissue at the squamocolumnar junction as it develops intestinal metaplasia following injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POSTMORTEM NEUROCHEMICAL STUDIES IN SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Arango, Victoria; Associate Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1990; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) Suicide has biological and psychosocial components. We have evidence consistent with lower serotonergic activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of suicide victims and in individuals with a history of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE). We found fewe serotonin transporter (SERT) sites in the ventral PFC in suicides, while patients with MDE have a widespread reduction in SERT throughout the PFC. In suicide, 5-HT1A receptors are increased in the ventral PFC, but are not significantly altered in MDE. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) contains the serotonin neurons that innervate the forebrain. We found that suicide victims have more serotonergic neurons in the DRN, suggesting the reduced serotonergic activity in suicides is not due to a loss of serotonin neurons. In depressed suicides, we observe less SERT and less 5-HT1A binding in the DRN. The reduction in SERT sites is accompanied by reduced SERT mRNA in the entire DRN of suicides and fewer neurons expressing SERT mRNA. Despite more neurons, there is evidence of hypofunction (lower brainstem and CSF 5-HIAA). In the next funding period we propose to further differentiate the anatomical distribution and molecular components o abnormalities associated with suicide compared with major depression. We have four specific aims: 1) To determine levels of the rate-limiting, 5-HT biosynthetic enzyme (TPH). We will do this by immunoautoradiography and HPLC analysis in the DRN. 2) Determine whether the amount of mRNA for the SERT and 5-HT1A receptor are altered and parallel the respective protein levels. We will measure both receptor binding and mRNA in the DRN. 3) Examine the integrity of 5-HTIA and 5-HT2A receptor G-protein coupling. We will measure agonist-stimulated GTPyS binding in PFC. 4) Quantify neuronal and glial elements in the PFC. We will use stereology to measure the cell density in the ventral PFC, thus obtaining SERT terminals/5-HT1A binding per cell. We will perform these studies in matched triplets of depressed suicides (n= 15), nondepressed suicides (n=1 5) and nonpsychiatric controls (n=15). To further separate the effects of MDE from suicide, we will examine a second group of matched triplets with depressed nonsuicide (n=8), depressed suicide (n=8) and normal controls (n=8). The studies proposed will be the first comprehensive examination of serotonergic receptors, neuronal integrity and gene expression in the PFC and brainstem in suicide and MDE. We propose to establish whether there is a localized, biochemically specific alteration in the serotonergic system
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underlying suicidal behavior, independent of Major Depression. Such a conclusion would have profound consequences for conceptualizing the basis of suicidal behavior as well as the development of diagnostic imaging tests and effective, specific pharmacotherapy of suicide, the cause of death of over 30,000 people per year in the United States. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POSTRECEPTOR DYSREGULATION IN DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Dwivedi, Yogesh; Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, IL 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: This proposal for a Mentored Scientist Development Award focuses on elucidating the role of beta adrenergic receptors (ARs) and the adenylyl cyclase-cyclic cAMP (AC-cAMP) pathway in the pathophysiology of depression and suicide. Several studies suggest that betaAR number is increased in the postmortem brain of suicide subjects; however, the precise mechanism, significance and the cellular/molecular nature of events associated with this increase have not been elucidated. The goals of this study are to examine: 1) if upregulation of betaARs is due to increased rnRNA and/or protein expression of beta1 and/or beta2 ARs; 2) whether this increase is associated with increase transcription rate and/or dysregulated HPA axis; 3) functional consequences of increased betaARs in the AC-cAMP signaling pathway at the level of catalytic and regulatory activities of protein kinase A (PKA) and gene transcription of their specific subunits; 4) functional significance of altered PKA by examining functional characteristics and gene expression of transcription factors and target genes; 5) the localization of these changes at the cellular level in discrete brain areas; and 5) whether these changes are specific to depression.To achieve these goals we propose a series of related human postmortem brain and animal studies. We will study mRNA and protein expression of beta1 and beta2ARs by quantitative RT-PCR, in-situ hybridization and gold-immunolabeling. To examine whether changes in betaARs are associated with alterations in components of the AC- cAMP signaling pathway, we will study [3H]cAMP binding to PKA; total, endogenous and betaAR-mediated PKA activity; mRNA and protein expression of PKA (regulatory and catalytic subunits), CREB, BDNF and phospho-CREB; CREB-DNA binding activity in BAs 8, 9, 10 and hippocampus of suicide victims and age-, postmortem interval-, and gender-matched nonpsychiatric control subjects. We will examine changes in mRNA and protein expression in discrete areas of the brain (layers I-VI of prefrontal cortex and areas CA1-4, dentate gyrus subiculum and area entorhinalis of the hippocampal formation). Further, to examine if the changes in the proposed measures are specific to depression, we will examine the effects of major depression on the proposed measures. To consolidate our human postmortem brain findings, we will study the proposed measures in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of behaviorally depressed rats. Finally, to examine if these changes are associated with abnormal HPA function we will study the proposed measures in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of corticosterone-treated rats with and without adrenalectomy. With this proposal the candidate seeks training in 1) Clinical and psychological aspects of mental disorders and suicide, 2) molecular biology, 3) neuroanatomy, 4) animal behavior, and 5) specialized statistical analyses. The rigorous training plan, which integrates strong didactics and multidisciplinary expertise, and the research plan will advance the knowledge of molecular mechanisms associated with depression and suicide and will provide the candidate with the skills needed to achieve independence in this highly complex field.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRECURSORS TO ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY AND VIOLENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Loeber, Rolf; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The proposed research concerns the follow-up of males initially seen in mental health clinics in 1987, mostly for disruptive behavior disorders at ages 7 to 12. Since that time the participants have been regularly assessed to document the course and outcome of disruptive behavior disorders. The latest assessments were at ages 18 and 19, with the aim of documenting antisocial personality disorder and the infliction of harm. Currently, 36 percent qualify for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. Forty five percent have inflicted moderate to serious injury on other individuals, and 24 percent have attempted suicide. Because violence usually increases during early adulthood, and because the stability of antisocial personality disorder over time is modest, the project proposes to follow up the participants at age 24.The aims of the proposed research are to test and extend a life-span developmental model of the origins of adult antisocial personality disorder and harm infliction using data on potential risk factors measured from childhood into early adulthood, and to document the relationship between antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, other personality disorders, and personality traits to identify those individuals who are most at risk to inflict harm and to improve understanding of the adult outcomes of chronic conduct disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREVENTING CO-MORBID MENTAL & PHYSICAL HEALTH DISABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gatchel, Robert J. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, TX 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Nowhere do psychiatric and physical pathologies interface more prominently than in pain disorders. Patients with chronic pain are at increased risk for anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, depression, suicide and sleep disorders. There is now a consensus that it is important to effectively treat pain patients in the acute stage in order to prevent the development of chronic and costly comorbid mental and physical health disability problems. As a continuation of two earlier NIMH funded projects, the present proposed study is designed to evaluate the therapeutic- and cost effectiveness of a three-component biopsychosocial model of early intervention in order to maximize the prevention of chronicity in high-risk acute low back pain patients. This translational biopsychosocial research will be conducted in partnership with the largest workers' compensation company in the U.S. (Liberty Mutual). For this study, high-risk acute low back pain patients will be randomly assigned to one of four intervention conditions, one of which is a non-intervention condition (45 subjects/condition). The differential impact of these conditions will be evaluated in terms of the prevention of chronic mental and physical health disability evaluated during a one-year follow-up period after intervention. A secondary goal of this project is to begin to evaluate the validity of Melzack's neuromatrix model of the relationship between emotional distress and pain within the context of the present experimental design. Major mental health outcome variables will include DSM-IV Axis I
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and Axis II diagnoses, anxiety/fear, depression, coping skills, and psychotropic medication use. Major physical health outcomes will include socioeconomic variables such as return-to-work, injury recurrence, healthcare utilization, and functional disability related to pain, as well as associated free cortisol levels. It is hypothesized that the high-risk non-intervention group patients will display significantly higher rates of chronic mental and physical health disability at one year relative to the other intervention groups; the most comprehensive biopsychosocial intervention will be associated with the lowest rates. These results will have implications for potentially significant healthcare cost savings for this highly prevalent co-morbid disability problem. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTING SUICIDE, HIV& DRUG ABUSE AMONG BLACK YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Joe, Sean; Research Assistant Professor; None; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The applicant is requesting funding for five years through the Mentored Scientist Development Award (K01) mechanism to enhance his theoretical, methodological, and statistical analysis skills to enable his efforts to prevent or reduce self-destructive behaviors among at-risk youth. The applicant's strong academic training in social policy research and practice experience in working with youth along with his familiarity in conducting program evaluations serve as the foundation on which the career development activities outlined in this application builds to facilitate the achievement of his career goal to become an independent researcher in conducting prevention intervention studies. The following objectives will be achieved: 1) Enhance my understanding of behavioral science and adolescent theories relevant for designing individual, group, and family-based interventions to reduce self-destructive behaviors and promoting positive health behaviors among at-risk racial and ethnic minority youth; 2) Advance my research skills in the design, measurement, and statistical analyses relevant for conducting intervention prevention research on reducing multiple forms of self-destructive behaviors among racial and ethnic urban minority youth; 3) Increase my methodological skills to better design, implement, and evaluate scientifically rigorous and culturally appropriate prevention interventions designed to reduce self-destructive behavior among at-risk African American youth; 4) Enhance my skills and ability to conduct intervention by piloting and testing a study to determine the feasibility of using a family based intervention focusing on African American fathers to prevent three forms of self-destructive behavior (suicidal HIV/AIDS sexual, and substance abusing behavior) among at- risk urban African American adolescent males; and 5) Carry forth my research agenda to conduct a randomized trial study by preparing a competitive R01 proposal employing a randomized control study to test the effectiveness of a family-based intervention targeting African American fathers to help reduce self-destructive behavior among their at-risk adolescent male at-risk children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREVENTION OF SUICIDE IN OLDER PRIMARY CARE PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Reynolds, Charles F. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003
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Summary: (Adapted from applicant's Abstract): The study was designed in response to the NIMH RFA inviting research to "test models of depression recognition and treatment to prevent and reduce suicidal behavior in older patients in primary care setting". Elderly suicide most frequently occurs in the context of mild to moderate depression. In primary care patients, suicidal ideation is a risk factor for suicide and has been identified almost exclusively in patients with depressive symptoms and signs. Since most suicide victims are seen by their primary care physicians with a few weeks of their death, intervening at the doctor's office may be live saving. This study will investigate the effectiveness of an intervention aimed at improving the recognition of suicidal ideation and depression by the practices and facilitating the implementation of a treatment algorithm based on the AHCP guidelines. The linchpin of the intervention is the use of Depression Specialists (DS) who will collaborate with the physicians and help them to increase recognition of depression, offer timely and appropriately targeted treatment recommendations and encourage patients to adhere to treatment. In addition, procedures aimed at educating patients, families and physicians in depression and suicidal ideation will be implemented. We expect that will approach will lead to a reduction of depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation and behavior and generate a practice model that has the ability to incorporate the advances of our clinical science. The study will be conducted by the Intervention Research Centers (IRC) of Cornell, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Pittsburgh. The intervention will be offered a 6 primary care practices from 3 geographic areas (metropolitan and suburban New York, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh) and its impact will be contrasted to that of 6 comparable practices offering usual care. Data will come from a representative sample of patients aged 60 years and older selected from an age-stratified, two- stage sampling design and followed for two years. The groups will consist of 1,200 subjects and comprise patients with depressive symptoms and signs (CES-D(11; estimated total N=920; per Center n=307) and a random sample of patients without significant depressive symptomatology (CES-D(11; estimated total N=280; per Center n=93). Beyond direct systematic clinical assessment of patients, information will be obtained on health services utilization from practice based medical records and on cause of death from death certificates. Data will also be collected to document the impact of intervention on patient care, and on physician knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction and test hypothesis derived from preliminary studies of the three IRCs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTION OF SUICIDE IN THE ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Alexopoulos, George S. Professor and Vice Chair; Psychiatry; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The study was designed in response to the NIMH RFA inviting research to "test models of depression recognition and treatment to prevent and reduce suicidal behavior in older patients in primary care settings". Elderly suicide most frequently occurs in the context of mild to moderate depression. In primary care patients, suicidal ideation is a risk factor for suicide and has been identified almost exclusively in patients with depressive symptoms and signs. Since most suicide victims are seen by their primary care physicians within a few weeks of their death, intervening at the doctor's office may be life saving. This study will investigate the effectiveness of an intervention aimed at improving the recognition of suicidal ideation and depression by the practices and facilitating the implementation of a treatment algorithm based on the AHCP guidelines. The linchpin of the intervention is
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the use of Depression Specialists (DS) who will collaborate with the physicians and help them to increase recognition of depression, offer timely and appropriately targeted treatment recommendations and encourage patients to adhere to treatment. In addition, procedures aimed at educating patients, families and physicians on depression and suicidal ideation will be implemented. We expect that this approach will lead to a reduction of depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation and behavior and generate a practice model that has the ability to incorporate the advances of our clinical science. The study will be conducted by the Intervention Research Centers (IRC) of Cornell, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Pittsburgh. The intervention will be offered in 6 primary care practices from 3 geographic areas (metropolitan and suburban New York, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh) and its impact will be contrasted to that of 6 comparable practices offering usual care. Data will come from a representative sample of patients aged 60 years an older selected through an age-stratified, two-stage sampling design and followed for two years. The group will consist of 1,200 subjects and comprise patients with depressive symptoms and signs (CES-D(11; estimated total N=920; per Center N=307) and a random sample of patients without significant depressive symptomatology (CES-D(11;estimated total N=280; per Center N=93). Beyond direct systematic clinical assessment of patients, information will be obtained on health services utilization from practice-based medical records an on cause of death from death certificates. Data will also be collected to document the impact of intervention on patient care, and on physician knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction and test hypotheses derived from preliminary studies of the three IRCs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTION OF SUICIDE IN THE ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Katz, Ira R. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The study was designed in response to the NIMH RFA inviting research to test models of depression recognition and treatment to prevent and reduce suicidal behavior in older patients in primary care settings. Elderly suicide most frequently occurs in the context of mild to moderate depression. In primary care patients, suicidal ideation is a risk factor for suicide and has been identified almost exclusively in patients with depressive symptoms and signs. Since most suicide victims are seen by their primary care physicians within a few weeks of their death, intervening at the doctor's office may be life saving. This study will investigate the effectiveness of an intervention aimed at improving the recognition of suicidal ideation and depression by the practices and facilitating the implementation of a treatment algorithm based on the AHCP guidelines. The linchpin of the intervention is the use of Depression Specialists (DS) who will collaborate with the physicians and help them to increase recognition of depression, offer timely and appropriately targeted treatment recommendations and encourage patients to adhere to treatment. In addition, procedures aimed at educating patients, families and physicians on depression and suicidal ideation will be implemented. We expect that this approach will lead to a reduction of depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation and behavior and generate a practice model that has the ability to incorporate the advances of our clinical science. The study will be conducted by the Intervention Research Centers (IRC) of Cornell, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Pittsburgh. The intervention will be offered in 6 primary care practices from 3 geographic areas (metropolitan and suburban New York, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh) and its impact will be contrasted to that of 6 comparable practices offering
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usual care. Data will come from a representative sample of patients aged 60 years and older selected through an age- stratified, two-stage sampling design and followed for two years. The group will consist of 1,200 subjects and comprise patients with depressive symptoms and signs (CES-D(11; estimated total N=920; per Center N=307) and a random sample of patients without significant depressive symptomatology (CESD(11;estimated total N=280; per Center N=93). Beyond direct systematic clinical assessment of patients, information will be obtained on health services utilization from practice-based medical records and on cause of death from death certificates. Data will also be collected to document the impact of intervention on patient care, and on physician knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction and test hypotheses derived from preliminary studies of the three IRCs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH CONFERENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Grodzicker, Terri I. Assistant Director for Academic Affairs; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1 Bungtown Road Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Apoptosis is a morphologically distinct form of programmed cell death (PCD) that plays important roles in development, and tissue homeostasis. Abnormalities in the regulation of apoptosis contribute to a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, AIDS, stroke, myopathies and neurodegenerative disorders. It is not clear that apoptosis occurs by activating an intrinsic cell suicide program which is constitutively expressed in most animal cells, and that key components of this program have been conserved in evolution from worms to insects to man. Some of the genes regulating PCD are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, providing a link between deregulation of PCD and cancer. Others are encoded by viruses, indicating that subversion of PCD is an aspect of the pathology of viral infections. In recent years, many gene products controlling PCD have been identified, and the biochemical pathways they regulate have begun to emerge. Animal models have been generated in both mammals and invertebrates in which loss-of-function or gain-of-function of these genes has demonstrated the role PCD lays in development and disease. These studies suggest that there are many opportunities for manipulating apoptosis in therapeutically meaningful ways. Researchers in the field of PCD are a diverse group whose interest span invertebrate to mammalian developmental biology, neurobiology, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, immunology and inflammation, virology, biochemistry, structural biology, cell cycle control, and transcription. The objective of this PCD conference is to bring together researchers working in these diverse aspects of apoptosis. The meeting plan includes an opening address, eight plenary and three poster sessions, in which participation by junior scientists will be encouraged. The ultimate intention is to create a meeting environment suitable for the exchange of information and ideas which will hopefully foster advancement of the field toward the identification of the biochemical and molecular events controlling apoptosis. The subsequent meetings (2003 and 2005) will follow a similar format and will include topics that are highly relevant at the time of the meeting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH: ROLE IN SEPTIC IMMUNE SUPPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ayala, Alfred; Professor; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, RI 02903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The inability of present therapies to mitigate the devastating effects of sepsis and multiple organ failure in the critically ill patient suggests that more knowledge of the pathophysiology of sepsis is needed if we are to develop newer, more effective interventions. In this respect, we have learned from experimental studies using a model of polymicrobial sepsis that the otherwise normal regulatory cellular suicide response, referred to as apoptosis (Ao) or programmed cell death, appears to have pathological consequences on the septic animal's immune system when Ao is increased. By taking a multi focal approach, we have found that the effect of sepsis on a given immune cell populations' Ao response differs not only with respect to the cell type [i.e., B- or Tlymphocytes, macrophages or granulocytes (PMN)] but also with respect to their site of tissue origin and their maturational (immature/mature, naive/activated) status. Furthermore, it appears that different mediators (e.g., TNF, glucocorticoids, Fas ligand [FasL], caspases, nitric oxide [NO]) are involved in the induction of Ao in these cell populations. The pathologic significance of these altered apoptotic responses are demonstrated by our findings (in mice deficient in pro-Ao gene, FasL) as well as others (in mice over-expressing the anti-Ao Bcl-2 gene) showing that suppression of Ao in septic mice provides a survival advantage. With these data in mind we put forward the following hypothesis; that the altered apoptotic response elicited by septic stimuli, reflects a divergent pathological process that contributes to immune cell dysregulation which plays a role in inducing organ damage and the animals eventual mortality. To examine this hypothesis, we have established the following aims: 1. We will determine which specific cell/tissue (immune: lymphoid and/or phagocyte; lung; liver; intestine) populations serve as targets of FasL in septic mice, delineate how the induction of Ao is mediated (Ao gene/protein/functional change) an which cells (T-/ B-cell, macrophage and/or granulocyte) act as affecters in response to septic insult. This will be done by the judicious use of knockout mice or targeted pharmacological cell deletion studies. 2. As many of the lymphoid/macrophage populations in the septic mouse exhibit the delayed development of Ao, we will also examine the receptor mediated/signal transduction events which control this. Their actual contribution to sepsis induced Ao in mice will be ascertained by the use of specific inhibitors. 3. We will also determine if the in vivo posttreatment of mice with a FasL antagonist, a TNF antagon-ist, a steroid receptor antagonist, an inducible NO synthase (iNOS) antagonist or inhibition of Fas activated cas-pases, has comparable effects on Ao and in over-all survival of animals to that seen in FasL deficient mice. Such data will provide not only new insight into the pathobiology of sepsis, but also lead to better therapeutic targets. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN BPD Principal Investigator & Institution: Stanley, Barbara; Professor of Psychology; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Nearly 10 percent of all patients with BPD commit suicide and up to 75 percent make at least one suicide attempt. While many of these attempts are low in medical lethality, 50 percent of individuals with BPD have made at
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least one suicide attempt that is highly lethal. Despite this severity, the frequency of low lethality suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury in BPD leads clinicians to consider suicide attempts as merely "gestures," or manipulative and attention-seeking behaviors. Also, clinicians tend to treat suicidality in BPD by treating the symptoms of depression, when, in fact, impulsivity appears to be a stronger risk factor. We will examine clinical and neurobiological factors related to suicide attempts in subjects with borderline personality disorder using a prospective design. Through the administration of structured clinical interviews and lumbar puncture, we plan to measure various state and trait variables that pose risk for suicidal behavior in a cohort of 300 subjects: 200 with BPD (100 attempters, 100 non-attempters) between the ages of 18-35, the period of highest suicide risk in BPD and 100 attempters with Major Depression without an Axis II diagnosis. The specific aims are to: 1. examine clinical state and trait predictors of suicide attempts during a two year follow-up; and 2. examine serotinergic function (e.g., CSF-5HIAA) and other biological indices of suicide attempt behavior in BPD during a two year follow-up. Exploratory aims include: 1. identify the risk factors for high lethality versus low lethality attempts in BPD; 2. determine co-morbidity of Major Depression at time of attempts; 3. apply a stress-diathesis model to examine the interaction of state and trait factors in determining risk for suicidal behavior in BPD; 4. explore the relationship of self-mutilation and dissociation with suicidal acts, and with state and trait risk factors. The difficulty in predicting suicidal behavior in the treatment of BPD leads to either under-recognition of the seriousness of suicidal risk in BPD, or alternatively, over-utilization of hospitalization. These findings may have important clinical application for more accurate prediction of high lethality attempts within the context of frequent low lethality suicidal behaviors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROTECTING URBAN AMERICAN INDIAN YOUTHS FROM VIOLENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bearinger, Linda H. Professor; None; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 02-FEB-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: (As Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The goal of the proposed research is to improve our understanding of risk and protective factors for self-directed violence, weapon carrying, and interpersonal violence in order to better design and target prevention strategies. Analyses will focus on urban American Indian youths who are characterized by a disproportionately high risk of firearm injury, suicidal involvement, and participation in interpersonal violence. American Indian young people in urban settings are among the highest risk for suicide in the US with overall attempt rates as high as 1 in 5 who have attempted before age 18. It is the second leading cause of death for this population. Homicide is the first. The research will utilize secondary data from a study, funded by the National Institute of Nursing Research, that examined the impact of a youth development program on the health and well being of urban American Indians. Between 1995 and 1998, 635 American Indian youths, ages 918, were assessed using the Urban Indian Health Survey, a confidential, self-report survey examining an array of health compromising behaviors and protective factors, along with social, contextual, and demographic information. The two part survey was administered to youth who were participants in an American Indian youthdevelopment program in Minneapolis and to Indian youth attending predominantly American Indian public schools, also in Minneapolis, which is home to the second largest populations of urban American Indians in the US. Grounded in a resiliency
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paradigm, the aims of this study are to: 1) identify within this high risk group of young people, the contribution of individual, family, and school/community related risk factors to suicidal behavior and interpersonal violence (including weapon carrying; 2) identify protective factors against self-injurious and interpersonal violence among these high risk adolescents; 3) develop generalized models of factors that contribute to and protect against both intrapersonal and interpersonal violence, identifying those factors most amenable to intervention with adolescents. This particularly includes an examination of the potential mediating influence of alcohol and drug use; and 4) develop probability profiles of factors associated with increased or decreased suicidal and interpersonal violence involvement in this population of 9-18 year olds in order to determine priorities for suicide and violence prevention in programmatic settings. We hypothesized that the relative contribution of individual risk factors to adolescent violence involvement may vary by age and gender, but the way these risk factors interact will be similar across the groups. We expect that the more risk factors to which a young person is exposed, the greater the risk for violent outcomes. We also hypothesized that universal protective factors will emerge that cross-cut this high risk group by age, gender, and violent outcomes. Overall, this research will develop an information base for developing violence prevention strategies designed to reduce risk and promote the presence of protective factors in the lives of those youths most vulnerable to violent outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIORAL IN BPD Principal Investigator & Institution: Soloff, Paul H. Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Borderline Personality Disorder is a psychiatric disorder defined, in part, by recurrent impulsive and suicidal behaviors. With a suicide rate of up to 9.5 percent, BPD is among the most lethal of psychiatric disorders, comparable to affective and schizophrenic disorders. This study is the continuation of a first prospective, multidimensional study of the clinical, psychosocial and biological risk factors for suicidal behavior in patients with BPD. Following a stress-diathesis model of suicide, we assess predicted risk factors at baseline and follow patients annually for up to ten years, assessing for suicidal behavior, psychiatric co-morbidities, substance use disorders, episodes of impulsive-aggression, psychosocial stressors, treatment effects, social and clinical outcomes. The role of central serotonergic regulation in impulsive and suicidal behavior is studied using the 5HT2A specific radioligand [F-18] altanserin and PET neuroimaging. The effects of a childhood history of abuse are assessed on suicide risk, impulsive-aggressive behavior and on measures of central serotonergic function. Stressors increasing the risk of suicidal behavior include co-morbidity with Major Depression or Substance Use Disorders, Recent Life Events, and poor social support. Personality characteristics such as impulsivity and aggression represent chronic vulnerabilities to suicidal behavior. Longitudinal follow-up of suicidal patients allows testing of predictor hypotheses concerning risk factors for suicidal behavior in BPD through the application of survival analyses. Risk factors predicting recurrence and medical lethality of attempts will allow early identification of BPD patients at highest risk for suicide and inform treatment efforts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Axelson, David A. Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: The career development activities and research plan outlined in this Research Career Development Award (RCA) are designed to provide the means for the candidate to translate relevant aspects of neurobiology and independently formulate and implement psychopharmacologic treatment trials in pediatric bipolar disorder (BP). Pediatric BP is a devastating illness that can result in permanent disruption of a child's normal development, emotional suffering, aggression and suicide. Pharmacotherapy has been the cornerstone of the management and treatment of pediatric BP. However, there is very little controlled research addressing medication treatment of children and adolescents with BP. In addition, treatment research in child psychiatry has generally not addressed developmental differences in neurobiology or pharmacology, nor attempted to identify biological factors that may be predictors or mediators of treatment response. The proposed study will be the first dose-ranging study of a medication for depression in pediatric BP. It will explore the relationship between platelet 5-HT reuptake blockade and treatment response, as well as examine potential predictors of treatment response. The candidate is certified in child and adolescent psychiatry, and is completing the second year of an NIMH-sponsored post-doctoral research fellowship. Dr. James Perel, Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Director of the Clinical Pharmacology Program at the University of Pittsburgh's Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic (WPIC) will serve as Sponsor. The coursework and directed readings in advanced topics of psychopharmacology, clinical trial design, developmental neurobiology and pharmacology, emotional regulation and circadian rhythm, will prepare the candidate to perform biologically-informed treatment research in pediatric BP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PSYCHOSOCIAL OUTCOMES IN WORKING FARM CHILDRE AGE 10-12 Principal Investigator & Institution: Barton, Sharon J.; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, OH 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2006 Summary: The goal of this program of research is to improve the health of children working on farms. Across the 2.2 million farms in the United States, nearly 1.3 million children live, play, and work. In addition to children who live on America's farms and ranches, over a half million children who do not reside there work as hired farm labor. Despite the popular view of farms as pastoral and serene, farmers know that the daily challenges of weather and economy make their work and home environments less than ideal. The purpose of this pilot study is to examine the physical, psychosocial and economic consequences of farm work on children ages 10-12. This proposal directly addresses the NORA priority areas of special populations at risk, social and economic consequences of work, and indirectly, traumatic injuries. In particular, it examines the economic and social consequences of farm work performed by children ages 10-12 years. The proposed study also directly addresses Objective 6 of the National Action Plan of the Childhood Agricultural Injury Prevention Initiative, to "conduct research on costs, risk factors and consequences associated with children and adolescents who participate in agricultural work".This proposal falls within the focus area of the Great Lakes Center
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to protect the agricultural safety and health of farm families. Specifically, this proposal will provide the center with important information to address pesticide exposure of children, and to further understand acute unintentional injury and ergonomics of farm work performed by children. A cross-sectional survey of 330 children will be used to collect data on general demographics of the sample, stress and depressive symptoms, risk behaviors, previous injuries, economics, and psychosocial variables. The findings will provide the basis for developing and testing interventions to improve psychosocial outcomes of working farm children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC ADOLESCENTS
INTERVENTIONS
FOR
SUICIDAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Velting, Drew M. Anatomy and Cell Biology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-SEP-2002; Project End 07-FEB-2003 Summary: This Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Cancer Development Award (K23) outlines a training program that supports the candidate's goal to become an independent investigator with expertise in psychotherapy research that aims to reduce suicidal ideation and behavior in depressed adolescents. While adolescent suicide remains a major public health problem, little is known about effective treatments for atrisk youth. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) has been shown to be effective for suicidal (female) adults in at least one randomized controlled trial. These findings call for replication and encourager further investigation of DBT and its potential value as a treatment for adolescents. Depression has been demonstrated to be a primary risk factor for adolescent suicide and therefore, is a likely target for intervention. The candidate has outlined a five-year research program that proposes to extend previous work by adapting DBT as a treatment for suicidal adolescents who meet criteria for a DSM-IV depressive disorder and by exploring possible gender differences with respect to the treatment's acceptability and efficacy. The core project involves the conduct of a pilot controlled clinical trial to investigate the feasibility of the modified DBT intervention. The ultimate goal of the training program is to develop the skills, methods, and resources the candidate will need to test the efficacy of the new treatment in a larger randomized controlled trial, to be specified in a R01 application in the fourth year of the award period. The proposed training program integrates formal coursework consultation with established clinical investigators, and supervised research activities that will enable the candidate consultation with establish clinical investigators, and supervised research activities that will enable the candidate (1) to gain advanced training in methods of implementing Dialectical Behavior Therapy in a research setting; (2) to acquire skills in conducting clinical trials of psychotherapy interventions for children and adolescents; and (3) to develop comprehensive knowledge of the ethical, legal and safety issues relevant to suicide intervention research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RAISING AWARENESS ABOUT ELDERLY SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Watts, H G. Vice President; State of the Art, Inc. 4455 Connecticut Ave Nw, Ste B-2 Washington, DC 20008 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-JUL-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Suicide rates increase with age, and adults 65+ have the highest rate of completed suicide. Risk factors include depression, social isolation,
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physical illness, and hopelessness. Of completed elder suicides, 70 percent had a medical appointment within 30 days of death. This multimedia campaign aims to encourage detection of older people at risk of suicide, and to educate and motivate them and their caregivers to seek treatment. This campaign (video, companion booklet, web module) targets older adults, caregivers (including adult children), and health professionals. Health Belief Model and Transtheoretical Model will guide research. In Phase I researchers will use qualitative methods to determine content and test its validity. Researchers will interview experts (including advisors), older adults, and caregivers to collect data, and then they will analyze interview content and generate creative plans for the materials. Advisors will review creative plans, which will then be revised, then qualitatively tested with focus groups of older adults, caregivers, and health professionals. Testing ensures materials inform and motivate target audiences. In Phase II, we will fully produce the video, booklet, and web module based on concepts validated in Phase I. This campaign is innovative because it addresses suicide and its risk factors in older adults, using documentary models of diagnosis and treatment. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The completed video, booklet, and web module will be distributed through physicians, mental health professionals, senior centers, assisted living facilities, and other organizations that serve older adults and their caregivers. The video will be reedited for broadcast. State of the Art has successfully marketed other patient education materials to these markets and has existing relationships to assist in marketing this project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RECOMBINANT MEASLES VIRUS AS A CANDIDATE AIDS VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Billeter, Martin A.; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: In a combined effort to develop an efficacious, moderately priced vaccination schedule against AIDS, three attenuated viruses approved and widely used as live vaccines, yellow fever virus (YFV), varicella zooster virus (VZV) and measles virus (MV) are applied as vaccination vectors to express SIV antigens. Later, when a combination of expressed SIV antigens has been found providing optimal protection of macaques against challenge with SIV, the vectors expressing analogous HIV antigens will be constructed and tested again in on-human primates for immunity induction and protection against hybrid (SHIV) and HIV viruses. The subgroups located at the University of Zurich, Switzerland and the Institute Pasteur, Paris, France, will be concerned with vector constructions based on attenuated MV, which usually mediates life-long protection against measles by single-application. MV has been shown to stably maintain and express added genetic material encompassing altogether more than 5000 nucleotides, inserted in three different genome positions, over many generations; this is unusual for RNA vaccines, inserted in three different genome positions, over many generations; this is unusual for RNA viruses, which usually tend to rapidly eliminate genetic material not essential for virus propagation. First, SIV proteins will be expressed as before from one of three transcription unit cloning cassettes added at different genome locations mediating differential expression levels. Second, an alternative expression strategy will be explored, linking SIV ORFs in such a way to the resident (essential) MV reading frames that cessation of full length SIV ORF expression, e.g. by adventitious formation of a premature stop codon, results in suicide of the vector. Third, replacement of the MV envelope proteins by functionally similar glycoproteins of
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other viruses, including SIV env, will be attempted to circumvent neutralization of the vector by antibodies present in individuals immune against measles. Propagation efficiency, expression levels of SIV antigens and genetic stability of the constructed vectors will be tested in cell culture and genetically modified mice infectable with MV. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF CELL DEATH IN DROSOPHILA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hay, Bruce A. Associate Professor; None; California Institute of Technology Mail Code 201-15 Pasadena, CA 91125 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Accurate regulation of cell death is critical for the development and adult function of multicellular organisms. For many, if not all cells, survival is regulated by a balance of death inhibitory and death activation signals present in the cytoplasm. The relative levels of these activities, and thus whether a cell chooses to live or die, are determined by signals from the cell's external environment and by internal cues. Major questions are to understand how these disparate signals, presumably mediated by distinct signal transduction cascades, can regulate a common death effector machinery. Work from many organisms show that cell death is under genetic control, and that regulators of cell survival and death are evolutionarily conserved. These observations support the hypothesis that a universal cell death program exists in multicellular organisms. The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins, originally identified as baculovirus encoded inhibitors of a host suicide response, are an important, evolutionarily conserved family of cell death inhibitors. Drosophila IAPs, DIAP1 and DIAP2, were identified during genetic screens for enhancers of a small eye phenotype associated with a hyperactivated cell death signaling pathway and by data base searchers, respectively. DIAP1 is essential for the survival of many cells in the fly, and expression of viral, Drosophila and mammalian IAPs is able to block cell death in response to diverse stimuli. Also, mutations in the human and mammalian IAPs is able to block cell death in response to diverse stimuli. Also, mutations in the human Neural Apoptosis Inhibitory Protein gene, an IP homologous gene are associated with spinal muscular atrophy, a common human neurological degenerative disease. These IAPs are an important family of cell death regulators. This proposal describes experiments designed to identify contexts in which DIAP death preventing activity is important, mechanism by which DIAPs function to block cell death, and ways in which their function is regulated. This proposal also describes the design and implementation of an over- expression-based genetic screen that allows us to individually drive the eyespecific expression of large numbers of genes in different genetic backgrounds, utilizing a transposable element that contains an eye- specific promoter at one end. By mobilizing this element throughout the genome we can quickly screen a large fraction of the genome of over- expression-dependent regulators of cell death in various contexts. Because the P element tags the site of insertion we can quickly identify the affected gene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF LIVER HEME METABOLISM & CYTOCHROME P 450 INACTIVATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Correia, M. Almira. Professor of Pharmacology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001
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Summary: The hepatic microsomal hemoproteins cytochromes P450 (P450) include multiple constitutive and inducible enzymes. These monomeric hemoproteins (MW @ 50kDa) contain one prosthetic heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) moiety/mole of enzyme. In spite of their identical hememoieties, P450s differ functionally, a property conferred by individual heme-apocytochrome microenvironments. P450s are instrumental in the oxidative/reductive metabolism of various physiologically relevant endobiotics and xenobiotics. However, although all these reactions result in the formation of readily excretable products, not all are beneficial. P450s catalyze the metabolism of some substrates to radicals and other reactive species that can induce toxicity/pathological damage. Furthermore, in the course of certain redox reactions, the participating P450 is sacrificed in a process classified as a mechanism-based or "suicide" inactivation. To date, three distinct mechanisms of substrate-mediated P450 inactivation have beencharacterized: (a) prosthetic heme destruction via N-alkyl/arylation [i.e., allylisopropylacetamide (AIA), secobarbita (SB)]; (b) apocytochrome alkylatin by a reactive intermediate (chloramphenicol, SB, 11-undecynoic acid); and (c) destruction of the prosthetic hemeto products that irreversibly bind to the apocytochrome [CCl4,spironolactone (SPL), 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine (DDEP)]. By definition, "suicide" inactivations occur at the active site. Isolation and structural characterization of the N-alkylated hemehas unequivocally established this criterion for N-alkylation of P450 heme. However, the criterion for "suicide inactivation" has not been rigorously applied to modes b or c of drug-induced P450 destruction because the inaccessibility to structural analyses of the highly hydrophobic apoP450 active site regions and their resistance to proteolytic digestion (with an array of proteases) have until now largely precluded their definitive mechanistic classification. Using lysyl endopeptidase C and/or pepsin digestion as well as CNBr cleavage, the P450 peptides modified by either the heme or the drug have been HPLC mapped and isolated as a first stepto their identification and structural characterization by mass spectrometric analyses using an array of mass spectrometric techniques provided by the Mass Spectrometry Facility. To date, two different P450 peptides alkylated by heme and SB have been isolated and characterized, using ESMS and MSLDI-MS. Such structural characterization will greatly contribute to the definitive mechanistic elucidation of modes b and c inactivation processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESEARCH SYNTHESIS TO ASSESS COMMUNITY DRUG PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hallfors, Denise D. Research Associate Professor; Maternal and Child Health; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-DEC-1996; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The proposed research seeks to develop methodological techniques and assess the impact of community drug programs on youth. Substantial research documents the extent of drug use among adolescents, but there is little research linking the reduction of drug problems with community interventions. Surveys of alcohol and drug use are routinely conducted by virtually every state and many local communities. Yet these represent a virtually untapped source for understanding the impact of prevention efforts. The present research proposes to develop a systematic research synthesis of extant school survey data from at least 42 communities in 10 states. The synthesis is designed to assess the effectiveness of comprehensive community-based prevention programs on drug use and attitudes
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among junior high and high school students. Prevention strategies in two national demonstration programs will be studied: Fighting Back, which is funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Community Partnership Program, funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. School survey data from 21 treatment sites and 21 matched control sites will be meta-analyzed to calculate effect sizes and assess the impact of programs in youth drug use. Specific aims of the project are: 1) To develop a typology of community-based drug abuse prevention programs in order to test systematically their impact on youth; 2) To collect data from state- and locallysponsored school-based surveys and develop dependent variables for meta-analysis; 3) To conduct a research synthesis and assess the impact of community programs, controlling for concurrent school-based prevention programs. The use of drugs has profound negative health consequences and is associated with traffic accidents, criminal activity, infant morbidity; and the spread of HIV. It is particularly devastating for youth: the three leading causes of death for 15-24 year old are unintentional injuries, suicide, and homicide, each of which is associated with the use of drugs. Hundreds of communities have formed coalitions in an attempt to prevent these problems. Information gained from this study will be important in understanding what types of strategies are effective. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RISK FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AMONG LESBIANS AND GAY MEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Cochran, Susan D. Professor; Ctr for Afro-American Studies; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Within the last 2 decades, research examining psychopathology among lesbians and gay men has moved away from viewing homosexuality as causal to investigating the role of social stress arising from this population's common experiences with discrimination and victimization. Consistent with a psychosocial stress model predicting that higher rates of distress and perhaps mental disorders will result, evidence suggests that lesbians and gay men may be more likely than others to experience depressive disorders, dysfunctional drug/alcohol use, and suicide attempts, though findings are mixed. In addition, research hints that lesbians and gay men may have different mental health care needs and utilization patterns. These issues, though, are largely understudied and, unfortunately, the majority of work has been hampered by critical methodological limitations, primarily a near total reliance on convenience-based sampling designs without similarly sampled heterosexual controls. A recent Institute of Medicine report on lesbian health issued in response to NIH and CDC requests for guidance on research with this population concluded that population-based studies and development of methodological improvements were needed to provide essential information about morbidity risk and protective factors. In response to the IOM recommendations and NIMH RFA PA-99-121, the current application proposes to capitalize on the existence of several populationbased datasets that offer a means of examining mental health and related services use by lesbians and gay men as a population. Specifically, we will identify in 6 national surveys individuals likely to be lesbians or gay men using sexual behavior and relationship status indicators. We will then compare these samples to similarly identified heterosexual women and men in order to estimate prevalence of mental health morbidity, quality of life indicators, and treatment utilization. Findings will clarify the
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nature of excess psychiatric risk, as well as factors that may promote resiliency, among lesbians and gay men. A further goal of the study is to facilitate developments in research methodology with this population. To that end, we will conduct comparisons using data from population-based and previously collected convenience-based surveys (including approximately 1 0,000 lesbians) in order to identify possible demographic and mental health morbidity differences between women in the two source populations sampled. Findings will greatly assist developing more efficient sampling frames in future studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT: EFFECT ON SUICIDE PREVENTION PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Stein, Bradley D.; Rand Corporation 1700 Main St Santa Monica, CA 90401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 03-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prevention of youth suicide is a national health priority, and school suicide prevention programs are a key component of the nation's strategy to address the crisis of youth suicide. Yet, little is known about the factors that affect the implementation and modification of these programs in school systems. This exploratory study will use qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to examine the current implementation of the LAUSD Youth Suicide Prevention Program (YSPP), a district-wide program that provides prevention and crisis intervention services consistent with the CDC's recommended School Gatekeeper for Suicide Prevention in Schools. We will use the most recent 2 years of records generated by the YSPP across all high schools in the district to examine variations in the implementation of crisis interventions with suicidal students. We will interview key informants (e.g. school administrators, crisis intervention staff, and teachers) to develop a richer understanding of how this program is being implemented in high schools across the district, what barriers to model implementation exist, and how it is being modified. The specific aims include: 1. Identifying the variation of YSPP implementation across high schools in the LAUSD. 2. Examining how variation in YSPP implementation is related to the key dimensions of the school environment. 3. Exploring how contextual factors in the school facilitate and impede the implementation of the YSPP. 4. Exploring how schools are modifying the YSPP, and the relationship between these modifications and school environment. This exploratory study will result in a better understanding of which, in the multitude of potential factors, are the key factors that most greatly influence the actual implementation of the YSPP in LAUSD, and serves as our first step in a new line of research designed to improve youth suicide preventions efforts by developing programs that can be effectively implemented in today's schools. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SELECTIVE SUICIDE SUBSTRATES FOR CYTOCHROME P450 ISOZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Foroozesh, Maryam; Xavier University of Louisiana Box 121-C New Orleans, LA 70125 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a superfamily of hemoproteins involved in the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. The goal of this project is to synthesize and assay a number of new potential selective mechanism based activations
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for certain P450 isozymes involved in carcinogenesis. In our previous studies, we have established that a number of aromatic acetylenes are selective suicide inhibitors Of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. In this project, we propose to synthesize a new class of compounds containing a propargyl moiety. We are planning to synthesize a new class of compounds containing a propargyl moiety. We are planning to synthesize families of related propargyl substituted compounds and assay them in-vitro on a number of P450 isozymes in order to study their relative potential inhibitory effects based on the size and shape of the aromatic ring systems and the placement and length of the substituent chain of the molecule. These compounds should behave very similarly to the selective ethynyl and propynyl substituted aromatic inhibitors previously studied. However the presence of an oxygen on the substituent should increase the polarity, and change the shape of the branch leading to some differences in the selectivity towards various P450 isozymes. Due to the special properties of suicide inhibitors, these compounds are useful tools in the studies of cancer development and treatment. Additionally, the mechanisms of action of these inhibitors makes it possible to use them as probes into the active sites of P450 isozymes leading to better understanding of the structure-activity relationships involved in the P450-dependent reactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEROTONIN DEPRESSION
RECEPTORS
AND
PROTEIN
KINASE
C
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pandey, Ghanshyam N. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, IL 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Several studies suggest upregulation of serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the brain of suicide victims with or without depression and in platelets of depressed and suicidal patients. The significance and the mechanisms of this upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors and their functional consequences have not been explored. The investigator hypothesizes that the upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain and in platelets of depressed patients is caused by an abnormal HPA axis. The major objectives of the proposed studies are thus to examine the significance and the mechanisms of the upregulation of platelet 5-HT2A receptors and its relationship to the brain 5-HT2A receptors, which will be achieved by conducting a clinical and an animal study. The specific aims of the investigator's clinical component are to study 5-HT2A receptor number and the 5-HT2A functional consequences as well as PKC, a key component in the 5-HT-linked PI signaling system, in platelets obtained from depressed patients and normal controls. The investigator will further examine the relationship of 5-HT and PKC measures with suicidal and impulsive/ aggressive behavior in depressed patients. To examine of 5-HT2A upregulation in depressed patients is related to abnormal HPA function, he will correlate 5-HT2A receptor measures with plasma cortisol and nonsuppression of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). The objectives of the proposed animal studies are to examine if an abnormal HPA will modulate 5-HT2A receptors and PKC both in the brain and in platelets. This will be achieved by studying 5-HT2A receptor number, 5-HT2A mRNA levels in the brain, 5-HT2A receptor number in platelets, 5-HT- and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced PKC translocation, (3H)phorbol dibutyrate (PDBU) binding and PKC activity in the brain, and immunolabeling of PKC isozymes in the brain and in platelets obtained from rats treated with corticosterone (CORT), dexamethasone (DEX), or adrenocorticotropical hormone (ACTH), and from adrenalectomized (ADX) rats and in
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ADX rats treated with CORT. The investigator's study will thus not only clarify the role of 5-HT2A receptors and PKC in the pathophysiology of depression, but it will also elucidate the mechanisms by which 5-HT2A receptors are upregulated both in the brain and in platelets. These studies may thus increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression and may help identify depressed or suicide-prone patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOCIAL REGULATION MODEL OF INGROUP FAVORITISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Gaertner, Lowell A. Psychology; University of Tennessee Knoxville Knoxville, TN 37996 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Dissolution of or exclusion from important social groups places in social groups places individuals at increased risk of anxiety, dysphoria, depression, and in extreme cases, suicide. The current proposal identified and explores a social process that is hypothesized to foster and sustain intragroup relations, and, consequently minimizes the likelihood that persons suffer the ill consequences of exclusion or ingroupdissolution. In particular, the planned research develops and tests the Social Regulation Model (SRM) of ingroup favoritism. The SRM is grounded in the assumptions that social groups are vital to human survival, arise from multiple factors, and involve intragroup relations that, at times, give rise to conflicts of interest that threaten the stability of the group and an individual's membership in the group. This model asserts that positive ingroup beliefs and behaviors can occur in the absence of an outgroup and function, in part, to regulate and maintain harmonious intragroup relations. In group favoritism is viewed as an adaptive characteristic of group life in that it promotes trust, reciprocity, and expectations of cooperative interactions among ingroup members. This social regulation component of ingroup favoritism is hypothesized to arise when persons experience a heightened awareness of their shared group membership. Because the SRM recognizes that group formation is a multiply determined phenomenon, awareness of shared group membership can be triggered by multiple factors including, but not limited to, the presence of a contextually relevant outgroup and interdependence among ingroup members. In other words, the SRM asserts that ingroup favoritism has an intragroup component that regulates social relations among ingroup members and is not limited to a situation in which an outgroup is salient. The proposed experiments tests the SRM's assertion that positive behaviors towards the ingroup are part of a socialregulation that maintains harmonious intragroup relations. In particular the experiments test if increasing awareness of shared group membership, in the absence of an outgroup, increases (a) trust among ingroup members, (2) concern for the welfare of ingroup members, and (c) de-escalates intragroup conflict by promoting forgiveness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOCIAL STRUCTURE, ALCOHOL, AND LETHAL VIOLENCE IN RUSSIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Pridemore, William A. Criminal Justice; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, IN 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study will examine the relationship between social structure, alcohol consumption, and rates of lethal violence in Russia. Though the rate of alcohol consumption in Russia was still very high compared to other nations, it
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declined sharply during the anti-alcohol campaign in the mid-1980s. This was followed by a dramatic increase in consumption in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the Soviet Union collapsed and Russia faced repeated economic crises. Further, homicide and suicide rates in Russia are also among the highest in the world and follow a similar pattern to that of alcohol consumption during this time. Many researchers partially attribute the high rate of lethal violence in Russia, as well as its rise and fall over time and its wide range of variation throughout the country, to variation in the level of alcohol consumption. Employing newly available mortality, demographic, and economic data, this study is designed to test the efficacy of these claims and to disentangle the relationship between social structure, alcohol consumption, and lethal violence in Russia by examining the following specific topics: 1. The unique measurement issues associated with alcohol-related mortality in Russia. 2. The crosssectional relationship between social structural factors, the level of alcohol consumption, and rates of homicide and suicide mortality among Russia's 89 regions. 3. The temporal relationship between alcohol consumption and rates of lethal violence in Russia since World War II (the nation as the unit of analysis). 4. The impact of President Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign on the aggregate level of alcohol consumption and the result of this on rates of homicide and suicide. Both cross-sectional and time-series analyses will be used to examine these issues. City-, regional-, and national-level data will be employed to estimate the effects of structural forces and public policy on the aggregate level of alcohol consumption and the resulting impact on rates of homicide and suicide mortally. -The importance of the results of this project will go well beyond Russia and will hold significance to researchers in several disciplines. Alcohol policy analysts will be interested in the efficacy of the national-level anti-alcohol campaign; epidemiologists will be interested in how structural factors influence the very high levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related mortality in Russia, and sociologists and criminologists will be interested in how social structure and the level of alcohol consumption interact to influence homicide and suicide rates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOFTAD SUBSTANCE USE OUTCOMES FOLLOWING TAD Principal Investigator & Institution: Curry, John F. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, NC 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Substance abuse is a major public health problem among adolescents in the United States, associated with serious negative outcomes including high-risk sexual behavior and the leading causes of adolescent death: accidents, homicide and suicide. Substance use disorders (SUD's) are one of the three most common forms of adolescent psychiatric disturbance. Prevention of such disorders is a public health priority. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) recently released RFA: DA-03-007, calling for investigations into the impact of child psychopathology and childhood interventions on subsequent drug abuse. This project, Substance use Outcomes Following Treatment for Adolescent Depression (SOFTAD) is an extended follow-up of adolescents who have completed the NIMH Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS). We developed and are coordinating TADS, a 12-site study comparing cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), fluoxetine (FLX), combined CBT and FLX acutely to one another and to placebo, and longitudinally to one another in 432 adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). TADS is the first adolescent MDD treatment study to include measures of substance use and abuse. We propose to enhance the measurement of
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substance use outcomes and related family factors and to extend the follow-up period from TADS treatment to five years in order to address critical questions emphasized in RFA: DA-03-007. These include the impact of treating MDD (and of specific treatments) on subsequent substance use outcomes, the identification of moderators and mediators of successful outcome in the affective and substance use domains, and the longitudinal relationship between adolescent MDD and substance use or abuse in a clinical sample. Approximately 300 adolescents will be followed and assessed every six months. Selfreport, parent-report and diagnostic interview measures will be collected. The major hypothesis, that successful treatment of MDD will reduce subsequent substance use problems, and additional questions, will be tested using chi-square, logistic regression, and structural equation modeling. SOFTAD will be coordinated by the Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI), the same organization coordinating TADS, thus realizing substantial efficiencies and cost savings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STATINS AND NON-CARDIAC ENDPOINTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Golomb, Beatrice A. Assistant Professor; Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, CA 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): A relation of lowered cholesterol to increased aggressive behaviors (including suicide) and impaired cognition has been variably demonstrated and remains to be established or excluded with confidence. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ("statins") are the most widely used agents and their effects are of special interest. Purpose: To examine the effect of statins on aggressive responding, cognition, and serotonin in individuals with moderate LDL and no identified cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypothesis: Statin therapy will increase aggressive responding on the PSAP (Point Subtraction Aggression paradigm, a standardized aggression measure that correlates with both violent behavior and serotonin); will reduce measures of cognition (including psychomotor speed and attention); and will change serotonin (gauged by whole blood serotonin), which may be a mediator of effects on behavior and perhaps cognition. Secondarily, it is hypothesized that simvastatin (lipophilic) will exert more potent effects on cognition (and perhaps aggression) than pravastatin (hydrophilic); that serotonin (5HT) changes will related to changes in aggressive responding and perhaps cognition; and that a "susceptible subset" may be defined by baseline characteristics including biochemistry, mood, personality, and extremes of cardiovascular reactivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STATISTICAL METHODS FOR STUDY OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Ellis, Steven P.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This project aims at developing cutting edge statistical and computational methods applicable to a wide variety of neuroscience problems, in particular, to suicide research. It consists of two related sub-projects. The first one develops methods for analyzing brain images, such as autoradiographic images of postmortem tissue and other neurochemical maps (e.g., "region of interest" data for PET images). The other subproject is an exploratory investigation of advanced techniques for modeling brain function and disease. The subprojects are linked because models of the brain can be
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used in analyzing neurochemical map data. An examination of brain regional neurochemistry reveals differences in measures such as receptor binding among brain regions. The anatomical distribution of neurotransmitter receptors is generally studied using quantitative autoradiography. Autoradiographic studies in complete coronal sections of human brain like those carried out by the Human Neurobiology Core are extensive to perform and human tissue is previous. PET images of live subjects such as those produced by the Brain Imaging Core are expensive to perform and human tissue is previous. PET images of live subjects such as those produced by the Brain Imaging Core are also expensive. To make best use of these valuable data, it is important to use powerful statistical methods. Thus, it makes sense to examine binding in a number of different brain regions. However, it is difficult to obtain and assay large numbers of postmortem samples or to image a large number of live subjects. This creates challenging multiple comparisons problems. A potentially powerful way to handle these multiple comparison problems involves use of mathematical models of the dependence among the brain regions of interest. In addition to the large array of standard statistical models one might use, in recent years, "computational neuroscientists" have put intensive effort into developing sophisticated mathematical and/or computer models of brain function and disease. The application of such modeling techniques in suicide research will be explored. The databases in the Conte Center for the Neuroscience of Mental Disorder will be used to fit and test these models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRESS AND COPING AMONG STIGMATIZED POPULATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Balsam, Kimberly F. Psychology; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-SEP-2003; Project End 15-SEP-2006 Summary: (provided by candidate): Elevated rates of mental disorders among stigmatized individuals have been hypothesized to be linked to the individual and cultural oppression experienced by this population. However, this "minority stress" hypothesis has not been adequately examined in empirical studies, in part due to the lack of a clear definition for this construct and the lack of a culturally-sensitive instrument to assess it. The proposed study will, in three components, develop a program of research for the applicant that will address the relationships between minority stress, coping, and mental health of populations stigmatized for reasons other than race/ethnicity or gender. First, the applicant will develop survey instruments to assess minority stress and culturally-specific coping processes. Second, these instruments will be used in an anonymous survey of stigmatized individuals examining stressors (traumatic events, minority stressors, and general stressors), coping (culturallyspecific and general) and mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, suicidality, PTSD, and substance use). Third, the applicant will work on a larger, NIMH-funded study of two-spirit Native Americans, utilizing innovative sampling strategies, in order to examine the construct of minority stress in a specific ethnic minority population while simultaneously gaining advanced skills and knowledge in the area of sampling methodology. Outcomes from all three studies may be used to advance the field of mental health research and treatment of stigmatized groups and may have public-policy implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF PROTEINS THAT INHIBIT APOPTOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fisher, Andrew J. Chemistry; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, CA 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The objectives of this proposal are to perform structural and mechanistic analysis on P35 a viral protein that inhibits apoptosis. Apoptosis is a naturally occurring process of cellular suicide that is vital to normal organismal development and tissue homeostasis. Very little is known about the regulation of apoptosis and aberrations in the cell death program can commence the onset of many diseases. All the different signals that trigger the cell death program utilize a new class of cysteine proteases to transmit the apoptosis program. This common pathway makes it the most attractive target for regulation by therapeutic agents. Therefore, a better understanding on the structural mechanics of the cysteine protease function and inhibition is required. The baculovirus expresses a 35 kDa protein that inhibits the cysteine proteases involved in executing the death signal. Baculovirus P35 is a general and very effective suppressor of apoptosis and can block apoptosis in mammalian, murine, and insect cell lines. The ability of P35 to suppress apoptosis in such a diverse range of organisms induced by different signals suggests that it acts at an evolutionarily conserved step in the apoptotic pathway. Baculovirus P35 defines a new class of protease inhibitors for which there is no structural information. P35 is first cleaved by the cysteine protease then inhibits the enzyme by forming a tightly bound dead-end complex. X-ray quality crystals of P35 have been grown and one heavy atom derivative obtained. Detailed x-ray structural analysis of P35 augmented with loss-of-function mutant structures will reveal the mechanism by which P35 blocks apoptosis. Additional insights will be gained by analyzing the crystal structure of cleaved P35 complexed with a cysteine protease. This structure will furnish new information and clues on the mechanism of the proteases as well as new levels of apoptotic inhibition. The new fundamentals gained on the function of P35 could also lead to anti-viral compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SUBSTANCE USE AND SUICIDE IN STREET YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Ginzler, Joshua A. Psychology; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is in response to PA 00-019. My goal is to pursue a research career in an academic setting with a substantive focus on the etiology of adolescent psychopathology. In particular, I am interested in understanding the factors that promote substance use disorders (SUD), and the comorbid relationship that SUD has with other psychopathology. Although my past training has provided me with a foundation in conducting longitudinal studies of adolescent SUD, none of my prior training has been broadly focused on developmental psychopathology. The central aims of the proposed Research Career Award (RCA) will be to (1) provide advanced training in research methods and quantitative techniques necessary for me to continue developing as an independent investigator and (2) to conduct an investigation that will advance our understanding of the SUD and suicidality, particularly in an extremely high-risk population of homeless adolescents. The performance site will be the University of Washington at Seattle, and my training mentors will be Drs. Thompson, Baer, and Cauce locally, and Dr. Hops from the Oregon Research Institute in Eugene, OR. I would like to develop a unique understanding of comorbidity issues within the
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street youth and eventually expand my research into comorbidity issues with adolescents in general. Specific Aims of the study are: 1) Examine a specific set of variables that potentially lead to substance abuse or suicidality in homeless adolescents. This will be accomplished by empirically testing and validating a "risk amplification" model based upon a set of risk factors that are prevalent with homeless adolescents. 2) Second, we will examine whether drug involvement in homeless adolescents can be described in the same manner as it has for a high school sample of adolescents. Specifically, we will empirically test whether a multidimensional model of drug involvement developed to explicate the substance abuse of domiciled youth can be extrapolated to an extremely high-risk sample of street youth. I will also (1) continue my collaborative work with Drs. Thompson, Baer, Cauce, Hops on studies from their labs/research teams, (2) take courses in quantitative techniques, methodology, developmental psychopathology, and ethics, and (3) develop an R01 based upon the findings from this study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUBUNIT III AND CYTOCHROME OXIDASE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hosler, Jonathan P. Biochemistry; University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State St Jackson, MS 39216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides is an excellent model of the mammalian mitochondrial oxidase, and a system has been prepared for rapid site-directed mutagenesis and over-expression of mutant oxidases in Rb. sphaeroides. Recent high resolution structures of cytochrome oxidase provide the information needed to explore the roles of subunit III in oxidase function at the molecular level. Subunit III is one of the three highly conserved core subunits of cytochrome oxidase, but its role in oxidase function is far from clear. Subunit III has a unique structure that includes 3 tightly bound phospholipids that interact with residues of both subunits III and I. Our preliminary data show that subunit III is necessary for the assembly of the heme a3-CuB active site in subunit I, and prevents the assembled oxidase from rapidly inactivating during catalysis. Suicide- inactivation involves a structural change that eliminates the ability of heme a3 to bind CO. Previous reports and the new structures suggest that subunit III also modulates the efficiency of proton pumping by cytochrome oxidase, binds ADP/ATP at a site and that could directly influence the activity of the pump, and provides a path, via the lipid pool, for 02 to access the buried heme a3-CuB site. To explore the molecular mechanisms of oxidase assembly, suicide inactivation, pumping efficiency, nucleotide binding, and 02 delivery, site directed mutants of key residues and oxidases lacking subunit III have been prepared. In addition, four mutations in subunit III found to cause mitochondrial diseases in humans have been introduced into the Rb sphaeroides oxidase. The mutant oxidases will be assayed for alterations in expression, activity, the structure of the redoxactive metal centers, internal electron transfer, CO, cytochrome c and nucleotide binding, and proton pumping efficiency. The goals are to 1) define the roles of subunit III in oxidase function, 2) define the mechanism of suicide-inactivation, 3) define the functional defects in cytochrome oxidase that cause the mitochondrial diseases, and 4) use the interaction of subunit III with the heme a3-CuB active site to further explore the mechanisms of energy coupling by cytochrome oxidase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Harkavy Friedman, Jill M.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Suicide is the leading cause of premature death in schizophrenia. Ten to fifteen percent of individuals with schizophrenia commit suicide and 3O-4O percent make suicide attempts. Suicidal behavior is devastating to the individual as well as the family and community. The goals of this study are: 1) to describe suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia; 2) to compare individuals with schizophrenia who have made a suicide attempt (high-risk group) with individuals with schizophrenia who are nonattempters (low-risk group) with respect to sex, race, clinical state, aggression, impulsivity depression, premorbid functioning demoralization, serotonin measures, family history of suicidal behavior and substance use; and 3) to collect baseline data for a prospective follow-up study in the future. These variables were selected because they have been found to be related to suicidal behavior in other patient groups and may be indicators of reduced ability to inhibit suicidal behavior. The variables were also selected because it is feasible to measure them in clinical settings making them accessible for clinical assessment and intervention studies. Information obtained from this study will be used to develop clinical interventions targeted to individuals with schizophrenia. No published study exists where all these major domains have been assessed simultaneously in a group of individuals with schizophrenia who are at high-risk for suicidal behavior in order to determine their relative contributions towards that behavior. This study will be the first phase in a future prospective study of suicidal behavior in schizophrenia. Participants will be inpatients on the Schizophrenia Research Units at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Creedmoor Psychiatric Center. Standard structured interviews, observational rating scales and self-report measures will be administered to assess suicidal behavior, clinical state, aggression, impulsivity depression, premorbid adjustment, family history and substance use. Genetic and biochemical measures of serotonin are also obtained. Long-term objectives of this research are to identify variables that contribute to suicidal behavior in order to facilitate the development of assessments and interventions specific for individuals with schizophrenia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SUICIDAL LYMPHOCYTES FOR INDUCTION OF GVL--CML Principal Investigator & Institution: Kornblau, Steven; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The risk of graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) bars a high proportion of leukemia patients from the benefits of a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. The goal of this project is to determine, in a murine model, whether GVHD can be controlled by using "suicidal lymphocytes," and if so, to optimize their use in the transplant setting. The immunologically mediated graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect noted after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo BMT) is a powerful anti-leukemic, but its use as a therapeutic modality is limited by the development of GVHD. The risk of GVHD rises with patient age and donor-recipient mismatch. Current GVHD therapy is immunosuppressive: it treats the symptoms rather than eliminating the T cells that cause GVHD. Consequently many patients cannot benefit from a GVL effect. Controlling the fate of transplanted lymphocytes after infusion may permit limitation of
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severe GVHD while maintaining a GVL effect. Such therapy may improve the success rate of allogeneic transplantation; it may eliminate or reduce the barriers that prevent most leukemia patients from benefiting from the GVL effect. To create the ability to eliminate lymphocytes after infusion we propose to use a retrovirus to introduce a suicide gene, herpes simplex virus- thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), to sensitize the cells to ganciclovir (GCV). Normal human cells are insensitive to this drug. The suicide genebearing lymphocytes are then selected and expanded ex vivo and introduced into a patient to promote a GVL effect. If GVHD develops, it may be inhibited,a arrested, or terminated by administration of GCV. The proposed studies will determine the efficacy of these transduced lymphocytes in established murine models and investigate means of optimizing their use. Specific Aim 1. Produce suicidal lymphocytes and test their function in vitro. Demonstrate infection, selection by FACS sorting, and expansion of murine lymphocytes transduced by a retrovirus containing the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor and HSV-TK genes (LNGFR-TK). Demonstrate in vitro sensitivity to ganciclovir and in vitro alloimmune function of LNGFR-TK-infected lymphocytes. Specific Aim 2. Demonstrate the ability of LNGFR-TK-infected lymphocytes to cause GVHD in mice and the ability to eradicate GVHD by in vivo administration of GCV. Determine the natural survival of infused lymphocytes. Optimize cell dose and timing of ganciclovir administration. Specific Aim 3. Demonstrate that infusion of LNGFR-TKinfected lymphocytes into leukemia-bearing mice generates a GVL effect in a transplant setting. Specific Aim 4. Optimize the anti-leukemic effect of the transplanted lymphocytes by combining strategies for separating GVL from GVHD with the use of the suicidal lymphocyte. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUICIDALITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: RISK & PROTECTIVE FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lezine, Dequincy A. Psychology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-FEB-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Suicidal behavior is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality in people with schizophrenia, and thus it poses a major clinical problem. However, little is known about suicidal thinking and behavior in the early phases of the illness (the period of highest risk). The proposed line of research works within a previously developed theoretical model (Jobes et al., 2000) to isolate predictors of suicidality in this high-risk population, information that can guide future intervention research. Specifically, the current project seeks to: 1) identify risk and protective factors for suicide and suicidality in a population at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia using an existing data-set; 2) identify predictors of suicidality in people with prodromal symptoms of psychosis using a longitudinal, prospective design; and 3) collect and identify themes about reasons for living and reasons for dying from the subjective reports of participants in the longitudinal, prospective study, information that could be pertinent to future suicide prevention research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SUICIDE PREVENTION: RESEARCH & RESEARCH TRAINING Principal Investigator & Institution: Conwell, Yeates; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004
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Summary: This application for an NIMH Mid-Career Investigator Award in PatientOriented Research (K24) requests support for the candidate to integrate research in the pathogenesis and prevention of suicidal behaviors with the training of junior investigators in suicide studies. The candidate's long-term goal is to establish himself as a leader nationally in the study and prevention of suicide across the life course. Suicide is a major public health problem in the United States, yet there is a dearth of clinical researchers prepared to address the issue. The candidate's research objectives for the period of K24 support are to: (1) continue currently funded pre-intervention research to define risk factors for suicide among older people; (2) consolidate his skills and knowledge of epidemiologic and health services research methodologies, and develop collaborations with experts in preventive medicine for the study of suicide; and (3) establish a comprehensive array of suicide studies that includes preventive intervention and preventive systems services research at all ages. Three projects will serve as vehicles for achieving these objectives. Project 1 is an ongoing, NIMH R01-funded case-control study of completed suicide in the second half of life. Project 2 (R01 application currently pending review by AHCPR) is designed to investigate the effectiveness in a randomized, controlled trial of practice-based nursing case management and/or augmented Medicare benefits at reducing depression and suicidal ideation in functionally impaired patients in primary care. For Project 3 the candidate will establish local expertise in the use of manualized cognitive/behavioral therapies in controlled trials with functionally impaired patients in primary cre settings who re at risk for suicide. The mentorship objectives for the K24 award period are (1) for the candidate to shift his effort as Director of Psychiatry Residency Training (currently 50% of his time) to the mentorship of promising junior investigators in suicide studies; and (2) to attract trainees to suicide research careers from a variety of health care disciplines (psychiatry, psychology, epidemiology, preventive medicine, and others) and levels of training (students, residents, fellows, and junior faculty). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUICIDE RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN BLACK ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Molock, Sherry D. Associate Professor; Psychology; George Washington University 2121 I St Nw Washington, DC 20052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract): This study is the first component of a programmatic research that seeks to: 1) identify risk factors for clearly differentiated suicidal - behaviors (i.e., suicide ideation, suicide plans, suicide attempts) among African American adolescents at three levels: individual, family, and community; 2) identify protective factors against suicidal behaviors at the individual, familial, and community level; and 3) to use the information gained, from this study about risk and protective factors associated with suicidal behaviors to develop interventions in partnership with African American churches. Particular attention will be paid to the role of religiosity, spirituality, and integration into a faith community as protective factors against suicidal behaviors. This study seeks to identify risk and protective factors associated with suicidal behaviors among African American teens. The risk and protective factors are examined at three levels: individual, family, and community. Conduct problems, depression, hopelessness and substance abuse are hypothesized to be the best predictors of suicidal behaviors at the individual level; history of family abuse is hypothesized to be a risk factor at the family level, and exposure to violence in the community and school environments are posited to be risk factors at the community
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level. Hypothesized protective factors include positive ethnic identity and religious coping at the individual level, supportive families at the family level, and collective efficacy and active church participation at the community level. Gender differences on risk and protective factors will be explored; we will also see d there are different risk and protective factors for subgroups engaging in parasuicidal behaviors (e.g., suicide ideators vs. suicide attempters). The proposed study will use a correlation design. Three hundred forty-two African American adolescents in grades 10-1 2 will be recruited from predominantly black high schools in a metropolitan area on the East Coast. Students will respond to a series of questionnaires that take approximately 90 minutes to complete. To facilitate building liaisons between the school system and local churches, schools that are selected will be located in close proximity to a community church. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses will be conducted with set-wide entry of data (i.e., at the individual, family, and community level) to test the hypothesized relationships. Logistic regression analyses will be conducted to ascertain which set of individual, family, and community factors, serve as risk or protective factors for subgroups of parasuicidal behaviors. This information will be used to develop future research that is designed to develop community-based interventions in African American churches to ameliorate the growing rate of suicidal behaviors in the African American community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUICIDE RISK FROM ADOLESCENCE TO YOUNG ADULTHOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Elaine A. Professor; Psychosocial & Community Hlth; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: This competing continuation proposal examines changes in suicidal behaviors and related risk and protective factors. Suicide is a major cause of death among youth aged 15-24 years. Suicide rates increase sharply from 20-24 years. Potential high school dropouts are known to be at higher risk than average for suicide and suicidal behaviors. Research indicates they enter young adulthood with greater risk and fewer protective factors. What is unknown is the impact of adolescent suicidal behaviors on young adult outcomes. This proposal describes a 4-wave, longitudinal study of high-risk youth across young adulthood (18-23 years). Study aims are to 1) test the temporal stability of a measurement model of suicide potential in adolescents vs. young adults; 2) study the longitudinal effects of adolescent risk and protective factors on the health outcomes of emotional distress, drug involvement, functional status, and suicidal behaviors; and to 3) examine patterns of change in suicide risk and related risk and protective factors across young adulthood, identifying predictors of these patterns of change. Subjects will be 1,150 young adults (18-23 years), identified as potential high school dropouts in the parent grant, and comprehensively assessed for suicide potential when 15-18 years old. The sample is approximately 48 percent female and 60 percent minority. Subjects will be surveyed annually 4 times and will participate in a comprehensive, suicide-risk assessment interview the final year. Young adult outcome variables include suicidal behaviors (thoughts/threats/attempts) and the related risk factors of emotional distress, drug involvement and functional status. Mediators include personal and social protective factors (coping/support). Three analytic approaches will be used: 1) confirmatory factor analyses to test factor stability of outcome construct; 2) structural equation modeling to test hypothesized relationships among adolescent antecedents and young adult outcomes; and 3) latent growth curve modeling (LGM) to
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determine patterns and predictors of change in suicidal behaviors across young adulthood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUICIDE RISK IN PUERTO RICAN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Duarte-Velez, Yovanska M. Psychology; University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Rio Piedras Sta San Juan, PR 00931 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 07-SEP-2001 Summary: The principal objective of the proposed research is to understand suicide risk among Puerto Rican adolescents. Depressive symptoms, coping style, social support, self-esteem, hopelessness, stress appraisal and psychopathology will be the explanatory variables of the study. In Puerto Rico, suicide is among the first causes of violent deaths in the age group of 15 to 34. Although research on suicide behavior in mainstream populations in the United States has increased during the last few decades, in Puerto Rican and Hispanic populations research is scarce. It?s essential to identify factors associated to suicide risk in Latino adolescents and elaborate causal models in order to develop effective preventive interventions and treatment for this population. Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders manifested in Puerto Rican adolescents. Taking into consideration the strong relationship between suicide behavior and depression and the increased risk and incidence of suicide behavior at this age level in Puerto Rico, especial attention must be paid to suicide behavior in this population. The specific aims of the proposed research are divided in two phases. During Phase I, I plan to identify factors which contribute to high suicide risk considering the following: depressive symptomatology, coping style, social support, self-esteem, hopelessness, stress appraisal, and psychopathology. During Phase II, the focus will be on developing a causal model to explain vulnerability to suicide risk based on the previously identified variables associated to high suicide risk. The proposed study is a cross-sectional survey of Puerto Rican adolescents. It will survey a community sample consisting of at least three hundred students from 13 to 18 years old from two public schools and two private schools on the Metropolitan Area of San Juan. Several instruments will be administered to the sample. The instruments include: (1) Scale for the Identification of Adolescent Suicide Risk (IRSA), (2) Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire- Junior (SIQ-JR), (3) Children?s Depression Inventory (CDI), (4) Behavior Checklist for Adolescents (CBCL-A), (5) Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experience (A-COPE), (6) Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), (7) Piers Harris Children?s Self-Concept Scale (PHCSCS) (8) Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and (9) Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). To analyze the information obtained from the self-report instruments, different statistical analyses will be carried out. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SUNLIGHT RELATED STEPS IN HUMAN SKIN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Brash, Douglas E. Professor; Therapeutic Radiology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1992; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The long-term aim of this project is to understand how sunlight causes skin cancer. Skin is a unique system for revealing early events in cancer because the lesions are observable, the carcinogen is known, and some cancers progress through defined stages. We initially focussed on UV-induced mutations. Now, we are focussing on UVinduced apoptosis and its role in preventing or accelerating sunlight-induced cancer.
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The working hypothesis is that a key step in developing skin precancers is loss of cellular proofreading. That is, abnormal cells no longer commit suicide. Our previous work generated a model at each of three levels: genes, cell populations, and pharmacologic agents. Genetic model: Apoptosis requires both an abnormality detector, which involves p53, and a cell cycle abnormality signal. Cell population model: A UVinduced p53 mutation renders a cell apoptosis-resistant. Additional UV allows the mutant cell to clonally expand at the expense of its normal neighbors, resulting in a precancer. Pharmacology model: Many drugs affect the abnormality detector or the abnormality signal. The altered apoptosis biases the competition between normal and mutant cell populations, so that these agents act as chemopreventives or tumor promoters. The research in this application uses cultured cells, mouse skin, and human skin to test individual points of these models: i) Does apoptosis- resistance enable a mutant cell to clonally expand to a precancerous lesion? ii) Do the different mutant p53 alleles found in human skin cancers and precancers have different phenotypes for apoptosis versus cell cycle arrest? iii) Do chemopreventive agents and tumor promoters act by influencing UV-induced cellular proofreading? iv) What genes influence UVinduced cellular proofreading? v) How does a DNA photoproduct signal cell cycle arrest or apoptosis? vi) Does p53- mediated clonal expansion clone out single mutant cells already present in sun-damaged skin? These studies could find that: sunlight acts as a tumor promoter by killing unmutated cells; chemoprevention is beneficial only before apoptosis-resistant cells appear; and the genomic location of a DNA photoproduct determines whether cell cycle arrest or apoptosis ensues. The questions addressed here are directly relevant to the health of an increasing number of individuals: skin cancers are now as frequent as all other cancers combined. More broadly, the mechanisms operating in keratinocytes are likely to be a part of cancer development in other cell types as well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF POTENTIAL HIV-IN AND HIV-RT INHIBITORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gervay-Hague, Jacquelyn; Professor; Chemistry; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, AZ 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2001 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) The goals of the proposed research are to develop libraries of potential inhibitors for both HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) and HIV integrase HIV-IN enzymes. The libraries will be created using a common Horner-Emmons-Wittig reagent developed in applicant's laboratories. This reagent provides a rapid synthetic sequence into three diverse classes of compounds including: 1. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical disulfones based on known catechol HIV-IN inhibitors, 2. Novel isosteric analogs of nucleoside triphosphates as HIV-RT inhibitors, and 3. Non-nucleoside HIV-RT inhibitors. The specific aims are: (a) To synthesize and test novel 5'-disulfone-monophosphate isosteres of nucleic acid triphosphates as nucleoside HIV-RT inhibitors; (b) To synthesize and test a library of gem-disulfone linked aryl acids as non-nucleoside HIV-RT inhibitors; (c) To synthesize and test a gemdisulfone linked library of catechol analogs as HIV-IN inhibitors; (d) To synthesize and test possible bifunctional HIV-IN/HIV-RT inhibitors; (e) To synthesize and test potential suicide inhibitors. We are uniquely positioned to rapidly synthesize a large number of compounds. The investigators have prepared two compounds that show micromolar inhibition of HIV-IN. Testing of these compounds was done at NIH using standard assays. A letter of collaboration to test future HIV-IN inhibitors is attached. Testing for
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HIV-RT inhibition will be done in their laboratory using the NEN Lifesciences RT-Detect Reverse Transcriptase Assay Kit (CAT. #NEK-070). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TARGETED VASCULATURE
DELIVERY
OF
GENES
TO
ANGIOGENIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pasqualini, Renata R. Associate Professor; General and Hospital Dentistry; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-JAN-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Endothelial cells in tumor vessels express angiogenic markers that are not detectable in normal vessels. We have developed an in vivo selection system in which phage capable of homing to tumors are recovered from a phage display peptide library following intravenous administration. Using this strategy, we have isolated several tumor-homing phage. Among those were phage displaying the tripeptides asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR), glycine-serine-arginine (GSL), and a double cyclic RGD (RGD-4C). We have shown that each of those peptides binds to three different receptors that are upregulated in tumor angiogenic vasculature. Based on our in vivo studies targeting tumors with NGR-, GSL- and RGD-4C-phage, we will develop a peptide-based molecular adaptor for targeted delivery of genes to angiogenic vasculature. This goal will be achieved by screening phage peptide libraries on immobilized adenovirus and AAV. The libraries will be engineered so that phage display peptides that contain tumor-homing domains in addition to all possible permutations of a 10aa-long insert (i.e., CNGRC-X10, CGSLC-X10, and RGD-4C-X10). We will also study which of the three receptor systems is best suited for gene delivery using the adaptors. Receptor-mediated internalization and gene expression levels will be studied in vitro by confocal microscopy using endothelial cells expressing the receptors. We plan to evaluate the efficiency of gene expression and angiogenesis inhibition upon targeted delivery of three classes of genes to angiogenic vasculature: (i) suicide; (ii) pro-apoptotic; and (iii) genes encoding angiogenesis inhibitors such as endostatin and angiostatin. Transgenic models of pancreatic carcinoma (Rip-Tag) and prostate carcinoma (TRAMP) will be used. Finally, we will examine the therapeutic effects of targeted delivery of suicide and pro-apoptotic genes to angiogenic vasculature using an animal model of oxygen-induced retinal angiogenesis. These studies may lead to development of new gene therapy-based tumor treatment strategies that rely on inhibition of angiogenesis. Vector targeting would represent a major advance in cancer treatment. Given that our peptides also target angiogenic vasculature in the retina, these advances are also likely to extend the potential for neovasculature-specific gene therapy targeting to other diseases involving angiogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TELEPHONE INTERVENTION /DEPRESSED OLDER ADULTS /HIV/AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heckman, Timothy G. Associate Professor; Psychology; Ohio University Athens Athens, OH 45701 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Through June 2000, more than 81,000 persons living with AIDS in the United States were 50 years of age or older at the time of theft diagnosis. However, because AIDS mental health research has focused primarily on
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young individuals living with HIV disease, many geropractitioners have a poor conceptualization of the mental health needs of older adults living with HIV/AIDS. Across a series of preliminary studies supported by NIA, our study team has characterized levels of life-stressor burden, coping difficulties, and psychological distress among late middle-aged and older adults living with HIV/AIDS. Our formative research portends that many HIV-infected older adults experience elevated levels of depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation, high levels of life-stressor burden, and heightened perceptions of isolation. Recently, the P.I. and colleagues demonstrated that a coping improvement group intervention designed specifically for HIV-infected older adults can improve the adjustment efforts and life quality of this group. Using a lagged-treatment control-group design, the proposed Phase I clinical trial will evaluate the short-term and longer-term effects of a telephone-delivered, coping improvement group intervention on the adjustment efforts of 80 HIV-infected persons 50-plus years of age who meet diagnostic criteria for depression. The intervention is based on Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and uses cognitivebehavioral principles to improve skills in stress appraisal, coping decisions, and obtaining social support. Participants will complete telephone-based surveys at three different assessment points measuring the prevalence of comorbid health conditions, cognitive functioning, life-stressor burden, ways of coping, coping self-efficacy, psychiatric distress, quality of life, and perceptions of social support. An initial test of the intervention with 40 participants, followed by a cross-validation of the intervention with a second group of 40 older adults, will assess the effectiveness of the telephonedelivered coping improvement intervention. In addition to providing a preliminary test of the intervention, study data will inform the development of an application to NIH to conduct a Phase III clinical trial of a telephone-delivered, coping improvement group intervention for the emotionally-vulnerable group of depressed older adults living with HIV infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TESTING A HYPOTHETICAL DIATHESIS/STRESS MODEL OF SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Oquendo, Maria A. Associate Clinical Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: More than 30,000 Americans die by suicide each year. Over 90% of those who complete suicide have a psychiatric illness; 75% of those with a psychiatric illness who complete suicide have a major depression (MDE), schizophrenia (SC) or borderline personality disorder (BPD). We examine the clinical and neurobiological factors related to suicide in high risk samples using a prospective study design. The study is informed by the stress-diathesis model presented in the Overview. No other published study to date has used a multi-variate prospective design focused specifically on suicidal behavior. No other published study to date has used a multi-variate prospective design focused on suicidal behavior. The aims are: 1.) To assess potential clinical predictors of suicide attempts during a two year follow-up in a cohort of 400 patients with major depression (n=200 attempters) and 350 patients with schizophrenia (n=175 attempters). One hundred subjects with MDE will also have BPD; 2.) To study neurobiological and clinical predictors of high versus lower lethality suicide attempts since high lethality attempts can be considered a proxy for complete suicide; 3.) To assess the relationship of serotonergic function (CSF 5-HIAA) to suicide attempt behavior during a two year follow-up of these patients; 4. To assess the relationship of polymorphisms of serotonin-
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related genes to past and future suicidal behavior and to indices of serotonergic function. Secondary aims are to: 1) examine the role of medication effects on risk for suicidal behavior; 2) examine the interrelationships of SF metabolites, aggression, stress and suicidal behavior. This project relates to Projects #'s 3, 5,6 and 7 of the CCNMD in that it provides neurobiological (CSF metabolite profile and genotyping) assessment, clinical characterization and two year follow up of subjects who participate in other projects (e.g. familial transmission, PET imaging, or statistical methods studies). In addition, this project relies heavily on the cores as follows: 1) The assessment tools of the Clinical Evaluation Core (CEC) are administered; 2) The Clinical Laboratory Core (CLC) analyses neurochemical measures; 3) The Brain Imaging Core (BIC) develops ligands and conducts imaging studies with these well- characterized patients; 4) Finally, all data are entered, managed and analyzed by the Statistics and Computing Core (SCC) of the proposed CCNMD. Using this approach, we can examine risk factors specific to suicide attempters within each of the high-risk groups as well as risk factors consistent across psychiatric diagnostic groups. This will allow testing of the stress-diathesis model for suicidal behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TFF3 GENE EXPRESSION IN METASTATIC COLON CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Itzkowitz, Steven H. The Dr. Burrill B. Crohn Professor of Me; Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, NY 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States, and 80 percent of patients who die of colorectal cancer have liver metastases. Since current treatments for metastatic colon cancer have achieved only limited success, there is an important need to develop novel and more effective treatment strategies. Our group has used suicide gene therapy based on the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene plus ganciclovir to successfully treat colon cancer liver metastases in a syngeneic animal model. We have also demonstrated that placing the suicide gene under the control of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter affords greater tissue specificity. In addition, we have developed a binary gene expression construct in which the GAL4/VP16 transcription factors are placed under the control of the CEA promoter. This permitted the delivery of a higher dose of suicide gene-containing vector with better tumor cell killing and less toxicity. Although CEA is a useful prototype tumor-associated gene, its expression by many normal cells, particularly biliary epithelium, may result in unacceptable toxicity and limit its clinical utility. The identification of a gene that is more intestine-specific, while maintaining tumor-specificity, should offer the opportunity for greater therapeutic efficacy. Trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3; formerly called intestinal trefoil factor, ITF) is a promising candidate in this regard. TFF3 is primarily expressed by cells of the small and large intestine with no expression in the liver and very restricted expression in other normal organs. Evidence to date indicates that TFF3 expression is highly conserved during the progression from adenoma to carcinoma in the colon. TFF3 has been shown to phosphorylate b-catenin, thereby disrupting cell-cell adhesion and enabling cells to become motile which may explain the role of TFF3 in normal cell migration to heals mucosal wounds, but also for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. We have shown that all human colon cancer liver metastases studied express the TFF3 gene. Therefore, TFF3 appears to be an ideal candidate gene that has both tumor- and intestinal-specificity. The aims of this study are to: 1) Identify elements in the TFF3 promoter that confer
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colon-specific gene expression; 2) Create and test suicide gene constructs driven by the TFF3 promoter in vitro; and 3) Test the anti-tumor efficacy and toxicity of TFF3-suicide gene constructs in vivo. The use of the TFF3 gene to drive expression of suicide genes offers a novel approach which should result in more targetted, safer gene therapy for metastatic colon cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF MAJOR DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Crowe, Raymond R. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) Major depressive disorder (MDD) has at least a 5-10% lifetime population prevalence and causes severe morbidity and mortality including suicide. Heritability in twins is 0.4-0.70. Mapping of susceptibility genes may be feasible with the recurrent, early-onset subtype (MDD-RE) which demonstrates a three- to eight-fold increase in risk to first-degree relatives of probands, vs. twofold for all MDD. The complex pattern of transmission suggests multigenic transmission and/or locus heterogeneity, so that large samples may be required. We propose a four-year, six-site project to collect an estimated 770 pedigrees which contain 1,000 independent affected sibling pairs (ASPs), extended by first-degree relationships to include additional affected relatives, plus unaffected relatives (parents and sibs) for genetic phase information. All sites will have identical inclusion criteria, clinical assessment DIGS and FIGS interviews and the NEO personality inventory), interviewer training and reliability monitoring, consensus diagnostic procedures, data management system, and administrative oversight including a quality assurance program. Permanent cell line specimens will be created and DNA extracted at the NIMH-sponsored cell repository. A 10 cM genome scan will be completed on all affected subjects at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), which has approved this project for CIDR access. A three-stage design is proposed: regions with maximum lod scores (MLS) exceeding a liberal simulation-based threshold will be identified in a genome scan of the affected individuals from the first half of the sample, and candidate regions selected which continue to meet this threshold after unaffected individuals are typed in these regions and added to the analysis. Evidence for linkage in these regions will then be tested in the entire sample with parametric and non-parametric analyses using stringent simulation-based thresholds for 5% genome-wide significance. In the four-year project period, genetic analyses can be completed on 80% of the sample (over 600 pedigrees, 800 ASPs), with the remaining families to be available by the end of the project period for immediate completion of the genome scan on these pedigrees at CIDR. A timetable is proposed for rapid sharing of all biological materials, blinded clinical data, genotypes and linkage analyses with the scientific community through the NIMH-sponsored Center for Genetic Studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF MARROW ALLOGRAFTS FOR LEUKEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: O'reilly, Richard J. Chairman; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1978; Project End 28-FEB-2007
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Summary: (provided by applicant) We propose an integrated multi-disciplinary program of basic and clinical research to distinguish those interactions of an allogenic donor?s hematopoietic cells, dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes with a transplanted leukemic host which contribute to reconstitution of hematopoiesis and immunity, the development of tolerance or graft versus Host disease (GVHD) and the acquisition of leukemic resistance in the post transplant period. Our goal is to develop and evaluate improved strategies for 1) enhancing leukemia resistance and 2)promoting reconstitution of immunity in transplanted hosts. Project 1 will explore strategies incorporating retroviral vector constructs encoding co-stimulatory molecules, HLA alleles and host leukemia-associated immunogenic peptides to create more effective, accessible antigen presenting cells for the generation of donor leukemia-reactive T-cells. Sensitized T- cells, transduced to express a suicide vector, will then be tested for their allospecific, leukemia-targeted activity and drug sensitivity in SCID xenograft models and ultimately in phase I trials. Project 2 proposes to develop and evaluate synthetic analogues of leukemic fusion gene peptides and specific donor T-cell responses in the transplanted host. Project 3 will test lymphoid and myeloid dendritic cells for their capacity to stimulate or tolerize T-cell responses against LAA, and minor alloantigens and correlate their development post transplant with GVHD, immunity and leukemic resistance. Project 5 will examine EBV and CMV specific T-cell repertoires in post transplant using viral peptide HLA tetramers to quantitate virus specific T-cell populations and to isolate these cells for evaluation of their function and clonal diversity. Project 4 will test in murine allogeneic HSC transplants the capacity of IL-7, IGF-1, KGF and thymic stromal lymphopoietin to foster immune reconstitution and to limit or augment leukemia resistance and/or GVHD. Project 6 proposes novel phase II trials of transplants and cell therapies for leukemic patients with leukemia, including studies of a) T-cell depleted - HLA matched and disparate, related and unrelated HSC transplants administered after new, less toxic myeloablative regimens, b)nonmyeloablative cytoreduction regimens combined with leukemia-targeted monoclonal antibodies and unmodified HLA matched PBSC transplants, c) adjuvant use of bcr/abl fusion gene peptide vaccination with donor leukocyte infusions for relapsing CML and d) use of donor T-cells transduced with a suicide vector early after sensitization to EBV antigens for treatment of EBV lymphomas as well as e) a trial of growth hormone to support the immunobiology of HSC transplants and improved clinical outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE INFLUENCE OF DRUG USE ON SUICIDE IDEATION & ATTEMPTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilcox, Holly C. Mental Hygiene; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-AUG-2001 Summary: (Provided by Applicant) The specific aims of this predoctoral thesis research is to estimate the association between stages of drug use (i.e., nicotine, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine) and suicide ideation and attempts, within the context of a longitudinal study of young adults who originally were recruited and assessed as an epidemiological sample. The conceptual framework is oriented by the life-span developmental concepts of Kellam and Ensminger (1980), with elaboration of social context of the type espoused by Szapocznik and Coatsworth (1999). These specific aims will be studied with a prospective research design that involved repeated annual assessments of the 2,311 participating youths between their entry to first grade and age 14 years. They are now being followed up as young adults, with standardized
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assessments of drug disorders, suicide ideation and attempts, as well as possible mediators, e.g. depression and aggression. Statistical models used to estimate the associations will include GLM with a logistic link, survival analysis, latent trait models, and latent transition models. A power analysis is included as part of the proposal, as well as an overview of alternative procedures, weaknesses and counterbalancing strengths. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Mann, J John. Chief; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: This application requests five years of support for the Conte Center for the Neuroscience of Mental Disorders (CCNMD): The Neurobiology of Suicidal Behavior. The Surgeon General notes that 300,000 suicides per year in the United States and ten times that number of suicide attempts, require a response that involves improving our knowledge regarding the relative importance of multiple predictors of suicide risk. The CCNMD employs a multi-disciplinary approach to develop a predictive and explanatory model for suicidal behavior. Project 1: Involves animal studies of genes regulating serotonin function and related behavioral traits of aggression, impulsivity and anxiety that modulate the risk for suicidal acts. Project 2: In the brainstem of depressed suicides we have found fewer serotonin neurons expressing the serotonin transporter gene. We will determine whether this is related to suicide or major depression and assay gene transcription factors as an explanation. CCNMD investigators have identified altered serotonin function in ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala of suicide victims that may underlie increased impulsivity and suicide risk. We will now study target neurons in the ventral prefrontal cortex to determine their integrity in suicide Project 3: We will use PET to determine whether the postmortem receptor changes associated with major depression and suicide can be distinguished in vivo. Project 4: CCNMD investigators have found evidence for a stress-diathesis model where lifetime impulsivity is a major correlate of past suicide attempts in a sample of over 340 patients with major depression, schizophrenia or borderline personality disorder. Cross-sectional identification of potential risk factors Identifying such predictors will facilitate inception of controlled treatment studies, which are almost nonexistent at present. Projects 5 and 6 are studies of familial transmission of suicidality, aggression/impulsivity, serotonin candidate genes, and psychopathology from our adult probands with major depression to their offspring and from parents to our adolescent probands. These studies will evaluate familial influences on the risk for suicide attempts. Project 7 addresses the statistical challenges of large postmortem and in vivo imaging data sets and proposes a set of new and semi-automated strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE NF KAPPAB SIGNALING PATHWAY, APOPTOSIS AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Gelinas, Celine; Professor; Biochemistry; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, NJ 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005
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Summary: (Adapted from the investigator's abstract) Apoptosis is an inducible response to developmental or environmental stimuli that culminates in cell suicide. While cell death is essential for development and homeostasis, increased apoptosis leads to embryonic lethality and degenerative disorders. In contrast, increased survival is conducive to autoimmune diseases and cancer. The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) is produced in immune and inflammatory responses and triggers competing signaling pathways that determine whether a cell lives or dies. One pathway promotes cell death, the other leads to activation of the Rel/NF-kB transcription factors and the inhibition of apoptosis. Experimental evidence indicates that Rel/NF-kB regulates the expression of genes that confer resistance to deathinducing signals. The important role of Rel/NF-kB in immune and inflammatory responses and in leukemia/lymphomagenesis led one to search for the anti-apoptotic genes that it controls. Dr. Gelinas has recently identified Bfl-1/A1 as a direct transcriptional target of NF-kB. Bfl-1/A1 is a pro-survival factor in the Bcl-2-family of apoptosis regulators. Bfl-1 gene expression was dependent on NF-kB activity and suppressed TNFa-induced under conditions where endogenous NF-kB activity was inhibited. Bfl-1 promoter analysis revealed a consensus kB DNA site responsible for its Rel/NF-kB-dependent induction. These findings are consistent with reports of bfl-1/a1 gene induction by pro-inflammatory cytokines in endothelial, leukemic and hemopoietic cells, and of its ability to confer resistance to various death-inducing agents. The preferential expression of Bfl-1 in hematopoietic cells and tissues suggests that it may be critical for carrying-out the protective role of Rel/NF-kB in the immune system and during inflammation. The ability of Bfl-1 to cooperate with Adenovirus E1A to transform cells and its overexpression in certain cancers also suggest that Bfl-1 activation may be an important means by which NF-kB functions in oncogenesis and promotes cell resistance to anti-cancer therapy. This proposal is an extension of these preliminary studies. Dr. Gelinas will characterize the anti-apoptotic and oncogenic functions of Bfl-1 and establish its contribution to the Rel/NF-kB survival pathway. Experiments will define the mechanism by which Bfl-1 blocks the apoptotic cascade in lymphoid cells (Aim 1), evaluate its contribution to Rel/NF-kB-mediated cell survival (Aim 2), and assess its role in malignancy (Aim 3). These studies will help to decipher the mechanisms that antagonize the cellular apoptotic response and will provide important information to understand their contribution to oncogenesis and to the resistance of tumor cells to anti-cancer treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE RELATIONSHIP OF IMPULSIVITY TO SYMPTOMS OF SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Dougherty, Donald M. Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, TX 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): While previous research and theory has emphasized the importance of impulsivity in suicidal behavior, the underlying behavioral basis of suicide remains poorly understood, mostly because of methodological limitations. Previous studies examining the relationship between impulsivity and suicidality have relied nearly exclusively on questionnaire-based measures of impulsivity and have lacked adequate consideration of psychiatric diagnosis. This study will use behavioral measures of impulsivity to examine the underlying relationships between impulsivity and a range of suicidal behaviors/risk factors in three groups (n = 84 per group): hospitalized adolescents with high levels of suicidal ideation (Suicide+), hospitalized
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adolescents with low levels of suicidal ideation (Suicide-), and normal controls with no suicidal ideation recruited from the community (Control). In order to examine state dependent changes in impulsivity related to suicidal ideation, participants will be studied at two points during the time associated with the most dramatic reduction in suicidal thoughts and behaviors (a period spanning up to one week of hospitalization). Participants will be recruited from two major psychiatric diagnostic categories with particularly high incidence of suicidal behaviors: Maior Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Conduct Disorder (CD). Comorbidity of substance abuse will also be taken into account for each of these diagnostic groups. Specifically, we propose to: (1) demonstrate that response disinhibition/attentional behavioral models of impulsivity are more sensitive than reward-choice paradigms to performance differences in hospitalized and non-hospitalized adolescents differing in suicidality; (2) demonstrate that performance on behavioral measures of impulsivity is related to the severity of some (frequency and lethality of suicide attempts, and aggression history) but not other (depression, hopelessness, intent, and precautions to avoid detection) specific suicidal behaviors and risk factors; (3) determine whether changes in suicidality parallel state-dependent changes in impulsivity as measured by behavioral techniques across the hospitalization period; and (4) determine if the relationship between impulsive performance, suicidal symptoms and risk factors generalizes across psychiatric diagnoses (MDD and CD). This study will help answer theoretical questions pertaining to the role that impulsivity plays in suicidality and will also extend validation of current impulsivity methodologies. Establishing the relationship of impulsivity to suicidal behaviors is a necessary foundation for future research that would: (a) enhance the early detection of at-risk groups; (b) relate our understanding of suicide to findings from the emerging literature on the neurobiology of impulsivity; and (c) improve treatment strategies for at-risk groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THERAPY OF CML Principal Investigator & Institution: Champlin, Richard E. Professor and Chairman; Blood and Marrow Transplantation; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-FEB-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Program Project Grant focuses on development of effective therapies for CML, based upon the emerging understanding of its molecular pathophysiology and also its unique susceptibility to biologic therapies, allotransplantation and immunotherapeutic approaches. The ultimate goal is to improve the current paradigms for curative treatment of this disease. This program has had continuous funding for the last 13 years. The program involves 9 projects and 6 cores are proposed forming a translational research program with the goal of advancing the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Projects 1 and 2 involve clinical investigations. Project 1 studies chemo-biologic therapies designed to induce cytogenetic and molecular remission. Project 2 involves hematopoietic transplantation focusing on imatinib-drug interactions, enhancement of graft-vs-leukemia and antigen specific immunotherapy to improve the therapeutic index of the preparative regimen. Projects 3 and 4 investigate strategies for development of Tcell based immunotherapy to induce graft-vs-leukemia effects without GVHD. Project 3 involves induction of antigen specific antileukemic immune reactivity. Project 4 involves induction of graft-vs-leukemia using lymphocytes transduced with Herpes virus thymidine kinase, a suicide gene, which allows abrogation of graft-vs-host disease; a novel vector and transduction system is
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proposed to preserve lymphocyte function and alloreactivity. Project 5 evaluates the mechanisms of resistance to imatinib mesylate therapy and potential therapeutic interventions to circumvent resistance. Project 6 focuses on novel approaches to facilitate engraftment and prevent GVHD in haploidentical transplants. Project 7 examines molecular mechanisms of bcr-abl oncogenesis including the role of bcr and secreted cell death factors, lipocalins. Project 8 evaluates epigenetic alterations in CML addressing whether clinical subtype and response to therapy can be classified by the epigenotype of the malignant cells or expression of chromatin modifying genes, whether the epigenotype be used to predict response to therapy. Project 9 evaluates genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells which home to the marrow for selective delivery of therapeutic cytokines to the microenvironment of the leukemia. Six cores are included: Core A is the administrative core. Core B is biostatistics. Core C is the immunology core, performing studies of antileukemia immunity and immune reconstitution. Core D performs cell culture and clonogenic assays. Core E is the cell collection and distribution core. Core F is the GMP Cell Laboratory Core, required for cell processing for human clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRAINING PROGRAM IN INTERNATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Good, Byron J. Professor; Social Medicine & Hlth Policy; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests funds to establish a new Training Program in International Mental Health, located jointly in the Department of Social Medicine (DSM), Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK). The program has as its primary aims the training of a promising cohort of mental health and mental health services researchers from Hong Kong and the region, the strengthening of an already productive collaboration between the DSM and the CUHK in mental health research, and continuing efforts to make the CUHK a center of excellence in mental health and mental health services research for China and the region. The overall goal of the program is to train a cadre of Chinese researchers to develop and evaluate innovative mental health programs, to carry out ethnographic, epidemiological, services, policy and prevention investigations, rooted in a paradigm of culture and mental health services research, that will contribute to reducing the burden of mental disorders in the region. Over the next five years, 11 intermediate trainees will be admitted to the program and then supported to conduct their own research in China. A number of short-term trainees will take part in focused seminars, courses, and workshops that will take place at Harvard and the CUHK. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRANSITIONS INTO ADULTHOOD--THE BALTIMORE STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Anthony, James C. Professor; Mental Hygiene; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) This is a proposed extension of a longitudinal study of more than 2000 first-graders first recruited as an epidemiologic sample in 1985-86, and assessed annually through middle school. For this extension of the study, these youths will be interviewed when they are at a median age of 17, 18, and 19 years. The main
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objectives of this 5 year project are threefold. First, we will test hypotheses about how early onset of drug use might be associated with an increase in risk for drug problems during late adolescence. Second, we will test alternative hypotheses about childhood conditions and processes that might influence levels of risk, protective, and resiliency factors, including conduct problems, affiliations with deviant peers, and possible changes that occur after initial drug-taking (e.g., in parent monitoring levels). The set of possible effect-modifiers and mediators to be studied include hypothesized resiliency factors such as religiosity and social bonds. Third, we will test alternative hypotheses about how tobacco smoking and other drug use might influence the onset of psychiatric disturbances and account for psychiatric comorbidity over time. This work will have a primary focus on depression, self-harm, and suicide attempts. All three of these objectives will be addressed in a coordinated fashion, drawing upon the new waves of standardized data gathering of this longitudinal epidemiologic sample between 19972000. The long-term goal of this project is to identify malleable characteristics associated with increased risk for drug involvement in adolescence and later risk of drug dependence syndromes. These characteristics should warrant further evaluation as the targets of preventive interventions in future studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT OF ADOLESCENT SUICIDE ATTEMPTERS IN DALLAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Emslie, Graham J. Professor, Chair, and Director; Psychiatry; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, TX 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is to establish an NIMH Research Unit for Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Psychosocial Interventions (RUPP-PI) in Dallas, Texas. Our site, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, is a major center for research in Affective Disorders, with expertise in the field of efficacy research in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Our team of investigators have successfully worked together on pharmacotherapy (Graham Emslie, Russell Scheffer, Namrata Rao) and cognitive behavior therapy (Graham Emslie, Betsy Kennard, Sunita Stewart) trials with adolescents with mood disorders, and have consistently ranked at the top of recruitment on multi-site trials. The exemplary research protocol targets a major public health issue: although adolescents in this country suffer 2 million suicide attempts annually, no controlled intervention studies for this condition have been conducted. The proposed 5-year study will determine the effectiveness of a multi-modal treatment intervention to prevent additional suicide attempts in 480 depressed adolescents attempters, ages 12 to 18. Eligible subjects will be recruited, carefully assessed, and then randomized equally to two treatment conditions. The Experimental Group will receive a 12-week course of antidepressant medication management (MM); weekly cognitive behavioral therapy adapted for adolescent attempters (CBTASA), and enhanced clinical management (ECM). The Control Group will be referred to a community provider for standard clinical care with additional ECM. Both groups will be assessed at baseline, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24, 36 and 48 weeks by an independent evaluator blind to treatment assignment. The goal of this study is to determine if the number of suicide attempts, severity of depression, severity of suicidal ideation, and Clinical Global ImpressionsImproved scores differ between the 2 groups at outcome. This exemplary protocol stimulated the formation of a collaborative group of 8 RUPP-PI applicants. By creating the protocol, the group forged an ability to work together. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRIMODAL GENE THERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Freytag, Svend O. Division Head; Molecular Biology; Case Western Reserve Univ-Henry Ford Hsc Research Administraion Cfp-046 Detroit, MI 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (adapted from application) Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men. Although conventional therapies (surgery, radiation, androgen ablation) produce high cure rates of early stage disease, many tumors recur and an effective therapeutic regimen is still lacking for advanced stages of the disease. Our research program has developed a novel, multifaceted, gene therapy approach for the treatment of prostate cancer. Our approach utilizes a modified, replication competent adenovirus (FGR) to selectively and efficiently deliver a pair of therapeutic suicide genes to prostate tumors. Preclinical studies in animals have demonstrated that the FGR virus itself generates a potent antitumor effect by replicating in and preferentially destroying human prostate cancer cells that lack a functional p53 tumor suppressor protein. The therapeutic effect of the FGR virus can be enhanced by invoking two suicide gene systems (CD/5FC and HSV1 TK/GCV), which render malignant cells sensitive to specific pharmacological agents (prodrugs), and more importantly, sensitizes them to radiation. A strength of our approach is that it simultaneously makes use of three modalities viral, double suicide gene, and radiation therapies to selectively destroy prostate cancer cells with minimal toxicity towards normal tissues. Our research efforts are currently at the cusp of preclinical/phase I clinical studies. A phase I clinical protocol involving the FGR virus concomitant with double prodrug therapy has been approved by our IRB. A pre-IND meeting with the FDA has been held, and we expect to begin phase I trials in 1999. As a means to further enhance the efficacy of our approach, this application will: 1) evaluate the merit of adding androgen ablation as a fourth therapeutic arm, 2) evaluate the effectiveness of FGR viral therapy against disseminated disease, and 3) evaluate the specificity of each therapeutic arm with respect to tumor p53 status and determine whether treatment failure correlates with p53 status. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TUMOR IMMUNOGENICITY
APOPTOSIS
AS
MAJOR
DETERMINANT
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Demaria, Sandra; Assistant Professor; Pathology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, NY 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cell-mediated immunity has an important role in prevention and treatment of cancer. However, poor immunogenicity of tumor cells often prevents development of an effective anti-tumor immune response. Recent data strongly suggest that presentation of tumor-derived antigens by dendritic cells (DC) is a necessary step in the induction of an immune response to the tumor. Importantly, abundance of apoptotic cells can trigger maturation of DC and presentation of antigens derived from the apoptotic cells. Therefore, induction of tumor cell apoptosis may also improve tumor immunogenicity. These studies will test the hypothesis that accumulation of apoptotic tumor cells above a certain threshold is a crucial factor leading to the induction of a protective tumor-specific immunity. To accomplish this, we will establish an in vivo tumor model wherein tumor apoptosis can be induced in situ. Thus, tumor cell lines will be generated in which Fas-mediated apoptosis is induced via a hybrid protein responsive to tamoxifen. Development of a protective tumor-specific
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immune response will be monitored by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from tumorbearing mice, which were treated with tamoxifen, into secondary immunodeficient hosts followed by challenge with parental tumor cells. The role of DC in development of an immune response to apoptotic tumor cells will be determined by using two strategies. The first will employ transgenic mice with selective expression of a suicide gene in DC or macrophages. Conditional ablation of DC (or macrophages) in these mice will show whether these cells are essential for the development of an immune response to apoptotic tumor cells. The second strategy will employ TAP-1-deficient mice in which DC or macrophages only can present antigens in the MHC class I pathway because of selective expression of TAP-1. Antigen-presenting cells from these mice will be tested for their abilities to present antigens derived from apoptotic tumor cells. These studies will provide the basis for further pre-clinical and clinical studies testing whether levels of apoptosis promoting anti-tumor immunity can be induced by chemotherapy and irradiation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: USE OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES FOLLOWING WORK INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Shannon, Harry S.; Mc Master University Hamilton L8s 4L8, Canada Hamilton, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 14-SEP-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The main aim of this study is to investigate the health, economic and social consequences of workplace injury for workers and their families, with particular emphasis on mental health and social service utilization. We propose using a linked database of administrative records developed in British Columbia (BC), which includes Workers' Compensation Board (WCB), public insured health services, income assistance and vital statistics records, to investigate the use of health and social services for five years before and after an injury for both workers and their families. These patterns will be compared to selected control groups. The major focus of the study will involve examining: 1) changes and patterns over time in health and social service utilization, and suicide rates for injured workers and their controls, 2) changes and patterns over time in health and social service utilization, and suicide rates for families of injured workers and families of controls, 3) risk factors associated with increased utilization of specific health and social services for injured workers, 4) risk factors associated with increased utilization of specific health and social services for families of injured workers. Outcomes to be examined include changes in, and specific types of uses of a) physician services, b) hospital services c) income assistance d) prescription drugs e) continuing care services and f) mental health care episodes will be explored for workers, their families, and controls. Mortality data, specifically suicide as cause of death, for 1994 to 2000 will also be examined for all groups. A number of potential confounders, such as age, sex and income will be examined for all groups. Worker characteristics such as, age, sex, income, industry or job type, time on job before injury, type of injury (acute or chronic), and WCB costs, length of claim, and occurrence of other claims will also be examined. The substantial economic and social consequences of workplace injury underscore the need to document such consequences and how injuries affect the overall quality of life of workers and their families. By identifying characteristics of workers and their families who are most at risk (increased mental health and social assistance utilization) of being severely affected by a workplace injury, specific interventions can be targeted to provide services to help vulnerable families to better cope with workplace injuries and illnesses.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VICTIMIZATION AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG HIGH RISK YOUTHS Principal Investigator & Institution: D'augelli, Anthony R. Professor; Center for Development & Health Genetics; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, PA 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Studies of victimization show that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (lgb) youths are often victim of different kinds of attack. Little research to date has investigated the impact of victimization based on sexual orientation on lgb youths' mental health. Available research suggests vulnerability in this population, including an elevated risk of suicidality. Using a longitudinal design following a diverse sample of youths aged 15 to 20 over a two-year period, this project will investigate the mental health consequences of victimization, especially sexual orientation victimization. A large group of lgb youths from the New York City metropolitan area and from suburban Long Island and Westchester County will be sampled from community-based organizations serving lgb youths. Another group of lgb youths not affiliated with these organizations will also be recruited. An initial group of 500 lgb youths (250 females and 250 males, from different racial/ethnic groups) will be recruited. A final sample size of 405 youths will be available for analysis. Participants will complete extensive self-administered questionnaires, and will be interviewed by trained project assistants. We hypothesize that current victimization has a deleterious effect on lgb youths' adjustment based on youths' personal vulnerability at the time of victimization and their exposure to other stressors. Past vulnerability will be high if youths have a history of psychiatric disorder, of suicidality (suicidal thinking and attempts), and of past victimization. Past victimization includes victimization based on youths' sexual orientation, victimization based on their racial or ethnic background, physical abuse, sexual abuse, victimization by dating partners, exposure to crime, and exposure to other traumatic events. Current stressful life events include stressors particular to lgb youths, especially negative family reactions to youths' sexual orientation. Under conditions of high personal vulnerability and exposure to many stressful life events, victimization of lgb youths leads to traumatic stress reactions, and, in turn, to mental health problems. The relationship between victimization and mental health is mediated by self-esteem, social support, and coping skills. Youths with high self-esteem, high social support, and effective coping skills will not suffer the negative consequences of victimization. The project will answer these questions: 1) What kinds of victimization do lgb youths experience? 2) What mental health problems (psychiatric disorders, behavioral problems, and suicidality) occur among lgb youths? 3) Under what conditions does victimization lead to the development of mental health problems? 4) What characteristics of youths distinguish those who cope successfully with victimization from those who develop mental health problems? 5) What characteristics of youths-especially their victimization history, preexisting psychiatric disorders, and suicidality history--relate to high risk for future suicide attempts? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VP22 TRAFFICKING FOR MAXIMAL GENE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Splitter, Gary A. Professor; Animal Hlth & Biomedical Scis; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, WI 53706
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Copied from Applicant Abstract): Gene therapy is a highly promising strategy for a wide variety of biomedical applications including cancer treatment, immunization and gene restoration. VP22 possesses novel trafficking ability where protein produced in one expressing cell, traffics to the nuclei of neighboring nonexpressing cells. Further, VP22 chimerics can carry large, effector proteins without altering the function of the attached proteins. In addition to trafficking, VP22 has novel intracellular localization properties including microtubule association and nuclear targeting. Although most VP22 data have been obtained from studies with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), we have found bovine herpesvirus-l (BHV-l) VP22 to have improved biotherapeutic potential compared to HSV-VP22. Importantly, BHV- 1 VP22 can traffic a fused effector protein up to 20 times more efficiently than HSV-l. BHV- and HSV-VP22 possess only 28.7 percent amino acid homology with numerous motif differences suggesting the opportunity for considerable diversity in structure and function. Our long-term goal is to maximize VP22-mediated gene therapy by defining VP22 intercellular transport mechanisms as well as in vivo repercussions regarding VP22 biotherapeutic delivery. To accomplish our long-range goal, we have plasmids expressing VP22 of BHV-1 as well as defined VP22 mutants and will elucidate the mechanisms of VP22 that contribute to gene delivery by achieving the following Objectives: 1. We will functionally map the regions of VP22 that govern trafficking and localization. (a) We will engineer truncations of VP22 to evaluate regions responsible for trafficking and nuclear localization. We will build on our data that that the carboxyterminal half of VP22 is essential for trafficking. (b) We will assess the effects of VP22 mutants (tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated and two important cysteines in VP22) on trafficking and nuclear localization. (c) We will utilize a novel cross-linking agent and MALDI-mass spectrometry to identify the specific interaction of VP22 with nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. 2. We will develop and analyze VP22 delivery of thymidine kinase to tumors for suicide gene therapy. (a) We will evaluate the efficiency of VP22 delivery using a suicide gene therapy approach, where fusion genes will be constructed encoding VP22-tk chimeric polypeptides. This construct will be compared to vector-tk only by testing in vitro. (b) We will also evaluate the efficacy of VP22-tk chimeric polypeptides in vivo tumor killing in the presence of ganciclovir. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VULNERABILITY MARKERS IN PRODROMAL SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cadenhead, Kristin S. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, CA 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: The study "Vulnerability Markers in Prodromal Schizophrenia" will identify, assess and follow individuals at high risk for schizophrenia (at-risk group) who will be compared to normal subjects using 1) clinical assessment 2) psychophysiological and 3) neuropsychological measures of information processing. The specific aims of the study are to better understand pre-psychotic symptomatology and the predictive profile of prodromal signs and symptoms of schizophrenia through longitudinal clinical assessment and to determine whether at-risk subjects have information processing deficits consistent with those observed in other schizophrenic spectrum populations. Increased knowledge regarding the onset of psychosis may help to better identify individuals who are at-risk for psychosis and provide insight into the neurodevelopmental processes that occur in this stage. The first hypothesis of the
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proposed study is that the at-risk group will have abnormalities of information processing when compared to normals. In this context, it is predicted that the at-risk group will have decreased prepulse inhibition and habituation of the startle response; impaired visual backward masking; reduced P50 event related potential gating; and neuropsychological deficits. The second hypothesis states that information processing performance will be reliable across repeated test sessions that will occur over a 2 year period, suggesting that the information processing measures are stable measures of trait-related deficits. The third hypothesis states that the clinical and information processing measures will be differentially correlated with each other and one or more factors will predict which individuals will make the transition to psychosis. If neurobiological markers can be identified that are predictive of later psychosis, these markers could be used in conjunction with clinical assessment in determining which subjects would benefit from early treatment. Appropriate intervention at this early stage could possible thwart the development of a psychotic illness along with associated difficulties and deterioration. Delaying the emergence of psychosis may in itself be beneficial because a more mature individual may be better able to deal with the onset of a psychotic illness. The disruption of social networks, education and occupational activity as well as the high incidence of suicide and crime that often accompany psychosis might be reduced or averted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: YOUTH PARTNERS IN CARE: DEPRESSION & QUALITY IMPROVEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Asarnow, Joan R. Professor; Psychiatry & Biobehav Sciences; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The proposed study is an effectiveness trial of a quality improvement intervention for the treatment of adolescent and young adult depression within managed primary care settings under usual care conditions. Depression in youth interferes with functioning during a critical developmental period and is associated with adverse outcomes, such as suicide, risk for drug and alcohol problems, and adult depression. Does improving rates of use of efficacious treatment improve outcomes, and at what costs? To address this question, we propose a randomized trial at the clinic level to evaluate an intervention featuring patient and primary care-provider education about treatment for depression, coupled with clinic resources that facilitate initiation and provision of appropriate care, whether medication management or full-course Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. We assess intervention effects, compared to care as usual, on quality of care, satisfaction with care, clinical symptoms and daily functioning, service use and costs, and indirect costs and parental psychological distress. This proposal is a unique opportunity to extend Partners in Care (PIC), an AHCPR PORT-II on the costeffectiveness of quality improvement interventions for adult depressed patients in primary care. This proposal uses PIC intervention materials and study measures. Patients identified as depressed in intervention and control clinics will be evaluated at baseline, 6-months, 12 months, and 18 months. We hypothesize that the intervention will improve quality of care, and through quality of care, improve clinical and functioning outcomes for depressed youths and reduce family burden. The study has an interdisciplinary team including psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, primary care clinicians, statisticians, sociologists, and economists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: YOUTH SUPPORT TEAM INTERVENTION FOR SUICIDAL ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: King, Cheryl A. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 14-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: As highlighted in the Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Suicide (1999), effective suicide prevention strategies are sorely needed. Despite substantial knowledge about adolescent suicide risk factors, there is a paucity of research on effective interventions. Few randomized controlled intervention trials have been conducted with suicidal adolescents, and treatment adherence among these adolescents is generally poor. This randomized controlled trial will investigate the efficacy of the Youth-Nominated Support Team Intervention (YST), a psychoeducational, social network intervention that targets two problems common among suicidal adolescents, poor treatment adherence and negative perceptions of family and social support. It targets these problems during a period of high risk for suicidal behavior, the 12-month period following psychiatric hospitalization. Suicidal adolescents (n = 532) will be recruited from the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital at the University of Michigan and Havenwyck Hospital, a large private psychiatric hospital. Adolescents will be randomly assigned to either treatment-as-usual (TAU) or treatment-as-usual plus YST (TAU+YST). Adolescents assigned to TAU+YST will nominate three or four adults from family, school, and community settings to function as support persons. Nominated support persons participate in a psychoeducation session that focuses on the adolescent's psychiatric disorder(s), individualized treatment plan, importance of treatment adherence, and suicide risk factors. During the 3-month YST intervention, support persons maintain regular contact with the adolescent to support treatment adherence and progress toward treatment goals. The YST intervention specialist maintains regular telephone contact with each support person to provide information and address concerns. Adolescents will be contacted for 6-week, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month assessments. The efficacy of YST will be measured by reductions in (a) severity and frequency of suicidal ideation, (b) severity of depression and anxiety, (c) suicide attempts, (d) internalizing behavior problems, and by improvements in (e) perceived social support, (f) treatment adherence, and (g) adaptive functioning. Repeated measures analyses will test overall intervention effects, the hypothesized moderating effect of gender, and the extent to which intervention effects are maintained. Results of this study are expected to provide information about the effectiveness of YST for suicidal adolescents, addressing a critical gap in our understanding of strategies for improving treatment adherence and reducing suicide risk among these adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
3
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for suicide in the PubMed Central database: •
A Competitive Microflora Increases the Resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to Inimical Processes: Evidence for a Suicide Response. by Aldsworth TG, Sharman RL, Dodd CE, Stewart GS. 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106149
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A highly efficient and robust cell-free protein synthesis system prepared from wheat embryos: Plants apparently contain a suicide system directed at ribosomes. by Madin K, Sawasaki T, Ogasawara T, Endo Y. 2000 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15369
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Acetaminophen toxicity: suicidal vs accidental. by Gyamlani GG, Parikh CR. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111182
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Antidepressants and suicide: risk --benefit conundrums. by Healy D, Whitaker C. 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=193979
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Association between antidepressant prescribing and suicide in Australia, 1991-2000: trend analysis. by Hall WD, Mant A, Mitchell PB, Rendle VA, Hickie IB, McManus P. 2003 May 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154757
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Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: school survey. by Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpela M, Marttunen M, Rimpela A, Rantanen P. 1999 Aug 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28187
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Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: case-control study. by Waern M, Rubenowitz E, Runeson B, Skoog I, Wilhelmson K, Allebeck P. 2002 Jun 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115206
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Completed suicides among the Inuit of northern Quebec, 1982 --1996: a case --control study. by Boothroyd LJ, Kirmayer LJ, Spreng S, Malus M, Hodgins S. 2001 Sep 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81452
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Co-proxamol and suicide: a study of national mortality statistics and local non-fatal self poisonings. by Hawton K, Simkin S, Deeks J. 2003 May 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154756
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Couple with no known terminal illness die at Swiss "suicide clinic". by Spooner MH. 2003 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=161628
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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Development and testing of improved suicide functions for biological containment of bacteria. by Knudsen S, Saadbye P, Hansen LH, Collier A, Jacobsen BL, Schlundt J, Karlstrom OH. 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167358
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Ecological study of social fragmentation, poverty, and suicide. by Whitley E, Gunnell D, Dorling D, Smith GD. 1999 Oct 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28254
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Evaluation of suicide rates in rural India using verbal autopsies, 1994-9. by Joseph A, Abraham S, Muliyil JP, George K, Prasad J, Minz S, Abraham VJ, Jacob KS. 2003 May 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156005
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Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case-control study. by Agerbo E, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. 2002 Jul 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117126
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Female MDs face greater suicide risk: study. by Sibbald B. 2001 Jun 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81209
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How to induce involuntary suicide: The need for dipeptidyl peptidase I. by Podack ER. 1999 Jul 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33616
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In vitro suicide inhibition of self-splicing of a group I intron from Pneumocystis carinii by an N3[prime prime or minute] [right arrow] P5[prime prime or minute] phosphoramidate hexanucleotide. by Testa SM, Gryaznov SM, Turner DH. 1999 Mar 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15838
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Inactivation of the [alpha] C protein antigen gene, bca, by a novel shuttle /suicide vector results in attenuation of virulence and immunity in group B Streptococcus. by Li J, Kasper DL, Ausubel FM, Rosner B, Michel JL. 1997 Nov 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24295
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Mature T Cells of Autoimmune lpr/lpr Mice have a Defect in Antigen- Stimulated Suicide. by Russell JH, Rush B, Weaver C, Wang R. 1993 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46520
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Molecular identification by "suicide PCR" of Yersinia pestis as the agent of Medieval Black Death. by Raoult D, Aboudharam G, Crubezy E, Larrouy G, Ludes B, Drancourt M. 2000 Nov 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18844
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Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide as adults: case-control study. by Jacobson B, Bygdeman M. 1998 Nov 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28715
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Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat): increased risk of suicide in pediatric patients. by Wooltorton E. 2003 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=183305
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Proteases for Cell Suicide: Functions and Regulation of Caspases. by Chang HY, Yang X. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=99015
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Refused and granted requests for euthanasia and assisted suicide in the Netherlands: interview study with structured questionnaire. by Haverkate I, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der Heide A, Kostense PJ, van der Wal G, van der Maas PJ. 2000 Oct 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27495
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Regression of Established Macroscopic Liver Metastases After in situ Transduction of a Suicide Gene. by Caruso M, Panis Y, Gagandeep S, Houssin D, Salzmann J, Klatzmann D. 1993 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47068
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Risk of suicide among users of calcium channel blockers: population based, nested case-control study. by Gasse C, Derby LE, Vasilakis C, Jick H. 2000 May 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27369
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Risk of suicide in relation to income level in people admitted to hospital with mental illness: nested case-control study. by Agerbo E, Mortensen PB, Eriksson T, Qin P, Westergaard-Nielsen N. 2001 Feb 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26575
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Risk of suicide in twins: 51 year follow up study. by Tomassini C, Juel K, Holm NV, Skytthe A, Christensen K. 2003 Aug 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=175106
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'Round-table' ethical debate: is a suicide note an authoritative 'living will'? by Chalfin DB, Crippen D, Franklin C, Kelly DF, Kilcullen JK, Streat S, Truog RD, Whetstine LM. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137271
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Selective Killing of CD4+ Cells Harboring a Human Immunodeficiency VirusInducible Suicide Gene Prevents Viral Spread in an Infected Cell Population. by Caruso M, Klatzmann D. 1992 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48200
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Sensitizing antigen-specific CD8 + T cells for accelerated suicide causes immune incompetence. by Wasem C, Arnold D, Saurer L, Corazza N, Jakob S, Herren S, Vallan C, Mueller C, Brunner T. 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152931
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Specificity of GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase of GPI biosynthesis and synthesis of parasite-specific suicide substrate inhibitors. by Smith TK, Crossman A, Borissow CN, Paterson MJ, Dix A, Brimacombe JS, Ferguson MA. 2001 Jul 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=125529
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Suicidal ideation among outpatients at general neurology clinics: prospective study. by Carson AJ, Best S, Warlow C, Sharpe M. 2000 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27375
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Suicidal stab wound with a butter knife. by Chui M, de Tilly LN, Moulton R, Chui D. 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128406
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Suicide by patients: questionnaire study of its effect on consultant psychiatrists. by Alexander DA, Klein S, Gray NM, Dewar IG, Eagles JM. 2000 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27400
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Suicide claiming more British Falkland veterans than fighting did. by Spooner MH. 2002 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111235
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Suicide in Israel: 1985 --1997. by Nachman R, Yanai O, Goldin L, Swartz M, Barak Y, Hiss J. 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161715
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Suicide in patients with stroke: epidemiological study. by Stenager EN, Madsen C, Stenager E, Boldsen J. 1998 Apr 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28522
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Suicide prevention should be crucial public health priority, US surgeon general says. by Sullivan P. 2001 Jul 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81300
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Suicide rate 22 years after parasuicide: cohort study. by Jenkins GR, Hale R, Papanastassiou M, Crawford MJ, Tyrer P. 2002 Nov 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133456
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Suicide within 12 months of contact with mental health services: national clinical survey. by Appleby L, Shaw J, Amos T, McDonnell R, Harris C, McCann K, Kiernan K, Davies S, Bickley H, Parsons R. 1999 May 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27859
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Suicide, deprivation, and unemployment: record linkage study. by Lewis G, Sloggett A. 1998 Nov 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28707
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Suicide: the hidden epidemic. by Weir E. 2001 Sep 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81437
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The Escherichia coli mazEF Suicide Module Mediates Thymineless Death. by Sat B, Reches M, Engelberg-Kulka H. 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=150121
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Transcription-mediated binding of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) to double-stranded DNA: sequence-specific suicide transcription. by Larsen HJ, Nielsen PE. 1996 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=145648
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Transduction-Mediated Transfer of Unmarked Deletion and Point Mutations through Use of Counterselectable Suicide Vectors. by Kang HY, Dozois CM, Tinge SA, Lee TH, Curtiss III R. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=134762
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Twenty five years of requests for euthanasia and physician assisted suicide in Dutch general practice: trend analysis. by Marquet RL, Bartelds A, Visser GJ, Spreeuwenberg P, Peters L. 2003 Jul 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166120
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Use of calcium channel blockers and risk of suicide: ecological findings confirmed in population based cohort study. by Lindberg G, Bingefors K, Ranstam J, Rastam L, Melander A. 1998 Mar 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28478
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with suicide, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for suicide (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of suicide disguised as natural death. Author(s): Brandt-Casadevall C, Krompecher T, Giroud C, Mangin P. Source: Sci Justice. 2003 January-March; 43(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744004&dopt=Abstract
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A cross-cultural study of suicide intent in parasuicide patients. Author(s): Hjelmeland H, Nordvik H, Bille-Brahe U, De Leo D, Kerkhof JF, Lonnqvist J, Michel K, Renberg ES, Schmidtke A, Wasserman D. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 295-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210055&dopt=Abstract
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A description of a psychosocial/psychoeducational intervention for persons with recurrent suicide attempts. Author(s): Bergmans Y, Links PS. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(4): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617479&dopt=Abstract
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A Fas-based suicide switch in human T cells for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. Author(s): Thomis DC, Marktel S, Bonini C, Traversari C, Gilman M, Bordignon C, Clackson T. Source: Blood. 2001 March 1; 97(5): 1249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222367&dopt=Abstract
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A follow-up study of adolescent attempted suicide in Israel. Author(s): Farbstein I, Dycian A, Gothelf D, King RA, Cohen DJ, Kron S, Apter A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 November; 41(11): 1342-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410077&dopt=Abstract
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A long-acting suicide gene toxin, 6-methylpurine, inhibits slow growing tumors after a single administration. Author(s): Gadi VK, Alexander SD, Waud WR, Allan PW, Parker WB, Sorscher EJ. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 March; 304(3): 1280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604707&dopt=Abstract
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A longitudinal study of attitudes toward physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia among patients with noncurable malignancy. Author(s): Pacheco J, Hershberger PJ, Markert RJ, Kumar G. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2003 March-April; 20(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693641&dopt=Abstract
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A Marxist perspective on assisted suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(4): 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617483&dopt=Abstract
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A novel 'sort-suicide' fusion gene vector for T cell manipulation. Author(s): Fehse B, Kustikova OS, Li Z, Wahlers A, Bohn W, Beyer WR, Chalmers D, Tiberghien P, Kuhlcke K, Zander AR, Baum C. Source: Gene Therapy. 2002 December; 9(23): 1633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424616&dopt=Abstract
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A patient requesting physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Stutsman ED, Bates A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 October 23-30; 288(16): 1984; Author Reply 1984. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387645&dopt=Abstract
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A patient requesting physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Werth JL Jr, Benjamin GA, Fenn DS, Gordon JR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 October 23-30; 288(16): 1984; Author Reply 1984. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387644&dopt=Abstract
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A patient's right to die: physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Regan J, Alderson A. Source: Tenn Med. 2003 March; 96(3): 138-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666376&dopt=Abstract
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A population-based study of the association between pathological gambling and attempted suicide. Author(s): Newman SC, Thompson AH. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 80-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710543&dopt=Abstract
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A preliminary validation of the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) inventory with normal adolescent samples. Author(s): Osman A, Gutierrez PM, Jiandani J, Kopper BA, Barrios FX, Linden SC, Truelove RS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003 April; 59(4): 493-512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652640&dopt=Abstract
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A story about suicide in the Arctic. Author(s): Swenson MD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 August 22-29; 286(8): 919. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509053&dopt=Abstract
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A suicide-substrate mechanism for hydrolysis of beta-lactams by an anti-idiotypic catalytic antibody. Author(s): Lefevre S, Debat H, Thomas D, Friboulet A, Avalle B. Source: Febs Letters. 2001 January 26; 489(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231007&dopt=Abstract
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A theological response to physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Kaldjian LC. Source: Theol Today. 1999 July; 56(2): 197-209. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484406&dopt=Abstract
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A theoretical model of adolescent suicide and some evidence from US data. Author(s): Mathur VK, Freeman DG. Source: Health Economics. 2002 December; 11(8): 695-708. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457370&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal expression and functional characteristics of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Author(s): Dwivedi Y, Rao JS, Rizavi HS, Kotowski J, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Tamminga CA, Pandey GN. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 March; 60(3): 273-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622660&dopt=Abstract
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Abortion and suicide. Author(s): Connolly J. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(2): 45-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500887&dopt=Abstract
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Abortion, physician-assisted suicide and the Constitution: the view from without and within. Author(s): Sedler RA. Source: Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy. 1999; 12(2): 529-66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755093&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent self-poisoning: a cohort study of subsequent suicide and premature deaths. Author(s): Reith DM, Whyte I, Carter G, McPherson M. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(2): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880226&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent suicide attempt: undisclosed secrets. Author(s): McClain N. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2003 January-February; 29(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630507&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent suicide attempts: risks and protectors. Author(s): Borowsky IW, Ireland M, Resnick MD. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 March; 107(3): 485-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230587&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent suicide prevention. Author(s): Novick LF, Cibula DA, Sutphen SM. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 May; 24(4 Suppl): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744997&dopt=Abstract
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African American college women's suicide buffers. Author(s): Marion MS, Range LM. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 33-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710538&dopt=Abstract
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After a suicide: trying to make sense of the senseless. Author(s): Von Ornsteiner JB. Source: Body Posit. 2002; 15(3): 30-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238446&dopt=Abstract
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Aftermath of a patient's suicide: a case study. Author(s): Valente SM. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2003 January-March; 39(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724962&dopt=Abstract
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Age patterns of suicide: identification and characterization of European clusters and trends. Author(s): da Veiga FA, Saraiva CB. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(2): 56-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880223&dopt=Abstract
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AIDS, nursing, and physician-assisted suicide: Part 2. Author(s): Saunders JM. Source: The Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care : Janac. 2001 JanuaryFebruary; 12(1): 71-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211674&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol and suicide death among American Indians of New Mexico: 1980-1998. Author(s): May PA, Van Winkle NW, Williams MB, McFeeley PJ, DeBruyn LM, Serna P. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Fall; 32(3): 240-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374471&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol and suicide in 14 European countries. Author(s): Ramstedt M. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2001 February; 96 Suppl 1: S59-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228079&dopt=Abstract
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Altered gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Author(s): Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Tamminga CA, Pandey GN. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 August; 60(8): 804-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12912764&dopt=Abstract
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American Medical Association perspective on physician assisted suicide. Author(s): Reardon TR. Source: Univ Detroit Mercy Law Rev. 1998 Spring; 75(3): 515-27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627568&dopt=Abstract
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An assessment of suicide in an urban VA Medical Center. Author(s): Thompson R, Kane VR, Sayers SL, Brown GK, Coyne JC, Katz IR. Source: Psychiatry. 2002 Winter; 65(4): 327-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530336&dopt=Abstract
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An ecological study of the relations between the recent high suicide rates and economic and demographic factors in Japan. Author(s): Aihara H, Iki M. Source: J Epidemiol. 2003 January; 13(1): 56-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587614&dopt=Abstract
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An examination of suicide probability in alcoholic in-patients. Author(s): Demirbas H, Celik S, Ilhan IO, Dogan YB. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2003 January-February; 38(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554611&dopt=Abstract
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An exploratory investigation of suicide and occupational exposure. Author(s): van Wijngaarden E. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 January; 45(1): 96-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553184&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual suicide by stabbing: a case report. Author(s): Rautji R, Rudra A, Behera C, Kulshrestha P, Dogra TD. Source: Med Sci Law. 2003 April; 43(2): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741664&dopt=Abstract
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Antecedents of euthanasia and suicide among older women. Author(s): Roscoe LA, Malphurs JE, Dragovic LJ, Cohen D. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2003 Winter; 58(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553642&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant prescribing and suicide: Analysis is misleading. Author(s): Moncrieff J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 288; Author Reply 289. Erratum In: Bmj. 2003 September 13; 327(7415): 586. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896951&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant prescribing and suicide: Antidepressants do not reduce suicide rates. Author(s): Ankarberg PH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 288-9; Author Reply 289. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896950&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant prescribing and suicide: Associations attribute possible causality inappropriately. Author(s): Draper BM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 288; Author Reply 289. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896953&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant prescribing and suicide: Decline in suicide rate among older people predates 1991. Author(s): Verberne TJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 288; Author Reply 289. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896952&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressants and suicide prevention in Hungary. Author(s): Rihmer Z, Belso N, Kalmar S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 March; 103(3): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240584&dopt=Abstract
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Are suicide attempters who self-mutilate a unique population? Author(s): Stanley B, Gameroff MJ, Michalsen V, Mann JJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 March; 158(3): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229984&dopt=Abstract
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Assistance from local authorities versus survivors' needs for support after suicide. Author(s): Dyregrov K. Source: Death Studies. 2002 October; 26(8): 647-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243197&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide and euthanasia in Switzerland: “comfort care” needs robust moral framework. Author(s): Gardner G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 5; 327(7405): 52; Author Reply 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842965&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide and euthanasia in Switzerland: allowing a role for non-physicians. Author(s): Hurst SA, Mauron A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 February 1; 326(7383): 271-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560284&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide and euthanasia in Switzerland: distinction needs to be made between choice and obligation. Author(s): Curtis MJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 5; 327(7405): 52; Author Reply 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842966&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide and euthanasia in Switzerland: doctors occupy special position. Author(s): Bosshard G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 5; 327(7405): 51-2; Author Reply 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842964&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide and euthanasia in Switzerland: doctors should keep out of it. Author(s): Bury B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 5; 327(7405): 52; Author Reply 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842968&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide as conducted by a “Right-to-Die”-society in Switzerland: a descriptive analysis of 43 consecutive cases. Author(s): Frei A, Schenker TA, Finzen A, Krauchi K, Dittmann V, Hoffmann-Richter U. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2001 June 30; 131(25-26): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524903&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide bordering on active euthanasia. Author(s): Bosshard G, Jermini D, Eisenhart D, Bar W. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2003 April; 117(2): 106-8. Epub 2003 February 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690508&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide seekers turn to Switzerland. Author(s): Avery D. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003; 81(4): 310. Epub 2003 May 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12764503&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide, depression, and the right to die. Author(s): Rosenfeld B. Source: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law : an Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law. 2000 June; 6(2): 46788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661536&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide, euthanasia, and the right to end-of life care. Author(s): Hendin H. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650223&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide: court strikes down Ashcroft directive. Author(s): Wiley LF. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002 Fall; 30(3): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12497708&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide: factors affecting public attitudes. Author(s): Worthen LT, Yeatts DE. Source: Omega. 2000-2001; 42(2): 115-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557886&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide? Pain control? Where's the line? Author(s): Guglielmo WJ. Source: Med Econ. 2002 October 11; 79(19): 48-9, 53-4, 59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407807&dopt=Abstract
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Association between antidepressant prescribing and suicide in Australia, 1991-2000: trend analysis. Author(s): Hall WD, Mant A, Mitchell PB, Rendle VA, Hickie IB, McManus P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 10; 326(7397): 1008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742921&dopt=Abstract
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Association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and family history of attempted and completed suicide. Author(s): Joiner TE Jr, Johnson F, Soderstrom K. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Fall; 32(3): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374478&dopt=Abstract
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Association study of serotonin transporter gene VNTR polymorphism and mood disorders, onset age and suicide attempts in a Chinese sample. Author(s): Yen FC, Hong CJ, Hou SJ, Wang JK, Tsai SJ. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2003; 48(1): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886033&dopt=Abstract
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Astrological birth signs in suicide: hypothesis or speculation? Author(s): Salib E. Source: Med Sci Law. 2003 April; 43(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741653&dopt=Abstract
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Attempted suicide among young rural women in the People's Republic of China: possibilities for prevention. Author(s): Pearson V, Phillips MR, He F, Ji H. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Winter; 32(4): 359-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501961&dopt=Abstract
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Attempted suicide by cop: a case study of traumatic brain injury and the insanity defense. Author(s): Bresler S, Scalora MJ, Elbogen EB, Moore YS. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2003 January; 48(1): 190-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570227&dopt=Abstract
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Attempted suicide. Author(s): McGlotten S. Source: Nursing. 2003 April; 33(4): 96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690245&dopt=Abstract
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Attendance at the accident and emergency department in the year before suicide: retrospective study. Author(s): Gairin I, House A, Owens D. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 July; 183: 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835240&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes towards suicide in Slovenia: a cross-sectional survey. Author(s): Kocmur M, Dernovsek MZ. Source: The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2003 March; 49(1): 8-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793511&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral health force protection: optimizing injury prevention by identifying shared risk factors for suicide, unintentional injury, and violence. Author(s): Stea JB, Anderson MA, Bishop JM, Griffith LJ. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 November; 167(11): 944-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448624&dopt=Abstract
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Being met--a passageway to hope for relatives of patients at risk of committing suicide: a phenomenological hermeneutic study. Author(s): Talseth AG, Gilje F, Norberg A. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2001 December; 15(6): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735075&dopt=Abstract
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Being of sound mind and judgment--rethinking sanctions in the case of assisted suicide. Author(s): Prouser JH. Source: Conserv Jud. 1997 Summer; 49(4): 3-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831268&dopt=Abstract
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Being trapped in a circle: life after a suicide attempt in Taiwan. Author(s): Tzeng WC. Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing : Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society / Transcultural Nursing Society. 2001 October; 12(4): 302-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989221&dopt=Abstract
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Bereaved parents' outcomes 4 to 60 months after their children's deaths by accident, suicide, or homicide: a comparative study demonstrating differences. Author(s): Murphy SA, Johnson LC, Wu L, Fan JJ, Lohan J. Source: Death Studies. 2003 January; 27(1): 39-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508827&dopt=Abstract
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Bereavement after suicide--how far have we come and where do we go from here? Author(s): Clark S. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(3): 102-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831597&dopt=Abstract
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Beyond rates: the tragedy of suicide in Pakistan. Author(s): Khan MM, Prince M. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 April; 33(2): 67-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680534&dopt=Abstract
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Bioethics, assisted suicide, and the “right to die”. Author(s): Snyder L. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2001 March; 13(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465680&dopt=Abstract
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Biogenic amine turnover and serum cholesterol in suicide attempt. Author(s): Tripodianakis J, Markianos M, Sarantidis D, Agouridaki M. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2002 February; 252(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056581&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder. Suicide statistics were misleading. Author(s): Verberne TJ, Morriss R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 20; 324(7343): 976; Author Reply 976. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964350&dopt=Abstract
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Birth cohort effects in New South Wales suicide, 1865-1998. Author(s): Morrell S, Page A, Taylor R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 November; 106(5): 365-72. Erratum In: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003 February; 107(2): 160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366471&dopt=Abstract
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Borderline personality disorder, suicide, and pharmacotherapy. Author(s): Parker GF. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 October; 53(10): 1330; Author Reply 1330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364694&dopt=Abstract
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Brain weight in suicide revisited. Author(s): Salib E. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 November; 181: 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411275&dopt=Abstract
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Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people. Death, where's thy sting? Author(s): Charatan F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 August 24; 325(7361): 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201283&dopt=Abstract
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Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people. Physical disease and depression are prevalent in elderly Finnish suicide victims. Author(s): Timonen M, Viilo K, Vaisanen E, Rasanen P, Hakko H, Sarkioja T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 August 24; 325(7361): 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193366&dopt=Abstract
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Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: case-control study. Author(s): Waern M, Rubenowitz E, Runeson B, Skoog I, Wilhelmson K, Allebeck P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 8; 324(7350): 1355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052799&dopt=Abstract
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Burning charcoal: a novel and contagious method of suicide in Asia. Author(s): Lee DT, Chan KP, Lee S, Yip PS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 March; 59(3): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879176&dopt=Abstract
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Burning charcoal: an indigenous method of committing suicide in Hong Kong. Author(s): Leung CM, Chung WS, So EP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 May; 63(5): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019670&dopt=Abstract
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Can a theory of suicide predict all “suicides” in the elderly? Author(s): Leenaars AA. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(1): 7-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809147&dopt=Abstract
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Can lithium help to prevent suicide? Author(s): Gelenberg AJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 104(3): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531652&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer-specific killing by the CD suicide gene using the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter. Author(s): Liu J, Zou WG, Lang MF, Luo J, Sun LY, Wang XN, Qian QJ, Liu XY. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 September; 21(3): 661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168115&dopt=Abstract
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Carcinoembryonic antigen-specific suicide gene therapy of cytosine deaminase/5fluorocytosine enhanced by the cre/loxP system in the orthotopic gastric carcinoma model. Author(s): Ueda K, Iwahashi M, Nakamori M, Nakamura M, Matsuura I, Yamaue H, Tanimura H. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 August 15; 61(16): 6158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507067&dopt=Abstract
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Cathartic effect of suicide attempts not limited to depression: a short-term prospective study after deliberate self-poisoning. Author(s): Sarfati Y, Bouchaud B, Hardy-Bayle MC. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880225&dopt=Abstract
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Cell-specific expression of the diphtheria toxin A-chain coding sequence induces cancer cell suicide. Author(s): Rui H, Chen Y. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2002 June; 115(6): 869-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123555&dopt=Abstract
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Cellular response to oxidative stress: signaling for suicide and survival. Author(s): Martindale JL, Holbrook NJ. Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2002 July; 192(1): 1-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115731&dopt=Abstract
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Cervical fracture, decapitation, and vehicle-assisted suicide. Author(s): Byard RW, Gilbert JD. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2002 March; 47(2): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908616&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of first suicide attempts in single versus multiple suicide attempters with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Michaelis BH, Goldberg JF, Singer TM, Garno JL, Ernst CL, Davis GP. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 44(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524631&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of HIV patients who attempt suicide. Author(s): Roy A. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003 January; 107(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558540&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Author(s): Simon OR, Swann AC, Powell KE, Potter LB, Kresnow MJ, O'Carroll PW. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001; 32(1 Suppl): 49-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924695&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of opiate dependent patients who attempt suicide. Author(s): Roy A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 May; 63(5): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019664&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of suicide attempts in a large urban jail system with an established suicide prevention program. Author(s): Goss JR, Peterson K, Smith LW, Kalb K, Brodey BB. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 May; 53(5): 574-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986506&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of terminal cancer patients who committed suicide during a home palliative care program. Author(s): Filiberti A, Ripamonti C, Totis A, Ventafridda V, De Conno F, Contiero P, Tamburini M. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2001 July; 22(1): 544-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516596&dopt=Abstract
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Child and adolescent suicide: epidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention. Author(s): Pelkonen M, Marttunen M. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2003; 5(4): 243-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662120&dopt=Abstract
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Child and adolescent survivors of suicide. Author(s): Sethi S, Bhargava SC. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(1): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809146&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Gould MS, Kasen S, Brown J, Brook JS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 August; 59(8): 741-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150651&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood trauma and attempted suicide in alcoholics. Author(s): Roy A. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 February; 189(2): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225685&dopt=Abstract
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Children of suicide: the telling and the knowing. Author(s): Cain AC. Source: Psychiatry. 2002 Summer; 65(2): 124-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108137&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol concentrations in violent and non-violent women suicide attempters. Author(s): Vevera J, Zukov I, Morcinek T, Papezova H. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2003 February; 18(1): 23-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648892&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol, essential fatty acids, and suicide. Author(s): Brunner J, Parhofer KG, Schwandt P, Bronisch T. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 January; 35(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11819151&dopt=Abstract
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Circumstances of suicide among individuals with schizophrenia. Author(s): Kreyenbuhl JA, Kelly DL, Conley RR. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 December 1; 58(2-3): 253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409166&dopt=Abstract
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Climatic and diurnal variation in suicide attempts in the ED. Author(s): Doganay Z, Sunter AT, Guz H, Ozkan A, Altintop L, Kati C, Colak E, Aygun D, Guven H. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 July; 21(4): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898481&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical correlates of inpatient suicide. Author(s): Busch KA, Fawcett J, Jacobs DG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 January; 64(1): 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590618&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical evaluation of prior suicide attempts and suicide risk in psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Modai I, Hirschmann S, Hadjez J, Bernat C, Gelber D, Ratner Y, Rivkin O, Kurs R, Ponizovsky A, Ritsner M. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(2): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500888&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical variables related to suicide attempts in schizophrenic patients: a retrospective study. Author(s): Altamura AC, Bassetti R, Bignotti S, Pioli R, Mundo E. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2003 March 1; 60(1): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505137&dopt=Abstract
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Clinician-patient interactions about requests for physician-assisted suicide: a patient and family view. Author(s): Back AL, Starks H, Hsu C, Gordon JR, Bharucha A, Pearlman RA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 June 10; 162(11): 1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038944&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine and suicide. Author(s): Ertugrul A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 February; 159(2): 323; Author Reply 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823295&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine and suicide. Author(s): Meltzer H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 February; 159(2): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823294&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Author(s): Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI, Altamura AC, Anand R, Bertoldi A, Bourgeois M, Chouinard G, Islam MZ, Kane J, Krishnan R, Lindenmayer JP, Potkin S; International Suicide Prevention Trial Study Group. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 January; 60(1): 82-91. Erratum In: Arch Gen Psychiatry.2003 July; 60(7): 735. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511175&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine: in prevention of suicide in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Author(s): Wagstaff A, Perry C. Source: Cns Drugs. 2003; 17(4): 273-80; Discussion 281-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665398&dopt=Abstract
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Coexpression of the partial androgen receptor enhances the efficacy of prostatespecific antigen promoter-driven suicide gene therapy for prostate cancer cells at low testosterone concentrations. Author(s): Suzuki S, Tadakuma T, Asano T, Hayakawa M. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 February 15; 61(4): 1276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11245419&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive functioning and geriatric suicide ideation: testing a mediational model. Author(s): Heisel MJ, Flett GL, Besser A. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 July-August; 10(4): 428-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095902&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive risk factors and suicide attempts among formerly hospitalized adolescents: a prospective naturalistic study. Author(s): Goldston DB, Daniel SS, Reboussin BA, Reboussin DM, Frazier PH, Harris AE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 January; 40(1): 91-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195570&dopt=Abstract
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Collectivism and rates of personal violence (suicide and homicide). Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 February; 90(1): 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899000&dopt=Abstract
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College students' perceptions of suicide: the role of empathy on attitudes, evaluation, and responsiveness. Author(s): Mueller MA, Waas GA. Source: Death Studies. 2002 May; 26(4): 325-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980452&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbid personality disorder predicts suicide after major depression: a 10-year follow-up. Author(s): Hansen PE, Wang AG, Stage KB, Kragh-Sorensen P; Danish University Antidepressant Group. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003 June; 107(6): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752020&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbidity of axis I and axis II disorders in patients who attempted suicide. Author(s): Hawton K, Houston K, Haw C, Townsend E, Harriss L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 August; 160(8): 1494-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900313&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of 3190 alcohol-dependent individuals with and without suicide attempts. Author(s): Preuss UW, Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, Buckman K, Bierut L, Bucholz KK, Hesselbrock MN, Hesselbrock VM, Reich T. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 April; 26(4): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981122&dopt=Abstract
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Concretism in biological suicide research -- are we eating the menu instead of the meal? Some thoughts on present research strategies. Author(s): Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Roggenbach J. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 March; 35(2): 44-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951145&dopt=Abstract
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Confidentiality and threatened suicide. Author(s): Plaut WG. Source: J Reform Jud. 1990 Fall; 37(4): 59-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831282&dopt=Abstract
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Confronting depression and suicide in physicians: a consensus statement. Author(s): Center C, Davis M, Detre T, Ford DE, Hansbrough W, Hendin H, Laszlo J, Litts DA, Mann J, Mansky PA, Michels R, Miles SH, Proujansky R, Reynolds CF 3rd, Silverman MM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 June 18; 289(23): 3161-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813122&dopt=Abstract
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Conscientiousness in childhood and later suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(4): 143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848656&dopt=Abstract
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Constitutional challenges to bans on “assisted suicide”: the view from without and within. Author(s): Sedler RA. Source: Hastings Constit Law Q. 1994 Spring; 21(3): 777-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863027&dopt=Abstract
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Constitutionalizing physician-assisted suicide: will lightning strike thrice? Author(s): Burt RA. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 159-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385306&dopt=Abstract
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Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. Author(s): Luoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 June; 159(6): 909-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042175&dopt=Abstract
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Co-proxamol and suicide: a study of national mortality statistics and local non-fatal self poisonings. Author(s): Hawton K, Simkin S, Deeks J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 10; 326(7397): 1006-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742920&dopt=Abstract
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Co-proxamol and suicide: Availability of co-proxamol has been successfully reduced in Doncaster. Author(s): Fryers PT, Geraghty M, Hall C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896948&dopt=Abstract
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Co-proxamol and suicide: Co-proxamol should be restricted, not banned. Author(s): Marples IL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896947&dopt=Abstract
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Co-proxamol and suicide: Licence needs to be changed. Author(s): Bateman DN, Afshari R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896949&dopt=Abstract
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Corralling Kevorkian: regulating physician-assisted suicide in America. Author(s): Calandrillo SP. Source: Va J Soc Policy Law. 1999 Fall; 7(1): 41-102. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755149&dopt=Abstract
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Correctional suicide prevention in the year 2000 and beyond. Author(s): Bonner RL. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 370-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210062&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of recent suicide attempts in a triethnic group of adolescents. Author(s): Rew L, Thomas N, Horner SD, Resnick MD, Beuhring T. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2001; 33(4): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775307&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of suicide attempts in an open cohort of young men who have sex with men. Author(s): Botnick MR, Heath KV, Cornelisse PG, Strathdee SA, Martindale SL, Hogg RS. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2002 January-February; 93(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925703&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of suicide risk in juvenile detainees and adolescent inpatients. Author(s): Sanislow CA, Grilo CM, Fehon DC, Axelrod SR, McGlashan TH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 February; 42(2): 234-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544184&dopt=Abstract
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Could adequate palliative care obviate assisted suicide? Author(s): Curry L, Schwartz HI, Gruman C, Blank K. Source: Death Studies. 2002 November; 26(9): 757-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385345&dopt=Abstract
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CREB family transcription factors inhibit neuronal suicide. Author(s): Dawson TM, Ginty DD. Source: Nature Medicine. 2002 May; 8(5): 450-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984583&dopt=Abstract
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Criminalization of assisted suicide challenged. Author(s): Elliott R. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Newsl. 1999 Fall-1999 Winter; 5(1): 12-3, 14-5. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868549&dopt=Abstract
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Criteria for homicide and suicide on victims of extended suicide due to sharp force injury. Author(s): Dettling A, Althaus L, Haffner HT. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 July 8; 134(2-3): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850409&dopt=Abstract
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Cross-cultural attitudes towards suicide among South African secondary school pupils. Author(s): Peltzer K, Cherian VI, Cherian L. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 March; 77(3): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858894&dopt=Abstract
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CSF testosterone in 43 male suicide attempters. Author(s): Gustavsson G, Traskman-Bendz L, Higley JD, Westrin A. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 March; 13(2): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650954&dopt=Abstract
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Cult suicide and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 2): 1194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585536&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural correlates of youth suicide. Author(s): Eckersley R, Dear K. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 December; 55(11): 1891-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406459&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural orientation, family cohesion, and family support in suicide ideation and depression among African American college students. Author(s): Harris TL, Molock SD. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 341-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210059&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural stereotypes of women from South Asian communities: mental health care professionals' explanations for patterns of suicide and depression. Author(s): Burr J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 September; 55(5): 835-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190274&dopt=Abstract
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Current progress in suicide gene therapy for cancer. Author(s): Yazawa K, Fisher WE, Brunicardi FC. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2002 July; 26(7): 783-9. Epub 2002 April 15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948367&dopt=Abstract
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Datapoints: suicide and access to care. Author(s): Miller CL, Druss B. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2001 December; 52(12): 1566. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726741&dopt=Abstract
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Datapoints: trends by race and gender in suicide attempts among U.S. adolescents, 1991-2001. Author(s): Joe S, Marcus SC. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2003 April; 54(4): 454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663832&dopt=Abstract
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Datapoints: U.S. rates of self-inflicted injuries and suicide, 1992-1999. Author(s): Brickman AL, Mintz DC. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2003 February; 54(2): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556595&dopt=Abstract
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Death by homicide, suicide, and other unnatural causes in people with mental illness: a population-based study. Author(s): Hiroeh U, Appleby L, Mortensen PB, Dunn G. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 22-29; 358(9299): 2110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784624&dopt=Abstract
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Death in epilepsy with special attention to suicide cases. Author(s): Fukuchi T, Kanemoto K, Kato M, Ishida S, Yuasa S, Kawasaki J, Suzuki S, Onuma T. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2002 October; 51(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399073&dopt=Abstract
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Death risk other than from suicide is raised in self harm. Author(s): Stark C, Hall D, Pelosi A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 1; 326(7387): 499. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609952&dopt=Abstract
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Decision-making at the end of life: the termination of life-prolonging treatment, euthanasia (mercy-killing) and assisted suicide in Canada in South Africa. Author(s): Sneiderman B, McQuoid-Mason D. Source: Comp Int Law J South Afr. 2000 July; 33(2): 193-209. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425314&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of eucortisolemic suicide attempters. Author(s): Brunner J, Stalla GK, Stalla J, Uhr M, Grabner A, Wetter TC, Bronisch T. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001 January-February; 35(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287050&dopt=Abstract
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Decriminalization of suicide in seven nations and suicide rates. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 898. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530739&dopt=Abstract
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Deinstitutionalization and suicide. Author(s): Goldney RD. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809153&dopt=Abstract
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Deliberate self-harm patients who leave the accident and emergency department without a psychiatric assessment: a neglected population at risk of suicide. Author(s): Hickey L, Hawton K, Fagg J, Weitzel H. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001 February; 50(2): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274665&dopt=Abstract
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Democracy and suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2000 December; 87(3 Pt 1): 822. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191395&dopt=Abstract
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Depression and assisted suicide in the terminally ill. Author(s): Angelo EJ. Source: Natl Cathol Bioeth Q. 2001 Autumn; 1(3): 307-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866518&dopt=Abstract
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Depression and chronic diabetic foot disability. A case report of suicide. Author(s): Walsh SM, Sage RA. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2002 October; 19(4): 493-508. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471857&dopt=Abstract
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Depression and suicide in patients treated with isotretinoin. Author(s): Wysowski DK, Pitts M, Beitz J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 February 8; 344(6): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11221610&dopt=Abstract
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Depression and the association of smoking and suicide. Author(s): Sheikh K. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 December; 90(12): 1952-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11111280&dopt=Abstract
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Depression as a risk factor for non-suicide mortality in the elderly. Author(s): Schulz R, Drayer RA, Rollman BL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 August 1; 52(3): 205-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182927&dopt=Abstract
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Depression is a treatable cause of suffering among multiple sclerosis patients and can result in suicide. Author(s): Bourdette D. Source: Neurology. 2002 September 10; 59(5): E6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221194&dopt=Abstract
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Depression leading to attempted suicide after bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Doshi PK, Chhaya N, Bhatt MH. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 September; 17(5): 1084-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360564&dopt=Abstract
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Depression, suicide and deliberate self-harm in adolescence. Author(s): Harrington R. Source: British Medical Bulletin. 2001; 57: 47-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719923&dopt=Abstract
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Depression, suicide, and the national service framework. Author(s): Davies S, Naik PC, Lee AS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 June 23; 322(7301): 1500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420257&dopt=Abstract
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Depressive disorders and suicide attempts in injecting drug users with and without HIV infection. Author(s): Malbergier A, de Andrade AG. Source: Aids Care. 2001 February; 13(1): 141-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177471&dopt=Abstract
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Desire for physician-assisted suicide: requests for a better death? Author(s): Back AL, Pearlman RA. Source: Lancet. 2001 August 4; 358(9279): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502307&dopt=Abstract
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Despair beneath his wings. A troubled past may have led a teen to copy a suicide mission. Author(s): Liston B, Padgett T. Source: Time. 2002 January 21; 159(3): 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833125&dopt=Abstract
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Detecting suicide risk in a pediatric emergency department: development of a brief screening tool. Author(s): Horowitz LM, Wang PS, Koocher GP, Burr BH, Smith MF, Klavon S, Cleary PD. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 May; 107(5): 1133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331698&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of attempted suicide in urban environment. Author(s): Ostamo A, Lahelma E, Lonnqvist J. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 56(6): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495541&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of Canadian physicians' opinions about legalized physician-assisted suicide: a national survey. Author(s): Kinsella TD, Verhoef MJ. Source: Ann R Coll Physicians Surg Can. 1999 June; 32(4): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385288&dopt=Abstract
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Developing a comprehensive school suicide prevention program. Author(s): King KA. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2001 April; 71(4): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11354981&dopt=Abstract
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Developing a suicide prevention strategy based on the perspectives of people with brain injuries. Author(s): Kuipers P, Lancaster A. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2000 December; 15(6): 1275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11056408&dopt=Abstract
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Development of a questionnaire on attitudes towards suicide (ATTS) and its application in a Swedish population. Author(s): Renberg ES, Jacobsson L. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 52-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710540&dopt=Abstract
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Development, gender equality, and suicide rates. Author(s): Mayer P. Source: Psychological Reports. 2000 October; 87(2): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086579&dopt=Abstract
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Developments in suicide genes for preclinical and clinical applications. Author(s): Spencer DM. Source: Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2000 August; 2(4): 433-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249774&dopt=Abstract
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Dexamethasone suppression test and suicide attempts in schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Plocka-Lewandowska M, Araszkiewicz A, Rybakowski JK. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 November; 16(7): 428-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728857&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of childhood and adolescent suicidal behavior: unmet needs for suicide prevention. Author(s): Pfeffer CR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 June 15; 49(12): 1055-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430847&dopt=Abstract
Studies 173
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Dialogue on suicide and abortion. Author(s): McDaniel Y, Saulson SB, Datz M, Reines AJ. Source: J Reform Jud. 1990 Fall; 37(4): 49-58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831281&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in nonfatal suicide behaviors among Mexican and European American middle school children. Author(s): Tortolero SR, Roberts RE. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Summer; 31(2): 214-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459254&dopt=Abstract
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Differential abnormalities in plasma 5-HIAA and platelet serotonin concentrations in violent suicide attempters: relationships with impulsivity and depression. Author(s): Spreux-Varoquaux O, Alvarez JC, Berlin I, Batista G, Despierre PG, Gilton A, Cremniter D. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 June 29; 69(6): 647-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476186&dopt=Abstract
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Discovering the truth in attempted suicide. Author(s): Michel K, Maltsberger JT, Jobes DA, Leenaars AA, Orbach I, Stadler K, Dey P, Young RA, Valach L. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 2002; 56(3): 424-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400207&dopt=Abstract
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Disorder in the court: physician-assisted suicide and the Constitution. Author(s): Burt RA. Source: Minn Law Rev. 1998 April; 82(4): 965-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865918&dopt=Abstract
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Dispensing of controlled substances to assist suicide. Interpretive rule. Author(s): Department of Justice. Source: Federal Register. 2001 November 9; 66(218): 56607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760766&dopt=Abstract
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Dispensing of controlled substances to assist suicide: a memorandum of the Office of the Attorney General, the United States Department of Justice. Author(s): Ashcroft J. Source: Issues in Law & Medicine. 2002 Spring; 17(3): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925837&dopt=Abstract
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Distributions of lesions in hanging suicide brains. Author(s): He HJ, Goto N, Goto J, Ezure H, Takaoki E. Source: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2002 March; 78(6): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126056&dopt=Abstract
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Diurnal variations in suicide by age and gender in Italy. Author(s): Preti A, Miotto P. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 August; 65(3): 253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511405&dopt=Abstract
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Do extenuating circumstances influence African American women's attitudes toward suicide? Author(s): Marion MS, Range LM. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710539&dopt=Abstract
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Do they suffer more? Reflections on research comparing suicide survivors to other survivors. Author(s): Ellenbogen S, Gratton F. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Spring; 31(1): 83-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326771&dopt=Abstract
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Doctor assisted suicide: an analysis of public opinion of Michigan adults. Author(s): Lachenmeier F, Kaplan KJ, Caragacianu D. Source: Omega. 1999-2000; 40(1): 61-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577915&dopt=Abstract
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Does alcohol drinking have an influence on suicides in cancer sufferers? A population-based study of 1515 suicide victims. Author(s): Pukkila K, Hakko H, Vaisanen E, Sarkioja T, Rasanen P. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2000 December; 30(12): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210168&dopt=Abstract
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Does legalized gambling elevate the risk of suicide? An analysis of U.S. counties and metropolitan areas. Author(s): McCleary R, Chew KS, Merrill V, Napolitano C. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Summer; 32(2): 209-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079036&dopt=Abstract
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Does month of birth influence elderly suicide? Author(s): Salib E. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001 December; 16(12): 1175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748778&dopt=Abstract
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Does residential segregation in cities predict African-American suicide rates? Author(s): Lester D. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 870. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153862&dopt=Abstract
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Domestic violence, separation, and suicide in young men with early onset alcoholism: reanalyses of Murphy's data. Author(s): Conner KR, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 354-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210060&dopt=Abstract
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Don't ask don't tell don't work when it comes to suicide and HIV. Author(s): Hammer JH, Hammer BA. Source: Hiv Clin. 2002 Winter; 14(1): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833446&dopt=Abstract
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Double suicide and homicide-suicide in Switzerland. Author(s): Haenel T, Elsasser PN. Source: Crisis. 2000; 21(3): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11265838&dopt=Abstract
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Drug use and suicide attempts: the role of personality factors. Author(s): Bolognini M, Laget J, Plancherel B, Stephan P, Corcos M, Halfon O. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 2002 February; 37(3): 337-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913907&dopt=Abstract
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Durkheim's theories of deviance and suicide: a feminist reconsideration. Author(s): Lehmann JM. Source: Ajs; American Journal of Sociology. 1995 January; 100(4): 904-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11640000&dopt=Abstract
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Dutch becoming first nation to legalize assisted suicide. Author(s): Simons M. Source: Ny Times (Print). 2000 November 29; : A3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768414&dopt=Abstract
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Dying for a drink. Global suicide prevention should focus more on alcohol use disorders. Author(s): Foster T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 13; 323(7317): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11597950&dopt=Abstract
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Dying woman loses her battle for assisted suicide. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 May 4; 324(7345): 1055. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993484&dopt=Abstract
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Dying woman's demand for right to assisted suicide is rejected. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 December 8; 323(7325): 1326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739215&dopt=Abstract
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Early suicide following discharge from a psychiatric hospital. Author(s): McKenzie W, Wurr C. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Fall; 31(3): 358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577920&dopt=Abstract
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Eating disorders and suicide risk factors in adolescents: an Italian community-based study. Author(s): Miotto P, De Coppi M, Frezza M, Preti A. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003 July; 191(7): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891090&dopt=Abstract
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Educating parents about youth suicide: knowledge, response to suicidal statements, attitudes, and intention to help. Author(s): Maine S, Shute R, Martin G. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Fall; 31(3): 320-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577916&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of active vs. passive recovery on repeat suicide run time. Author(s): Graham JE, Douglas Boatwright J, Hunskor MJ, Howell DC. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2003 May; 17(2): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741874&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of latitude on suicide rates in Japan. Author(s): Terao T, Soeda S, Yoshimura R, Nakamura J, Iwata N. Source: Lancet. 2002 December 7; 360(9348): 1892. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480410&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the doctor on college students' attitudes toward physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Wooddell V, Kaplan KJ. Source: Omega. 1999-2000; 40(1): 43-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577911&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the incident at Columbine on students' violence- and suicide-related behaviors. Author(s): Brener ND, Simon TR, Anderson M, Barrios LC, Small ML. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 April; 22(3): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897457&dopt=Abstract
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Effective problem solving in suicide attempters depends on specific autobiographical recall. Author(s): Pollock LR, Williams JM. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Winter; 31(4): 386-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775714&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of barriers at suicide jumping sites: a case study. Author(s): Beautrais AL. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 35(5): 55762. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11551268&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of societal intergration, period, region, and culture of suicide on male agespecific suicide rates: 20 developed countries, 1955-1989. Author(s): Cutright P, Fernquist RM. Source: Social Science Research. 2000 March; 29(1): 148-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11624453&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of socioeconomic factors on suicide from 1980 through 1999 in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Author(s): Aihara H, Iki M. Source: J Epidemiol. 2002 November; 12(6): 439-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462279&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of repeated adenoviral suicide gene therapy in a localized murine tumor model. Author(s): Lambright ES, Force SD, Lanuti ME, Wasfi DS, Amin KM, Albelda SM, Kaiser LR. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000 December; 70(6): 1865-70; Discussion 18701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156085&dopt=Abstract
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Elder suicide: a gate keeper strategy for home care. Author(s): Salvatore T. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 2000 March; 18(3): 180-7; Quiz 188. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951244&dopt=Abstract
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Elderly suicide and attempted suicide: one syndrome. Author(s): Salib E, Tadros G, Cawley S. Source: Med Sci Law. 2001 July; 41(3): 250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506349&dopt=Abstract
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Elderly suicide in China. Author(s): He ZX, Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 December; 89(3): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824738&dopt=Abstract
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Elderly suicide rates in Asian and English-speaking countries. Author(s): Pritchard C, Baldwin DS. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 April; 105(4): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942931&dopt=Abstract
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Elderly suicide: a 10-year retrospective study. Author(s): Bennett AT, Collins KA. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2001 June; 22(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394752&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated suicide rates on the first workday: a replication in Israel. Author(s): Weinberg I, Lubin G, Shmushkevich M, Kaplan Z. Source: Death Studies. 2002 October; 26(8): 681-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243199&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated suicide risk among patients with multiple sclerosis in Sweden. Author(s): Fredrikson S, Cheng Q, Jiang GX, Wasserman D. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 2003 March-April; 22(2): 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629281&dopt=Abstract
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Elimination of the truncated message from the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase suicide gene. Author(s): Chalmers D, Ferrand C, Apperley JF, Melo JV, Ebeling S, Newton I, Duperrier A, Hagenbeek A, Garrett E, Tiberghien P, Garin M. Source: Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2001 August; 4(2): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11482986&dopt=Abstract
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Emergency management of the adolescent suicide attempter: a review of the literature. Author(s): Stewart SE, Manion IG, Davidson S. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 May; 30(5): 312-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996780&dopt=Abstract
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Emergency physicians and physician-assisted suicide, Part I: a review of the physician-assisted suicide debate. Author(s): Moskop JC, Iserson KV. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 November; 38(5): 570-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679871&dopt=Abstract
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Emergency physicians and physician-assisted suicide, Part II: emergency care for patients who have attempted physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Moskop JC, Iserson KV. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 November; 38(5): 576-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679872&dopt=Abstract
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Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. Author(s): Seidlitz L, Conwell Y, Duberstein P, Cox C, Denning D. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 October; 66(2-3): 123-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578664&dopt=Abstract
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Empowering and protecting patients: lessons for physician-assisted suicide from the African-American experience. Author(s): King PA, Wolf LE. Source: Minn Law Rev. 1998 April; 82(4): 1015-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865911&dopt=Abstract
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Encountering suicide: the experience of psychiatric residents. Author(s): Pilkinton P, Etkin M. Source: Academic Psychiatry : the Journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry. 2003 Summer; 27(2): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824109&dopt=Abstract
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End of life. Assisted suicide. A challenge for today's nurses. Author(s): Shapiro C, Dean R, Seguire M. Source: Can Nurse. 2002 January; 98(1): 24-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845551&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced suicide gene effect by adenoviral transduction of a VP22-cytosine deaminase (CD) fusion gene. Author(s): Wybranietz WA, Gross CD, Phelan A, O'Hare P, Spiegel M, Graepler F, Bitzer M, Stahler P, Gregor M, Lauer UM. Source: Gene Therapy. 2001 November; 8(21): 1654-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895004&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced suicide gene therapy by chimeric tumor-specific promoter based on HSF1 transcriptional regulation. Author(s): Wang J, Yao M, Zhang Z, Gu J, Zhang Y, Li B, Sun L, Liu X. Source: Febs Letters. 2003 July 10; 546(2-3): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832060&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological study of suicide in the Republic of Croatia -- comparison of war and post-war periods and areas directly and indirectly affected by war. Author(s): Grubisic-Ilic M, Kozaric-Kovacic D, Grubisic F, Kovacic Z. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2002 September; 17(5): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381495&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological, forensic, clinical, and imaging characteristics of head injuries acquired in the suicide attempt with captive bolt gun. Author(s): Gnjidic Z, Kubat M, Malenica M, Sajko T, Radic I, Rumboldt Z. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2002 December; 144(12): 1271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12478338&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of suicide in Faisalabad. Author(s): Saeed A, Bashir MZ, Khan D, Iqbal J, Raja KS, Rehman A. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2002 October-December; 14(4): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688100&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of suicide in Israel: a nationwide population study. Author(s): Lubin G, Glasser S, Boyko V, Barell V. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2001 March; 36(3): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465783&dopt=Abstract
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Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting enhances adenoviral vector based suicide gene therapy of osteosarcoma. Author(s): Witlox MA, Van Beusechem VW, Grill J, Haisma HJ, Schaap G, Bras J, Van Diest P, De Gast A, Curiel DT, Pinedo HM, Gerritsen WR, Wuisman PI. Source: The Journal of Gene Medicine. 2002 September-October; 4(5): 510-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221644&dopt=Abstract
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Ether: stability in preserved blood samples and a case of ether-assisted suicide. Author(s): Sharp ME, Dautbegovic T. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2001 October; 25(7): 628-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599613&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical decision making in assisted suicide. Author(s): Pratt MA, Melton-Freeman C, Calico PA, Yang C, McNeill M, Sublett J, Charasika M. Source: Ky Nurse. 1999 July-September; 47(3): 30-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11998026&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical issues in the social worker's role in physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Manetta AA, Wells JG. Source: Health & Social Work. 2001 August; 26(3): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531191&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical issues in the social worker's role in physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Miller P, Hedlund S. Source: Health & Social Work. 2002 November; 27(4): 313-4; Author Reply 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494725&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnic and sex differences in suicide rates relative to major depression in the United States. Author(s): Oquendo MA, Ellis SP, Greenwald S, Malone KM, Weissman MM, Mann JJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 158(10): 1652-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578998&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnicity, depression, and suicide. Author(s): Munson MR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 October; 159(10): 1794-5; Author Reply 1795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359695&dopt=Abstract
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European-ness and personal violence (suicide and homicide). Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 June; 92(3 Pt 1): 716. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841431&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and assisted suicide in the post-Rodriguez era: lessons from foreign jurisdictions. Author(s): Cormack M. Source: Osgoode Hall Law J. 2000 Winter; 38(4): 591-641. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611410&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and assisted suicide. Author(s): Paul P. Source: American Demographics. 2002 November; 24(10): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425326&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and assisted suicide. Author(s): Lunshof JE, Simon A. Source: J Int Bioethique. 1999 November; 10(4): 45-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808560&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and assisted suicide: what does the Dutch vote mean? Author(s): Horton R. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 21; 357(9264): 1221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418143&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Netherlands. Author(s): Veldink JH, Wokke JH, van der Wal G, Vianney de Jong JM, van den Berg LH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 May 23; 346(21): 1638-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023997&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in Scandinavia--with a conceptual suggestion regarding international research in relation to the phenomena. Author(s): Materstvedt LJ, Kaasa S. Source: Palliative Medicine. 2002 January; 16(1): 17-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11963448&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: a review of the empirical data from the United States. Author(s): Emanuel EJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 January 28; 162(2): 142-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802747&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: a view from an EAPC Ethics Task Force. Author(s): Materstvedt LJ, Clark D, Ellershaw J, Forde R, Gravgaard AM, Muller-Busch HC, Porta i Sales J, Rapin CH; EAPC Ethics Task Force. Source: Palliative Medicine. 2003 March; 17(2): 97-101; Discussion 102-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701848&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia, assisted suicide and psychiatry: a Pandora's box. Author(s): Kelly BD, McLoughlin DM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 October; 181: 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356652&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia, assisted suicide, and cessation of life support: Japan's policy, law, and an analysis of whistle blowing in two recent mercy killing cases. Author(s): Akabayashi A. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 August; 55(4): 517-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188460&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia, assisted suicide, and the philosophical anthropology of Karol Wojtyla. Author(s): Fernandes AK. Source: Christian Bioethics. 2001 December; 7(3): 379-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956163&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia. Figures for “slow euthanasia” should be included in data on physician assisted suicide. Author(s): Irwin MH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 6; 323(7316): 809. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11669083&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating panic-specific factors in the relationship between suicide and panic disorder. Author(s): Schmidt NB, Woolaway-Bickel K, Bates M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 June; 39(6): 635-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400709&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of indicated suicide risk prevention approaches for potential high school dropouts. Author(s): Thompson EA, Eggert LL, Randell BP, Pike KC. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 May; 91(5): 742-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344882&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of suicide rates in rural India using verbal autopsies, 1994-9. Author(s): Joseph A, Abraham S, Muliyil JP, George K, Prasad J, Minz S, Abraham VJ, Jacob KS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 24; 326(7399): 1121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763983&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for lack of change in seasonality of suicide from Timis County, Romania. Author(s): Voracek M, Vintila M, Fisher ML, Yip PS. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 June; 94(3 Pt 2): 1071-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186226&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence that latitude is directly related to variation in suicide rates. Author(s): Davis GE, Lowell WE. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 August; 47(6): 572-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211887&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based prevention strategies of suicide behavior in the world: implications for Slovenia. Author(s): Henderson C, Dazzan P, Dernovsek M, Tavcar R, Brecelj M. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(3): 121-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542110&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based protocol elderly suicide--secondary prevention. Author(s): Holkup PA. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2003 June; 29(6): 6-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830651&dopt=Abstract
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Examination of affective, cognitive, and behavioral factors and suicide-related outcomes in children and young adolescents. Author(s): Nock MK, Kazdin AE. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2002 March; 31(1): 48-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845650&dopt=Abstract
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Examining the foreseeable: assisted suicide as a herald of changing moralities. Author(s): Martel J. Source: Social & Legal Studies. 2001 June; 10(2): 147-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942336&dopt=Abstract
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Experience in treating persons with HIV/AIDS and the legalization of assisted suicide: the views of Canadian physicians. Author(s): Heath KV, Wood E, Bally G, Cornelisse PG, Hogg RS. Source: Aids Care. 1999 October; 11(5): 501-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755026&dopt=Abstract
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Experiences of Oregon nurses and social workers with hospice patients who requested assistance with suicide. Author(s): Ganzini L, Harvath TA, Jackson A, Goy ER, Miller LL, Delorit MA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 22; 347(8): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192019&dopt=Abstract
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Explaining the gender difference in self-reported suicide attempts: a nationally representative study of Norwegian adolescents. Author(s): Wichstrom L, Rossow I. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Summer; 32(2): 101-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079027&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to suicide: incidence and association with suicidal ideation and behavior: United States, 1994. Author(s): Crosby AE, Sacks JJ. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Fall; 32(3): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374477&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to violence and suicide risk in adolescents: a community study. Author(s): Vermeiren R, Ruchkin V, Leckman PE, Deboutte D, Schwab-Stone M. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2002 October; 30(5): 529-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403155&dopt=Abstract
186 Suicide
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Extreme opposition to assisting suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(1): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11548818&dopt=Abstract
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Factors associated with anxiety, depression and suicide ideation in female outpatients with SLE in Japan. Author(s): Ishikura R, Morimoto N, Tanaka K, Kinukawa N, Yoshizawa S, Horiuchi T, Nakashima H, Otsuka T. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2001; 20(6): 394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11771521&dopt=Abstract
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Factors associated with suicide attempts in 648 patients with bipolar disorder in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. Author(s): Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Suppes T, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Denicoff KD, Obrocea G, Nolen WA, Kupka R, Walden J, Grunze H, Perez S, Luckenbaugh DA, Post RM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 May; 64(5): 506-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755652&dopt=Abstract
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Factors associated with the medical severity of suicide attempts in youths and young adults. Author(s): Swahn MH, Potter LB. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001; 32(1 Suppl): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924691&dopt=Abstract
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Factors in prison suicide: one year study in Texas. Author(s): He XY, Felthous AR, Holzer CE 3rd, Nathan P, Veasey S. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2001 July; 46(4): 896-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451074&dopt=Abstract
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Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: risk for suicidal behavior in offspring of mood-disordered suicide attempters. Author(s): Brent DA, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, Greenhill L, Kolko D, Stanley B, Zelazny J, Brodsky B, Bridge J, Ellis S, Salazar JO, Mann JJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 September; 59(9): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215079&dopt=Abstract
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Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case-control study. Author(s): Agerbo E, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 July 13; 325(7355): 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114236&dopt=Abstract
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Family food insufficiency, but not low family income, is positively associated with dysthymia and suicide symptoms in adolescents. Author(s): Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 April; 132(4): 719-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925467&dopt=Abstract
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Family history of suicide among suicide victims. Author(s): Runeson B, Asberg M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 August; 160(8): 1525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900320&dopt=Abstract
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Family history of suicide and neuroticism: a preliminary study. Author(s): Roy A. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 May 15; 110(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007597&dopt=Abstract
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Family matters: a social system perspective on physician-assisted suicide and the older adult. Author(s): King DA, Kim SY, Conwell Y. Source: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law : an Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law. 2000 June; 6(2): 43451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659118&dopt=Abstract
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Female equality and suicide in the Indian states. Author(s): Mayer P. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 June; 92(3 Pt 1): 1022-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841479&dopt=Abstract
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Festina lente: the road to prevention of death by suicide. Author(s): Collings S. Source: N Z Med J. 2003 June 6; 116(1175): U453. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838349&dopt=Abstract
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Fifteen year olds at risk of parasuicide or suicide: how can we identify them in general practice? Author(s): McNeill YL, Gillies ML, Wood SF. Source: Family Practice. 2002 October; 19(5): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356694&dopt=Abstract
188 Suicide
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Fifty years of prison suicide in Austria: does legislation have an impact? Author(s): Fruehwald S, Frottier P, Eher R, Ritter K, Aigner M. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Fall; 30(3): 272-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079639&dopt=Abstract
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Firearm availability and suicide, homicide, and unintentional firearm deaths among women. Author(s): Miller M, Azrael D, Hemenway D. Source: Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2002 March; 79(1): 26-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937613&dopt=Abstract
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Firearm availability and the use of firearms for suicide and homicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 998. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153880&dopt=Abstract
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Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths, suicide, and homicide among 5-14 year olds. Author(s): Miller M, Azrael D, Hemenway D. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 February; 52(2): 267-74; Discussion 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834986&dopt=Abstract
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Firearm-related suicide among young african-american males. Author(s): Joe S, Kaplan MS. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 March; 53(3): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875228&dopt=Abstract
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Firearms and suicide. Author(s): Thienhaus O. Source: The Harvard Mental Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2001 July; 18(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511456&dopt=Abstract
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Firearms and suicide. Author(s): Brent DA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 April; 932: 225-39; Discussion; 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411188&dopt=Abstract
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Firearms and suicide: the American experience, 1926-1996. Author(s): Cutright P, Fernquist RM. Source: Death Studies. 2000 December; 24(8): 705-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11503719&dopt=Abstract
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Five years of legal physician-assisted suicide in Oregon. Author(s): Hedberg K, Hopkins D, Kohn M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 961-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621146&dopt=Abstract
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Follow-up care after an attempted suicide. Author(s): Hughes H. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 November 17-23; 95(46): 50-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096887&dopt=Abstract
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Freud and the suicide of Pauline Silberstein. Author(s): Hamilton JW. Source: Psychoanalytic Review. 2002 December; 89(6): 889-909. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743943&dopt=Abstract
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Further comments on the nomenclature for suicide-related thoughts and behavior. Author(s): Dear G. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Summer; 31(2): 234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459256&dopt=Abstract
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Gate questions in psychiatric interviewing: the case of suicide assessment. Author(s): Barber ME, Marzuk PM, Leon AC, Portera L. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001 January-February; 35(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287058&dopt=Abstract
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Gender and physician-assisted suicide: an analysis of the Kevorkian cases, 1990-1997. Author(s): Canetto SS, Hollenshead JD. Source: Omega. 1999-2000; 40(1): 165-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577944&dopt=Abstract
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Gender differences in risk factors for suicide in Denmark. Author(s): Qin P, Agerbo E, Westergard-Nielsen N, Eriksson T, Mortensen PB. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2000 December; 177: 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104395&dopt=Abstract
190 Suicide
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Gender differences in self-reported minor mental disorder and its association with suicide. A 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew and Paisley cohort. Author(s): Gunnell D, Rasul F, Stansfeld SA, Hart CL, Davey Smith G. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 October; 37(10): 457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242623&dopt=Abstract
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Gender differences in suicide attempts from adolescence to young adulthood. Author(s): Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Baldwin CL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 April; 40(4): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314568&dopt=Abstract
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Gender, pain, and doctor involvement: high school student attitudes toward doctorassisted suicide. Author(s): Kaplan KJ, Bratman E. Source: Omega. 1999-2000; 40(1): 27-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577908&dopt=Abstract
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Gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma based on tumour-selective suicide gene expression using the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) enhancer and a housekeeping gene promoter. Author(s): Cao G, Kuriyama S, Gao J, Nakatani T, Chen Q, Yoshiji H, Zhao L, Kojima H, Dong Y, Fukui H, Hou J. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2001 January; 37(1): 140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11165141&dopt=Abstract
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Gene therapy for prostate cancer using the cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase suicide system. Author(s): Miyagi T, Koshida K, Hori O, Konaka H, Katoh H, Kitagawa Y, Mizokami A, Egawa M, Ogawa S, Hamada H, Namiki M. Source: The Journal of Gene Medicine. 2003 January; 5(1): 30-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516049&dopt=Abstract
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Gene therapy of glioblastomas: from suicide to homicide. Author(s): Tunici P, Gianni D, Finocchiaro G. Source: Prog Brain Res. 2001; 132: 711-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545030&dopt=Abstract
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Gene therapy targeting for hepatocellular carcinoma: selective and enhanced suicide gene expression regulated by a hypoxia-inducible enhancer linked to a human alphafetoprotein promoter. Author(s): Ido A, Uto H, Moriuchi A, Nagata K, Onaga Y, Onaga M, Hori T, Hirono S, Hayashi K, Tamaoki T, Tsubouchi H. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 April 1; 61(7): 3016-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306481&dopt=Abstract
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Gene transfer into human prostate adenocarcinoma cells with an adenoviral vector: Hyperthermia enhances a double suicide gene expression, cytotoxicity and radiotoxicity. Author(s): Lee YJ, Lee H, Borrelli MJ. Source: Cancer Gene Therapy. 2002 March; 9(3): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896443&dopt=Abstract
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General psychiatry and suicide prevention. Author(s): Cantor C. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 November; 179: 463-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689412&dopt=Abstract
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Genesis of suicide terrorism. Author(s): Atran S. Source: Science. 2003 March 7; 299(5612): 1534-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624256&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic risk factors and variation in European suicide rates. Author(s): Tunstall N. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 March; 180: 277; Author Reply 278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872523&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic risk factors and variation in European suicide rates. Author(s): Lester D, Kondrichin SV. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 March; 180: 277-8; Author Reply 278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872522&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic risk factors as possible causes of the variation in European suicide rates. Author(s): Marusic A, Farmer A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 September; 179: 194-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532794&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic variation in European suicide rates. Author(s): Hrdina P. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 October; 181: 350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356667&dopt=Abstract
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Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXXXIX. The influence of weather on suicide in Hong Kong. Author(s): Yan YY. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 October; 91(2): 571-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11065320&dopt=Abstract
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Geriatric suicide: helping the hopeless. Author(s): Nordberg M. Source: Emerg Med Serv. 2002 June; 31(6): 73-8, 84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078412&dopt=Abstract
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Getting closer to suicide prevention. Author(s): Isacsson G, Rich CL. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 May; 182: 457; Author Reply 457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724255&dopt=Abstract
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Gliclazide-induced hepatitis, hemiplegia and dysphasia in a suicide attempt. Author(s): Caksen H, Kendirci M, Tutus A, Uzum K, Kurtoglu S. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 September-October; 14(8): 1157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592575&dopt=Abstract
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Global suicide rates. Author(s): Levi F, La Vecchia C, Saraceno B. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2003 June; 13(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803405&dopt=Abstract
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GPs' role in the prevention of suicide in schizophrenia. Author(s): Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Tatarelli R. Source: Family Practice. 2002 June; 19(3): 221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978708&dopt=Abstract
Studies 193
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Group crisis intervention in a school setting following an attempted suicide. Author(s): Newman EC. Source: Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2000 Spring; 2(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232178&dopt=Abstract
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Group intervention for children bereaved by the suicide of a relative. Author(s): Pfeffer CR, Jiang H, Kakuma T, Hwang J, Metsch M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 May; 41(5): 505-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014782&dopt=Abstract
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Group intervention for widowed survivors of suicide. Author(s): Constantino RE, Sekula LK, Rubinstein EN. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Winter; 31(4): 428-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775718&dopt=Abstract
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Gun availability and use of guns for murder and suicide in Canada. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 December; 89(3): 624. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824727&dopt=Abstract
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Gun availability and use of guns for murder and suicide in Canada: a replication. Author(s): Bridges FS. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 June; 90(3 Pt 2): 1257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150414&dopt=Abstract
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Guttman scaling national laws on suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(2): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500896&dopt=Abstract
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Health care contacts before and after attempted suicide. Author(s): Suominen KH, Isometsa ET, Ostamo AI, Lonnqvist JK. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 February; 37(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931093&dopt=Abstract
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Health professionals, disability, and assisted suicide: an examination of relevant empirical evidence and reply to Batavia. Author(s): Gill CJ. Source: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law : an Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law. 2000 June; 6(2): 52645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661539&dopt=Abstract
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Heavy coffee drinking and the risk of suicide. Author(s): Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J, Viinamaki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(9): 789-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11297219&dopt=Abstract
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Help-seeking behavior prior to nearly lethal suicide attempts. Author(s): Barnes LS, Ikeda RM, Kresnow MJ. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001; 32(1 Suppl): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924697&dopt=Abstract
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High activity-related allele of MAO-A gene associated with depressed suicide in males. Author(s): Du L, Faludi G, Palkovits M, Sotonyi P, Bakish D, Hrdina PD. Source: Neuroreport. 2002 July 2; 13(9): 1195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151768&dopt=Abstract
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High anion gap metabolic acidosis in suicide: don't forget metformin intoxication-two patients' experiences. Author(s): Chang CT, Chen YC, Fang JT, Huang CC. Source: Renal Failure. 2002 September; 24(5): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380915&dopt=Abstract
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High Court throws out “suicide aid” case. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 27; 323(7319): 953. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679380&dopt=Abstract
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High serum cholesterol and suicide risk. Author(s): Terao T, Whale R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 May; 158(5): 824-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11329428&dopt=Abstract
Studies 195
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Higher expression of serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors in the postmortem brains of teenage suicide victims. Author(s): Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Pandey SC, Pesold C, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Tamminga CA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 March; 159(3): 419-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870006&dopt=Abstract
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Historical and Biblical references in physician-assisted suicide court opinions. Author(s): O'Mathuna DP, Amundsen DW. Source: Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy. 1999; 12(2): 473-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755091&dopt=Abstract
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Historical attitudes toward suicide. Author(s): Crone DM. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 7-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385301&dopt=Abstract
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Homicide and suicide risks associated with firearms in the home: a national casecontrol study. Author(s): Wiebe DJ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003 June; 41(6): 771-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12764330&dopt=Abstract
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Homicide or suicide? A jigsaw puzzle of incinerated human remains. Author(s): Buck AM, Cooke C, de la Motte P, Knott S. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2000 December 4-18; 173(11-12): 606-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379505&dopt=Abstract
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Hope and responsibility in clinical settings: two reflections on Jewish life and death. Looking to “the world to come” and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Feldman DM. Source: Update. 2001 March; 17(1): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887905&dopt=Abstract
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Household firearm ownership and suicide rates in the United States. Author(s): Miller M, Azrael D, Hemenway D. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 September; 13(5): 517-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192220&dopt=Abstract
196 Suicide
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How to deal with requests for assisted suicide: some experiences and practical guidelines from the Netherlands. Author(s): Kerkhof AJ. Source: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law : an Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law. 2000 June; 6(2): 45266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659119&dopt=Abstract
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How well informed are australian general practitioners about adolescent suicide? Implications for primary prevention. Author(s): Smith DI, Scoullar KM. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2001; 31(2): 169-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760861&dopt=Abstract
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Human prostate carcinoma cells as targets for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinasemediated suicide gene therapy. Author(s): Loimas S, Toppinen MR, Visakorpi T, Janne J, Wahlfors J. Source: Cancer Gene Therapy. 2001 February; 8(2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263529&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Fas-L-expressing apoptotic T lymphocytes in normal human peripheral blood : in vivo suicide. Author(s): De Panfilis G, Caruso A, Sansoni P, Pasolini G, Semenza D, Torresani C. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2001 February; 158(2): 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159176&dopt=Abstract
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Identifying and managing suicide risk in bipolar patients. Author(s): Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 25: 31-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765094&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging expression of adenoviral HSV1-tk suicide gene transfer using the nucleoside analogue FIRU. Author(s): Nanda D, de Jong M, Vogels R, Havenga M, Driesse M, Bakker W, Bijster M, Avezaat C, Cox P, Morin K, Naimi E, Knaus E, Wiebe L, Smitt PS. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 July; 29(7): 939-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212546&dopt=Abstract
Studies 197
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Immediate post intervention effects of two brief youth suicide prevention interventions. Author(s): Goldney RD. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Winter; 32(4): 454; Author Reply 4546. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501969&dopt=Abstract
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Immediate post intervention effects of two brief youth suicide prevention interventions. Author(s): Randell BP, Eggert LL, Pike KC. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Spring; 31(1): 41-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326768&dopt=Abstract
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Immune-dependent distant bystander effect after adenovirus-mediated suicide gene transfer in a rat model of liver colorectal metastasis. Author(s): Agard C, Ligeza C, Dupas B, Izembart A, El Kouri C, Moullier P, Ferry N. Source: Cancer Gene Therapy. 2001 February; 8(2): 128-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263528&dopt=Abstract
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Immunity to the alpha(1,3)galactosyl epitope provides protection in mice challenged with colon cancer cells expressing alpha(1,3)galactosyl-transferase: a novel suicide gene for cancer gene therapy. Author(s): Unfer RC, Hellrung D, Link CJ Jr. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 March 1; 63(5): 987-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615713&dopt=Abstract
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Immunologic potential of donor lymphocytes expressing a suicide gene for early immune reconstitution after hematopoietic T-cell-depleted stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Marktel S, Magnani Z, Ciceri F, Cazzaniga S, Riddell SR, Traversari C, Bordignon C, Bonini C. Source: Blood. 2003 February 15; 101(4): 1290-8. Epub 2002 October 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393508&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of an empowerment-based parent education program on the reduction of youth suicide risk factors. Author(s): Toumbourou JW, Gregg ME. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 September; 31(3): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225740&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of clozapine on completed suicide. Author(s): Sernyak MJ, Desai R, Stolar M, Rosenheck R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 June; 158(6): 931-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384902&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of overcrowding and legislational change on the incidence of suicide in custody experiences in Austria, 1967-1996. Author(s): Fruehwald S, Frottier P, Ritter K, Eher R, Gutierrez K. Source: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2002 March-April; 25(2): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071100&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of the Brady Act on homicide and suicide rates. Author(s): Bennett JA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 December 6; 284(21): 2720-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105170&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of the Brady Act on homicide and suicide rates. Author(s): Wintemute GJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 December 6; 284(21): 2719-20; Author Reply 2720-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105169&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of the Brady Act on homicide and suicide rates. Author(s): Blackman PH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 December 6; 284(21): 2719; Author Reply 2720-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105168&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of the Brady Act on homicide and suicide rates. Author(s): Kleck G, Marvell T. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 December 6; 284(21): 2718-9; Author Reply 2720-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105167&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of the Brady Act on homicide and suicide rates. Author(s): Lott JR Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 December 6; 284(21): 2718; Author Reply 2720-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105166&dopt=Abstract
Studies 199
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Improvements in the recognition and treatment of depression and decreasing suicide rates. Author(s): Joyce PR. Source: N Z Med J. 2001 December 14; 114(1145): 535-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833943&dopt=Abstract
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Improving general practitioners' assessment and management of suicide risk. Author(s): Paxton R, MacDonald F, Allott R, Mitford P, Proctor S, Smith M. Source: International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance Incorporating Leadership in Health Services. 2001; 14(2-3): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436749&dopt=Abstract
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Improving suicide risk assessment in a managed-care environment. Author(s): Brown GS, Jones ER, Betts E, Wu J. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(2): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880222&dopt=Abstract
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Impulsivity and aggression as predictors of suicide attempts in alcoholics. Author(s): Koller G, Preuss UW, Bottlender M, Wenzel K, Soyka M. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2002 August; 252(4): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242575&dopt=Abstract
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In their own words: oncology nurses respond to patient requests for assisted suicide and euthanasia. Author(s): Matzo ML, Schwarz JK. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2001 May; 14(2): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319701&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-based suicide gene therapy using replication defective herpes simplex virus-1 against leukemic B-cell malignancies (MCL, HCL, BCLL). Author(s): Misumi M, Suzuki T, Moriuchi S, Glorioso JC, Bessho M. Source: Leukemia Research. 2003 August; 27(8): 695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801527&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo demethylation of a MoMuLV retroviral vector expressing the herpes simplex thymidine kinase suicide gene by 5' azacytidine. Author(s): Di Ianni M, Terenzi A, Di Florio S, Venditti G, Benedetti R, Santucci A, Bartoli A, Fettucciari K, Marconi P, Rossi R, Martelli MF, Tabilio A. Source: Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio). 2000; 18(6): 415-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072029&dopt=Abstract
200 Suicide
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In vivo suicide gene therapy model using a newly discovered prostate-specific membrane antigen promoter/enhancer: a potential alternative approach to androgen deprivation therapy. Author(s): Uchida A, O'Keefe DS, Bacich DJ, Molloy PL, Heston WD. Source: Urology. 2001 August; 58(2 Suppl 1): 132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502468&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of completed and attempted suicide in Trabzon, Turkey. Author(s): Bilici M, Bekaroglu M, Hocaoglu C, Gurpinar S, Soylu C, Uluutku N. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(1): 3-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650216&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of suicide ideation and attempts in adults: the 13-year follow-up of a community sample in Baltimore, Maryland. Author(s): Kuo WH, Gallo JJ, Tien AY. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 October; 31(7): 1181-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681544&dopt=Abstract
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Increased suicide rate before and during the war in southwestern Croatia. Author(s): Bosnar A, Stemberg V, Zamolo G, Stifter S. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 May-June; 33(3): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031638&dopt=Abstract
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Increased suicide rate in the middle-aged and its association with hours of sunlight. Author(s): Lambert G, Reid C, Kaye D, Jennings G, Esler M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 April; 160(4): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668374&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing rates of suicide in Western Australian psychiatric patients: a record linkage study. Author(s): Lawrence D, Holman CD, Jablensky AV, Fuller SA, Stoney AJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 104(6): 443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782237&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing rural-urban gradients in US suicide mortality, 1970-1997. Author(s): Singh GK, Siahpush M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 July; 92(7): 1161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084702&dopt=Abstract
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Indicators of suicide over 10 years in a specialist mood disorders unit sample. Author(s): Gladstone GL, Mitchell PB, Parker G, Wilhelm K, Austin MP, Eyers K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 December; 62(12): 945-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780874&dopt=Abstract
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Indigenous suicide in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. Author(s): Hunter E, Harvey D. Source: Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, W.A.). 2002 March; 14(1): 14-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993831&dopt=Abstract
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Individualism and suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 826. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153856&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of cohort effects on patterns of suicide in England and Wales, 1950-1999. Author(s): Gunnell D, Middleton N, Whitley E, Dorling D, Frankel S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 February; 182: 164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562746&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of lack of full-time employment on attempted suicide in Manitoba, Canada. Author(s): Kraut A, Walld R. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2003 February; 29(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630431&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of psychiatric diagnoses on the relationship between suicide attempts and the menstrual cycle. Author(s): Baca-Garcia E, Diaz-Sastre C, Saiz-Ruiz J, de Leon J. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 May-June; 63(3): 509-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11382281&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of socio-economic crisis on epidemiological characteristic of suicide in the region of Nis (southeastern part of Serbia, Yugoslavia). Author(s): Petrovich B, Tiodorovich B, Kocich B, Cvetkovich M, Blagojevich L. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599694&dopt=Abstract
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Influences of the media on suicide. Author(s): Hawton K, Williams K. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 December 14; 325(7377): 1374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480830&dopt=Abstract
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Injury hospitalization and risks for subsequent self-injury and suicide: a national study from New Zealand. Author(s): Conner KR, Langley J, Tomaszewski KJ, Conwell Y. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 July; 93(7): 1128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835197&dopt=Abstract
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In-patient suicide in psychiatric hospitals. Author(s): Deisenhammer EA, DeCol C, Honeder M, Hinterhuber H, Fleischhacker WW. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 October; 102(4): 290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089729&dopt=Abstract
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Insertion of a suicide gene into an immortalized human hepatocyte cell line. Author(s): Kobayashi N, Noguchi H, Totsugawa T, Watanabe T, Matsumura T, Fujiwara T, Miyazaki M, Fukaya K, Namba M, Tanaka N. Source: Cell Transplantation. 2001; 10(4-5): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549056&dopt=Abstract
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Inside Suicide, Inc. Author(s): Dickey C. Source: Newsweek. 2002 April 15; 139(15): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975237&dopt=Abstract
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Instability of attitudes about euthanasia and physician assisted suicide in depressed older hospitalized patients. Author(s): Blank K, Robison J, Prigerson H, Schwartz HI. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2001 November-December; 23(6): 326-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738463&dopt=Abstract
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Integration of suicide prevention into outpatient management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sachs GS, Yan LJ, Swann AC, Allen MH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 25: 3-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765093&dopt=Abstract
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Intensity and duration of suicidal crises vary as a function of previous suicide attempts and negative life events. Author(s): Joiner TE Jr, Rudd MD. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000 October; 68(5): 909-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11068977&dopt=Abstract
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Internal current mark in a case of suicide by electrocution. Author(s): Anders S, Matschke J, Tsokos M. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2001 December; 22(4): 370-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764904&dopt=Abstract
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International meeting “Suicide: interplay of genes and environment”. Author(s): Marusic A, Khan M. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(2): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727899&dopt=Abstract
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Internet-observed suicide attempts. Author(s): Janson MP, Alessandrini ES, Strunjas SS, Shahab H, El-Mallakh R, Lippmann SB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 June; 62(6): 478. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465531&dopt=Abstract
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Interviewing suicide “decedents”: a fourth strategy for risk factor assessment. Author(s): O'Carroll PW, Crosby A, Mercy JA, Lee RK, Simon TR. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001; 32(1 Suppl): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924692&dopt=Abstract
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Intoxication, criminal offences and suicide attempts in a group of South African problem drinkers. Author(s): Allan A, Roberts MC, Allan MM, Pienaar WP, Stein DJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2001 February; 91(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288397&dopt=Abstract
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Intratumoral adenovirus-mediated suicide gene transfer for hepatic metastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma: results of a phase I clinical trial. Author(s): Sung MW, Yeh HC, Thung SN, Schwartz ME, Mandeli JP, Chen SH, Woo SL. Source: Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2001 September; 4(3): 182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11545608&dopt=Abstract
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Introduction (to a symposium on assisted suicide). Author(s): Koop CE. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 1-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385300&dopt=Abstract
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Is attempting suicide an adverse effect of oxybutynin in a child with enuresis nocturna? Author(s): Coskun S, Yuksel H, Onag A. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 October; 17(5): 398. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673723&dopt=Abstract
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Is evaluative research on youth suicide programs theory-driven? The Canadian experience. Author(s): Breton JJ, Boyer R, Bilodeau H, Raymond S, Joubert N, Nantel MA. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Summer; 32(2): 176-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079034&dopt=Abstract
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Is it possible to adapt to the suicide of a close individual? Results of a 10-year prospective follow-up study. Author(s): Saarinen PI, Hintikka J, Viinamaki H, Lehtonen J, Lonnqvist J. Source: The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2000 Autumn; 46(3): 182-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075630&dopt=Abstract
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Is occupation relevant in suicide? Author(s): Koskinen O, Pukkila K, Hakko H, Tiihonen J, Vaisanen E, Sarkioja T, Rasanen P. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 July; 70(2): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117632&dopt=Abstract
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Is physician-assisted suicide possible? Author(s): Dolan JM. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 355-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385313&dopt=Abstract
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Is suicide a disease? Author(s): Hassan R. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 November 19; 175(10): 554-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11795550&dopt=Abstract
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Is suicide contagious? A study of the relation between exposure to the suicidal behavior of others and nearly lethal suicide attempts. Author(s): Mercy JA, Kresnow MJ, O'Carroll PW, Lee RK, Powell KE, Potter LB, Swann AC, Frankowski RF, Bayer TL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 July 15; 154(2): 120-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447044&dopt=Abstract
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Is the Constitution a suicide pact? Author(s): Avila D. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 201-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385308&dopt=Abstract
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Is the time of suicide a random choice? A new statistical perspective. Author(s): Rocchi MB, Perlini C. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(4): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617480&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a causal association between suicide rates and the political leanings of government? Author(s): Blakely T, Collings S. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 October; 56(10): 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239188&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a relationship between Wolfram syndrome carrier status and suicide? Author(s): Crawford J, Zielinski MA, Fisher LJ, Sutherland GR, Goldney RD. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 April 8; 114(3): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920861&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a right to physician-assisted suicide? Author(s): Bleich JD. Source: Fordham Urban Law J. 1997 Summer; 24(4): 795-815. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455512&dopt=Abstract
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Islam and suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2000 October; 87(2): 692. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086626&dopt=Abstract
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Israeli minister orders hepatitis B vaccine for survivors of suicide bomb attacks. Author(s): Siegel-Itzkovich J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 August 25; 323(7310): 417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520831&dopt=Abstract
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Jail suicide risk despite denial (or: when actions speak louder than words). Author(s): Hayes LM. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(1): 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11548821&dopt=Abstract
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Joint heavy use of alcohol, cigarettes and coffee and the risk of suicide. Author(s): Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J, Viinamaki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2000 November; 95(11): 1699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219373&dopt=Abstract
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Joint heavy use of alcohol, cigarettes and coffee and the risk of suicide. Author(s): Jones JN, McBride A. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2001 August; 96(8): 1214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521672&dopt=Abstract
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Justifying assisted suicide: comments on the ongoing debate. Author(s): Urofsky MI. Source: Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy. 2000; 14(2): 893-943. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705271&dopt=Abstract
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KDR promoter can transcriptionally target cytosine deaminase suicide gene to cancer cells of nonendothelial origin. Author(s): Szary J, Kalita K, Przybyszewska M, Dus D, Kieda C, Janik P, Szala S. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 3471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848511&dopt=Abstract
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Keeping our readers informed--euthanasia and assisted suicide in The Netherlands. Author(s): Kerkhof AJ, Connolly J. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11548812&dopt=Abstract
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Kinetics of cell death in T lymphocytes genetically modified with two novel suicide fusion genes. Author(s): Junker K, Koehl U, Zimmerman S, Stein S, Schwabe D, Klingebiel T, Grez M. Source: Gene Therapy. 2003 July; 10(14): 1189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833128&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of an association between 5-HT1A receptor gene structural polymorphisms and suicide victims. Author(s): Nishiguchi N, Shirakawa O, Ono H, Nishimura A, Nushida H, Ueno Y, Maeda K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 May 8; 114(4): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992564&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association of serotonin-2A receptor gene polymorphism (T102C) with suicidal ideation and suicide. Author(s): Bondy B, Kuznik J, Baghai T, Schule C, Zwanzger P, Minov C, de Jonge S, Rupprecht R, Meyer H, Engel RR, Eisenmenger W, Ackenheil M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 December 4; 96(6): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121191&dopt=Abstract
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Laws and practices relating to euthanasia and assisted suicide in 34 countries of the Council of Europe and the USA. Author(s): Mackellar C. Source: European Journal of Health Law. 2003 March; 10(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908208&dopt=Abstract
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Lay theories of suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 February; 88(1): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293026&dopt=Abstract
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Learnings from Durkheim and beyond: the economy and suicide. Author(s): Lester BY. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Spring; 31(1): 15-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326766&dopt=Abstract
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Legal/legislative issues in euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Grant E. Source: Cathol Lawyer. 1995; 36(3): 357-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186080&dopt=Abstract
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Legalising active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Denying people voluntary euthanasia causes unnecessary suffering. Author(s): Davies J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 6; 324(7341): 847. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936159&dopt=Abstract
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Legalising active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Patients need medical help to live with dignity until they die naturally. Author(s): Davis A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 6; 324(7341): 846. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936158&dopt=Abstract
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Legalising active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Strong evidence base must be adduced for euthanasia. Author(s): Barratt P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 6; 324(7341): 847. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936157&dopt=Abstract
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Legalising active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Assisted suicide is not always as easy as suggested. Author(s): Oliver D, Fisher J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 6; 324(7341): 846. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934782&dopt=Abstract
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Legalising active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. People's autonomy is not absolute. Author(s): Savage M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 6; 324(7341): 846. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936154&dopt=Abstract
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Legalising active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Seeking this presumed moral good is immoral. Author(s): Rivett AG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 6; 324(7341): 846-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936155&dopt=Abstract
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Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon, 1998-2000. Author(s): Sullivan AD, Hedberg K, Hopkins D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 February 22; 344(8): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11221623&dopt=Abstract
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Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon, 2001. Author(s): Hedberg K, Hopkins D, Southwick K. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 February 7; 346(6): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832537&dopt=Abstract
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Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon. Author(s): Woodruff R. Source: Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2002 June; 5(3): 445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133255&dopt=Abstract
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Legislative activity: physician-assisted suicide under managed care. Author(s): Calandrillo SP. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 1998 Spring; 26(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11067589&dopt=Abstract
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Lessons from a comprehensive clinical audit of users of psychiatric services who committed suicide. Author(s): Burgess P, Pirkis J, Morton J, Croke E. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2000 December; 51(12): 1555-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097653&dopt=Abstract
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Lethality of firearms relative to other suicide methods: a population based study. Author(s): Shenassa ED, Catlin SN, Buka SL. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 February; 57(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540687&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of serotonin receptor 2A higher in suicide victims? Author(s): Hrdina PD, Du L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 January; 158(1): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11136659&dopt=Abstract
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Life events preceding suicide by young people. Author(s): Cooper J, Appleby L, Amos T. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 June; 37(6): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111032&dopt=Abstract
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Life satisfaction and suicide: a 20-year follow-up study. Author(s): Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Honkanen R, Viinamaki H, Heikkila K, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 March; 158(3): 433-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229985&dopt=Abstract
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Lifetime physical and sexual abuse, substance abuse, depression, and suicide attempts among Native American women. Author(s): Bohn DK. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2003 April-May; 24(3): 333-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623689&dopt=Abstract
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Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: results from NHANES III. Author(s): Cochran SD, Mays VM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 April; 90(4): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10754972&dopt=Abstract
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Lines of evidence on the risks of suicide with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Author(s): Healy D. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2003 March-April; 72(2): 71-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601224&dopt=Abstract
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Ling's death: an ethnography of a Chinese woman's suicide. Author(s): Pearson V, Liu M. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Winter; 32(4): 347-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501960&dopt=Abstract
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Links between past abuse, suicide ideation, and sexual orientation among San Diego college students. Author(s): Garcia J, Adams J, Friedman L, East P. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 2002 July; 51(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222848&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium treatment and suicide risk in major affective disorders: update and new findings. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 5: 44-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720484&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium: poisonings and suicide prevention. Author(s): Montagnon F, Said S, Lepine JP. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2002 April; 17(2): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973117&dopt=Abstract
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Live through this.physician assisted suicide. Author(s): Newman J. Source: Seton Hall Legis J. 1997; 21(2): 535-66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863020&dopt=Abstract
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Localized decrease in serotonin transporter-immunoreactive axons in the prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects committing suicide. Author(s): Austin MC, Whitehead RE, Edgar CL, Janosky JE, Lewis DA. Source: Neuroscience. 2002; 114(3): 807-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220580&dopt=Abstract
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Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide: a population-wide study. Author(s): Stravynski A, Boyer R. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Spring; 31(1): 32-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326767&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term risk factors for suicide mortality after attempted suicide--findings of a 14year follow-up study. Author(s): Suokas J, Suominen K, Isometsa E, Ostamo A, Lonnqvist J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 104(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473505&dopt=Abstract
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Loss by suicide. A risk factor for suicidal behavior. Author(s): Krysinska KE. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2003 July; 41(7): 3441. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875181&dopt=Abstract
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Love and achievement motives in women's and men's suicide notes. Author(s): Canetto SS, Lester D. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 2002 September; 136(5): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431040&dopt=Abstract
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Low CSF 5-HIAA level in high-lethality suicide attempters: fact or artifact? Author(s): Franke L, Uebelhack R, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 August 15; 52(4): 375-6; Author Reply 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208646&dopt=Abstract
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Low serum cholesterol concentration and risk of suicide. Author(s): Ellison LF, Morrison HI. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 March; 12(2): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246576&dopt=Abstract
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Lower suicide risk with long-term lithium treatment in major affective illness: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Tondo L, Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 104(3): 163-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531653&dopt=Abstract
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Madness, suicide and the Victorian asylum: attempted self-murder in the age of nonrestraint. Author(s): Shepherd A, Wright D. Source: Medical History. 2002 April; 46(2): 175-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024807&dopt=Abstract
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Major demographic, social and economic factors associated to suicide rates in Latvia 1980-98. Author(s): Rancans E, Salander Renberg E, Jacobsson L. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 103(4): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328241&dopt=Abstract
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Major depression: does a gender-based down-rating of suicide risk challenge its diagnostic validity? Author(s): Blair-West GW, Mellsop GW. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 June; 35(3): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437805&dopt=Abstract
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Male depression and suicide. Author(s): Walinder J, Rutzt W. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 March; 16 Suppl 2: S21-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349757&dopt=Abstract
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Male suicide mortality in eastern Finland--urban-rural changes during a 10-year period between 1988 and 1997. Author(s): Pesonen TM, Hintikka J, Karkola KO, Saarinen PI, Antikainen M, Lehtonen J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2001 September; 29(3): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11680770&dopt=Abstract
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Managed care, assisted suicide, and vulnerable populations. Author(s): Kaveny MC. Source: Notre Dame Law Rev. 1998 May; 73(5): 1275-310. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647748&dopt=Abstract
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Management of suicide attempts in Italy and Sweden. A comparison of services offered to consecutive samples of suicide attempters. Author(s): Runeson B, Scocco P, DeLeo D, Meneghel G, Wasserman D. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2000 November-December; 22(6): 432-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072059&dopt=Abstract
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Many helping hearts: an evaluation of peer gatekeeper training in suicide risk assessment. Author(s): Stuart C, Waalen JK, Haelstromm E. Source: Death Studies. 2003 May; 27(4): 321-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749377&dopt=Abstract
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Maori suicide prevention in New Zealand. Author(s): Coupe NM. Source: Pac Health Dialog. 2000 March; 7(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709877&dopt=Abstract
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Marital status and suicide: some common methodological problems. Author(s): Cheung YB, Yip PS. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 November; 54(11): 878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203342&dopt=Abstract
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Mass media and suicide. Author(s): Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Tatarelli R. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 February; 37(1): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534666&dopt=Abstract
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Mass media, cultural attitudes, and suicide. Results of an international comparative study. Author(s): Fekete S, Schmidtke A, Takahashi Y, Etzersdorfer E, Upanne M, Osvath P. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(4): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848661&dopt=Abstract
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Mass suicide: a possible interpretive model. Author(s): Mancinelli I, Comparelli A, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2000 October; 45(8): 765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086566&dopt=Abstract
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Mass suicide: historical and psychodynamic considerations. Author(s): Mancinelli I, Comparelli A, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Spring; 32(1): 91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931014&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of cell death induced by suicide genes encoding purine nucleoside phosphorylase and thymidine kinase in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. Author(s): Krohne TU, Shankara S, Geissler M, Roberts BL, Wands JR, Blum HE, Mohr L. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2001 September; 34(3): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526536&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of conversion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 from a suicide inhibitor to a substrate by monoclonal antibodies. Author(s): Komissarov AA, Declerck PJ, Shore JD. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 November 15; 277(46): 43858-65. Epub 2002 September 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223472&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanistic basis for suicide inactivation of porphobilinogen synthase by 4,7dioxosebacic acid, an inhibitor that shows dramatic species selectivity. Author(s): Kervinen J, Jaffe EK, Stauffer F, Neier R, Wlodawer A, Zdanov A. Source: Biochemistry. 2001 July 27; 40(28): 8227-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444968&dopt=Abstract
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Media coverage as a risk factor in suicide. Author(s): Stack S. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 April; 57(4): 238-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646535&dopt=Abstract
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Media coverage as a risk factor in suicide. Author(s): Stack S. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 2002 December; 8 Suppl 4: Iv30-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460954&dopt=Abstract
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Media influence on suicide. Media influence behaviour. Author(s): Hardyman R, Leydon G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 1; 326(7387): 498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617071&dopt=Abstract
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Media influence on suicide. Media's role is double edged. Author(s): Chan KP, Lee DT, Yip PS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 1; 326(7387): 498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617072&dopt=Abstract
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Media influence on suicide. Television programme makers have an ethical responsibility. Author(s): Howe A, Owen-Smith V, Richardson J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 1; 326(7387): 498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609951&dopt=Abstract
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Mediating effects of an indicated prevention program for reducing youth depression and suicide risk behaviors. Author(s): Thompson EA, Eggert LL, Herting JR. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Fall; 30(3): 252-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079638&dopt=Abstract
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Medical conditions and nearly lethal suicide attempts. Author(s): Ikeda RM, Kresnow MJ, Mercy JA, Powell KE, Simon TR, Potter LB, Durant TM, Swahn MH. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001; 32(1 Suppl): 60-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924696&dopt=Abstract
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Mental health professionals' determinations of adolescent suicide attempts. Author(s): Wagner BM, Wong SA, Jobes DA. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Fall; 32(3): 284-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374474&dopt=Abstract
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Mental illness, physical illness, and the legalization of physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Moskowitz EH. Source: Fordham Urban Law J. 1997 Summer; 24(4): 781-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455511&dopt=Abstract
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Methioninase cancer gene therapy with selenomethionine as suicide prodrug substrate. Author(s): Miki K, Xu M, Gupta A, Ba Y, Tan Y, Al-Refaie W, Bouvet M, Makuuchi M, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 September 15; 61(18): 6805-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559554&dopt=Abstract
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Method availability and the prevention of suicide--a re-analysis of secular trends in England and Wales 1950-1975. Author(s): Gunnell D, Middleton N, Frankel S. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2000 October; 35(10): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127717&dopt=Abstract
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Method choice, intent, and gender in completed suicide. Author(s): Denning DG, Conwell Y, King D, Cox C. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Fall; 30(3): 282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079640&dopt=Abstract
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Methodological issues in assisted suicide and euthanasia research. Author(s): Rosenfeld B. Source: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law : an Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law. 2000 June; 6(2): 55974. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661541&dopt=Abstract
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Methodological issues in community surveys of suicide ideators and attempters. Author(s): Burless C, De Leo D. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(3): 109-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831598&dopt=Abstract
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Methodological limitations of the study “Isotretinoin use and risk of depression, psychotic symptoms, suicide, and attempted suicide”. Author(s): Wysowski DK, Beitz J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 August; 137(8): 1102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493109&dopt=Abstract
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Methods and consequences of suicide attempts among Australian students. Author(s): Schweitzer R, McLean J, Cvetkovich L, Rose D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 February; 34(1): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185938&dopt=Abstract
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Misclassification of suicide-the contribution of opiates. Author(s): Cantor C, McTaggart P, De Leo D. Source: Psychopathology. 2001 May-June; 34(3): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316960&dopt=Abstract
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Misconceived sources of opposition to physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Brock DW. Source: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law : an Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law. 2000 June; 6(2): 30513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659104&dopt=Abstract
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Mitochondria--the suicide organelles. Author(s): Ferri KF, Kroemer G. Source: Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology. 2001 February; 23(2): 111-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169582&dopt=Abstract
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Modelling suicide risk in affective disorders. Author(s): Boardman AP, Healy D. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 November; 16(7): 400-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728852&dopt=Abstract
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Modelling the impact of clozapine on suicide in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia in the UK. Author(s): Duggan A, Warner J, Knapp M, Kerwin R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 June; 182: 505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777341&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular identification by “suicide PCR” of Yersinia pestis as the agent of medieval black death. Author(s): Raoult D, Aboudharam G, Crubezy E, Larrouy G, Ludes B, Drancourt M. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000 November 7; 97(23): 12800-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058154&dopt=Abstract
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Monthly variation in suicide is still strong in the USA. Author(s): Lester D. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 October; 179: 370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11581126&dopt=Abstract
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Mood disorders and suicide. Author(s): Nierenberg AA, Gray SM, Grandin LD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 25: 27-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765092&dopt=Abstract
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Morals, suicide, and psychiatry: a view from Japan. Author(s): Young J. Source: Bioethics. 2002 September; 16(5): 412-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472089&dopt=Abstract
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More than spice: capsaicin in hot chili peppers makes tumor cells commit suicide. Author(s): Surh YJ. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2002 September 4; 94(17): 1263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208886&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality and political climate: how suicide rates have risen during periods of Conservative government, 1901-2000. Author(s): Shaw M, Dorling D, Smith GD. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 October; 56(10): 723-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239189&dopt=Abstract
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MRI correlates of suicide attempt history in unipolar depression. Author(s): Ahearn EP, Jamison KR, Steffens DC, Cassidy F, Provenzale JM, Lehman A, Weisler RH, Carroll BJ, Krishnan KR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 August 15; 50(4): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522261&dopt=Abstract
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mRNA and protein expression of selective alpha subunits of G proteins are abnormal in prefrontal cortex of suicide victims. Author(s): Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Tamminga CA, Pandey GN. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 October; 27(4): 499-517. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377388&dopt=Abstract
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MSJAMA. Legal status of physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Batlle JC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 7; 289(17): 2279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734142&dopt=Abstract
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MSJAMA. Moral and practical challenges of physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Lorenz K, Lynn J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 7; 289(17): 2282. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734143&dopt=Abstract
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MSJAMA. Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Rajkumar R. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 7; 289(17): 2278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734141&dopt=Abstract
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MSJAMA. The legal and political future of physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Palmer LI. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 7; 289(17): 2283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734144&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple sclerosis, depression, and the risk of suicide. Author(s): Caine ED, Schwid SR. Source: Neurology. 2002 September 10; 59(5): 662-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221154&dopt=Abstract
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Murder-suicide in New Hampshire, 1995-2000. Author(s): Campanelli C, Gilson T. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2002 September; 23(3): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198350&dopt=Abstract
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Musical creativity and suicide. Author(s): Preti A, De Biasi F, Miotto P. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 December; 89(3): 719-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824743&dopt=Abstract
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Myths & facts. about suicide. Author(s): Thobaben M. Source: Nursing. 2000 October; 30(10): 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096977&dopt=Abstract
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Narcissistic revenge and suicide: the case of Yukio Mishima. Part II. Author(s): Piven J. Source: Psychoanalytic Review. 2002 February; 89(1): 49-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058562&dopt=Abstract
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National character and rates of suicide and homicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 August; 91(1): 192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353780&dopt=Abstract
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National ratings of happiness, suicide, and homicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 758. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530719&dopt=Abstract
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National Service Framework and suicide. Author(s): Salib E. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 March; 178: 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230044&dopt=Abstract
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National strategy for suicide prevention in Japan. Author(s): Ueda K, Matsumoto Y. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 8; 361(9360): 882. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642084&dopt=Abstract
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Nations' rated individualism and suicide and homicide rates. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 April; 92(2): 426. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785623&dopt=Abstract
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Neighborhood predictors of hopelessness among adolescent suicide attempters: preliminary investigation. Author(s): Perez-Smith A, Spirito A, Boergers J. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Summer; 32(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079030&dopt=Abstract
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Networking to support suicide survivors. Author(s): De Fauw N, Andriessen K. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809150&dopt=Abstract
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Neural network identification of high-risk suicide patients. Author(s): Modai I, Kurs R, Ritsner M, Oklander S, Silver H, Segal A, Goldberg I, Mendel S. Source: Medical Informatics and the Internet in Medicine. 2002 March; 27(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509122&dopt=Abstract
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Neurobehavioural and cognitive profile of traumatic brain injury patients at risk for depression and suicide. Author(s): Leon-Carrion J, De Serdio-Arias ML, Cabezas FM, Roldan JM, DominguezMorales R, Martin JM, Sanchez MA. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2001 February; 15(2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260767&dopt=Abstract
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Neurocognitive performance does not correlate with suicidality in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients at risk for suicide. Author(s): Potkin SG, Anand R, Alphs L, Fleming K. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2003 January 1; 59(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413643&dopt=Abstract
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Neurodegenerative diseases, suicide and depressive symptoms in relation to EMF. Author(s): Ahlbom A. Source: Bioelectromagnetics. 2001; Suppl 5: S132-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11170123&dopt=Abstract
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Neuron specific enolase promoter for suicide gene therapy in small cell lung carcinoma. Author(s): Tanaka M, Inase N, Miyake S, Yoshizawa Y. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 January-February; 21(1A): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11299750&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropathological findings associated with retained lead shot pellets in a man surviving two months after a suicide attempt. Author(s): Malandrini A, Villanova M, Salvadori C, Gambelli S, Berti G, Di Paolo M. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2001 May; 46(3): 717-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373015&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropsychological dysfunction in depressed suicide attempters. Author(s): Keilp JG, Sackeim HA, Brodsky BS, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, Mann JJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 May; 158(5): 735-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11329395&dopt=Abstract
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Neurotic symptoms, stress, or deprivation: which is most closely associated with incidence of suicide? An ecological study of English Health Authorities. Author(s): Bartlett CJ, Gunnell D, Harrison G, Moore L. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 August; 32(6): 1131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214793&dopt=Abstract
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Neurotransmitter receptor-mediated activation of G-proteins in brains of suicide victims with mood disorders: selective supersensitivity of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors. Author(s): Gonzalez-Maeso J, Rodriguez-Puertas R, Meana JJ, Garcia-Sevilla JA, Guimon J. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(7): 755-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192620&dopt=Abstract
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New developments in Dutch legislation concerning euthanasia and physicianassisted suicide. Author(s): Gordijn B, Janssens R. Source: The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2001 June; 26(3): 299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445884&dopt=Abstract
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New research addresses the wrenching question left when someone ends his or her own life. Why? The neuroscience of suicide. Author(s): Ezzell C. Source: Scientific American. 2003 February; 288(2): 44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561457&dopt=Abstract
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Nightmares as predictors of suicide. Author(s): Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J, Viinamaki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P. Source: Sleep. 2001 November 1; 24(7): 844-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683487&dopt=Abstract
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No easy answer to high native suicide rates. Author(s): Ferry J. Source: Lancet. 2000 March 11; 355(9207): 906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752714&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence for association of 5-HT2A receptor polymorphism with suicide. Author(s): Crawford J, Sutherland GR, Goldney RD. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 December 4; 96(6): 879-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121203&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence of an association between 5HT1B receptor gene polymorphism and suicide victims in a Japanese population. Author(s): Nishiguchi N, Shirakawa O, Ono H, Nishimura A, Nushida H, Ueno Y, Maeda K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 May 8; 105(4): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378847&dopt=Abstract
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No right to assisted suicide. Author(s): Keown J. Source: The Cambridge Law Journal. 2002 March; 61(1): 8-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630386&dopt=Abstract
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No suicide contracts are 'potentially dangerous'. Author(s): Farrow T. Source: Nurs N Z. 2000 October; 6(9): 3-4; Author Reply 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12012537&dopt=Abstract
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Non-accidental carbon monoxide poisoning from burning charcoal in attempted combined homicide-suicide. Author(s): Lee AC, Ou Y, Lam SY, So KT, Kam CW. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2002 October; 38(5): 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354262&dopt=Abstract
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Non-physician assisted suicide: the technological imperative of the deathing counterculture. Author(s): Ogden RD. Source: Death Studies. 2001 July-August; 25(5): 387-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806409&dopt=Abstract
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No-suicide agreements: high school students' perspectives. Author(s): Myers SS, Range LM. Source: Death Studies. 2002 December; 26(10): 851-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440425&dopt=Abstract
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No-suicide contracts among college students. Author(s): Buelow G, Range LM. Source: Death Studies. 2001 October; 25(7): 583-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11813707&dopt=Abstract
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No-suicide contracts: an overview and recommendations. Author(s): Range LM, Campbell C, Kovac SH, Marion-Jones M, Aldridge H, Kogos S, Crump Y. Source: Death Studies. 2002 January; 26(1): 51-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865883&dopt=Abstract
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Nurse-assisted suicide: not an answer in end-of-life care. Author(s): King P, Jordan-Welch M. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 45-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735074&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses' and social workers' experience with patients who requested assistance with suicide. Author(s): Polowetzky D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 19; 347(25): 2082-3; Author Reply 2082-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494939&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses' and social workers' experience with patients who requested assistance with suicide. Author(s): Haley WE, McMillan SC, Schonwetter RS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 19; 347(25): 2082-3; Author Reply 2082-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490697&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses and suicide: the risk is real. Author(s): Belanger D. Source: Rn. 2000 October; 63(10): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11062669&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses' grief reactions to a patient's suicide. Author(s): Valente SM, Saunders JM. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2002 January-March; 38(1): 5-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939086&dopt=Abstract
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NuTech and non-physician assisted suicide: a reply to Werth. Author(s): Ogden RD. Source: Death Studies. 2001 July-August; 25(5): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806411&dopt=Abstract
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Odds ratios for suicide attempts among gay and bisexual men. Author(s): Pierce B. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 June; 93(6): 857; Author Reply 857-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773335&dopt=Abstract
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Of doctor-patient sex and assisted suicide. Author(s): Barilan YM. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 June; 5(6): 460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841029&dopt=Abstract
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Old folks on the slippery slope: elderly patients and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Kapp MB. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 443-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385317&dopt=Abstract
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Omission of suicide data. Author(s): Simon GE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 November; 158(11): 1934; Author Reply 1935. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11691716&dopt=Abstract
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Omission of suicide data. Author(s): Kuo WH, Gallo JJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 November; 158(11): 1934-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11691715&dopt=Abstract
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On physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Chan RJ. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 2002 Spring; 65(2): 49-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099117&dopt=Abstract
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On the birth of a suicide prevention strategy and the death of suicidology. Author(s): Connolly J. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(4): 143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617477&dopt=Abstract
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On the meaning and impact of the physician-assisted suicide cases. Author(s): Kamisar Y. Source: Minn Law Rev. 1998 April; 82(4): 895-922. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865915&dopt=Abstract
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One-year prevalence of death thoughts, suicide ideation and behaviours in an elderly population. Author(s): Scocco P, De Leo D. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 September; 17(9): 842-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221658&dopt=Abstract
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Open revolver cylinder at the suicide death scene. Author(s): Wetli CV, Krivosta G, Sturiano JV. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2002 September; 23(3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198346&dopt=Abstract
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Open verdict v. suicide - importance to research. Author(s): Linsley KR, Schapira K, Kelly TP. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 May; 178: 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331564&dopt=Abstract
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Opera subculture and suicide for honor. Author(s): Stack S. Source: Death Studies. 2002 June; 26(5): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046619&dopt=Abstract
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Oregon's guidelines for physician-assisted suicide: a legal and ethical analysis. Author(s): O'Brien CN, Madek GA, Ferrera GR. Source: Univ Pittsbg Law Rev. 2000 Winter; 61(2): 329-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625322&dopt=Abstract
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Origins of the desire for euthanasia and assisted suicide in people with HIV-1 or AIDS: a qualitative study. Author(s): Lavery JV, Boyle J, Dickens BM, Maclean H, Singer PA. Source: Lancet. 2001 August 4; 358(9279): 362-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502315&dopt=Abstract
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Overcoming barriers to suicide risk management. Author(s): Valente S. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2002 July; 40(7): 2233. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136513&dopt=Abstract
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Overview of existing research and information linking isotretinoin (accutane), depression, psychosis, and suicide. Author(s): O'Donnell J. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 March-April; 10(2): 148-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629595&dopt=Abstract
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Owning their expertise: why nurses use 'no suicide contracts' rather than their own assessments. Author(s): Farrow TL. Source: International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2002 December; 11(4): 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664451&dopt=Abstract
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Palliative sedation vs. assisted suicide. Author(s): Quillen T. Source: Nursing. 2002 May; 32(5): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035636&dopt=Abstract
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Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat): increased risk of suicide in pediatric patients. Author(s): Wooltorton E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 September 2; 169(5): 446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952810&dopt=Abstract
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Patient-physician discussions about physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Kaldjian LC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 August 15; 286(7): 788-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497526&dopt=Abstract
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Patients' needs during the year after a suicide attempt. A secondary analysis of a randomised controlled intervention study. Author(s): Cedereke M, Ojehagen A. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 August; 37(8): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195542&dopt=Abstract
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People should not have to resort to assisted suicide. Author(s): Scott H. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2003 February 13-26; 12(3): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610366&dopt=Abstract
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Perceived income inequality and suicide rates in Central/Eastern European countries and Western countries, 1990-1993. Author(s): Fernquist RM. Source: Death Studies. 2003 January; 27(1): 63-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508828&dopt=Abstract
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Peripubertal suicide attempts in offspring of suicide attempters with siblings concordant for suicidal behavior. Author(s): Brent DA, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, Greenhill L, Kolko D, Stanley B, Zelazny J, Brodsky B, Firinciogullari S, Ellis SP, Mann JJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 August; 160(8): 1486-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900312&dopt=Abstract
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Personhood, dignity, suicide, and euthanasia. Author(s): Lee P. Source: Natl Cathol Bioeth Q. 2001 Autumn; 1(3): 329-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866523&dopt=Abstract
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Phase I study of replication-competent adenovirus-mediated double suicide gene therapy for the treatment of locally recurrent prostate cancer. Author(s): Freytag SO, Khil M, Stricker H, Peabody J, Menon M, DePeralta-Venturina M, Nafziger D, Pegg J, Paielli D, Brown S, Barton K, Lu M, Aguilar-Cordova E, Kim JH. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 September 1; 62(17): 4968-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208748&dopt=Abstract
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Physician and family assisted suicide: results from a study of public attitudes in Britain. Author(s): O'Neill C, Feenan D, Hughes C, McAlister DA. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 August; 57(4): 721-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821019&dopt=Abstract
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Physician assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia: some relevant differences. Author(s): Deigh J. Source: The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. 1998 Spring; 88(3): 1155-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455525&dopt=Abstract
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Physician assisted suicide: a constitutional crisis resolved. Author(s): Robinson JH. Source: Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy. 1999; 12(2): 369-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755088&dopt=Abstract
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Physician assisted suicide--an update. Author(s): Moore S. Source: Oreg Nurse. 1999 February; 64(1): 18-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024372&dopt=Abstract
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Physician assisted suicide--sympathy and skepticism. Author(s): Gillon R. Source: Univ Detroit Mercy Law Rev. 1998 Spring; 75(3): 499-513. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627567&dopt=Abstract
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Physician cooperation in patient suicide. Author(s): Miech RP. Source: Ethics Medics. 1999 July; 24(7): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201297&dopt=Abstract
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Physician suicide. Author(s): Petry JJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 May; 109(6): 2171; Author Reply 2171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994651&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide and palliative care: beliefs and empiricism in the policy debate. Author(s): Schwartz HI, Curry L. Source: Conn Med. 2002 November; 66(11): 699-702. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476513&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide in Oregon: what are the key factors? Author(s): Wineberg H, Werth JL Jr. Source: Death Studies. 2003 July; 27(6): 501-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814130&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide in the context of managed care. Author(s): Wolf SM. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 455-79. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385318&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide legislation: issues and preliminary responses. Author(s): Korobkin R. Source: Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy. 1999; 12(2): 449-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755090&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide permits dignity in dying. Oregon takes on attorney general Ashcroft. Author(s): Manuel CE. Source: The Journal of Legal Medicine. 2002 December; 23(4): 563-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501840&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide, medical ethics, and the future of the medical profession. Author(s): Kass LR, Lund N. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 395-425. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385315&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Coughennower M. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 2003 March-April; 26(2): 55-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682525&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Dunn RW. Source: Ann R Coll Physicians Surg Can. 1999 December; 32(8): 458; Author Reply 458-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378712&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Ney PG. Source: Ann R Coll Physicians Surg Can. 1999 December; 32(8): 458; Author Reply 458-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378711&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Verhoef MJ, Kinsella TD. Source: Ann R Coll Physicians Surg Can. 1999 December; 32(8): 458-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378710&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Girsh F. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 August 6; 137(3): 216-7; Author Reply 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160374&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): de Torrente A. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 August 6; 137(3): 216-7; Author Reply 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160373&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Leeman CP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 August 6; 137(3): 216-7; Author Reply 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160372&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide: a conservative critique of intervention. Author(s): Lee DE. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 2003 January-February; 33(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613383&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide: a current legal perspective. Author(s): Myers RS. Source: Natl Cathol Bioeth Q. 2001 Autumn; 1(3): 345-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866524&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide: new protocol for a rightful death. Author(s): O'Brien CN, Madek GA. Source: Neb Law Rev. 1998; 77(2): 229-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769108&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide: the Hippocratic dilemma. Author(s): Bussey R. Source: Thurgood Marshall Law Rev. 1997 Spring; 22(2): 253-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778912&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide: the problems presented by the compelling, heartwrenching case. Author(s): Kamisar Y. Source: The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. 1998 Spring; 88(3): 1121-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455523&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide: the Supreme Court's wary rejection. Author(s): Bourguignon HJ, Martyn SR. Source: Univ Toledo Law Rev. 2000 Winter; 31(2): 253-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625320&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide--Michigan's temporary solution. Author(s): Annas GJ. Source: Ohio North Univ Law Rev. 1994; 20(3): 561-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199241&dopt=Abstract
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Physicians' decisions about patient capacity: the Trojan horse of physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Martyn SR, Bourguignon HJ. Source: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law : an Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law. 2000 June; 6(2): 388401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659116&dopt=Abstract
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Political regime and suicide: some relevant variables to be considered. Author(s): Stack S. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 October; 56(10): 727. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239191&dopt=Abstract
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Positron emission tomography of regional brain metabolic responses to a serotonergic challenge and lethality of suicide attempts in major depression. Author(s): Oquendo MA, Placidi GP, Malone KM, Campbell C, Keilp J, Brodsky B, Kegeles LS, Cooper TB, Parsey RV, van Heertum RL, Mann JJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 January; 60(1): 14-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511168&dopt=Abstract
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Potential psychodynamic factors in physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Dinwiddie SH. Source: Omega. 1999-2000; 40(1): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577935&dopt=Abstract
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Predictive value of insight for suicide, violence, hospitalization, and social adjustment for outpatients with schizophrenia: a prospective study. Author(s): Yen CF, Yeh ML, Chen CS, Chung HH. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 43(6): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439831&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors and correlates of interest in assisted suicide in the final month of life among ALS patients in Oregon and Washington. Author(s): Ganzini L, Silveira MJ, Johnston WS. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2002 September; 24(3): 312-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458112&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors and correlates of suicide attempts over 5 years in 1,237 alcohol-dependent men and women. Author(s): Preuss UW, Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, Bucholz KK, Hesselbrock MN, Hesselbrock V, Kramer JR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 January; 160(1): 56-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505802&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of continued suicidal behavior in adolescents following a suicide attempt. Author(s): Spirito A, Valeri S, Boergers J, Donaldson D. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2003 June; 32(2): 284-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679287&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of psychosocial distress after suicide, SIDS and accidents. Author(s): Dyregrov K, Nordanger D, Dyregrov A. Source: Death Studies. 2003 February-March; 27(2): 143-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678058&dopt=Abstract
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Prefrontal 5-HT2a receptor binding index, hopelessness and personality characteristics in attempted suicide. Author(s): van Heeringen C, Audenaert K, Van Laere K, Dumont F, Slegers G, Mertens J, Dierckx RA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 April; 74(2): 149-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706516&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy outcome after suicide attempt by drug use: a Danish population-based study. Author(s): Flint C, Larsen H, Nielsen GL, Olsen J, Sorensen HT. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 June; 81(6): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047304&dopt=Abstract
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Preliminary effects of brief school-based prevention approaches for reducing youth suicide--risk behaviors, depression, and drug involvement. Author(s): Eggert LL, Thompson EA, Randell BP, Pike KC. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc. 2002 April-June; 15(2): 4864. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083753&dopt=Abstract
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Presentations by youth to Auckland emergency departments following a suicide attempt. Author(s): Bennett S, Coggan C, Hooper R, Lovell C, Adams P. Source: International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2002 September; 11(3): 144-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510591&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing inpatient suicide. Author(s): Goodwin FK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 January; 64(1): 12-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596709&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing suicide. Author(s): Kerwin R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 April; 182: 366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668420&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing suicide. Author(s): Shankar BR. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 April; 182: 365; Author Reply 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668418&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing suicide. Author(s): Pridmore S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 April; 182: 364; Author Reply 365. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668416&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing suicide--are we? Author(s): Scott V. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809145&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of youth suicide: how well informed are the potential gatekeepers of adolescents in distress? Author(s): Scouller KM, Smith DI. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Spring; 32(1): 67-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931012&dopt=Abstract
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Primary care and suicide prevention. Author(s): Freedenthal S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 May; 160(5): 1012-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727716&dopt=Abstract
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Primo Levi's death: physicians and the ruling of suicide. Author(s): Taff ML. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 386-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210064&dopt=Abstract
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Principles of suicide risk assessment. How to interview depressed patients and tailor treatment. Author(s): Frierson RL, Melikian M, Wadman PC. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 September; 112(3): 65-6, 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360658&dopt=Abstract
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Professional organizations' position statements on physician-assisted suicide: a case for studied neutrality. Author(s): Quill TE, Cassel CK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 February 4; 138(3): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558360&dopt=Abstract
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Project SOAR: a training program to increase school counselors' knowledge and confidence regarding suicide prevention and intervention. Author(s): King KA, Smith J. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2000 December; 70(10): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195950&dopt=Abstract
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Psychiatric and substance use disorders as risk factors for attempted suicide among adolescents: a case control study. Author(s): Kelly TM, Cornelius JR, Lynch KG. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Fall; 32(3): 301-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374475&dopt=Abstract
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Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. Author(s): Harwood D, Hawton K, Hope T, Jacoby R. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001 February; 16(2): 155-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11241720&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological analysis of the Sri Lankan conflict culture with special reference to the high suicide rate. Author(s): Bolz W. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(4): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617481&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Author(s): Cavanagh JT, Carson AJ, Sharpe M, Lawrie SM. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 April; 33(3): 395-405. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701661&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopathological predictors of suicide in patients with major depression during a 5-year follow-up. Author(s): Schneider B, Philipp M, Muller MJ. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 August; 16(5): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514130&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk. Author(s): Verona E, Patrick CJ, Joiner TE. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2001 August; 110(3): 462-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502089&dopt=Abstract
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Public attitudes toward euthanasia and suicide for terminally ill persons: 1977 and 1996. Author(s): DeCesare MA. Source: Soc Biol. 2000 Fall-Winter; 47(3-4): 264-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055698&dopt=Abstract
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Public hazards or private tragedies? An exploratory study of the effect of coroners' procedures on those bereaved by suicide. Author(s): Biddle L. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 March; 56(5): 1033-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593876&dopt=Abstract
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Punishing assisted suicide: where legislators should fear to tread. Author(s): Rogers JK. Source: Ohio North Univ Law Rev. 1994; 20(3): 647-58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199244&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life for children and suicide rates. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 December; 89(3): 616. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824725&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitation of bystander effects in nitroreductase suicide gene therapy using threedimensional cell cultures. Author(s): Wilson WR, Pullen SM, Hogg A, Helsby NA, Hicks KO, Denny WA. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 March 1; 62(5): 1425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888915&dopt=Abstract
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Radiologic evaluation of attempted suicide by hanging: cricotracheal separation and common carotid artery dissection. Author(s): Linnau KF, Cohen WA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 January; 178(1): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756123&dopt=Abstract
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Railway suicide: who is responsible? Author(s): Kerkhof A. Source: Crisis. 2003; 24(2): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880221&dopt=Abstract
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Rational suicide and the role of values. Author(s): Werth JL Jr. Source: Focus. 2000 April; 15(5): 5-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180384&dopt=Abstract
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Rational suicide in the terminally ill. Author(s): Fontana JS. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2002; 34(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078539&dopt=Abstract
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Re: “cigarette smoking and suicide: a prospective study of 300,000 male active-duty army soldiers”. Author(s): Smith GD, Phillips AN. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 February 1; 153(3): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157419&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Schizophrenia, suicide, and blood count during treatment with clozapine. Author(s): Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Tatarelli R. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 December; 47(10): 977. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553141&dopt=Abstract
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Reaching out to survivors of suicide. Author(s): Selakovic-Bursic S. Source: Crisis. 2001; 22(2): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727891&dopt=Abstract
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Reactions to adolescent suicide and crisis intervention in three secondary schools. Author(s): Poijula S, Dyregrov A, Wahlberg KE, Jokelainen J. Source: Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2001 Spring; 3(2): 97-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508571&dopt=Abstract
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Reactions to patient suicide. Author(s): Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2003 June; 41(6): 89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811996&dopt=Abstract
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Reading the mystery passage narrowly: a legal, ethical and practical argument against physician assisted suicide. Author(s): Hickey MB. Source: Notre Dame J Law Ethics Public Policy. 1999; 12(2): 567-603. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755094&dopt=Abstract
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Ready to die: a postmodern interpretation of the increase of African-American adolescent male suicide. Author(s): Willis LA, Coombs DW, Cockerham WC, Frison SL. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 September; 55(6): 907-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220093&dopt=Abstract
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Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Brown MZ, Comtois KA, Linehan MM. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002 February; 111(1): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866174&dopt=Abstract
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Recent developments in Kansas bioethics law: the Kansas Prevention of Assisted Suicide Act. Author(s): Breer KJ, Durst CL. Source: Washburn Law J. 1999 Spring; 38(2): 557-98. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12774806&dopt=Abstract
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Recent life events, social adjustment, and suicide attempts in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Kelly TM, Soloff PH, Lynch KG, Haas GL, Mann JJ. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2000 Winter; 14(4): 316-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204339&dopt=Abstract
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Recent research on suicide in the elderly. Author(s): Pearson JL. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 February; 4(1): 59-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814397&dopt=Abstract
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Recent trends in elderly suicide rates in a multi-ethnic Asian city. Author(s): Kua EH, Ko SM, Ng TP. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 June; 18(6): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789675&dopt=Abstract
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Recently several patients have been admitted to our surgical ward following a suicide attempt. Author(s): Kadum D. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 July 26-August 1; 97(30): 44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957955&dopt=Abstract
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Recognizing and responding to a suicide crisis. Author(s): Hendin H, Maltsberger JT, Lipschitz A, Haas AP, Kyle J. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Summer; 31(2): 115-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459245&dopt=Abstract
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Recognizing and responding to a suicide crisis. Author(s): Hendin H, Maltsberger JT, Lipschitz A, Haas AP, Kyle J. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 April; 932: 169-86; Discussion 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411185&dopt=Abstract
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Recognizing suicide risk in a pediatric emergency department: a change in nursing care. Author(s): O'Neill K, Horowitz LM, Smith MF, Levin C, Klavon S. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 August; 17(4): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493838&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent suicide attempts, self-mutilation, and binge/purge behavior: a case report. Author(s): Schinagle M. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 10(6): 353-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485981&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced activation and expression of ERK1/2 MAP kinase in the post-mortem brain of depressed suicide subjects. Author(s): Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Roberts RC, Conley RC, Tamminga CA, Pandey GN. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2001 May; 77(3): 916-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331420&dopt=Abstract
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Relation of family history of suicide to suicide attempts in alcoholics. Author(s): Roy A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 157(12): 2050-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097978&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between attempted suicide, serum cholesterol level and novelty seeking in psychiatric in-patients. Author(s): Guillem E, Pelissolo A, Notides C, Lepine JP. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 September 15; 112(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379454&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship difficulties and unemployment in attempted suicide in an Australian regional center. Author(s): Lorensini S, Bates G. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 June; 90(3 Pt 1): 923-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090529&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of sexual orientation to substance use, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and other factors in a population of homeless adolescents. Author(s): Noell JW, Ochs LM. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2001 July; 29(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11429303&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of suicide rates to social factors and availability of lethal methods: comparison of suicide in Newcastle upon Tyne 1961-1965 and 1985-1994. Author(s): Schapira K, Linsley KR, Linsley A, Kelly TP, Kay DW. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 May; 178: 458-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331563&dopt=Abstract
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Relationships between attempted suicide, temperamental vulnerability, and violent criminality in a Swedish forensic psychiatric population. Author(s): Stalenheim EG. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 November; 16(7): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728850&dopt=Abstract
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Relationships between beta- and alpha2-adrenoceptors and G coupling proteins in the human brain: effects of age and suicide. Author(s): Sastre M, Guimon J, Garcia-Sevilla JA. Source: Brain Research. 2001 April 20; 898(2): 242-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306010&dopt=Abstract
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Relative misery and youth suicide. Author(s): Barber JG. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 February; 35(1): 4957. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270456&dopt=Abstract
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Religiosity, attributional style, and social support as psychosocial buffers for African American and white adolescents' perceived risk for suicide. Author(s): Greening L, Stoppelbein L. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Winter; 32(4): 404-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501965&dopt=Abstract
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Religious homogeneity and suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2000 December; 87(3 Pt 1): 766. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191385&dopt=Abstract
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Religious perspectives on assisted suicide. Author(s): Traina CL. Source: The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. 1998 Spring; 88(3): 1147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455524&dopt=Abstract
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Repeated suicide attempts. Author(s): Mynatt S. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2000 December; 38(12): 24-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131404&dopt=Abstract
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Repetition of attempted suicide among teenagers in Europe: frequency, timing and risk factors. Author(s): Hulten A, Jiang GX, Wasserman D, Hawton K, Hjelmeland H, De Leo D, Ostamo A, Salander-Renberg E, Schmidtke A. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 September; 10(3): 161-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596816&dopt=Abstract
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Replicating adenoviral vector-mediated transfer of a heat-inducible double suicide gene for gene therapy. Author(s): Lee YJ, Galoforo SS, Battle P, Lee H, Corry PM, Jessup JM. Source: Cancer Gene Therapy. 2001 June; 8(6): 397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498759&dopt=Abstract
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Replication of a two-factor model of the Beck Depression Inventory in alcohol dependents and suicide attempters. Author(s): Dunkel D, Froehlich S, Antretter E, Haring C. Source: Psychopathology. 2002 July-August; 35(4): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239439&dopt=Abstract
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Reporting of suicide in the Australian media. Author(s): Pirkis J, Francis C, Blood RW, Burgess P, Morley B, Stewart A, Putnis P. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 April; 36(2): 190-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982539&dopt=Abstract
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Research endeavours into suicide: a need to shift the emphasis. Author(s): Cutcliffe JR. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2003 January 23-February 12; 12(2): 92-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574713&dopt=Abstract
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Research on unemployment and suicide. Author(s): Kposowa AJ. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 August; 57(8): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883053&dopt=Abstract
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Respect for life in bioethical dilemmas--the case of physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Robertson JA. Source: Clevel State Law Rev. 1997; 45(3): 329-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873808&dopt=Abstract
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Responding to requests for physician-assisted suicide: “These are uncharted waters for both of us. “. Author(s): Rabow MW, Markowitz AJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 November 13; 288(18): 2332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425712&dopt=Abstract
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Responding to requests for physician-assisted suicide: “These are uncharted waters for both of us.”. Author(s): Bascom PB, Tolle SW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 July 3; 288(1): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090867&dopt=Abstract
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Responses to “Rational suicide”. Author(s): Tembrock JL. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2002; 34(4): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501732&dopt=Abstract
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Responses to “Rational suicide”. Author(s): Mazanec P, Pitorak E. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2002; 34(4): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501731&dopt=Abstract
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Responses to “Rational suicide”. Author(s): Newman DM. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2002; 34(4): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501730&dopt=Abstract
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Retrospective analysis of youth evaluated for suicide attempt or suicidal ideation in an emergency room setting. Author(s): Hagedorn J, Omar H. Source: Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002 January-March; 14(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467207&dopt=Abstract
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Retrovector encoding a green fluorescent protein-herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase fusion protein serves as a versatile suicide/reporter for cell and gene therapy applications. Author(s): Paquin A, Jaalouk DE, Galipeau J. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 2001 January 1; 12(1): 13-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177538&dopt=Abstract
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Rights discourse and assisted suicide. Author(s): Lewis P. Source: American Journal of Law & Medicine. 2001; 27(1): 45-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11367822&dopt=Abstract
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Rising to the challenge of youth suicide. Author(s): Hickie I, Burns J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2001 April; 30(4): 389-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11355230&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for completed suicide in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Tsai SY, Kuo CJ, Chen CC, Lee HC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 June; 63(6): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088157&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for late-life suicide: a prospective, community-based study. Author(s): Turvey CL, Conwell Y, Jones MP, Phillips C, Simonsick E, Pearson JL, Wallace R. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 July-August; 10(4): 398-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095899&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for male and female suicide decedents ages 15-64 in the United States. Results from the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey. Author(s): Kung HC, Pearson JL, Liu X. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2003 August; 38(8): 419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12910337&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for suicide attempts among African American women experiencing recent intimate partner violence. Author(s): Thompson MP, Kaslow NJ, Kingree JB. Source: Violence Vict. 2002 June; 17(3): 283-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102054&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for suicide in China: a national case-control psychological autopsy study. Author(s): Phillips MR, Yang G, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ji H, Zhou M. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 30; 360(9347): 1728-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480425&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for suicide in epilepsy: a case control study. Author(s): Nilsson L, Ahlbom A, Farahmand BY, Asberg M, Tomson T. Source: Epilepsia. 2002 June; 43(6): 644-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12060025&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for suicide in later life. Author(s): Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 August 1; 52(3): 193-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182926&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for suicide in young people suffering from schizophrenia: a long-term follow-up study. Author(s): De Hert M, McKenzie K, Peuskens J. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2001 March 1; 47(2-3): 127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11278129&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of future suicide attempts in adolescent psychiatric inpatients at 18-month follow-up. Author(s): Brinkman-Sull DC, Overholser JC, Silverman E. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 327-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210058&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of suicide in relation to income level in people admitted to hospital with mental illness: nested case-control study. Author(s): Agerbo E, Mortensen PB, Eriksson T, Qin P, Westergaard-Nielsen N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 10; 322(7282): 334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159656&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of suicide in twins: 51 year follow up study. Author(s): Tomassini C, Juel K, Holm NV, Skytthe A, Christensen K. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 16; 327(7411): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919989&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of suicide in users of beta-adrenoceptor blockers, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 September; 52(3): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11560564&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of suicide related to income level in mental illness. Direct association between social status and risk of suicide was not found in Germany. Author(s): Razum O, Swamy L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 28; 323(7306): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496882&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of suicide related to income level in mental illness. Psychiatric disorders are more severe amount suicide victims of higher occupational level. Author(s): Timonen M, Viilo K, Hakko H, Vaisanen E, Rasanen P, Sarkioja T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 28; 323(7306): 232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496880&dopt=Abstract
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Risk-taking behavior and adolescent suicide attempts. Author(s): Stanton C, Spirito A, Donaldson D, Boergers J. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710542&dopt=Abstract
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RNA editing of the human serotonin 5-HT2C receptor. alterations in suicide and implications for serotonergic pharmacotherapy. Author(s): Niswender CM, Herrick-Davis K, Dilley GE, Meltzer HY, Overholser JC, Stockmeier CA, Emeson RB, Sanders-Bush E. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 May; 24(5): 478-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282248&dopt=Abstract
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Role of antidepressants in murder and suicide. Author(s): Tardiff K, Marzuk PM, Leon AC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 July; 159(7): 1248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091219&dopt=Abstract
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Role of dopamine in non-depressed patients with a history of suicide attempts. Author(s): Pitchot W, Hansenne M, Ansseau M. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 November; 16(7): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728856&dopt=Abstract
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Role of psychiatrists in the prediction and prevention of suicide: a perspective from north-east Scotland. Author(s): Eagles JM, Klein S, Gray NM, Dewar IG, Alexander DA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 June; 178: 494-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388963&dopt=Abstract
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Rurality and suicide. Author(s): Gessert CE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 May; 93(5): 698; Author Reply 698-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721117&dopt=Abstract
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Scuba diver with a knife in his chest: homicide or suicide? Author(s): Petri NM, Definis-Gojanovic M, Andric D. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2003 June; 44(3): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808733&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonality of suicide in eastern Europe: a comment on “Evidence for lack of change in seasonality of & suicide from Timis County, Romania”. Author(s): Lester D, Moksony F. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2003 April; 96(2): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776823&dopt=Abstract
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Self-reported happiness in life and suicide in ensuing 20 years. Author(s): Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Honkanen R, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2003 May; 38(5): 244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719839&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin transporter: a potential substrate in the biology of suicide. Author(s): Purselle DC, Nemeroff CB. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 April; 28(4): 613-9. Epub 2002 October 17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12655305&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual orientation and suicide attempt: a longitudinal study of the general Norwegian adolescent population. Author(s): Wichstrom L, Hegna K. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003 February; 112(1): 144-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653422&dopt=Abstract
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Social characteristics of seasonal affective disorder patients: comparison with suicide attempters with non-seasonal major depression and other mood disorder patients. Author(s): Pendse BP, Ojehagen A, Engstrom G, Traskman-Bendz L. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2003 February; 18(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648896&dopt=Abstract
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Stigma as a cause of suicide. Author(s): Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Tatarelli R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 August; 183: 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893678&dopt=Abstract
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Struggling against suicide: the need for an integrative approach. Author(s): De Leo D. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(1): 23-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650219&dopt=Abstract
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Studying Chinese suicide with proxy-based data: reliability and validity of the methodology and instruments in China. Author(s): Zhang J, Conwell Y, Wieczorek WF, Jiang C, Jia S, Zhou L. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003 July; 191(7): 450-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891092&dopt=Abstract
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Successful model of suicide prevention in the Ukraine military environment. Author(s): Rozanov VA, Mokhovikov AN, Stiliha R. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(4): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617482&dopt=Abstract
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Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a sample of homeless people with mental illness. Author(s): Desai RA, Liu-Mares W, Dausey DJ, Rosenheck RA. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003 June; 191(6): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826917&dopt=Abstract
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Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in homeless mentally ill persons: age-specific risks of substance abuse. Author(s): Prigerson HG, Desai RA, Liu-Mares W, Rosenheck RA. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2003 April; 38(4): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664232&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide among African Americans: reflections and a call to action. Author(s): Gary FA, Yarandi HN, Scruggs FC. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2003 April-May; 24(3): 353-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623690&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide among North Carolina women, 1989-93: information from two data sources. Author(s): Runyan CW, Moracco KE, Dulli L, Butts J. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 2003 March; 9(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642563&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide among women prisoners at a record high, report says. Author(s): Dyer O. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 19; 327(7407): 122. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869438&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and aircraft. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650215&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and attempted suicide among people of Caribbean origin with psychosis living in the UK. Author(s): McKenzie K, van Os J, Samele C, van Horn E, Tattan T, Murray R; UK700 Group. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 July; 183: 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835242&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and major depression. Author(s): Wright G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 June; 160(6): 1192-3; Author Reply 1193. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777294&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and schizophrenia: a review of literature for the decade (1990-1999) and implications for mental health nursing. Author(s): Pinikahana J, Happell B, Keks NA. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 27-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735073&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and serious suicide attempts in youth: a multiple-group comparison study. Author(s): Beautrais AL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 June; 160(6): 1093-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777267&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and serotonin: study of variation at seven serotonin receptor genes in suicide completers. Author(s): Turecki G, Sequeira A, Gingras Y, Seguin M, Lesage A, Tousignant M, Chawky N, Vanier C, Lipp O, Benkelfat C, Rouleau GA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 April 1; 118B(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627464&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and suicide attempts in Ankara in 1998: results of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study of Suicidal Behaviour. Author(s): Sayil I, Devrimci-Ozguven H; WHO/EURO Multicentre Study of Suicidal Behaviour. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650217&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and the suicidal body. 2002 Dublin Award Address. Author(s): Orbach I. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710535&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempts among patients with psychosis in a Chinese rural community. Author(s): Ran MS, Chan CL, Xiang MZ, Wu QH. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003 June; 107(6): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752019&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempts and self-mutilative behavior in a juvenile correctional facility. Author(s): Penn JV, Esposito CL, Schaeffer LE, Fritz GK, Spirito A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 July; 42(7): 762-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819435&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempts in schizophrenia: the role of command auditory hallucinations for suicide. Author(s): Harkavy-Friedman JM, Kimhy D, Nelson EA, Venarde DF, Malaspina D, Mann JJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 August; 64(8): 871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927000&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempts in the United States: the role of physical illness. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Marusic A, Hoven CW. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 April; 56(8): 1783-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639594&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempts in Turkey: results of the WHO-EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour. Author(s): Devrimci-Ozguven H, Sayil I. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2003 June; 48(5): 324-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866338&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide by injection of a veterinarian barbiturate euthanasia agent: report of a case and toxicological analysis. Author(s): Romain N, Giroud C, Michaud K, Mangin P. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 January 28; 131(2-3): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590047&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide deaths and suicide attempts. Author(s): Langlois S, Morrison P. Source: Health Reports / Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports Sur La Sante / Statistique Canada, Centre Canadien D'information Sur La Sante. 2002; 13(2): 9-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743953&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital. Author(s): Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 June; 182: 537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777346&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide gene therapy using keratin 19 enhancer and promoter in malignant mesothelioma cells. Author(s): Ishiwata N, Inase N, Fujie T, Tamaoka M, Yoshizawa Y. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 March-April; 23(2B): 1405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820402&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide gene therapy with Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and ganciclovir is enhanced with connexins to improve gap junctions and bystander effects. Author(s): Nicholas TW, Read SB, Burrows FJ, Kruse CA. Source: Histology and Histopathology. 2003 April; 18(2): 495-507. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647801&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide ideation among parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their children. Author(s): Murphy SA, Tapper VJ, Johnson LC, Lohan J. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 5-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735072&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in children and adolescents at a province in Turkey. Author(s): Goren S, Gurkan F, Tirasci Y, Ozen S. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2003 June; 24(2): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773865&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in ethnic minority groups. Author(s): McKenzie K, Serfaty M, Crawford M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 August; 183: 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893661&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in murderers in England and Wales. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2003 June; 96(3 Pt 1): 772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831251&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in neurological disorders. Author(s): Faber RA. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 2003 March-April; 22(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656118&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in New Zealand I: time trends and epidemiology. Author(s): Beautrais A. Source: N Z Med J. 2003 June 6; 116(1175): U460. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838356&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in New Zealand II: a review of risk factors and prevention. Author(s): Beautrais A. Source: N Z Med J. 2003 June 6; 116(1175): U461. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838357&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in the Highlands of Scotland. Author(s): Stark C, Matthewson F, O'Neill N, Oates K, Hay A. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2002 January; 60(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664765&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in the Italian military environment (1986-1998). Author(s): Mancinelli I, Lazanio S, Comparelli A, Ceciarelli L, Di Marzo S, Pompili M, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 February; 168(2): 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636145&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in the Ukraine. Author(s): Kondrichin SV, Lester D. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650220&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide intervention and non-ideal Kantian theory. Author(s): Cholbi MJ. Source: Journal of Applied Philosophy. 2002; 19(3): 245-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747359&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide mortality in the European Union. Author(s): Chishti P, Stone DH, Corcoran P, Williamson E, Petridou E; EUROSAVE Working Group. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2003 June; 13(2): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803408&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide prevention: a study of patients' views. Author(s): Eagles JM, Carson DP, Begg A, Naji SA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 March; 182: 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611791&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide rates in clinical trials of SSRIs, other antidepressants, and placebo: analysis of FDA reports. Author(s): Khan A, Khan S, Kolts R, Brown WA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 April; 160(4): 790-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668373&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide rates in Russia on the increase. Author(s): Webster P. Source: Lancet. 2003 July 19; 362(9379): 220. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12889465&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide risk and treatments for patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 September 17; 290(11): 1517-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129995&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium and divalproex. Author(s): Goodwin FK, Fireman B, Simon GE, Hunkeler EM, Lee J, Revicki D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 September 17; 290(11): 1467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129986&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide risk in bipolar patients: the role of co-morbid substance use disorders. Author(s): Dalton EJ, Cate-Carter TD, Mundo E, Parikh SV, Kennedy JL. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 February; 5(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656940&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide risk in placebo vs active treatment in placebo-controlled trials for schizophrenia. Author(s): Storosum JG, van Zwieten BJ, Wohlfarth T, de Haan L, Khan A, van den Brink W. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 April; 60(4): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695313&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: a national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981-1997. Author(s): Qin P, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 April; 160(4): 765-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668367&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide risk-related knowledge and attitudes of general practitioners. Author(s): Ritter K, Stompe T, Voracek M, Etzersdorfer E. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 August 30; 114(15-16): 685-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602112&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide terrorism: a case of folie a plusieurs? Author(s): Salib E. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 June; 182: 475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777336&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide trends in Singapore: two decades down the road. Author(s): Ng DW, Lau G. Source: Med Sci Law. 2003 April; 43(2): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741659&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide: the persisting challenge. Author(s): Sakinofsky I. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2003 June; 48(5): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866333&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide-tragic and seldom preventable. Author(s): Avery JK. Source: Tenn Med. 2003 March; 96(3): 127-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666372&dopt=Abstract
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Swiss financial capital attracts suicide tourists. Author(s): Kapp C. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 8; 361(9360): 846. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642063&dopt=Abstract
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T cell transduction and suicide with an enhanced mutant thymidine kinase. Author(s): Qasim W, Thrasher AJ, Buddle J, Kinnon C, Black ME, Gaspar HB. Source: Gene Therapy. 2002 June; 9(12): 824-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040465&dopt=Abstract
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Take some time to look inside their hearts: hospice social workers contemplate physician assisted suicide. Author(s): Miller PJ, Mesler MA, Eggman ST. Source: Soc Work Health Care. 2002; 35(3): 53-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371792&dopt=Abstract
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Taking a fresh look at the national tragedy of suicide. Author(s): Thomas SP. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2000 June; 21(4): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249353&dopt=Abstract
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Telephone support and suicide prevention. Author(s): Nimr GE, Salib E. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 March; 182: 266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611792&dopt=Abstract
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Testamentary capacity and suicide: an overview of legal and psychiatric issues. Author(s): Shulman KI, Hull I, Cohen CA. Source: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2003 July-August; 26(4): 403-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12726813&dopt=Abstract
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The anatomy of suicidology: a psychological science perspective on the status of suicide research. 2002 Shneidman Award Address. Author(s): Rogers JR. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 9-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710536&dopt=Abstract
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The case against legal assisted suicide. Author(s): Tsarouhas AP. Source: Ohio North Univ Law Rev. 1994; 20(3): 793-814. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199251&dopt=Abstract
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The constitutionality of statutes prohibiting and permitting physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Rosenn JR. Source: Univ Miami Law Rev. 1997 April; 51(3): 875-905. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953670&dopt=Abstract
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The court upholds a state law prohibiting physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Feinberg B. Source: The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. 1998 Spring; 88(3): 847-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455522&dopt=Abstract
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The death of Loving: maternal identity as moral constraint in a narrative testimonial advocating physician assisted suicide. Author(s): Kenny RW. Source: Health Communication. 2002; 14(2): 243-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046800&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of murder-suicide in England and Wales. Author(s): Fishbain DA. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 February; 33(2): 375. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622317&dopt=Abstract
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The Esperance primary prevention of suicide project. Author(s): Slaven J, Kisely S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 October; 36(5): 61721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225444&dopt=Abstract
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The ethics of assisted suicide. Author(s): Paterson I. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 February 18-24; 99(7): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12655749&dopt=Abstract
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The gender gap in suicide and premature death or: why are men so vulnerable? Author(s): Moller-Leimkuhler AM. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 February; 253(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664306&dopt=Abstract
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The grief experiences and needs of bereaved relatives and friends of older people dying through suicide: a descriptive and case-control study. Author(s): Harwood D, Hawton K, Hope T, Jacoby R. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 November; 72(2): 185-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12200209&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of gun control (Bill C-51) on suicide in Canada. Author(s): Leenaars AA, Moksony F, Lester D, Wenckstern S. Source: Death Studies. 2003 February-March; 27(2): 103-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675070&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of parental status on the risk of completed suicide. Author(s): Qin P, Mortensen PB. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 August; 60(8): 797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12912763&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of the complete history in the discovery of a potential suicide: a case report. Author(s): Carter AC, Nicholas JJ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 March; 84(3): 460-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638118&dopt=Abstract
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The influences of place of birth and socioeconomic factors on attempted suicide in a defined population of 4.5 million people. Author(s): Westman J, Hasselstrom J, Johansson SE, Sundquist J. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 April; 60(4): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695319&dopt=Abstract
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The Juvenile Suicide Assessment: an instrument for the assessment and management of suicide risk with incarcerated juveniles. Author(s): Galloucis M, Francek H. Source: Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2002 Summer; 4(3): 181-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387191&dopt=Abstract
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The long-term stability of temperament traits measured after a suicide attempt. A 5year follow-up of ratings of Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Author(s): Ojehagen A, Johnsson E, Traskman-Bendz L. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 57(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745775&dopt=Abstract
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The mediating roles of perceived social support and resources in the self-efficacysuicide attempts relation among African American abused women. Author(s): Thompson MP, Kaslow NJ, Short LM, Wyckoff S. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2002 August; 70(4): 942-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182277&dopt=Abstract
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The multi-attitude suicide tendency scale: further validation with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Osman A, Gilpin AR, Panak WF, Kopper BA, Barrios FX, Gutierrez PM, Chiros CE. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 377-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210063&dopt=Abstract
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The murine-reduced folate carrier gene can act as a selectable marker and a suicide gene in hematopoietic cells in vivo. Author(s): Liu S, Song L, Bevins R, Birhiray O, Moscow JA. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 2002 September 20; 13(14): 1777-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396629&dopt=Abstract
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The need for improved operational definition of suicide attempts: illustrations from the case of street youth. Author(s): Kidd SA. Source: Death Studies. 2003 June; 27(5): 449-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793454&dopt=Abstract
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The neurobiology of suicide and suicidality. Author(s): van Heeringen K. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2003 June; 48(5): 292-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866334&dopt=Abstract
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The neuropsychiatry of carbon monoxide poisoning in attempted suicide: a prospective controlled study. Author(s): Hay PJ, Denson LA, van Hoof M, Blumenfeld N. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 August; 53(2): 699-708. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169344&dopt=Abstract
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The occurrence of suicide in severe depression related to the months of the year and the days of the week. Author(s): Bradvik L. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2002 February; 252(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056579&dopt=Abstract
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The optimum expenditure for state hospitals and its relationship to the suicide rate. Author(s): Davis GE, Lowell WE. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 June; 53(6): 675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045305&dopt=Abstract
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The Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) inventory: psychometric evaluation with adolescent psychiatric inpatient samples. Author(s): Osman A, Barrios FX, Gutierrez PM, Wrangham JJ, Kopper BA, Truelove RS, Linden SC. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 2002 December; 79(3): 512-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511018&dopt=Abstract
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The promised end--physician-assisted suicide and abortion. Author(s): Annas GJ. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 183-99. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385307&dopt=Abstract
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The protective role of parental involvement in adolescent suicide. Author(s): Flouri E, Buchanan A. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650218&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between exposure to adolescent suicide and subsequent suicide risk. 2002 Student Award Address. Author(s): Watkins RL, Gutierrez PM. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 21-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710537&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship of conduct disorder to attempted suicide and drug use history among methadone maintenance patients. Author(s): Darke S, Ross J, Lynskey M. Source: Drug and Alcohol Review. 2003 March; 22(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745355&dopt=Abstract
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The relevance of data on physicians and disability on the right to assisted suicide: can empirical studies resolve the issue? Author(s): Batavia AI. Source: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law : an Official Law Review of the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law. 2000 June; 6(2): 54658. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661540&dopt=Abstract
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The right to assisted suicide and euthanasia. Author(s): Gorsuch NM. Source: Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 2000 Spring; 23(2): 599-710. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524693&dopt=Abstract
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The role of cell suicide or apoptosis in the pathophysiology of acute lung injury. Author(s): Budinger GR, Chandel NS. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 June; 27(6): 1091-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497144&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the psychologist in determining competence for assisted suicide/euthanasia in the terminally ill. Author(s): Galbraith KM, Dobson KS. Source: Canadian Psychology = Psychologie Canadienne. 2000 August; 41(3): 174-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484401&dopt=Abstract
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The scientific study of suicide requires accurate data. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(3): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542112&dopt=Abstract
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The share of suicide in injury deaths in the South African context: sociodemographic distribution. Author(s): Burrows S, Vaez M, Butchart A, Laflamme L. Source: Public Health. 2003 January; 117(1): 3-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802898&dopt=Abstract
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The suicide in the thymus, a twisted trail. Author(s): Green DR. Source: Nature Immunology. 2003 March; 4(3): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605225&dopt=Abstract
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The suicide myth. Author(s): Jiwanlal SS, Weitzel C. Source: Rn. 2001 January; 64(1): 33-7; Quiz 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032941&dopt=Abstract
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The suicide note. Author(s): Lowenthal D, Marco CA, Olick RS. Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 2002 Fall; 11(4): 422-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360714&dopt=Abstract
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The suicide of Dorothy Hale. Author(s): Harris JC. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 July; 60(7): 661-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860769&dopt=Abstract
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The suicide risk of discharged psychiatric patients. Author(s): Ho TP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 June; 64(6): 702-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823086&dopt=Abstract
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The 'troubles' in Northern Ireland and suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 June; 90(3 Pt 1): 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090499&dopt=Abstract
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The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. I. Psychiatric diagnoses. Author(s): Conner KR, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 104(3): 204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531657&dopt=Abstract
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The verdict of 'suicide while insane'. Author(s): Rollin H. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 November; 181: 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411279&dopt=Abstract
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Their last words: a review of suicide notes in the elderly. Author(s): Salib E, El-Nimr G, Yacoub M. Source: Med Sci Law. 2002 October; 42(4): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487519&dopt=Abstract
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Thoughts of suicide among HIV-infected rural persons enrolled in a telephonedelivered mental health intervention. Author(s): Heckman TG, Miller J, Kochman A, Kalichman SC, Carlson B, Silverthorn M. Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2002 Spring; 24(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054319&dopt=Abstract
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Threatened and attempted suicide by partner-violent male respondents petitioned to family violence court. Author(s): Conner KR, Cerulli C, Caine ED. Source: Violence Vict. 2002 April; 17(2): 115-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033550&dopt=Abstract
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Threats. and then homicides and a suicide. Author(s): Smoyak SA. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2002 December; 40(12): 6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12491867&dopt=Abstract
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Tinnitus and suicide. Author(s): Lewis JE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2002 June; 13(6): 339; Author Reply 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12141391&dopt=Abstract
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Toxicology of suicide: touchstone for suicide prevention? Author(s): Dhossche DM. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 April; 9(4): Sr9-Sr19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709685&dopt=Abstract
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TPH and suicidal behavior: a study in suicide completers. Author(s): Turecki G, Zhu Z, Tzenova J, Lesage A, Seguin M, Tousignant M, Chawky N, Vanier C, Lipp O, Alda M, Joober R, Benkelfat C, Rouleau GA. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 January; 6(1): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244493&dopt=Abstract
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Transcriptionally targeted retroviral vector for combined suicide and immunomodulating gene therapy of thyroid cancer. Author(s): Barzon L, Bonaguro R, Castagliuolo I, Chilosi M, Gnatta E, Parolin C, Boscaro M, Palu G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 November; 87(11): 5304-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414907&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in suicide ideation and suicidal behavior among high school students in the United States, 1991-1997. Author(s): Brener ND, Krug EG, Simon TR. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 304-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210056&dopt=Abstract
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Tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity is altered by the genetic variation in postmortem brain samples of both suicide victims and controls. Author(s): Ono H, Shirakawa O, Kitamura N, Hashimoto T, Nishiguchi N, Nishimura A, Nushida H, Ueno Y, Maeda K. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(10): 1127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476329&dopt=Abstract
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Twenty five years of requests for euthanasia and physician assisted suicide in Dutch general practice: trend analysis. Author(s): Marquet RL, Bartelds A, Visser GJ, Spreeuwenberg P, Peters L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 26; 327(7408): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881262&dopt=Abstract
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U.K. physicians' attitudes toward active voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Dickinson GE, Lancaster CJ, Clark D, Ahmedzai SH, Noble W. Source: Death Studies. 2002 July-August; 26(6): 479-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136881&dopt=Abstract
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Understanding adolescent suicide: a psychosocial interpretation of developmental and contextual factors. Author(s): Portes PR, Sandhu DS, Longwell-Grice R. Source: Adolescence. 2002 Winter; 37(148): 805-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564830&dopt=Abstract
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Unemployment and suicide over nine regions in England and Wales. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 782. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153848&dopt=Abstract
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Unemployment and suicide. Author(s): Agerbo E. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 August; 57(8): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883054&dopt=Abstract
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Unemployment and suicide. Author(s): Preti A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 August; 57(8): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883051&dopt=Abstract
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Unemployment and suicide. Evidence for a causal association? Author(s): Blakely TA, Collings SC, Atkinson J. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 August; 57(8): 594-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883065&dopt=Abstract
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Unemployment and suicide: a cohort analysis of social factors predicting suicide in the US National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Author(s): Kposowa AJ. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 January; 31(1): 127-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200951&dopt=Abstract
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Unintentional death, suicide, and domestic homicide against the improbable threat of an undefined terrorist or criminal threat. Author(s): Seltzer R. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 April; 52(4): 814-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956413&dopt=Abstract
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United Kingdom legislation on pack sizes of analgesics: background, rationale, and effects on suicide and deliberate self-harm. Author(s): Hawton K. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Fall; 32(3): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374469&dopt=Abstract
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Up the slope: physician-assisted suicide and the infamous slippery slope. Author(s): Nielsen EZ. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 2001 Fall; 64(4): 4-11. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775487&dopt=Abstract
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Update of suicide trends in Italy from 1986 to 1996. Author(s): Guaiana G, D'Avanzo B, Barbui C. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 June; 37(6): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111031&dopt=Abstract
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US government moves against doctor assisted suicide. Author(s): Charatan F. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 November 17; 323(7322): 1149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11711403&dopt=Abstract
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US government undercuts Oregon's assisted-suicide law. Author(s): McLellan F. Source: Lancet. 2001 November 24; 358(9295): 1788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734248&dopt=Abstract
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Use of paracetamol (acetaminophen) for suicide and nonfatal poisoning: worldwide patterns of use and misuse. Author(s): Gunnell D, Murray V, Hawton K. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Winter; 30(4): 313-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210057&dopt=Abstract
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Use of statistical techniques in studies of suicide seasonality, 1970 to 1997. Author(s): Hakko H, Rasanen P, Tiihonen J, Nieminen P. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2002 Summer; 32(2): 191-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079035&dopt=Abstract
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Use of suicide gene-expressing donor T-cells to control alloreactivity after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Tiberghien P. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001 April; 249(4): 369-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298857&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the Beck Scale for suicide ideation with psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or bipolar disorders. Author(s): Pinninti N, Steer RA, Rissmiller DJ, Nelson S, Beck AT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 September; 40(9): 1071-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296492&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of repeated direct intratumoral gene transfer using hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome method for cytosine deaminase suicide gene therapy. Author(s): Kanyama H, Tomita N, Yamano T, Aihara T, Miyoshi Y, Ohue M, Sekimoto M, Sakita I, Tamaki Y, Kaneda Y, Senter PD, Monden M. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 January 1; 61(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196152&dopt=Abstract
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Using path analysis to examine adolescent suicide attempts, life satisfaction, and health risk behavior. Author(s): Thatcher WG, Reininger BM, Drane JW. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 February; 72(2): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905132&dopt=Abstract
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Utah youth suicide study, phase I: government agency contact before death. Author(s): Gray D, Achilles J, Keller T, Tate D, Haggard L, Rolfs R, Cazier C, Workman J, McMahon WM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 April; 41(4): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931599&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of the Computerized Suicide Risk Scale--a backpropagation neural network instrument (CSRS-BP). Author(s): Modai I, Ritsner M, Kurs R, Mendel S, Ponizovsky A. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2002 April; 17(2): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973115&dopt=Abstract
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Vasopressin in CSF and plasma in depressed suicide attempters: preliminary results. Author(s): Brunner J, Keck ME, Landgraf R, Uhr M, Namendorf C, Bronisch T. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 October; 12(5): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208567&dopt=Abstract
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Victory in Maine on physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): L'Heureux J. Source: Natl Cathol Bioeth Q. 2001 Autumn; 1(3): 299-305. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866516&dopt=Abstract
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Views of United States physicians and members of the American Medical Association House of Delegates on physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Whitney SN, Brown BW Jr, Brody H, Alcser KH, Bachman JG, Greely HT. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2001 May; 16(5): 290-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359546&dopt=Abstract
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Violence exposure, psychological trauma, and suicide risk in a community sample of dangerously violent adolescents. Author(s): Flannery DJ, Singer MI, Wester K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 April; 40(4): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314569&dopt=Abstract
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Violence, alcohol, and completed suicide: a case-control study. Author(s): Conner KR, Cox C, Duberstein PR, Tian L, Nisbet PA, Conwell Y. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 158(10): 1701-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579005&dopt=Abstract
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Violent death among intimate partners: a comparison of homicide and homicide followed by suicide in California. Author(s): Lund LE, Smorodinsky S. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Winter; 31(4): 451-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775720&dopt=Abstract
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Violent suicide attempts: socio-demographics, clinical profile, cultural repeaters? Author(s): Ruiz-Doblado S. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 March; 16(2): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311182&dopt=Abstract
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Violent versus nonviolent methods for suicide. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 October; 89(2): 445-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783572&dopt=Abstract
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Warning signs for suicide? Author(s): Rudd MD. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2003 Spring; 33(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710545&dopt=Abstract
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Washington State social workers' attitudes toward voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide. Author(s): Ogden RD, Young MG. Source: Soc Work Health Care. 2003; 37(2): 43-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959486&dopt=Abstract
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Washington v. Glucksberg: influence of the court in care of the terminally ill and physician assisted suicide. Author(s): King P. Source: J Law Health. 2000-2001; 15(2): 271-301. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238325&dopt=Abstract
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What does a 'right' to physician-assisted suicide (PAS) legally entail? Author(s): Harvey MT. Source: Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 2002; 23(4-5): 271-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516833&dopt=Abstract
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What would you say to the person on the roof? A suicide prevention text. Author(s): Omer H, Elitzur AC. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Summer; 31(2): 129-39; Discussion 140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459246&dopt=Abstract
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When machines get stuck--obstructed RNA polymerase II: displacement, degradation or suicide. Author(s): van den Boom V, Jaspers NG, Vermeulen W. Source: Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology. 2002 September; 24(9): 780-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210513&dopt=Abstract
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When to hospitalize patients at risk for suicide. Author(s): Hirschfeld RM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 April; 932: 188-96; Discussion 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411186&dopt=Abstract
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Where do hopes go? Teen suicide is a national tragedy. Here's one town's story. Author(s): Mulrine A. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2001 May 7; 130(18): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351479&dopt=Abstract
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Whether physician-assisted suicide serves a “legitimate medical purpose” under the Drug Enforcement Administration's regulations implementing the Controlled Substances Act. Author(s): Bradshaw S, Delahunty RJ. Source: Issues in Law & Medicine. 2002 Spring; 17(3): 269-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930958&dopt=Abstract
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Who decides? The connecting thread of euthanasia, eugenics, and doctor-assisted suicide. Author(s): Cheyfitz K. Source: Omega. 1999-2000; 40(1): 5-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577901&dopt=Abstract
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Why active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide should be legalised. Author(s): Doyal L, Doyal L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 November 10; 323(7321): 1079-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701558&dopt=Abstract
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Why are suicide rates rising in young men but falling in the elderly?-- a time-series analysis of trends in England and Wales 1950-1998. Author(s): Gunnell D, Middleton N, Whitley E, Dorling D, Frankel S. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 August; 57(4): 595-611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821009&dopt=Abstract
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Why are we not getting any closer to preventing suicide? Author(s): De Leo D. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 November; 181: 372-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411260&dopt=Abstract
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Why has the antidepressant era not shown a significant drop in suicide rates? Author(s): van Praag HM. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500893&dopt=Abstract
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Why older age predicts lower acceptance of physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Hare J, Skinner D, Riley D. Source: Wmj. 2000 October; 99(7): 20-7, 46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089446&dopt=Abstract
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Why suicide bombing.is now all the rage. Author(s): Ripley A. Source: Time. 2002 April 15; 159(15): 32-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974999&dopt=Abstract
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Why the tragedy of suicide diminishes us all. Author(s): Kenny M. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 February 1-7; 97(5): 13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954169&dopt=Abstract
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Young Pacifican suicide attempts: a review of emergency department medical records, Auckland, New Zealand. Author(s): Tiatia J, Coggan C. Source: Pac Health Dialog. 2001 March; 8(1): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017814&dopt=Abstract
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Youth suicide and Hurricane Andrew. Author(s): Castellanos D, Perez M, Lewis J, Shaw JA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 February; 42(2): 131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544172&dopt=Abstract
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Youth suicide and parasuicide in Singapore. Author(s): Ung EK. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 January; 32(1): 12-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625092&dopt=Abstract
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Youth suicide in Australasia. Author(s): Hamilton T. Source: Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, W.A.). 2002 March; 14(1): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993840&dopt=Abstract
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Youth suicide issues in general practice. Author(s): Beckinsale P, Martin G, Clark S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2001 April; 30(4): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11355231&dopt=Abstract
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Youth suicide prevention. Author(s): Gould MS, Kramer RA. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Spring; 31 Suppl: 6-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326760&dopt=Abstract
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Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. Author(s): Gould MS, Greenberg T, Velting DM, Shaffer D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 April; 42(4): 386-405. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649626&dopt=Abstract
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Youth suicide risk and sexual orientation. Author(s): Rutter PA, Soucar E. Source: Adolescence. 2002 Summer; 37(146): 289-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144160&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SUICIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and suicide.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Suicide The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “suicide” (or a synonym): •
A fatal case of suicidal pentoxifylline intoxication. Author(s): Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Source: Suarez Penaranda, J M Rico Boquete, R Lopez Rivadulla, M Blanco Pampin, J Concheiro Carro, L Int-J-Legal-Med. 1998; 111(3): 151-3 0937-9827
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Acetaminophen toxicity: suicidal vs. accidental. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
[email protected] Source: Gyamlani, Geeta G Parikh, Chirag R Crit-Care. 2002 April; 6(2): 155-9 1364-8535
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Anti-ricin antibody protects against systemic toxicity without affecting suicide transport. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Source: Wiley, R G Oeltmann, T N J-Neurosci-Methods. 1989 April; 27(3): 203-9 01650270
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Arguments for the specificity of the antisuicidal effect of lithium. Author(s):
[email protected] Source: Muller Oerlinghausen, B Eur-Arch-Psychiatry-Clin-Neurosci. 2001; 251 Suppl 2: II72-5 0940-1334
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Attempted suicide by drug overdose and by poison-ingestion methods seen at the main general hospital in the Fiji islands: a comparative study. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Fiji School of Medicine, Brown Street, P.M.B., Suva, Fiji Islands.
[email protected] Source: Aghanwa, H S Gen-Hosp-Psychiatry. 2001 Sep-October; 23(5): 266-71 0163-8343
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Cholesterol, essential fatty acids, and suicide. Author(s): Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
[email protected]. de Source: Brunner, Jurgen Parhofer, K G Schwandt, P Bronisch, T Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 January; 35(1): 1-5 0176-3679
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Completeness and selectivity of ricin “suicide transport” lesions in rat dorsal root ganglia. Author(s): Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Mount Royal College, Calgary, Alta., Canada. Source: Paul, I Devor, M J-Neurosci-Methods. 1987 December; 22(2): 103-11 0165-0270
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Depression and chronic diabetic foot disability. A case report of suicide. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics and Podiatry, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maxwood, IL 60153, USA. Source: Walsh, S M Sage, R A Clin-Podiatr-Med-Surg. 2002 October; 19(4): 493-508 08918422
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Destruction of a sub-population of cortical neurones by suicide transport of volkensin, a lectin from Adenia volkensii. Author(s): Miriam Marks Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, London, U.K. Source: Pangalos, M N Francis, P T Pearson, R C Middlemiss, D N Bowen, D M JNeurosci-Methods. 1991 November; 40(1): 17-29 0165-0270
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Does lithium exert an independent antisuicidal effect? Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Ahrens, B Muller Oerlinghausen, B Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34(4): 132-6 0176-3679
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Housekeeping genes commanded to commit suicide in CpG-cleavage commitment upstream of Bcl-2 inhibition in caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117597, Singapore. Source: Qi, L Sit, K H Mol-Cell-Biol-Res-Commun. 2000 May; 3(5): 319-27 1522-4724
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Intraperitoneal adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy in combination with either topotecan or paclitaxel in nude mice with human ovarian cancer. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Kieback, D G Fischer, D C Engehausen, D G Sauerbrei, W Oehler, M K Tong, X W Aguilar Cordova, E Cancer-Gene-Ther. 2002 May; 9(5): 478-81 0929-1903
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Intravenous injection of India ink with suicidal intent. Author(s): Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany. Source: Ewert, R Buttgereit, F Prugel, M Reinke, P Int-J-Legal-Med. 1998; 111(2): 91-2 0937-9827
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Quantitative analysis of Aconitum alkaloids in the urine and serum of a male attempting suicide by oral intake of aconite extract. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan. Source: Mizugaki, M Ito, K Ohyama, Y Konishi, Y Tanaka, S Kurasawa, K J-AnalToxicol. 1998 Jul-August; 22(4): 336-40 0146-4760
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Regressions of established breast carcinoma xenografts by carboxypeptidase G2 suicide gene therapy and the prodrug CMDA are due to a bystander effect. Author(s): CRC Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom. Source: Stribbling, S M Friedlos, F Martin, J Davies, L Spooner, R A Marais, R Springer, C J Hum-Gene-Ther. 2000 January 20; 11(2): 285-92 1043-0342
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Relationship between alcohol consumption and attempted suicide morbidity rates in Perth, Western Australia, 1968-1984. Author(s): University of Western Australia. Source: Smith, D I Burvill, P W Addict-Behavolume 1991; 16(1-2): 57-61 0306-4603
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Repeated suicide attempts by the intravenous injection of elemental mercury. Author(s): UCLA Medical Center, Torrance. Source: Giombetti, R J Rosen, D H Kuczmierczyk, A R Marsh, D O Int-J-Psychiatry-Med. 1988; 18(2): 153-67 0091-2174
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Role of dopamine in non-depressed patients with a history of suicide attempts. Author(s): Psychiatric Unit, CHU Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. Source: Pitchot, W Hansenne, M Ansseau, M Eur-Psychiatry. 2001 November; 16(7): 4247 0924-9338
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SPECT neuropsychological activation procedure with the Verbal Fluency Test in attempted suicide patients. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 185 De Pintelaan, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Source: Audenaert, K Goethals, I Van Laere, K Lahorte, P Brans, B Versijpt, J Vervaet, M Beelaert, L Van Heeringen, K Dierckx, R Nucl-Med-Commun. 2002 September; 23(9): 907-16 0143-3636 •
Suicide in nurses. Author(s): University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, England. Source: Hawton, K Vislisel, L Suicide-Life-Threat-Behavolume 1999 Spring; 29(1): 86-95 0363-0234
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Suicide in Samoa. Author(s): Ministry of Health, Apia, Samoa. Source: Bourke, T Pac-Health-Dialog. 2001 March; 8(1): 213-9 1015-7867
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Suicide of a diabetic by inducing hyperglycemic coma. Author(s): Institute of Legal Medicine, Munster, Germany. Source: Banaschak, S Bajanowski, T Brinkmann, B Int-J-Legal-Med. 2000; 113(3): 162-3 0937-9827
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Synergy between the herpes simplex virus tk/ganciclovir prodrug suicide system and the topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan. Author(s): Clinical Gene Therapy Branch/National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1851, USA.
[email protected] Source: Wildner, O Blaese, R M Morris, J C Hum-Gene-Ther. 1999 November 1; 10(16): 2679-87 1043-0342
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Targetted destruction of PC3 mitochondria by ETYA: a 'Trojan horse' membranesuicide molecule. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612. Source: Anderson, K M Harris, J E Med-Hypotheses. 1991 June; 35(2): 151-3 0306-9877
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Use of a tritiated thymidine suicide technique in the study of the cytotoxic drug response of cells located at different depths within multicellular spheroids. Source: Kwok, T T Twentyman, P R Br-J-Cancer. 1987 April; 55(4): 367-74 0007-0920
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Using path analysis to examine adolescent suicide attempts, life satisfaction, and health risk behavior. Author(s): Dept. of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.
[email protected] Source: Thatcher, W Gregory Reininger, Belinda M Drane, J Wanzer J-Sch-Health. 2002 February; 72(2): 71-7 0022-4391
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SUICIDE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to suicide. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to suicide and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “suicide” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to suicide: •
A better approach to care of the dying. Catholic healthcare and the Catholic community can present an alternative to physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Hamel R. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1998 September-October; 79(5): 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10187521&dopt=Abstract
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A circumscribed plea for voluntary physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Cohen-Almagor R. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000 September; 913: 127-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11040834&dopt=Abstract
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A support group for people bereaved through suicide. Author(s): Clark SE, Jones HE, Quinn K, Goldney RD, Cooling PJ.
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Source: Crisis. 1993; 14(4): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8156813&dopt=Abstract •
A theory of healing in the aftermath of youth suicide. Implications for holistic nursing practice. Author(s): Kalischuk RG, Davies B. Source: Journal of Holistic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association. 2001 June; 19(2): 163-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847837&dopt=Abstract
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Acute thyroxine overdosage: two cases of parasuicide. Author(s): Matthews SJ. Source: Ulster Med J. 1993 October; 62(2): 170-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905687&dopt=Abstract
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Adoption as a risk factor for attempted suicide during adolescence. Author(s): Slap G, Goodman E, Huang B. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 August; 108(2): E30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11483840&dopt=Abstract
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After the US Supreme Court decisions: the politics of assisted suicide and the Church's role. Author(s): May WF. Source: Stud Christ Ethics. 1998; 11(1): 48-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11657711&dopt=Abstract
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Allium sativum potentiates suicide gene therapy for murine transitional cell carcinoma. Author(s): Moon DG, Cheon J, Yoon DH, Park HS, Kim HK, Kim JJ, Koh SK. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(1): 98-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341051&dopt=Abstract
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An integrated approach to estimating suicide risk. Author(s): Motto JA. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 1991 Spring; 21(1): 74-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2063410&dopt=Abstract
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Another look at physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Stempsey WE. Source: J Pastoral Care. 1994 Fall; 48(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10138028&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide and AIDS patients. A survey of physicians' attitudes. Author(s): Haghbin Z, Streltzer J, Danko GP. Source: Psychosomatics. 1998 January-February; 39(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9538671&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide and euthanasia. Author(s): Finucane TE. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996 June; 44(6): 733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642171&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide is consistent with the ideals of holistic healing. Author(s): Connelly R. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 1996 November; 2(6): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942047&dopt=Abstract
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Assisted suicide: an evaluation. Author(s): O'Rourke K. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1991 July; 6(5): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1856507&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes about suicide among the Yoruba of Nigeria. Author(s): Lester D, Akande A. Source: The Journal of Social Psychology. 1994 December; 134(6): 851-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869710&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of Dutch general practitioners and nursing home physicians to active voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Muller MT, van der Wal G, van Eijk JT, Ribbe MW. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1995 November; 4(11): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7582061&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of osteopathic physicians toward physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Cavalieri TA, Pomerantz SC, Ciesielski J, Shinkle JW, Forman LJ. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2002 January; 102(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837338&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes towards euthanasia and assisted suicide among Sudanese doctors. Author(s): Ahmed AM, Kheir MM, Abdel Rahman A, Ahmed NH, Abdalla ME. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 May; 7(3): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690779&dopt=Abstract
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Benefits of community meetings in the corporate setting after the suicide of a coworker. Author(s): Clements PT, DeRanieri JT, Fay-Hillier TM, Henry GC. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2003 April; 41(4): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698822&dopt=Abstract
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Cannabis and suicide. Author(s): Day R, Wodak A, Chesher G. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 June 6; 160(11): 731. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8202016&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol, essential fatty acids, and suicide. Author(s): Terao T, Soya A. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 March-April; 36(2): 86-7; Author Reply 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734769&dopt=Abstract
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Christian perspectives on assisted suicide and euthanasia: the Anglican tradition. Author(s): Cohen CB. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 1996 Winter; 24(4): 369-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9180524&dopt=Abstract
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CL1-SR39: A noninvasive molecular imaging model of prostate cancer suicide gene therapy using positron emission tomography. Author(s): Pantuck AJ, Berger F, Zisman A, Nguyen D, Tso CL, Matherly J, Gambhir SS, Belldegrun AS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 September; 168(3): 1193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187266&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing genuine and simulated suicide notes: a new perspective. Author(s): Black ST. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1993 August; 61(4): 699-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8370867&dopt=Abstract
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Competence-building in adolescents, Part II: Community intervention for survivors of peer suicide. Author(s): Sandor MK, Walker LO, Sands D. Source: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 1994 October-December; 17(4): 197209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7649759&dopt=Abstract
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Conflicting constructions of aboriginal suicide: a letter in response to Robert Parker. Author(s): Hunter E. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 June; 29(2): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7487801&dopt=Abstract
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Contemporary religious viewpoints on suicide, physician-assisted suicide, and voluntary active euthanasia. Author(s): Coleson RE. Source: Duquesne Law Rev. 1996 Fall; 35(1): 43-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385303&dopt=Abstract
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Court dismisses constitutional challenge to ban on assisted suicide. Author(s): Elliott R. Source: Can Hiv Aids Policy Law Rev. 2001; 6(1-2): 35-6. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837023&dopt=Abstract
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Court ruling highlights a burden of faith: rejection of assisted suicide puts focus on care for the dying. Author(s): Broadway B. Source: Washington Post. 1997 July 5; : B6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11647237&dopt=Abstract
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Death and suicide in Finnish mythology and folklore. Author(s): Achte K, Lonnqvist J. Source: Hist Sci Med. 1982; 17(Spec 2): 184-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11612288&dopt=Abstract
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Depression, subtle suicide, and the mind-body relationships. Author(s): Sher L. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 October; 53(4): 362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10608275&dopt=Abstract
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Disability and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Falasca GF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 December 18; 337(25): 1852; Author Reply 1853. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9411267&dopt=Abstract
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Durkheim, suicide, and religion: toward a network theory of suicide. Author(s): Pescosolido BA, Georgianna S.
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Efficacy of various water-soluble chelator molecules in the liposome-mediated macrophage “suicide” technique. Author(s): van Rooijen N, Poppema A. Source: Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 1992 December; 28(4): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1296827&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and assisted suicide: elements of Church teaching. Author(s): McCartney JJ. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1992 January-February; 73(1): 73, 82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10115604&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and medically assisted suicide--the case for legalizing physician assisted suicide. Author(s): Manga P. Source: Med Law. 2001; 20(3): 451-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713843&dopt=Abstract
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Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: a non-consensus reformed reflection. Author(s): Allman RL. Source: J Pastoral Care. 1998 Spring; 52(1): 19-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10178813&dopt=Abstract
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Experience with assisted suicide leads to advocacy. Author(s): Gardner-Gordon J. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 1997 May; 3(3): 16, 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9141286&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of corticotropin releasing hormone receptors type I and type II mRNA in suicide victims and controls. Author(s): Hiroi N, Wong ML, Licinio J, Park C, Young M, Gold PW, Chrousos GP, Bornstein SR. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 September; 6(5): 540-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526468&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of costimulatory molecules: B7 and ICAM up-regulation after treatment with a suicide gene. Author(s): Ramesh R, Munshi A, Abboud CN, Marrogi AJ, Freeman SM.
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Going early, going late: the rationality of decisions about suicide in AIDS. Author(s): Battin MP. Source: The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 1994 December; 19(6): 571-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738452&dopt=Abstract
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Grief reactions and recovery in a support group for people bereaved by suicide. Author(s): Clark SE, Goldney RD. Source: Crisis. 1995; 16(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7614830&dopt=Abstract
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Healthcare issues on the ballot. Initiatives deal with medical marijuana, doc-assisted suicide. Author(s): Shinkman R. Source: Modern Healthcare. 1998 October 26; 28(43): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10186337&dopt=Abstract
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Helping people bereaved by suicide. Author(s): Hawton K, Simkin S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 26; 327(7408): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881235&dopt=Abstract
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Holistic healers and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Anderson RJ. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 1996 November; 2(6): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942048&dopt=Abstract
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Housekeeping genes commanded to commit suicide in CpG-cleavage commitment upstream of Bcl-2 inhibition in caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Author(s): Qi L, Sit KH. Source: Molecular Cell Biology Research Communications : Mcbrc. 2000 May; 3(5): 31927. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964757&dopt=Abstract
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How to deal with youth suicide. Advice for professionals. Author(s): De Vere M. Source: Qld Nurse. 1997 September-October; 16(5): 16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385184&dopt=Abstract
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Human equality and assistance in suicide. Author(s): Meilaender G. Source: Second Opinion (Park Ridge, Ill.). 1994 April; 19(4): 16-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10133550&dopt=Abstract
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Imitative suicide on the Viennese subway. Author(s): Sonneck G, Etzersdorfer E, Nagel-Kuess S. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1994 February; 38(3): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153751&dopt=Abstract
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Implications of suicide contagion for the selection of adolescent standardized patients. Author(s): Hanson M, Tiberius R, Hodges B, Mackay S, McNaughton N, Dickens S, Regehr G. Source: Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2002 October; 77(10 Suppl): S100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377718&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of a TRAIL-mediated suicide program by interferon alpha in primary effusion lymphoma. Author(s): Toomey NL, Deyev VV, Wood C, Boise LH, Scott D, Liu LH, Cabral L, Podack ER, Barber GN, Harrington WJ Jr. Source: Oncogene. 2001 October 25; 20(48): 7029-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704827&dopt=Abstract
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Intraperitoneal adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy in combination with either topotecan or paclitaxel in nude mice with human ovarian cancer. Author(s): Kieback DG, Fischer DC, Engehausen DG, Sauerbrei W, Oehler MK, Tong XW, Aguilar-Cordova E. Source: Cancer Gene Therapy. 2002 May; 9(5): 478-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961671&dopt=Abstract
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Is suicide bereavement different? A reassessment of the literature. Author(s): Jordan JR. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2001 Spring; 31(1): 91-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326773&dopt=Abstract
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Issues at the end of life. The revised Ethical and Religious Directives discuss suicide, euthanasia, and end-of-life procedures. Author(s): deBlois J, O'Rourke KD. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1995 November-December; 76(8): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10152928&dopt=Abstract
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Marijuana, stress and suicide: a neuroimmunological explanation. Author(s): Holden RJ, Pakula I. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 June; 32(3): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9672744&dopt=Abstract
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Media influence on parasuicide. A study of the effects of a television drama portrayal of paracetamol self-poisoning. Author(s): Simkin S, Hawton K, Whitehead L, Fagg J, Eagle M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1995 December; 167(6): 754-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829742&dopt=Abstract
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Methods used for suicide by farmers in England and Wales. The contribution of availability and its relevance to prevention. Author(s): Hawton K, Fagg J, Simkin S, Harriss L, Malmberg A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1998 October; 173: 320-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926036&dopt=Abstract
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Mixed reaction to suicide of terminally ill woman. Author(s): Gugliotta D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1995 November 1; 153(9): 1225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7497379&dopt=Abstract
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MMPI characteristics of drug abusers with and without histories of suicide attempts. Author(s): Craig RJ, Olson RE. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1990 Winter; 55(3-4): 717-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2280335&dopt=Abstract
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Neural lesioning with ribosome-inactivating proteins: suicide transport and immunolesioning. Author(s): Wiley RG. Source: Trends in Neurosciences. 1992 August; 15(8): 285-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1384197&dopt=Abstract
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Neuronotoxic effects of monoclonal anti-Thy 1 antibody (OX7) coupled to the ribosome inactivating protein, saporin, as studied by suicide transport experiments in the rat. Author(s): Wiley RG, Stirpe F, Thorpe P, Oeltmann TN. Source: Brain Research. 1989 December 25; 505(1): 44-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2575436&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses' attitudes and beliefs toward assisted suicide in AIDS. Author(s): Leiser RJ, Mitchell TF, Hahn J, Slome L, Abrams DI. Source: The Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care : Janac. 1998 March-April; 9(2): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9513133&dopt=Abstract
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Opposing moral error in society. Assisted suicide bill illustrates need to respect various viewpoints. Author(s): Tuohey JF. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1999 March-April; 80(2): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10351503&dopt=Abstract
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Optimizing prostate cancer suicide gene therapy using herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase active site variants. Author(s): Pantuck AJ, Matherly J, Zisman A, Nguyen D, Berger F, Gambhir SS, Black ME, Belldegrun A, Wu L. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 2002 May 1; 13(7): 777-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975845&dopt=Abstract
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Oregon emergency physicians' experiences with, attitudes toward, and concerns about physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Schmidt TA, Zechnich AD, Tilden VP, Lee MA, Ganzini L, Nelson HD, Tolle SW. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1996 October; 3(10): 938-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891040&dopt=Abstract
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Parental suicide: a systems perspective. Author(s): Heikes K. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1997 Summer; 61(3): 354-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9260346&dopt=Abstract
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Physical and sexual abuse as predictors of substance use and suicide among pregnant teenagers. Author(s): Bayatpour M, Wells RD, Holford S. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1992 March; 13(2): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1627580&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia's impact on the frail elderly from the viewpoint of an Episcopal priest and also a Chinese. Author(s): Kwan FC.
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Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia's impact on the frail elderly: the perspective of a hospice nurse. Author(s): DiCicco-Bloom B. Source: J Long Term Home Health Care. 1998 Summer; 17(3): 42-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10182690&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide and the image of God in man. Author(s): Jamieson JE. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1997 May-June; 14(3): 135-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9295422&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide creates a missed opportunity. Author(s): Petz A. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2002 January-February; 29(1): 14-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817486&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide, a symposium. Death made too easy or an act of profound compassion? Author(s): Martin E, Shire D, Miech R, Conner P, Nelson JC, Beiser E. Source: R I Med. 1995 August; 78(8): 222-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549023&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Kalivas JT. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 1998 Summer; 61(3): 45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9731457&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide. Both physicians and Christians should know that this is not an idea whose time has come. Author(s): Smith HL Jr. Source: N C Med J. 1993 August; 54(8): 378-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8377849&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide: a chaplain's perspective. Author(s): Grant S.
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Physician-assisted suicide: reflections of a Maine family physician during the Jewish high holidays. Author(s): Brown E. Source: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2001; 29(2): 225-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471790&dopt=Abstract
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Physician-assisted suicide: the ultimate Freudian legacy. Author(s): Maloof G. Source: Linacre Q. 2002 May; 69(2): 150-68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12731525&dopt=Abstract
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Preclinical evaluation of the penciclovir analog 9-(4-[(18)F]fluoro-3hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine for in vivo measurement of suicide gene expression with PET. Author(s): Alauddin MM, Shahinian A, Gordon EM, Bading JR, Conti PS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2001 November; 42(11): 1682-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11696640&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors and correlates of bereavement in suicide support group participants. Author(s): Callahan J. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Summer; 30(2): 104-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888052&dopt=Abstract
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Psychoactive substance use disorder in youth suicide. Author(s): Runeson B. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1990; 25(5): 561-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2088354&dopt=Abstract
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Psychoactive substances in suicides. Comparison of toxicologic findings in two samples. Author(s): Dhossche DM, Rich CL, Isacsson G. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2001 September; 22(3): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563731&dopt=Abstract
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Qigong and suicide prevention. Author(s): Ismail K, Tsang HW.
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Quantitative analysis of Aconitum alkaloids in the urine and serum of a male attempting suicide by oral intake of aconite extract. Author(s): Mizugaki M, Ito K, Ohyama Y, Konishi Y, Tanaka S, Kurasawa K. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1998 July-August; 22(4): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681338&dopt=Abstract
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Religious mass suicide before Jonestown: the Russian Old Believers. Author(s): Robbins T. Source: Sociol Anal. 1986; 47(1): 1-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11618195&dopt=Abstract
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Religious reflections on suicide, assisted suicide and euthanasia. Author(s): Sprague S. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1996 February; 92(2): 58-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8742345&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for attempted suicide during adolescence. Author(s): Slap GB, Vorters DF, Chaudhuri S, Centor RM. Source: Pediatrics. 1989 November; 84(5): 762-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2797971&dopt=Abstract
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Role of modelling in in-patient suicide: a lack of supporting evidence. Author(s): Modestin J, Wurmle O. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1989 October; 155: 511-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2611573&dopt=Abstract
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Should assisted suicide be legalised? Author(s): Paterson I, Forbes S. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 March 4-10; 99(9): 18-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673980&dopt=Abstract
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Should disagreement about physician-assisted suicide discourage professional societies from engaging in public debate? A survey of 677 Connecticut internists. Author(s): Kaldjian LC, Jekel JF, Bernene JL, Rosenthal GE, Vaughan-Sarrazin M, Duffy TP.
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Sociology's one law: religion and suicide in the urban context. Author(s): Faupel CE, Kowalski GS, Starr PD. Source: Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1987; 26(4): 523-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11617468&dopt=Abstract
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Source, recency, and degree of stress in adolescence and suicide ideation. Author(s): Huff CO. Source: Adolescence. 1999 Spring; 34(133): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10234369&dopt=Abstract
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Specialists in A & E. Holistic care in parasuicide. Author(s): Lindars J. Source: Nurs Times. 1991 April 10-16; 87(15): 30-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2020573&dopt=Abstract
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Spirituality and attempted suicide among American Indians. Author(s): Garroutte EM, Goldberg J, Beals J, Herrell R, Manson SM; AI-SUPERPFP Team. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 April; 56(7): 1571-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614706&dopt=Abstract
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Stress-related suicide by dentists and other health care workers. Fact or folklore? Author(s): Alexander RE. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2001 June; 132(6): 786-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433860&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide among elderly white men: development of a profile. Author(s): Mellick E, Buckwalter KC, Stolley JM. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1992 February; 30(2): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1578415&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and language. Author(s): Sommer-Rotenberg D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 August 11; 159(3): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9724978&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempt after use of herbal diet pill. Author(s): Traboulsi AS, Viswanathan R, Coplan J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 February; 159(2): 318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823284&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempts in major affective disorder patients with comorbid substance use disorders. Author(s): Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, Minnai GP, Salis P, Scamonatti L, Masia M, Ghiani C, Mannu P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 Suppl 2: 63-9; Discussion 75-6, 113-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073390&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide by drowning in the bath. Author(s): Nowers MP. Source: Med Sci Law. 1999 October; 39(4): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10581917&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in America: a test of Durkheim's theory of religious and family integration, 1933-1980. Author(s): Breault KD. Source: Ajs; American Journal of Sociology. 1986; 92(3): 628-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11612441&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide risk assessment: a review of procedures. Author(s): Lyons C, Price P, Embling S, Smith C. Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing. 2000 July; 8(3): 178-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893563&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide: life span considerations. Author(s): Antai-Otong D. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 2003 March; 38(1): 137-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712675&dopt=Abstract
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Support for physician-assisted suicide must be quelled. Author(s): McCormick RA, Hooyman N. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1992 July-August; 73(6): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11645745&dopt=Abstract
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Support groups for sibling suicide survivors. Author(s): Gaffney DA, Jones ET, Dunne-Maxim K.
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Source: Crisis. 1992; 13(2): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1468236&dopt=Abstract •
The biblical teachings on suicide. Author(s): Barry R. Source: Issues in Law & Medicine. 1997 Winter; 13(3): 283-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9479882&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of the decline in institutionalized religion on suicide, 1954-1978. Author(s): Stack S. Source: Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1983; 22(3): 239-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11614809&dopt=Abstract
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The Los Angeles Survivors-After-Suicide program. An evaluation. Author(s): Farberow NL. Source: Crisis. 1992; 13(1): 23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1395706&dopt=Abstract
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The neurobiology of suicide risk: a review for the clinician. Author(s): Mann JJ, Oquendo M, Underwood MD, Arango V. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 Suppl 2: 7-11; Discussion 18-20, 1136. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073382&dopt=Abstract
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The possible role of 9(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid as a suicide substrate of soybean lipoxygenase. Author(s): Sok DE, Kim MR. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1989 August 15; 162(3): 1357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2569867&dopt=Abstract
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The reasons so many people support physician-assisted suicide--and why these reasons are not convincing. Author(s): Kamisar Y. Source: Issues in Law & Medicine. 1996 Fall; 12(2): 113-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8936848&dopt=Abstract
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The role of guidelines in the practice of physician-assisted suicide. University of Pennsylvania Center for Bioethics Assisted Suicide Consensus Panel. Author(s): Caplan AL, Snyder L, Faber-Langendoen K.
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Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 March 21; 132(6): 476-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10733448&dopt=Abstract •
The role of institutional and community based ethics committees in the debate on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Schwartz RL, Kushner T. Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 1996 Winter; 5(1): 121-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835479&dopt=Abstract
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The use of narrative data to inform the psychotherapeutic group process with suicide survivors. Author(s): Mitchell AM, Gale DD, Garand L, Wesner S. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 91-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735077&dopt=Abstract
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The use of simulations to assess the impact of an adolescent suicide response curriculum. Author(s): Kalafat J, Gagliano C. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 1996 Winter; 26(4): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014265&dopt=Abstract
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Therapy in suicide case called unique by doctor. Author(s): Butterfield F. Source: Ny Times (Print). 1992 April 1; : A16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11647919&dopt=Abstract
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VP22 enhanced intercellular trafficking of HSV thymidine kinase reduced the level of ganciclovir needed to cause suicide cell death. Author(s): Liu CS, Kong B, Xia HH, Ellem KA, Wei MQ. Source: The Journal of Gene Medicine. 2001 March-April; 3(2): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318113&dopt=Abstract
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What happens now? Oregon and physician-assisted suicide. Author(s): Woolfrey J. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 1998 May-June; 28(3): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669176&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to suicide; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Insomnia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Kulkarni Naturopathy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/k.html Prayer Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,728,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements Digoxin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypericum perforatum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Klamathweed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum, Klamathweed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Valerian Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SUICIDE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to suicide. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “suicide” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on suicide, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Suicide ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to suicide. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Evaluation of a Self-instructional Videotape Program for Teaching Suicideassessment to Medical Students. by Golden, Kenneth Miles, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1978, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7823262
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Evaluation of Suicidal Risk Factors in Suburban/urban Utah Teenagers by White, George Lovelle, Jr., Phd from The University of Utah, 1987, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8803568
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Examining the Impact on the Family Managing a Depressed/suicidal Member at Home by Nosek, Cheryl L. Dns from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076548
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Exploring the Concept of Suicide in Children Through Stories: a Case Study Approach by Clark, Dana Ann, Phd from The Florida State University, 1994, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9424753
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Factors Affecting the Negativity of Attitudes toward Suicide by Nichol, Diane S; Phd from York University (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15702
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Factors Contributing to Suicide and Violence: a Secondary Analysis of the National Adolescent Student Health Survey Data (adolescents, Student Health) by Huetteman, Julie K. Doidge, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1991, 622 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9219739
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Factors Occurring in Youth Suicide Behavior in Oregon by Goss, Kathy Bee, Edd from Portland State University, 1996, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9626730
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Factors Related to Suicide Proneness among Adolescents (parental Alcoholism, Alcoholism) by Nelson, Sharon Lea, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1991, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9222742
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Factors Related to the Identification of Adolescents at Risk for Suicidal Behavior by Hamrick, Jo Anne, Edd from The University of Alabama, 1997, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9821536
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Faith, Death and Suffering: Ethics and the Law of Suicide Intervention by Duval, Gordon Robert, Sjd from University of Toronto (canada), 1998, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ33922
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Family Environmental Factors As Predictors of Suicide Probability among an Outpatient Adolescent Population by Lucey, Christopher Francis, Phd from Kent State University, 1997, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9818078
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Family Variables and Their Relation to Adolescent Suicidal Ideation among a Multiracial Sample of Urban High School Students by Friedman, Jeffrey M., Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1997, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9727221
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Fiction, Reality, and Female Suicide by Patnoe, Elizabeth Louise, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1997, 468 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9731691
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Four Essays on the Dialysis Industry (health Care, Suicide) by Ford, Jon Mark, Phd from Auburn University, 1996, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9629907
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Functions of the Secondary School Principal in Student Suicide Prevention, Intervention and Postvention Strategies by Mcwilliams, Carl Dennis, Edd from University of Georgia, 1996, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9636407
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Gender, Social Isolation, and Psychopathology: Making Sense of Male-female Differences in Suicide Mortality by Lubell, Keri M. Phd from Indiana University, 2001, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3005486
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Gender-role Nonconformity, Bullying, and Suicidality among Gay and Bisexual Male Adolescents by Friedman, Mark S. Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 2002, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066948
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Getting the Last Word: Suicide and the 'feminine' Voice in Renaissance Literature (william Shakespeare, Ovid) by Craig, Amy Delynne; Phd from Princeton University, 2002, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3033010
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Guidelines for High School Suicide Prevention Programs: a Delphi Study by Lennox, Carolyn Evans, Edd from East Texas State University, 1987, 364 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8725307
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Guidelines for Suicide Prevention in New York State Colleges by Juechter, Joanne Kruger, Edd from Columbia University, 1971, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7128006
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Healing Within Families Following Youth Suicide by Grant Kalischuk, Ruth; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 2000, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ48660
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A Comparative Study of Counselors', Teachers', and Administrators' Knowledge of Adolescent Suicide (secondary School) by Grube, Nannell B., Edd from The George Washington University, 1986, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8619164
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A Comparative Study of Phencyclidine (pcp), Heroin, and Clinically Depressed/suicidal Populations on the Indirect Self-destructive Behavior (isdb) Continuum by Buchanan, Edward Louis, Edd from University of San Francisco, 1981, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8121620
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A Comparative Study of Teacher Released Time in the Effectiveness of Inservice Teacher Training for a Rural Public School Suicide Prevention Program by Majoy, Rosanne Bradford, Edd from Boston College, 1991, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9118429
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A Comparative Study of the Attitude and Knowledge of Suicide between High School Students and High School Teachers by Clark, Karen Lee, Edd from University of San Diego, 1986, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8614587
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A Comparative Study of the Attitudes toward and Knowledge of Suicide between Secondary Teachers Who Have and Those Who Have Not Attended a School Suicide Awareness Program by Allen, David R., Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1987, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8807311
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A Comparison of the Effects of a Ninth-grade Educational, Social-skills, and Copingskills School-based Program upon Four Correlates of Adolescent Suicide (social Skills Training, Coping Skills Training) by Budd, Patricia Jean, Phd from Lehigh University, 1991, 397 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9207005
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A Comparison of the Grief Experience of Women Widowed by Suicide and Women Widowed by Natural Death (widows) by Otis, Faith Gail, Edd from University of San Francisco, 1987, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9234742
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A Continuum Approach to Identification and Mentoring of the Severely Discouraged for Successful Life Career Management (youthful, Prevention, Self-harm, Suicide) by Smallwood, Marion Allen, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1985, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8618109
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A Descriptive Analysis of Suicide among Blacks in Maryland, from 1974-1980 by Miles, Dwight Everett, Phd from University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1989, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8924463
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A Descriptive Multiple Case Study of Caucasian Female Suicide Attempters: Risk and Protective Factors by Browne, Janice Ann Johnson; Phd from Andrews University, 2003, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081065
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A Descriptive Study of School-based Adolescent Suicide Prevention/intervention Programs: Program Components and the Role of the School Counselor by Kush, Francis Richard, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1991, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9129212
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A Descriptive Survey of Student Suicide in Higher Education Within the Southwestern Rocky Mountain States by Black, Kimball Dean, Edd from University of Denver, 1971, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7201073
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A Legal and Philosophical Examination of the Constitutional Right to Suicide by Neeley, George Steven, Phd from University of Cincinnati, 1989, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9003219
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A Multivariate Box-jenkins Time Series Analysis of Emile Durkheim's Theory of Anomic Suicide (durkheim Emile, Suicide) by Brown, Gregory P., Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1991, 340 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN69097
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A National Study of Certified Gerontological Counselors and Rational or Assisted Suicide by Dubes, Ann Beyenka, Phd from University of Arkansas, 1999, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9932750
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A Previous Suicide Attempt As a Factor to Predict Successful Completion of a Residential Alcohol Treatment Program by Glover, Michael William, Edd from Western Michigan University, 1994, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9433201
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A Qualitative Analysis of Preservice and Inservice Teachers' Preparedness to Help Children Cope with Stress, Manage Crisis, Avoid Suicide, and Foster Resilience by Barron Jones, Jamie Deneen, Edd from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1998, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9908873
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A Qualitative Process of a Negative Outcome in Psychotherapy: the Suicide of Mr. X (x, Mr. ) by Wildman, Julie J., Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1994, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9504086
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A Regional Comparison of Attitudes toward Suicide and Methods of Self-destruction. by Marks, Alan Howard, Phd from University of Georgia, 1973, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7404837
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A Retrospective Study and Audit of the Treatment of Suicidal Patients at a Community Mental Health Center by Rockwood-solano, Josett, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1981, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8321337
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A Single Case Study of a Survivor of Suicide Using Bowen Therapy and Grief Counseling by Dion, Ani R. Psyd from Alliant International University, San Diego, 2003, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078514
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A Social - Psychological Study of Suicide-related Behavior in a Student Population by Callender, Willard Douglas, Jr., Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1967, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6801324
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A Statistical Analysis of the Current Reported Increase in the Black Suicide Rate. by Davis, Robert, Jr., Phd from Washington State University, 1975, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7604350
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A Study of Adolescent Depression, Suicide, Self-esteem and Family Strengths in Special Education Female Students Compared with Regular Education Female Students by Harper, Diane Joan Provencher, Phd from Walden University, 1996, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9840083
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A Study of Predictors of Suicide Potential in Public School Children by Finch, Tammy M., Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1988, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8914407
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A Study of Selected Factors Associated with Adolescent Suicide Ideation by Watson, Carol Ann, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1991, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9129619
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A Study of Suicide among Psychiatric Patients. by Beaudoin, Carol Ann, Edd from Boston University School of Education, 1979, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7923846
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A Study of Suicide in Wyoming: a Durkheimian Analysis by Nelson, Zane P., Phd from Brigham Young University, 1969, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7004711
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A Study of the Construct Validity of the Greist Suicide Risk Instrument for College Students by Chudomelka, Kathleen Mary, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1987, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8817226
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A Study of the Impact of Suicide Grief on Intimacy by Maycock, Katherine Ella Bennett, Phd from The University of Texas at Arlington, 1997, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9810468
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A Study of the Manifest Content of Suicide Notes from Three Different Theoretical Perspectives L. Binswanger, S. Freud and G. Kelly by Leenaars, Antoon A; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK44459
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A Study of the Relationship between Interpersonal Support and the Incidence of Suicidal Ideation of Puerto Rican College Students by Velazquez-acevedo, Andres, Phd from Syracuse University, 1982, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8229026
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A Study of the Suicide Prevention Program in the Los Angeles Unified School District and Its Educational and Psychological Impact on Students (california) by Silbert, Kathy Leigh, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1989, 408 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9000983
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A Study of the Suicides of Eight Holocaust Survivor/writers by Mccord, Janet Schenk, Phd from Boston University, 1995, 347 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9536848
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A Study to Determine the Effect of a Life-skills Related Suicide Prevention Curriculum on the Depression Levels of Adolescents (life Skills-related) by Taylor, Charlotte Murrow, Edd from Memphis State University, 1992, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9224290
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A Visit to Motel 6: Clinicians' Responses to Suicidal Adolescents in an Era of Managed Care by Pierce, Martha S. Phd from Smith College School for Social Work, 2002, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052443
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Ability to Recognize Suicidal Tendencies in Adolescents by High School Counselors by Pitcock, Brookie Lowe, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1987, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8720936
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Adolescent Attitudes toward Suicide: Attempters Versus Nonattempters by Holzman, Alan David, Phd from New York University, 1990, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9023054
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Adolescent Coping Strategies after a Suicide or Other Loss by Death: a Retrospective Study by Ephraim, Todd Andrew, Phd from Texas Tech University, 1997, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9812017
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Adolescent Male Self-concept and Suicide Ideation by Sreenan-auger, Melaney Kay, Phd from The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities, 1989, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9002073
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Adolescent Self-mutilation: an Empirical Study (suicide) by Walsh, Barent Warren, Dsw from Boston College, 1987, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8807574
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Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: Causes and Prevention by Klostermann, Keith Christopher; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089131
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Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: Some Links to Serious Attempts (hopelessness, Loss, Social Support) by Morano, Christopher Don, Phd from The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 1990, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9111358
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Adolescent Suicide and Suicidal Behaviour: a Pastoral Narrative Approach (afrikaans Text) by Strydom, Jean; Phd from University of Pretoria (south Africa), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f965441
Dissertations 305
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Adolescent Suicide and the Role of the School As Seen by Secondary School Principals (east, Texas) by Cochran, Kent Scott, Edd from East Texas State University, 1986, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8614722
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Adolescent Suicide Attempters: Personality Styles and Life Event Change by Saulque, Jill Ann, Phd from United States International University, 1989, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8919000
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Adolescent Suicide Attempts: the Culmination of a Progressive Social Isolation by Jacobs, Jerry, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1967, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6707394
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Adolescent Suicide Imitation Factor: the Effect of a Suicide Prevention Program by Murray, James Hubert, Edd from University of San Francisco, 1991, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9121556
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Adolescent Suicide in an Unselected High School Population: Antecedent Risk and Protective Factors (risk Factors) by Maron, Robert Carey, Edd from Boston University, 1990, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9016761
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Adolescent Suicide in Ontario: Lethal Learning Problems by Mcbride-duckworth, Hazel Elizabeth Ann, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1994, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN92620
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Adolescent Suicide: Its Implications for Educational Leadership (suicide) by Johnson, Wanda Yvonne, Phd from The University of Dayton, 1993, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9409480
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Adolescent Suicide: Risk Factors Contributing to Suicidal Ideation by Reid, Michael Talbot, Phd from University of Denver, 1989, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8924421
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Adolescent Suicide: the Role of the Public School by Hollar, Cleve Cordell, Edd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1987, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8719160
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Adolescent Violence, Suicide, and Health-behavior: an Extension of Problembehavior Theory by Miller, Deborah Schwartz, Edd from University of Missouri - Saint Louis, 1995, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9606329
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After a Suicide Attempt in Taiwan: an Ethnographic Study by Tzeng, Wen-chii; Phd from University of California, San Francisco, 2002, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075312
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Alaskan Native Suicide by Pfeiffer, Karl Thomas, Phd from South Dakota State University, 1993, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9400119
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Alcoholism and Suicide among Females by Maxson, Charles Elvin, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1981, 339 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8122822
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Alexithymia, Anxiety and Suicide Ideation among African American College Students by Hamilton, Dara Malaika; Phd from Howard University, 2002, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066501
306 Suicide
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All the Names of Death: Allusion and the Theme of Suicide in the Novels of Walker Percy by Allen, William Rodney, Phd from Duke University, 1982, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8212949
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An Accreditation Program for Contact Teleministries Usa (crisis Hotline; Suicide) by Larson, Robert Edward, Jr., Dmin from Lancaster Theological Seminary, 1986, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8726511
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An Analysis of Administrative Response Patterns to Suicide Ideation among Deaf Young Adults by Dudzinski, Edward F., Jr., Phd from Gallaudet University, 1998, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9934591
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An Analysis of Selected Issues in Designing and Implementing Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary School Suicide Prevention Programs by Rooks, Debra Baird, Phd from The University of Alabama, 1990, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9120314
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An Analysis of the Child Rearing Attitudes of the Parents of a Group of Adolescents Who Attempted Suicide by Windsor, James Clayton, Edd from University of Virginia, 1972, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7223455
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An Analysis of the Knowledge and Attitudes of Secondary School Teachers Concerning Suicide among Adolescents and Intervention in Adolescent Suicide. by Gordon, Susan Elaine Licht, Phd from University of North Texas, 1979, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7919723
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An Empirical Test of a Social Structural Model for the Prediction of Suicide and Homicide. by Futrell, Richard Hillery, Phd from University of Kansas, 1974, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7517603
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An Ethnographic Investigation of the Media As a Possible Antecedent of Suicidal Behavior in Hospitalized Adolescents by Mann, Mary Katherine, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1991, 530 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9218145
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An Evaluation of a Church-based Adolescent Suicide Prevention Workshop for Parents, Youth Workers, and Youth by Pounds, Jerry Wayne, Sr., Edd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1989, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8921136
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An Evaluation of a Method of Suicide Assessment Training (counselor Training) by Juhnke, Gerald Alan, Edd from Western Michigan University, 1991, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9211597
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An Examination of the Roman Catholic Response to Physician-assisted Suicide and the Moral Obligation of Caring for Persons at the End of Life: an Instructional Protocol by Marucci, Louis Anthony, Dmin from The Saint Paul Seminary, 1998, 284 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9928182
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An Exploration of Existentialism As an Alternative Theoretical Framework for Understanding Adolescent Suicide (suicide) by Curry, Irene Rebecca, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1989, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9008804
Dissertations 307
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An Exploration of Suicide Prevention and Intervention among Homosexual Schizophrenic Males by Sharples, Jennifer Lee; Psyd from Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay, 2002, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053011
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An Exploratory Study of Suicidal Behaviors and School Personnel's Knowledge and Perceptions of Suicide at State-supported, Residential High Schools for Academically Gifted Students by Gust, Karyn L., Phd from Ball State University, 1998, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9911691
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An Exploratory Study of the Affective Future Time Perspective of Adolescent Suicide Attempters: Its Characteristics, Relationship to Clinical Identification and Lethality, and Its Implications for Postvention. by Hynes, James Joseph, Phd from The Catholic University of America, 1976, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7619973
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An Investigation of Acculturative Stress and Ethnic Identification As Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation in African-american Vs. Anglo-american Men and Women: the Moderating Effects of Religiosity and Social Support by Walker, Rheeda Lynette; Phd from The Florida State University, 2002, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061107
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An Investigation of Longitudinal Variation in Suicide. by Marshall, James Roger, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1977, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7730939
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An Investigation of Psychopathology in Suicidal and Nonsuicidal School-based Adolescents by Mazza, James John, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1993, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9330829
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'angel of Mercy' or 'dr. Death'? a Burkean Cluster Analysis of the Motives of Dr. Jack Kevorkian, M.d. (michigan, Assisted Suicide) by Shilling, Burnette Paul, Phd from Bowling Green State University, 1993, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9409242
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Anomie, Egoisme, and the Modern World: Suicide, Durkheim and Weber, Modern Cultural Traditions, and the First and Second Protestant Ethos. by Mccloskey, David Daniel, Phd from University of Oregon, 1978, 1358 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7901080
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Anxiety As a Moderator of the Relationship between Suicidality and Responding to Suicidal Communications by Brown, Marceline Moulin; Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 2003, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084194
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Are School Psychologists Knowledgeable about Adolescent Suicide? by Kellner, Leslie Jay; Psyd from Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2001, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3027827
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Attempted Suicide: a Value-added Analysis. by Brown, Irving Raymond, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1976, 579 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7704891
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Attitudes and Beliefs of Administrators, Human Services Personnel, and Teachers Concerning Adolescent Suicide by Cessna, Ruth E. (boswell), Phd from Indiana University, 1997, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9727919
308 Suicide
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Attitudes of Long Term Care Social Workers toward Physician-assisted-suicide by Erlbaum-zur, Phyllis D. Phd from Yeshiva University, 2002, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051571
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Audience Attitudes toward Suicide in Shakespeare's Tragedies (romeo and Juliet, Othello, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra) by Cunico, Juliette Marie, Phd from The University of New Mexico, 1991, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9136261
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Behavioral and Personality Predictors of Direct, Indirect, and Non-self-destructive Tendencies in Male Offenders Within Farberow's Paradigm (suicide) by Manzano, Thomas Anthony, Phd from The Catholic University of America, 1990, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9027640
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Bereavement in the Families of Adolescent Suicide Victims: Three Years Post Death of the Adolescents by Fisher, Prudence Winslow; Phd from Columbia University, 2000, 316 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9970192
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Beyond Words: Suicide and Modern Narrative by Stark, Jared Louis, Phd from Yale University, 1998, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9837286
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Blocking the Environment: a Feature of Wisc-r Profiles of Suicidal Adolescents by Bear, Joyce Isabel, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1987, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8720246
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Cervantes: Two Suicides, Heroic and Pastoral, and a 'cancion Desesperada' (spanish Text) by Pagan-rodriguez, Flor Maria; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1999, 277 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9940925
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Changes in United States Popular Culture Portrayal of Youth Suicide: 1950--2000 by Jamieson, Patrick Edwin; Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 2003, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087415
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Characteristics of Child Suicide: Gender Differences between Five and Nine Years Old by Glasser-frei, Hara Brooke; Psyd from Carlos Albizu University, 2002, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077972
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Characteristics of Euthanasia Proponents (assisted Suicide) by Clearfield, Lois, Phd from Barry University School of Social Work, 1992, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9302655
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Characteristics of Peer Abuse and Suicidal Behavior during Adolescence: an Assessment of Adolescent Perceptions by Carney, Jolynn V., Phd from Ohio University, 1997, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9732663
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Charles Dickens and the Natural History of English Suicide: Narrative Disjunctions in the Victorian Novel of Community by Anderberg, Mary Taylor, Phd from University of California, Davis, 1993, 441 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9407297
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Circumstances and Behaviors of Suicide by Cop by Luna, Jennifer Kristine; Msw from California State University, Long Beach, 2002, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410318
Dissertations 309
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Clinical Course, Predictive Factors and Effects of Intervention after Attempted Suicide: a Randomised Controlled Study by Cedereke, Marie Monica; Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2002, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f663121
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Clinical Social Workers' Reactions to the Suicide of Their Patients: a Descriptive Analysis of Change in Practice Styles in the Aftermath of Suicide by Marantz, Sandy P., Phd from New York University, 1990, 323 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9023053
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Commitment to Living: a Microanalytic Study of the Emotion of Shame and the Perceived Erosion of Social Bonds in Two Cases of Adolescent Suicide by Savarimuthu, Augustine; Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2001, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3026338
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Community Suicide: Secularization in Catholic Nuns with the Manipulation of Ritual and Symbol by Zajac, Barbara Ellen, Phd from University of California, Riverside, 1999, 485 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9925071
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Comparison of Transfection Rates and Optimization of Suicide Gene Therapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Utilizing a Novel Targeted Adenovirus in Vitro by Beyer, Gregory Robert; Md from Louisiana State Univ. Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f677937
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Comparison of Two School-based Student Suicide Prevention Curricula by Wilson, Charles Thomas, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1989, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8913142
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Completed Suicide, Attempted Suicide and Urban Social Structure: a Sociological and Social Psychological Study of Anomie, Egoism and Self-evaluation. by Wenz, Friedrich Volker, Phd from Wayne State University, 1975, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7513408
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Comprehensive Evaluation for Suicide Intervention Training by Tierney, Roger Jento; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL42556
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Concurrent Validity of the Suicide Probability Scale (depression) by Lee, W. Vernon, Phd from Temple University, 1992, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9227492
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Configurations of Self-concept in Adolescent Suicide by Carlson, Karen Townsend; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1999, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9938746
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Connecting with Hope: Discovering the Process of Healing from an Adolescent Suicide Attempt. a Grounded Theory Study by Taylor, Petrea Lea; Mn from The University of New Brunswick (canada), 2002, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76414
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Content Analysis of Genuine and Simulated Suicide Notes Using Foulkes's Scoring System for Latent Structure by Mclister, Brenda L; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39635
310 Suicide
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Coping Interventions for High School-based Suicide Prevention by Ceperich, Sherry Rae Dyche, Phd from Arizona State University, 1997, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9734773
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Corelates of Attitudes about the Acceptability of Suicide among High School and College Students by Mcenery, Gerard Joseph, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1983, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8327726
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Correlates of Elderly Female Suicide: a Cross-national Ecological Study (women Elderly) by Thomas, Billy Mckinley, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1995, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9609371
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Correlates of Suicide Risk among Adolescents by Stronach, Theodore H., Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1988, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8813279
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Counselor Preparation and Client Suicide (suicide) by Maher, Marie Joyce, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1990, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9103238
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Counselor Self-efficacy and Suicide Intervention by Mikinski, Tamara Coder, Phd from University of Kansas, 1993, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9408996
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Creating, Writing, and Directing a Compilation Script Addressing Youth Suicide (with Original Writing) (play Writing) by Diomandes, Gary Frank, Phd from The Union Institute, 1993, 305 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9412915
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Crisis Intervention in Secondary Public Schools: a Qualitative Study (drugs, Alcohol, Suicide) by Timmerberg, Priscilla Bass, Phd from Saint Louis University, 1989, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9014814
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Daughters, Mothers, and Grandmothers: an Ethnography of Integenerational Communication, Nonfatal Suicide, and Gender (suicide) by Miller, Michelle Ann, Phd from Arizona State University, 1995, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9539573
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Death by Suicide: Community Responses to Maliseet Language Death at Tobique First Nation, New Brunswick, Canada by Perley, Bernard Christopher; Phd from Harvard University, 2002, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051256
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Defining and Dramatizing Death: a Framing Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Physician-assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in Selected Michigan Newspapers from 1996 to 1999 by Lauffer, Kimberly Ann; Phd from University of Florida, 2000, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9984448
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Desperate Women: Murderers and Suicides in Nine Modern Novels by Panaro, Lydia Adriana, Phd from New York University, 1981, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8127950
Dissertations 311
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Determinants of Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents: a Study of Hospitalized Adolescents Who Attempt Suicide by Steiner, Eileen Y. Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1999, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9948432
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Development of a Model for the Prediction of Suicide at the Community Level by Franko, Eileen M. Drph from State University of New York at Albany, 2002, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053354
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Development of a Teacher Rating Scale for the Identification of Adolescents At-risk for Engaging in Parasuicidal Behavior by Smith, Lowell Alastair, Phd from University of Oregon, 1989, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9020225
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Disaffected Selves: Symbolic Interaction in Suicide, Madness, and Bohemianism by Zeftel, Mitchell Henry, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1985, 847 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8610288
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Discourses of Control in Aboriginal Suicide Prevention by Regehr, Cameron Gordon; Msc from University of Calgary (canada), 2002, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ72182
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Do Extenuating Circumstances Influence African American Women's Attitudes toward Suicide? by Marion, Michelle Simone; Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 2002, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067237
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Dramatism and the Creation of Meaning for Assisted Suicide in Derek Humphry's 'final Exit': a Burkian Analysis (jack Kevorkian, Kenneth Burke) by Brown Broughton, Robin Marie; Phd from Ohio University, 1999, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9956768
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Dying Right: the Death with Dignity Movement and the Reform of Oregon's Assisted Suicide Law by Hillyard, Daniel Patrick, Phd from University of California, Irvine, 1999, 369 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9917146
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Educational Psychological Guidelines for Intervention with Families of the Suicide Victim by Barnard, Ilonka, Ded from University of South Africa (south Africa), 1997 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1524658
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Efficacy of Suicide Prevention Center Telephone Interventions by Becker, Lynne Anne, Phd from Temple University, 1997, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9737921
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Emergency Department Nurses Knowledge of and Attitudes toward Parasuicide by Watson, Kim M. Msc from University of Windsor (canada), 2002, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ75928
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Empathy, Care and End of Life Decisions (aid in Dying, Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, Suicide) by Taylor, Sandra Jean, Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1996, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN08443
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Equilibrative Processes in Social and Moral Cognition Observed in Relation to Changes in Psychopathology (suicide, Conflict) by Hewer, Alexandra R. A., Edd from Harvard University, 1986, 343 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8704572
312 Suicide
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High School Health Teachers' and High School Counselors' Perceptions of Adolescent Suicide by King, Keith Allen, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1998, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9916207
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High School Students' Causal Attributions of Peer Suicidal Behaviors by Conrad, Nancy Homsey, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1988, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8911230
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High School Suicide Prevention Programs and How They Are Related to Student Suicide in the School District and to the Socioeconomic Status of Families of Students Attending the School by Crummy, Earle Hazlett, Jr., Edd from Northern Arizona University, 1990, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9028174
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High School Teachers' Level of Knowledge about Teenage Suicide by Tran, Annette; Msw from California State University, Long Beach, 2002, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409290
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Homicide, Suicide, and Role Relationships in New Hampshire by Humphrey, John A., Phd from University of New Hampshire, 1973, 264 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7325783
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Hopelessness, Depression, and Adolescent Suicidal Behaviors in a Rural Population by Grothus-magee, Marion Donna, Phd from Purdue University, 1992, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9301305
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Hopelessness, Self-efficacy, Self-esteem and Powerlessness in Relation to American Indian Suicide by Edmonson, Jimmie Ray; Phd from University of North Texas, 2000, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044290
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Hostage to Outcome Based Education: a Case Study of a Superintendent's Stress and Suicide by Larsen, Leonard Victor; Phd from Iowa State University, 2000, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9977334
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How Do Schools Respond to a Death: a Survey of Current Practices (crisis Intervention, Death Education, Suicide) by Rosse, James F., Sr., Psyd from State University of New York at Albany, 1993, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9403842
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How Does the Discourse of the Roman Catholic Religion Influence the Public Dialogue and the Legal Status of Physician-assisted Suicide? by Cobbs, James Franklin, Jr. Phd from The Fielding Institute, 1999, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9959042
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How Teens Who Are at Risk for Suicide and Who Have Conflict with Parents Characterize Their Parents' Communicative Behavior by Huhman, Marian Elizabeth; Phd from University of Washington, 2002, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072095
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Identification of the Causes and Characteristics of Suicide among American Indian Youth by Crawford, Rebecca Renae, Phd from Utah State University, 1992, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9301634
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In the Shadow of Plato: Durkheim and Freud on Suicide and Society by Mestrovic, Stjepan Gabriel, Phd from Syracuse University, 1982, 403 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8228999
Dissertations 313
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Indices of Adolescent Suicide Attempts by Griffiths, J. Kent, Dsw from The University of Utah, 1985, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8601453
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Individual and Family Factors Influencing Probability for Suicide in Adolescents by Collins, Olivia P., Phd from Kansas State University, 1990, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9102757
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Insight in Schizophrenia: Associations with Premorbid Adjustment, Positive and Negative Symptoms, Depression, and Suicidality by Kohl, Lisa Jil; Phd from Columbia University, 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088358
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Investigation of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among Mexican-american Youth Identified As Severely Emotionally Disturbed (at Risk) by Medina, Catherine Marie, Phd from New Mexico State University, 1995, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9614377
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'it's a White Thing': Religion and Suicide in the African-american Community by Early, Kevin Eugene, Phd from University of Florida, 1991, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9209004
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Killing and Allowing to Die (gribbing, Alting, Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide) by Sulmasy, Daniel Patrick, Phd from Georgetown University, 1995, 506 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9608827
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Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Suicide, Fighting, Homicide, and Alcohol Use: a Secondary Analysis of Nashs by Hyde, David Harrison, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1992, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9304339
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Knowledge of Cause of Death As a Biasing Factor in Retrospective Studies of Completed Suicide by Mallin, Barry; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL14944
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Late-life Suicidal Behavior: Complexity, Descriptors, Level of Risk by Weinreich, Donna Meisel, Phd from University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1997, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9819192
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Le Suicide Et La Mort Chez Les Mamit-innuat (french Text) by Eveno, Stephanie; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1999, 360 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ48978
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Lebanon: the Rationality of National Suicide by Preisler, Barry Edward, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1988, 467 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8916840
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Leisure Attitudes of Suicidal Female Psychiatric Clients by Malkin, Marjorie Joan, Edd from University of Georgia, 1986, 274 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8706876
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Les Evenements De Vie Familiale, Les Reponses D'adaptation Et L'adoption De Conduites Suicidaires Chez Les Familles Survivantes Au Suicide (french Text) by Grenier, Hugues, Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1994, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN91455
314 Suicide
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Liberalism's Troubled Search for Equality: Religion, Public Reason, and Cultural Bias in the Oregon Debates over Physician-assisted Suicide by Jones, Robert Patrick; Phd from Emory University, 2002, 459 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050109
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Macrosociological and Organizational Determinants of Officially-reported Suicide Rates by Reed, Mark David, Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1986, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8703993
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Making Suicide Soviet: Medicine, Moral Statistics, and the Politics of Social Science in Bolshevik Russia, 1920-1930 by Pinnow, Kenneth Martin, Phd from Columbia University, 1998, 369 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9839008
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Martyrdom and Suicide: Female Figures in the Tragedies of Daniel Casper Von Lohenstein. (german Text) by Diakun, Gertrud, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1983, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8325056
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Ministry and Mortality: a Theological, Pastoral, and Congregational Response to the Arguments for Physician-assisted Suicide by Caton, John Mark; Phd from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2001, 295 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3033227
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Motivation and Opportunity: an Ecological Investigation of United States Urban Suicide, 1970-1990 by Hellsten, James John, Phd from University of California, Irvine, 1995, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9600325
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Movements in Bereavement: the Bereavement Experience of Parents Who Lose a Grown Child Through a Suicide or Non-suicide Sudden Death by Mcgee, Phyllis Dianne, Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1993, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN82954
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Native Illness Meanings: Depression and Suicide by Walker, Cheryl Anne; Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1999, 315 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ59093
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Nature Multidimensionnelle De La Pratique Des Intervenants Psychosociaux Des Clsc: Le Cas Du Suicide Des Jeunes (french Text) by Lacroix, Luc; Phd from Universite De Montreal (canada), 2000, 325 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ48779
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Nikolai Erdman's 'the Mandate' and 'the Suicide': Critical Analyses (erdman Nikolai, Soviet Union) by Brandesky, Joseph Edward, Jr., Phd from University of Kansas, 1991, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9210028
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Of Bougie Babes and Bangy Boyz: a Cultural Study of Suicide and Other Funky Everyday Thangs by Ona, Fernando Frederick; Phd from Univ. of Calif., San Francisco with the Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 2002, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075320
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Oscar Wilde: 'a Long and Lovely Suicide' (wilde Oscar, Psychobiography, Ireland) by Knox, Melissa Gill, Phd from Columbia University, 1992, 372 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9221171
Dissertations 315
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Parasuicidal Behavior and Borderline Personality Features: the Role of Experiential Avoidance by Chapman, Alexander Lawrence; Phd from Idaho State University, 2003, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083905
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Parent-adolescent Communication and Its Relationship to Adolescent Depression and Suicide Proneness by Stivers, Cathie Gail, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1983, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8321470
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Parental Response to the Suicide Attempts of Adolescents: a Narrative Analysis by Noronha, Lavina Marilla; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2000, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9971151
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Parental Support, Family Life Events and Teen Suicide Attempt by Shepard, Suzanne Mccreary, Phd from Washington University, 1995, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9533763
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Patterns in Homicide and Suicide: an Examination of Demographic and Situational Factors (violence) by Marlow, Yolande Perry, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1985, 349 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8603672
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Perceived Open Communication Following Parental Suicide by Wyss, Jamuna; Psyd from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2003, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080440
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Perceptions of Justices of the Peace in Relation to the Curriculum of the Justice of the Peace Training Center for Suicide and Homicide Investigations and Inquests. by Reeves, James Hubert Galt, Jr., Edd from East Texas State University, 1979, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7918461
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Personality Differences among Groups of Adolescents Hospitalized in a Psychiatric Setting (suicide) by Gross, Rhonda, Edd from Baylor University, 1994, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9422750
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Personality in Politics: the Commitment of a Suicide. by Forcey, Linda Rennie, Phd from State University of New York at Binghamton, 1978, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7815654
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Physician-assisted Suicide in the States: Public Opinion, Public Policy and Direct Democracy by Krois, Dina Michele; Phd from The University of Tennessee, 2001, 297 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3010331
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Physicians and Their Work: a Study of Strains in Medical Practice. (volumes I and Ii) (stress, Impairment, Occupational, Durkheim, Suicide) by Gross, Edith Bullock, Phd from Bryn Mawr College, 1985, 382 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8601389
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Power, Madness, and the Spectacle of Suicide in Statius' 'thebiad' (roman Empire) by Kirkpatrick, John Timothy; Phd from Northwestern University, 2000, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9974306
316 Suicide
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Predictors of Adolescent Suicide Attempts: a Combination of Social and Psychological Discriminants by Triolo, Santo James, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1983, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8318445
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Predictors of Substantial Suicidal Ideation in Selected Institutions of Higher Education by Slimak, Richard Edward, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1987, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8728903
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Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Ideation and Self-reported Attempts in an Adolescent Community Population by Friedman, Arthur Charles, Phd from Simmons College School of Social Work, 1997, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9822802
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Prevalence of Suicidal Feelings and Behaviors in a Private Psychiatric Hospital by Baker, Ellen Sara, Edd from The George Washington University, 1981, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8129871
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Psychological Impact of Films Used in School-based Suicide Awareness Programs by Mcmahon, Thomas Joseph, Phd from New York University, 1994, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9423001
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Psychotherapists' Experiences of Patient Suicide by Rubenstein, Hilary Jane; Phd from City University of New York, 2002, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063875
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Psychotherapy Progress of Suicidal Students at the Johns Hopkins University Counseling and Student Development Center by Weinstein, Marc Jonathan; Psyd from Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2002, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072966
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Race Suicide, Some Aspects of Race Paranoia in the Progressive Era. by Bouwman, Robert Eldridge, Phd from Emory University, 1975, 489 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7601611
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Rational Suicide: a Christian Ethical Argument by Hewett, John Harris, Phd from The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1981, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8206098
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Reasons for Living Vs. Reasons for Dying: the Development of Suicidal Typologies for Predicting Treatment Outcomes by Mann, Rachel; Phd from The Catholic University of America, 2002, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047148
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Reforming the Spirit: Society, Madness and Suicide in Central Europe, 1517-1809 (germany, France) by Lederer, David Lee, Phd from New York University, 1995, 502 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9528509
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Relationship between Perfectionism and Suicidal Ideation for Students in a College Honors Program and Students in a Regular College Program by Adkins, Karen Kittler, Phd from The University of Alabama, 1994, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9429201
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Relationships among Factors Underlying Functioning with Chronic Pain and Risk of Suicide by Hargis, David Lee, Phd from University of New Orleans, 1995, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9701557
Dissertations 317
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Responses to Partner Abuse: Modeling the Paths to Substance Abuse, Suicide Attempts, and Retaliative Partner Violence by Dawkins, Nicola Undine; Phd from Emory University, 2001, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3009426
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Resuscitating Ophelia: Images of Suicide and Suicidal Insanity in Nineteenthcentury England by Nicoletti, Lisa J. Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1999, 330 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9927257
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Revisions and Further Tests of the Theory of Status Integration and Suicide by Tennant, Donald Arthur, Phd from Washington State University, 1971, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7118592
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Revisiting Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: the Issue of Suffering by Morin, Benoit; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2001, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ63746
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Rising to the Surface: Suicide As Narrative Strategy in Twentieth Century Women's Fiction by Sinclair, Gail Ann D., Phd from University of South Florida, 1997, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9815466
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Risk Factors for Completed Adolescent Suicide: Implications for Prevention by Cleary, Karin M. Phd from Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046022
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Role Failure and Suicide: a Sociological Analysis of Completed and Attempted Suicides in Los Angeles by Whittemore, Kenneth Robert, Phd from Emory University, 1971, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7203046
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Romantic Suicide: Crossing Sentimental Borders (madame De Stael, Mary Shelley, Jean-jacques Rousseau, Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe, France) by Reesman, Linda L., Da from St. John's University (new York), 1997, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9908021
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School-age Suicide: the Educational Parameters by Reese, Frederick Doxtater, Jr, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1966, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6702519
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Selected Personality Variables of Female Suicide Attempters, Suicide Threateners and Non-suicidals (women) by Staples, Caryl Stinson, Phd from University of Missouri - Kansas City, 1993, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9320557
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Self-determination, Suicide and Euthanasia: the Implications of Autonomy for the Morality and Legality of Assisted Suicide and Voluntary Active Euthanasia by Lindsay, Ronald Alan, Phd from Georgetown University, 1996, 592 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9713205
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Seneca, Suicide, and English Renaissance Tragedy by Cleary, James J., Phd from Temple University, 1969, 307 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6916284
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Sequential Sibling Suicide (suicide, Family) by Defini, Josephine, Phd from New York University, 1993, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9411225
318 Suicide
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Sex and Suicide in 'madame Bovary', 'anna Karenina', 'the Awakening' and 'the House of Mirth' (gustave Flaubert, France, Leo Tolstoy, Russia, Kate Chopin, Edith Wharton) by Jasin, Soledad Herrero-ducloux, Phd from The University of Texas at Dallas, 1996, 293 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9635004
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Sex and Suicide: a Study of Female Labor Force Participation and Its Effects upon Rates of Suicide. by Taylor, Maurice C., Phd from Bowling Green State University, 1978, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7819869
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Sex, Marital Status, and Mortality: an Analysis of Changing Patterns (sex-roles, Death, Morbidity, Suicide, Mental Illness) by Mergenhagen, Paula Marie, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1984, 328 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8522482
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Social and Personality Factors Associated with Stress and Suicidal Inclination of Male Physicians in Selected Medical Specializations by Coker, Richard Lee, Edd from University of San Francisco, 1983, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8405366
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Social and Psychological Determinants of Gender and Age-specific Suicide Rates in Developed Countries, 1955-1989 by Fernquist, Robert M., Phd from Indiana University, 1996, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9627028
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Social Change and Social Disorganization: a Cross-polity Study of the Effects of Social Change on Indices of Crime and Suicide. by Krohn, Marvin Donald, Phd from The Florida State University, 1974, 264 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7506287
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Social Cohesion and the Value of Human Life: an Extension of Durkheim's Theory (self-destruction, Adolescent Suicide) by Connolly, Elizabeth Anne, Phd from New York University, 1986, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8706726
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Social Costs of Economic Change: Suicide in the Mexico City Area (time-series, Anomie, Impact-analysis) by Robertson, Marjorie J., Phd from University of California, Irvine, 1983, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8404501
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Social Factors in Adolescent Suicidal Ideation and Behavior by Jones, Ian F., Phd from University of North Texas, 1991, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9201529
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Social Indicators of and Seasonal Variations in Sex and Age Specific Suicide Rates in Georgia by Roberts, A. Robinson Watson, Phd from Emory University, 1980, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8021297
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Social Integration and Suicide: an Exploratory Analysis of Durkheim's Theory across Three Levels of Aggregation by Mayfield, Gary Kent, Phd from Emory University, 1987, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8716126
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Social Integration, Goal Commitment, and Fatalistic Suicide. by Peck, Dennis Leroy, Phd from Washington State University, 1976, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7702877
Dissertations 319
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Social Perceptions of Survivor Families: a Study of Community Reaction toward Survivors of Suicidal, Homicidal, and Natural Deaths by Tyler, Margaret Guilfoy, Phd from Saint Louis University, 1989, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9000942
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Social Suicide: a Study of Missing Persons. by Weitzman, Lenore Judith, Phd from Columbia University, 1970, 1081 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7316360
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Socialisation Et Responsabilisation: Reflexion Ethique Sur Le Suicide (french Text) by Boulet, Michel, Phd from Concordia University (canada), 1992, 330 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN87254
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Socio-demographic Determinants of Suicide and Homicide-- a Multivariate Crosscultural Investigation. by Vigderhous, Gideon, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1975, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7524424
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Socioeconomic Change and Deviance: Homicide and Suicide (time-series) by Kozak, Conrad Marion, Phd from Loyola University of Chicago, 1984, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8417238
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Some Contexts of Suicide in Greek Tragedy by Garrison, Elise Patricia, Phd from Stanford University, 1987, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8800940
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Some Variables Associated with Attitudes towards Suicide among the Aged by Gold, Roslyn, Dsw from Yeshiva University, 1990, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9111416
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Speaking of Suicide Prevention.truth-seeking, Agenda Setting, and Traditions in Conflict: a Narrative Account of Everyday Planning Practice by White, Jennifer Hume; Edd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 2002, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ73259
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Structural Change and Suicide: a Study of the Relationships among Population Growth and Technological Development, the Division of Labor, Social Integration and Suicide by Miley, James Douglas, Phd from Tulane University, 1970, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7024536
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Student Lethality Form: a Guide to Determining the Potential Lethality of University Students' Suicide Threats. by Patterson, John Edward, Phd from Kent State University, 1974, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7507463
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Student Suicide: the Impact on Schools and Their Leaders by Tantillo, Barbarann, Edd from Fordham University, 1995, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9530959
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Studies on the Early Traditions of the Oresteia Legend in Art and Literature with Related Studies on the Suicide of Ajax by Davies, Mark Ingraham, Phd from Princeton University, 1971, 285 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7213736
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Subcultures of Self and Other-directed Violence: Suicide, Homicide and Accidental Death in the United States, 1980-1984 (self-directed) by Vogt, Kimberly Ann, Phd from University of New Hampshire, 1989, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8921942
320 Suicide
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Suicidal Acts in Dramas by Contemporary Latin American Women: Acquiescence or Empowerment? (drama, Suicide) by Southerland, Stacy Dianne, Phd from Indiana University, 1994, 298 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9507671
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Suicidal Behavior in Vietnamese Refugees: Suicide, Headaches and the Vietnamese Concept of the Self (self Concept) by Merkel, Richard Lawrence, Jr., Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1996, 1553 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9627964
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Suicidal Careers: toward a Symbolic Interaction Theory of Suicide by Miller, Dorothy Hillyer, Dsw from University of California, Berkeley, 1967, 357 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6805687
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Suicidal Clients in a Therapy Context: a Model for Responding (crisis Intervention Training) by Speiden, Jeffrey Scott, Phd from Indiana University, 1993, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9418810
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Suicidal Deconstruction: Dazai Osamu and the Dilemma of Modern Japanese Literature by Wolfe, Alan Stephen, Phd from Cornell University, 1985, 420 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8504557
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Suicidal Risk Factors with an Elderly Population: Standard of Care Practices by Brown, Lisa Mary; Phd from Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034913
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Suicide among Asian American Women: Influences of Racism and Sexism on Suicide Subjectification by Noh, Eliza Sun; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082346
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Suicide among Working Women: an Occupational Model (alaska, Georgia, Nebraska, North Carolina) by Alston, Maude Holloway, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1983, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8315631
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Suicide and Attempted Suicide in Prison: Links with Stress in and Adaptation to Prison by Supancic, Phillip Michael, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1987, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8806424
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Suicide and Church Canon Law by Demopulos, Alexander Homer, Thd from School of Theology at Claremont, 1968, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7019082
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Suicide and Moral Responsibility under Conditions of Political Oppression by Alward, Lori Lea, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1997, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9730482
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Suicide and Morality in Plato, Aquinas and Kant by Novak, David, Phd from Georgetown University, 1971, 302 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7130355
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Suicide and Older African-american Women by Bender, Mary Lois, Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1998, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9902945
Dissertations 321
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Suicide and Public Organizations: the Incidence Within United States Special Operations Forces by Knight, Thomas Gordon, Jr., Dpa from The University of Alabama, 1997, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9735723
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Suicide and Social Integration among Alaska Natives by Travis, Robert Michael, Phd from The University of Chicago, 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/T-30895
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Suicide and the Subject of Modern Life (johann Wolfgang Von Goethe) by Lee, Daryl Edward; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2001, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3031991
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Suicide Factors among Ethnic Minority Youth by Gonzales, Loretta Lopez; Msw from California State University, Long Beach, 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409193
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Suicide in America: a Test of Durkheim's Theory of Religious and Family Integration, 1933-1980 by Breault, Kevin D., Phd from The University of Chicago, 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/T-29988
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Suicide in American Fiction, 1798-1909 (charles Brockden Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Edith Wharton) by Wiedmann, Lorna Ruth, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1995, 444 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9522373
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Suicide in Books for Children Age 11-14 (bibliotherapy, Elementary Education, Guidance) by Shiltz, Pauline Kay, Phd from The University of Akron, 1985, 333 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8514707
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Suicide in English Tragedy, 1587-1622 by Hicks, Cora Eiland, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1968, 250 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6816093
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Suicide in French Thought from Montesquieu to Cioran (robert De Montesquiou, Emile Marcel Cioran) by Cahn, Zilla Gabrielle, Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1996, 496 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9628526
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Suicide in Henry James's Fiction by Joseph, Mary John, Phd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1986, 294 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8710566
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Suicide in Missouri: an Empirical Test of Durkheim's Social Integration Theory by Geisel, Robert Lee, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1972, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7226680
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Suicide in Rabbinic Literature by Goldstein, Sidney, Phd from Yeshiva University, 1978, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8007265
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Suicide in the German Novel, 1945-1989 by Zimmermann, Michael Douglas Schleihauf, Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1997, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ21406
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Suicide in the Jewish Tradition. (hebrew Text) by Ciechanover, Joseph, Phd from Boston University, 1991, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9122861
322 Suicide
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Suicide in the Las Vegas Homeless Population: Applying Durkheim's Theory of Suicide by Diaz, Joseph Dean; Phd from University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 1999, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9946524
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Suicide in the Plays of Arthur Miller: a View from Glory Mountain. by Slavensky, Sonia Wandruff, Phd from Loyola University of Chicago, 1973, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7323156
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Suicide in the Roman Empire: an Historical, Philosophical, and Theological Study by Ehrlich, Jerry Dell, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1983, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8412766
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Suicide Intervention Training Evaluation: a Study of Immediate and Long-term Training Effects by Macdonald, Michael Glenn; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 2000, 365 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ49516
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Suicide Notes: a Comparison, Hoax-actual-simulated by Tauber, Ronald Keith, Dcrim from University of California, Berkeley, 1969, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7017475
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Suicide Prediction for Psychiatric Patients: a Comparison of the Mmpi and Clinical Judgments. by Lemerond, John Norbert, Phd from Marquette University, 1977, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7801922
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Suicide Prevention and Suicidal Behavior by Schwartz, Michael B., Dsw from Tulane University, School of Social Work, 1971, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7230073
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Suicide Prevention And/or Crisis Services: a National Survey by Fisher, Sheila Abugov, Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 1972, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7226153
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Suicide Prevention in the Primary Care Arena by Hodges, Debra Kay; Phd from The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066315
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Suicide Prevention in Theory and Practice: Rescue or Abandonment? by Clayborn, Sandra Sue, Dcrim from University of California, Berkeley, 1980, 363 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8112926
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Suicide Prevention Program Effectiveness for Junior and Senior High School Students (crisis Intervention, at Risk) by Davis, Elliot J., Edd from Temple University, 1994, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9434662
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Suicide Risk Factors and the Implications for Education by Everson, Wayne Edward, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1989, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8926512
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Suicide Risk in Vietnam Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Robison, Bryan Keith; Psyd from Pepperdine University, 2002, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061235
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Suicide Terrorism: a Future Trend? by Capell, Matthew Braden; Ma from University of North Texas, 2002, 62 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410901
Dissertations 323
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Suicide, Depression and Impulsivity Effects on Length of Stay in a Community Therapy Drug Program (rorschach, Borderline) by Welch, Michele Helen, Phd from Boston College, 1986, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8614413
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Suicide, the Community, and the Coroners' Office: an Exploration in Reliability and Validity. by Mackinnon, Douglas Richard, Phd from University of Southern California, 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3037238
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Suicide: Meaning and Process by Kilbourne, Maria Teirumniks, Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1983, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8403858
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Suicide: Re-examining Factors among Alaskan Adolescents by Hurlbut, Joan L. Edd from University of Sarasota, 1999, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9949677
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Suicide: from Romanticism Through Naturalism by Goldin, David Alan, Phd from Tulane University, 1980, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8028493
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Teenage Wasteland: a Sociological Analysis of Suburbia's Dead End Kids (suicide, Teenage Suicide, Youth Subculture) by Gaines, Donna, Phd from State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1990, 418 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9122146
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The Art of Dying: Suicide in the Works of Kate Chopin and Sylvia Plath (chopin Kate, Plath Sylvia) by Gentry, Deborah Suiter, Da from Middle Tennessee State University, 1992, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9222631
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The Association between Serum Lipids and Suicide Behaviors by Zhang, Jian; Drph from University of South Carolina, 2002, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052090
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The Attitudes of Counselors-in-training towards Suicide Attempters by Brickman, Jennette Bernita, Edd from Indiana University, 1979, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8003810
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The Chaplain's Role in Suicide Prevention in the Korean Military Through a Bible Study Program by Hwang, Un-sun, Dmin from Oral Roberts University, 1997, 64 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9817206
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The Contribution of Natural Law Theory to Moral and Legal Debate Concerning Suicide, Assisted Suicide, and Voluntary Euthanasia by Paterson, Craig; Phd from Saint Louis University, 2001, 449 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3014219
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The Correlates of Attitudes toward Euthanasia and Suicide by Miller, Amy Christine; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2001, 332 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3020601
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The Development of a Caring Ministry for Suicide Survivors by Rasmussen, Robert Arthur, Dmin from The Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1980, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8020449
324 Suicide
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The Development of a Social Information Processing Model for Examining Adolescent Parasuicide (suicide) by Mortensen, Philomena Mckenzie, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1990, 311 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN60217
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The Development of Suicide Ideation and Attempt: an Epidemiologic Study of First Graders Followed into Young Adulthood by Wilcox, Holly C. Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 284 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080795
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The Durkheimian Legacy Reconsidered: Suicide and the Monetization of Social Life by Girard, Christopher S., Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1988, 743 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8820048
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The Effect of a Short Course of Death Education on Attitude toward Death and Suicide Acceptability: an Experimental Study by Bolan, Bert Wayne, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1981, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8121330
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The Effect of an Informational Program on the Inclination of Adolescents to Report Knowledge of Abuse and Suicidal Intention (abuse Reporting, Peer Disclosures) by Zylla, Therese Marie, Edd from University of the Pacific, 1993, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9310065
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The Effect of Changing Age Distributions on Fertility and Suicide in Developed Countries. by O'connell, Martin Thomas, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1975, 379 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7603206
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The Effect of Religion on Clinical Psychologists' Attitudes toward Suicide by Finch, Indra Annette, Phd from Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Psychology, 1992, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9232368
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The Environmental Preferences and Adaptation of High-risk Inmates: Exploring Person-environment Fit (inmate Suicide, Suicide) by Smyth, Nancy Jean, Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1991, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9122772
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The Ethics of Suicide by Cosculluela, Victor, Phd from University of Miami, 1993, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9331483
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The Ethics of Suicide and Self-sacrifice in the Eighteenth Century: Problems in Lessing, Goethe, and Kleist (gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe, Heinrich Von Kleist) by Wolf, Gregory Herric, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1996, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9631005
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The Experience of Parental Suicide: a Heuristic Inquiry by Emerson, Lynne Ellen; Phd from Union Institute and University, 2002, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061982
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The Frequency and Characteristics of Suicide Ideation among College Students by Mokry, Wanda Marie, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1986, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8628134
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The Grief Responses of Middle-aged Spouses: Suicide and Non-suicide Compared by Stone, Howard Walter, Thd from School of Theology at Claremont, 1971, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7115058
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The History, Development and Current Status of Suicide Prevention Programs in the United States, 1955-1979 by Aboosaidi, Shirindokht, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1980, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8017209
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The Immediate Effects of Cognitive Versus Affective Interviews a Study of Suicide Attempters by Goldberg, Joel O; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66401
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The Impact of Negative Emotions on the Efficacy of Treatment for Parasuicide in Borderline Personality Disorder by Brown, Milton Zebediah; Phd from University of Washington, 2002, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062922
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The Impact of Suicide on the Family As a Social Group (bereavement) by Clark, Ann Marie, Phd from Georgia State University, 1993, 510 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9409403
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The Influence of an Active Postvention on the Length of Time Elapsed before Survivors of Suicide Seek Treatment by Campbell, Frank Ray; Phd from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2001, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3042613
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The Influence of Near-death and Non-near-death Experience Literature on Three Suicidal Female Adolescents in Interactive Bibliotherapy by Ferris, James S., Edd from University of San Francisco, 1995, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9607666
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The Intentional Turn: Suicide in Twentieth-century United States American Literature by Women by Ryan, Kathleen O. Phd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2000, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9988839
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The Intrapsychic World of Adolescent Suicide Attempters by Jenal, Stephanie Theresa, Phd from University of Southern California, 1996, 312 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9720243
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The Meaning of Romantic Suicide by Paskow, Jacqueline Merriam, Phd from Yale University, 1983, 362 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8411540
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The Media and the Right-to-die Issue: Frames of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide As Seen by the Mass Media, 1950--1995 by Grieshaber, Daniel Francis; Ma from Eastern Michigan University, 2002, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408468
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The Morality of Physician-assisted Suicide and Other Types of Voluntary Euthanasia: Dismantling the Conceptual Framework Supporting the Status Quo by Baker, Melanie Ilene, Phd from Purdue University, 1998, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9914449
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The Origins of Social and Legal Policies on Suicide in Western Civilization by Cohen, Mariette Block, Phd from Brandeis U., the F. Heller Grad. Sch. for Adv. Stud. in Soc. Wel., 1988, 339 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8819292
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The 'other' Side of the Looking Glass: a Feminist Perspective on Female Suicide in Ibsen's 'hedda Gabler', Hellman's 'the Children's Hour', and Norman's ''night, Mother' (ibsen Henrik, Hellman Lillian, Norman Marsha, 'night Mother, Norway) by Paige, Linda Louise Rohrer, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1989, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9221793
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The Poetics of Suicide: a Search for Meaning (dante, Italy, Gustave Flaubert, France, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Russia, William Faulkner) by Abernathy, Katherine Leigh; Phd from The University of Dallas, 2000, 284 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3021462
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The Preparedness of Evangelical Pastors for the Provision of Suicide Postvention (pastoral Counseling) by Malikow, Max, Thd from Boston University School of Theology, 1992, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9223710
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The Production of Media Materials to Illustrate the Problems of Childhood Suicide and Their Implications for Educators by Mcguire, Donald John, Edd from New York University, 1981, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8128248
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The Rate of Suicide, Potential for Suicide, and Recommendations for Prevention among Retired Police Officers by Gaska, Cass W., Phd from Wayne State University, 1980, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8022754
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The Relational Strength of Selected Variables to Suicide Ideation Identified in the Late Adolescent Population at Mccook Community College, Mccook, Nebraska by Harris, David Allen, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1986, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705761
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The Relationship between Romantic Adult-attachment Styles and Attitudes toward Midlife Suicide of College Students by Brewer, Linda K. Edd from University of San Francisco, 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075626
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The Relationship between the Source, Recency, and Degree of Stressors in Adolescence and Suicide Ideation by Huff, Cynthia Owen, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1995, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9540098
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The Right to Suicide: an Historical and Philosophical Study. (volumes I and Ii) by Trimarchi, Anthony George, Phd from Syracuse University, 1978, 761 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7823622
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The Role of Perceived Family Dysfunction in the Occurrence and Severity of Adolescent Suicidality among Urban Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Outpatients by Mori, Masako; Phd from Columbia University, 2002, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048194
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The Role of Spiritual Well-being As a Resource for Coping with Stress in Bereavement among Suicide Survivors by Fournier, Robert Roland, Phd from Boston College, 1997, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9828007
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The Role of the College Counselor with Regard to the Problem of Suicide among Students: an Exploratory Study by Praul, Edward John, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1971, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7216254
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The Roles of High School Professional Personnel in School-based Suicide Prevention Programs by Degroot, Carol Dorothy, Phd from University of Southern California, 1995, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9625013
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The Self-efficacy of Irish Guidance Counsellors for Identifying and Assessing Students at Risk for Suicide by Boylan, Mary Josephine; Phd from Oregon State University, 2001, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024364
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The Social Construction of Suicide Rates. by Bradshaw, Alfred Donald, Phd from Syracuse University, 1973, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7408228
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The Social-structural Predictors of Macro-level Suicide: an Application of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and Spatial Econometrics by Baller, Robert David; Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 2000, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9989052
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The Sociological Study of Suicide: Suicidal Actions As Socially Meaningful Actions by Douglas, Jack Daniel, Phd from Princeton University, 1965, 563 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6513137
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The Stream Analogy: an Historical Study of Lethal Violence Rates from the Perspective of the Integrated Homicide-suicide Model by Batton, Candice Leigh; Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1999, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9958426
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The Study of Pennsylvania Public School Suicide Policies by Deible, Joseph P., Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1989, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9010032
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The Subjective Meaning of Suicide Attempt by Drug Overdose by Pallikkathayil, Leonie, Dns from Indiana University School of Nursing, 1982, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8229352
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The Suicide Taboo and Its Violation in a Central Moroccan City: an Anthropological Study by Andrews, Charlotte J., Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1979, 326 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8017408
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The Theme of Suicide in Prose Writings of Marguerite Yourcenar (france) by Jawad, Suad H., Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1984, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8505369
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The Theme of Suicide: a Study of Human Values in Japanese and Western Literature. by Sewell, Robert George, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1976, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7709180
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The Tropes of Suicide in Arthur Schnitzler's Prose by Kuttenberg, Eva, Phd from New York University, 1998, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9819782
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The Underreporting of Suicide in Canada, 1950-1982 an Exploration of the Adequacy of Official Statistics for Epidemiologic Purposes by Speechley, Mark R. S; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL36616
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The Utilization of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for the Retrospective Analysis of Suicide. by Cady, Merlynn Gene, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1977, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7904949
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The Weaker Soldier: an Aesthetic Approach to the Problem of Suicide by Greenman, Craig; Phd from Loyola University of Chicago, 2002, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077491
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The Weight of Mt. T'ai: Patterns of Suicide in Traditional Chinese History and Culture by Lin, Yuan-huei, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1990, 440 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9106688
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The Wisconsin Approach for Suicide Prevention Programs As Mandated by Wisconsin Act 29 Sections 115.365(2)(a) and 118.01(2)(d)7 by Anderson, Christine Ann B., Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 1990, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9105992
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Therapeutic Intervention with Suicidal Adolescents: a Problem-solving Approach by Bradley, William Worth, Edd from The College of William and Mary, 1986, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8810855
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Therefore Choose Life: a Study of Female Suicide Attempters by Wandrei, Karin Evon, Dsw from University of California, Berkeley, 1983, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8328771
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They Prevail: a Study of Faulkner's Passive Suicides by Stroble, Woodrow Lester, Phd from State University of New York at Binghamton, 1980, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8016604
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Toward an Understanding of Physician-assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: a Dissertation in Six Studies by Roscoe, Lori A. Phd from University of South Florida, 2000, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9968834
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Towards an Understanding of Suicide among Aboriginal People by Gosek, Gwendolyn Mildred; Msw from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2002, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76949
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Towards the Emergence of a Theory of Suicide by Richard, Terri; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43414
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Towards the Re-establishment of Hope: a Holistic Approach to a Theology of Suffering, Dying, and Death As an Alternative to Physician-assisted Suicide and Euthanasia by Kenney, Matthew Richard; Phd from Duquesne University, 2000, 425 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9994819
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Une Maladie Epidemique: Suicide and Its Implications in Nineteenth-century France by Lieberman, Lisa Jo, Phd from Yale University, 1987, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8729103
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United States White Later-life Suicide (1985--1995): Gendered Localized Socioeconomic Correlates by Taylor, Joe Franklin; Phd from The University of Utah, 2001, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3026461
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Unruly Death: the Social Organization of Aids Suicide by Herringer, Barbara M., Phd from University of Victoria (canada), 1998, 373 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ36642
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What Are the Perceptions of Five Gay and Lesbian Youth As to the Factors That Caused Them to Attempt to Commit Suicide? by Asher, Irwin Jay, Edd from University of Houston, 1997, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9725675
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Women in the Labor Force and Suicide Rates by Caine, Robert Lloyd, Phd from University of Georgia, 1979, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8010572
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Youth Suicide Education Impact: Prevention Through Awareness and Supportive Adult Resources (suicide Prevention) by Hicks, Barbara Barrett, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1991, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9124424
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Youth Suicide: a Study of Common Characteristics Found among Youths Who Committed Suicide in Four Utah Counties 1970 Through 1976. by Weight, Jerold Arthur, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1979, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7915031
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Youth Suicide: an Examination of the Magnitude of the Problem of Adolescent Suicide and the Perceived Effectiveness of Suicide Prevention Programs in the Public High Schools of South Carolina by Callicutt, Vernon Keith, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1999, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9928289
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SUICIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning suicide.
Recent Trials on Suicide The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to suicide.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Cognitive aspects of adolescent suicide Condition(s): Suicide, Attempted Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this project is to pilot a new scale, The Desperation Scale, in a sample of young adolescents (aged 10-16) seen in the pediatric emergency room who require a psychiatric consultation. The proposed study is designed to assess the psychometric properties of this new scale and to provide information about the cognitive state of young suicidal individuals. It is hypothesized that this scale will be able to discriminate between those who are suicidal and those who are not. Data obtained in this pilot study will provide information about the usefulness of the construct of desperation and will guide future projects aimed at the assessment and treatment of suicidal individuals. The use of cognitive factors to predict suicidal behavior is appealing because they allow the clinician to tap into an individual's perception of his/her life circumstances. However, we believe the popular conceptualization of suicide as a result of "hopeless" thinking ignores an important aspect of suicidal behavior-the motivation to escape. We propose that a model of suicidal behavior that includes escape motivation, which we call the desperation model, will be better able to predict suicide than existing measures. We conceptualize desperation as consisting of three core elements: a sense of entrapment, feelings of anxiety/agitation, and a sense of time urgency. The current pilot study will test a 35-
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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item scale that assesses these three elements of desperation. A pilot study of the Desperation Scale is currently being conducted at the Cornell University Medical Center (P.I. P.M. Marzuk) with depressed, adult inpatients. Our study is original in its use of the scale with an adolescent population and its focus on patients in the emergency room, when they are presumably in a "purer" suicidal state. It is hypothesized that those who are admitted to the emergency room for recent suicidal behavior will endorse feelings of entrapment, anxiety, and time urgency. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005566 •
Prevention of Suicide in the Elderly Condition(s): Depression Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to design a program to prevent suicide in elderly patients by educating patients, their families, and physicians on depression and suicidal thoughts. A program to prevent suicide in elderly patients needs to be developed. Since elderly patients frequently have doctor's visits, it may be best to have a suicide prevention program based in the patient's doctor's office. When an older person visits a primary care physician, he/she will check for signs of depression, including thoughts of suicide. The doctor will speak to the patient about depression and how to recognize it. If the individual is diagnosed with depression, the doctor will offer treatment. During this study, the information the doctor collects will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. The study will last for 2 years. Eligibility for this study is age of at least 60 years and diagnosis of depression. (Depression required for 920 of the 1200 patients; 280 patients should have no symptoms of depression.) Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000367
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “suicide” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical
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trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON SUICIDE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “suicide” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on suicide, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Suicide By performing a patent search focusing on suicide, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on suicide: •
Chemical event selection by suicide substrate conjugates Inventor(s): Janda; Kim D. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 5,571,681 Date filed: March 10, 1994 Abstract: Molecules having covalent catalytic activity are identified by panning synthetic and semisynthetic combinatorial libraries on solid phase suicide substrates. In an alternative mode, mechanism-based inhibitors or affinity labels may substituted for the suicide substrate. Covalent catalysts within the combinatorial library form covalent conjugates with the suicide substrate, mechanism-based inhibitor, or affinity label. Covalent conjugates are immobilized by attachment to the suicide substrate to solid phase and are easily separated from unconjugated elements of the combinatorial library by stringent washing. Combinatorial libraries employing phagemid-display are particularly preferred since such phagemids include genetic material for identifying and amplifying conjugated catalysts. Covalent catalysts obtainable by this method include, inter alia, molecules having esterolytic activity, aldol condensation activity,.beta.lactamase activity, glycosidase activity, RNase activity, and proteolytic activity. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methodologies for panning combinatorial libraries, including synthetic and semisynthetic combinatorial libraries displayed on phagemids. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of suicide substrates for identifying library elements having covalent catalytic activity. Catalytic antibodies are antibodies having catalytic activity. Catalytic antibodies may be generated via immunogenesis by immunizing an immune responsive animal with haptens designed as enzyme substrate analogs. The efficiency of immunogenesis of catalytic antibodies depends in part upon the design of the enzyme substrate analog. Successful generation of catalytic antibodies depends upon an ability to anticipate the mechanism of a chemical reaction. Antibody catalysis employs the energy with which the substrate binds the antibody to lower activation barriers along the reaction coordinate (Lerner, R. A. et al., Science 1991, 252, p. 659-667). Such catalysis depends upon a correct assumption of mechanistic details, i.e., the extent to which the hapten embodies critical features of the rate-determining transition state, and the manner in which the immune system responds to the antigen. Enzymes generate large rate enhancements through the subtle interplay of many favorable binding interactions refined through the process of evolution. Therefore, one way antibody catalysis could be made even more powerful is by similarly harnessing the diversity of the immune response to control the nature and position of amino acid residues in the active site. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05571681__
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•
Gene therapy for solid tumors using adenoviral vectors comprising suicide genes and cytokine genes Inventor(s): Woo; Savio L. C. (Houston, TX), Chen; Shu-Hsia (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,066,624 Date filed: February 15, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method of treating localized solid tumors and papillomas in an individual, as well as metastatic carcinomas. The method comprises delivering a suicide gene, by way of a recombinant adenoviral vector or other DNA transport system, into the tumor, papilloma or wart of an individual. Subsequently, a prodrug, such as the drug gaciclovir.TM., is administered to the individual. Additionally, the present invention provides a method for treating solid tumors, papillomas, warts and metastatic carcinomas, said method comprising introducing both a suicide gene and one or more cytokine genes into the tumor, papilloma or wart of an individual, and subsequently administering a prodrug to the individual. The methods of the present invention may be used to treat several different types of cancers and papillomas, including colon carcinoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, hepatoma, brain lymphoma and head and neck cancer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of gene therapy. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel gene therapy method of treating solid tumors, papillomas and warts using an adenoviral vector, a combination of adenoviral vectors, other viral vectors, and non-viral DNA transporter systems. Direct introduction of therapeutic genes into malignant cells in vivo can provide an effective treatment of localized tumors. Several novel treatment modalities have recently been attempted. For example, one treatment involves the delivery of normal tumor suppressor genes and/or inhibitors of activated oncogenes into tumor cells. A second treatment involves the enhancement of immunogeneity of tumor cells in vivo by the introduction of cytokine genes. A third treatment involves the introduction of genes that encode enzymes capable of conferring to the tumor cells sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. The herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene can specifically convert a nucleoside analog (ganciclovir) into a toxic intermediate and cause death in dividing cells. It has recently been reported by Culver et al. (Science 256:1550-1552, 1992) that after delivery of the HSV-TK gene by retroviral transduction, subsequent ganciclovir treatment effectively caused brain tumor regression in laboratory animals. An attractive feature of this treatment modality for localized tumors is the so called "bystander" effect. In the "by-stander" effect, the HSV-TK expressing tumor cells prevent the growth of adjacent non-transduced tumor cells in the presence of ganciclovir. Thus, not every tumor cell has to express HSV-TK for effective cancer treatment. The HSV-TK retrovirus used by Culver et al., however, was limited by low viral titer. Thus, effective treatment of brain tumors necessitated the inoculation into animals of virus-producing cells rather than the viral isolate itself. Additionally, in previous experiments with synergeneic rats treated with a retrovirus and ganciclovir, the tumors were necrotic and were invaded by macrophages and lymphocytes. In Example 1, below, athymic mice were used and the tumor cells were destoyed without apparent involvement of the cellular immune response. The prior art remains deficient in the lack of an efficient gene therapy technique for the treatment of solid tumors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06066624__
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Method and apparatus for signaling attempted suicide Inventor(s): Jenkins, Jr. Dale C. (918 Broadway, Everett, MA 02149), King; Paul G. (80 Swains Pond Ave., Melrose, MA 02176) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,675,659 Date filed: February 10, 1986 Abstract: Means and method are disclosed for providing an alarm signal upon the event of a suicide attempt. All regions at which a confined individual may be located in normal use of a confinement area are sensed for the presence of the individual at the corresponding locations. Absence logic responds to a failure to sense the individual at any of the locations, to signal a possible suicide attempt. Excerpt(s): The instant invention is directed to the field of remote communication, and more particularly, to a novel apparatus and method for signaling attempted suicide. In many circumstances, it is desirable to either voluntarily or involunatrily confine individuals for reasons of public or individual safety, and/or observation. Typical cases include mental institution committals, and either long-term or short-term civil or criminal detention. In part due to the cognitive uncertainties, and in part due to the emotional catharsis, that typically belong to such confinements, the individuals in question often experience, at least for some of the time of their confinement, an impairment of their judgmental capability whereby they contemplate and sometimes pursue an attempt on their own life. In these circumstances, it is desirable to try to prevent suicide attempts, but in the event of the attempt, the continued life of the victim critically depends on the capability to go as quickly to their aid as is humanly possible. The present invention is directed towards satisfying the long-felt but heretofore unsatisfied need for a reliable indication of suicide attempt contemporaneously, or nearly contemporaneously, with the attempted suicide, and, as its principal object, contemplates the provision of a fail-safe suicide attempt alarming system and method. It is intended for use in any confined region where individuals may be temporarily or permanently retained, and is particularly useful for mental hospitals, jail-houses, and the like institutions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04675659__
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Method for detecting suicidal predisposition Inventor(s): Silverman; Stephen E. (16 N. Calvin Rd., Weston, CT 06883) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,148,483 Date filed: October 18, 1990 Abstract: A method for detecting suicidal predisposition in a person by securing an utterance from the person, identifying the person as being suicidally predisposed if the utterance decays substantially non-instantaneously upon conclusion and identifying the person as being suicidally predisposed if signal amplitude modulation during the utterance is low. Low value of amplitude modulaation (of speech envelope waveform), as well as slow decay at the end of each utterance, are indicators of emotional disturbance, special filtering of repetitives and non-repetitive components enhanced the waveform for consideration.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to analysis of the human voice as an aid in detecting, diagnosing and treating psychiatric disorders and particularly in detecting suicidal predisposition. The prior art references known to applicant and believed most relevant to the patentability of this invention are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,278,685; 3,855,416; 3,855,417; 3,855,418; 3,971,034; 4,093,821; 4,139,732 and 4,142,067 and the following publications: "Teaching of the Perception of Expressive Aspects of Vocal Communication", appearing at pages 107 through 115 of the August 1967 issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry, and "Infra-content Channels of Vocal Communication" appearing as Chapter 29 of Disorders of Communication, published in 1964 by the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. Two additional publications known to applicant, which applicant does not concede to be prior art with respect to this invention, are "Speech and Disturbances Affect" appearing as Chapter 17 in Speech Evaluation In Psychiatry, published in 1981 by Grune & Stratton, Inc. and page 8 of a recent publication entitled Medical Bulletin. Of the patent literature, the '416, '418 and '034 patents are believed the most relevant to patentability of this invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05148483__ •
Method for detecting suicidal predisposition Inventor(s): Silverman; Stephen E. (16 N. Calvin Rd., Weston, CT 06883) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,591,238 Date filed: May 27, 1992 Abstract: A method for electronically detecting human suicidal predisposition by analysis of an elicited series of vocal utterances from an emotionally disturbed or distraught person independently of linguistic content of the elicited vocal utterance includes converting the utterance into an electrical signal having time varying amplitude and frequency which are representative of the utterance, filtering frequency components of the signal above and below pre-selected frequencies to obtain a signal within the pre-selected frequencies, filtering non-repetitive components having amplitude above about 90 percent of average amplitude of the signal out of the signal, filtering repetitive signal components having frequency outside about 90 percent of frequency band width of the signal out of the signal and identifying as suicidally predisposed a person from whom the vocal utterance emanated if signal amplitude exhibits substantially non-instantaneous decays upon conclusion of each utterance or if amplitude of signal amplitude modulation is low or if frequency of signal amplitude modulation is low, relative to the decays of utterance signals or amplitude of signal amplitude modulation or frequency of signal amplitude modulation of depressed persons known otherwise to be in good mental health. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to analysis of the human voice as an aid in detecting, diagnosing and treating psychiatric disorders and particularly in detecting suicidal predisposition. The prior art references known to applicant and believed most relevant to the patentability of this invention are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,278,685; 3,855,416; 3,855,417; 3,855,418; 3,971,034; 4,093,821; 4,139,732 and 4,142,067 and the following publications: "Teaching the Perception of Expressive Aspects of Vocal Communication", appearing at pages 107 through 115 of the August 1967 issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry, and "Infra-content Channels of Vocal Communication" appearing as Chapter 29 of Disorders of Communication, published in 1964 by the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. Two additional publications known to applicant, which
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applicant does not concede to be prior art with respect to this invention, are "Speech and Disturbances Affect" appearing as Chapter 17 in Speech Evaluation In Psychiatry, published in 1981 by Grune & Stratton, Inc. and page 8 of a recent publication entitled Medical Bulletin. Of the patent literature, the '416, '418 and '034 patents are believed the most relevant to patentability of this invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06591238__ •
Non-steroidal suicide substrates of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Inventor(s): Penning; Trevor M. (Springfield, PA), Ricigliano; Joseph W. (New Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,118,621 Date filed: June 18, 1990 Abstract: Compounds, such as 1-(4'-nitrophenyl)-2-propen-1-ol, are disclosed which are highly selective non-steroidal suicide substrates for rat liver 3.alpha.-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to non-steroidal compounds which function as highly selective suicide substrates for the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50; 3.alpha.-HSD). Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD's) are a family of enzymes which play a pivotal role in the regulation of steroid hormone action. These enzymes catalyze the interconversion of secondary alcohols to ketones in a positional and stereospecific manner on the steroid nucleus and side chain. They require nicotinamide dinucleotide (phosphate) NAD(P)+ as cofactor. For example, 3.alpha.-HSD catalyzes the reduction 5.alpha.-dihydrotestosterone (a potent androgenic steroid hormone) to 5.alpha.-androstan-3.alpha.,17.beta.-diol (a non-androgen). In this reaction a 3-ketosteroid is converted to a 3.alpha.-hydroxysteroid and as a result the potency of the steroid hormone is decreased by five-orders of magnitude. Other HSD's carry out reactions of similar importance in the regulation of estrogen and progestin action. As a family HSD's represent target enzymes for drug development. Research groups headed by Dr. Cecil H. Robinson (Johns Hopkins University) and by Dr. Douglas F. Covey (Washington University School of Medicine) have concentrated on the development of steroidal suicide substrates for these enzymes [BBRC, Vol. 101, No. 2, pp. 495-501 (1981); Steroids, vol. 40, No. 1 pp. 109-119 (1982); Steroids, vol. 34, No. 2 pp. 199-206 (1979); Biochemistry, vol. 25, No. 23, pp. 7295-7300 (1986)]. Suicide substrates mimic the normal substrate and are transformed by the enzyme's catalytic mechanism to highly reactive alkylating agents which then inactivate the enzyme by forming a covalent bond at the active site. In this manner the enzyme catalyzes its own destruction. These compounds have the potential to be highly selective since they are innocuous by themselves until they are transformed by the target enzyme. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05118621__
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Suicide among well-mannered cluster nodes experiencing heartbeat failure Inventor(s): Gnanasivam; Govindaraju (Milpitas, CA), Rowlands; Mohan Babu (Union City, CA) Assignee(s): International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY) Patent Number: 6,460,149 Date filed: April 11, 2000 Abstract: Methods for re-configuring a cluster computer system of multiple or more nodes when the cluster experiences communications failure. First and second nodes of the cluster have respective channel controllers. A SCSI channel and the controllers communicatively connect the multiple nodes. When a node becomes aware of a possible communications failure, the node attempts to determine the authenticity the failure and responds according to the determined authenticity.According to one method, a first node detects heartbeat node-to-node communications failure on the channel and then tests a physical drive on the channel. If the testing is successful, the node kills the other node. If the testing is unsuccessful, the first node commits suicide.In one embodiment, the coupling includes multiple channels communicatively coupling the first and second nodes and the first node selecting one of the channels for node-to-node communications. In this environment, choosing a physical drive involves testing node-to-node communications on another of the channels if no physical drive is online on the channel (and terminating the re-configuring method). If a drive is available, the first node uses the first physical drive online on the channel for testing.In another method, the second node initially detects communications failure and communicates that by attempting to negotiate wih the first node for a new configuration of the computer system. The first node tests a physical drive in response and negotiates with the second node if the testing was successful. If the testing was unsuccessful, the first node commits suicide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to cluster computer systems in general. More particularly, the invention relates to recovering from cable failure in cluster computer systems with RAID devices. Historically, data-center operators running critical applications demanding high reliability have turned to mainframes, minicomputers and the like running complex fault-tolerant software on complex fault-tolerant hardware. In a different market niche of less critical and less demanding environments, the Microsoft Corp. Windows operating system has made significant inroads into business data centers, running on relatively inexpensive and uncomplicated personal-computer and server platforms. These Windows platforms were adequate for certain services-database and e-mail, for example. However, databases and e-mail are becoming increasingly important in the average business. Indeed, in some businesses these functions have taken on a critical nature. Accordingly, data-center operators with nowcritical database, e-mail and similar applications want to run them on systems with high reliability. They are unwilling, however, to pay the costs of mainframes, minicomputers and their fault-tolerant software. In response to market demand, Microsoft Corp. has modified its Windows operating system to address the issue of high reliability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06460149__
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Suicide genes and new associations of pyrimidine nucleobase and nucleoside analogs with new suicide genes for gene therapy of acquired diseases Inventor(s): Tiraby; Gerard (Toulouse, FR), Reynes; Jean-Paul (Escalquens, FR), Tiraby; Michele (Toulouse, FR), Cazaux; Christophe (Plaisance du Touch, FR), Drocourt; Daniel (Saint Orens, FR) Assignee(s): Cayla (Toulouse, FR) Patent Number: 5,856,153 Date filed: November 17, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to two groups of suicide hybrid genes in which genes from one group specifically activate the pyrimidine nucleobase analog 5fluorocytosine and genes from the other group activate the pyrimidine nucleoside analog azidothymidine to derivatives toxic for mammalian cells.The present invention further relates to methods for the selective killing of transfected tumor cells or immune cells using a single suicide hybrid gene or the combination of two suicide hybrid genes selected for a complementarity in their antimetabolic action. The present invention also relates to eukaryotic vectors comprising two expression suicide gene units, the first permitting the sensitization of tumor cells to 5-fluorocytosine and the second permitting the sensitization of HIV-infected cells to Azidothymidine in a synergistic fashion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to molecular therapies for cancer and HIV infections in which tumor cells or immune cells are stably transduced with a variety of genes introduced by high efficiency delivery systems, such as retroviral and adenoviral vectors. One strategy for the treatment of localized disease is to render targeted cells sensitive to normally nontoxic chemotherapeutic agents using so-called "suicide genes" such as the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene, the related varicella zoster TK gene or the bacterial xanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gpt gene. HSV-tk, for example, converts the nontoxic guanosine analogue ganciclovir into a phosphorylated compound that acts as a chain terminator in DNA synthesis, selectively killing dividing cells. The codA gene of Escherichia coli encoding cytosine deaminase (hereinafter referred to as CDase) represents another potential suicide gene to be used for the selective elimination of unwanted human cells. Cytosine deaminase is the first enzyme of the only metabolic pathway by which exogeneous cytosine or endogeneous cytosine from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown is utilized by way of hydrolytic deamination to uracil and ammonia. Cytosine deaminases have been found in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes but appear to be absent in higher eukaryotes, both in mammals as well as in plants ›Koechlin et al., Biochem Parmacol. 15, 435-446 (1966)! ›Ross, C. Plant Physiol. 40, 65-73 (1965)!. Cytosine deaminase also deaminates the innocuous fluorocytosine (hereinafter referred to as FC) into fluorouracil (hereinafter referred to as FU), a highly toxic compound when efficiently converted to 5-fluoroUMP. Cells lacking cytosine deaminase activity either as a consequence of a mutational inactivation as illustrated by codA and fcyl (genes coding for cytosine deaminase) mutants of Escherichia. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae respectively, or because they are naturally deficient for this enzyme, as are mammalian and plant cells, are resistant to 5-fluorocytosine ›Kilstrup et al., J. Bacteriol 171, 2124-7 (1989)! ›Jund R. & Lacroute F. Journal of Bacteriology 102, 607-615 (1970)!. This property provides the basis for the use of the E.coli coda gene as a suicide or a negative selection gene in a number of recently reported experiments with mammalian and plant cells ›Huber et al., Cancer Res 53, 4619-26 (1993); WO 93/01281; Mullen et al., Cancer Res 54, 1503-6 (1994)! where transformed cells were shown to have acquired cytosine deaminase activity and to be sensitive to treatment with 5-fluorocytosine.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05856153__
Patent Applications on Suicide As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to suicide: •
Method for analysis of vocal jitter for near-term suicidal risk assessment Inventor(s): Silverman, Stephen E. (Wilton, CT), Ozdas, Asli; (Nashville, TN), Silverman, Marilyn K. (Wilton, CT) Correspondence: Charles N. Quinn, Esq. FOX, ROTHSCHILD, O'BRIEN & FRANKEL, LLP; 10th Floor; 2000 Market Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-3231; US Patent Application Number: 20030078768 Date filed: October 5, 2001 Abstract: Method and apparatus to measure jitter (period-to-period fluctuations in fundamental frequency) among the voices of suicidal, major depressed, and nonsuicidal patients to predict near-term suicidal risk. Excerpt(s): This patent application claims the benefit of the priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119 and 120 of U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/238,35 entitled "Analysis of Vocal Jitter For Near-Term Suicidal Risk Assessment" filed October 6 in the names of Dr. Stephen E. Silverman, Dr. Marilyn K. Silverman and Asli Ozdas. Among the many clinical decisions psychiatrists must make, assessment of a patient's risk of committing suicide is definitely among the most complex and demanding; identification of individuals at imminent suicidal risk is the most important decision a clinician makes. Currently, such assessment is done on a clinical intuitive level, which requires gathering and weighing a variety of information and data from numerous sources. These data include the patient's demographic profile, history, family evaluation and psychological factors, as well as the current situation as evaluated during the clinical interview. These data help in categorizing groups of people as "high risk" but they are not useful to determine if a patient is at imminent risk. Moreover, collecting such data is time consuming; required data to make a decision are usually not available in clinical situations requiring an immediate decision. There are no widely-accepted, objective diagnostic tools and instruments to supplement clinical judgment through quantitative determination of the imminence of suicidal risk. This is partly due to the fact that most of the factors (age, health, race, etc.) associated with near-term risk cannot be generalized to a large population. Biochemically-based detection schemes have also been investigated; results indicate that more research is necessary before their implementation; see B. Bongar, Suicide: Guidelines for Assessment, Management and Treatment, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990 and M. Asberg, "Neurotransmitters and Suicidal Behavior--The Evidence from Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies", Annals of New York Academic Sciences, vol. 836 pages 158-181, 1997. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Methods and apparatus for evaluating near-term suicidal risk using vocal parameters Inventor(s): Silverman, Stephen E. (Weston, CT), Silverman, Marilyn K. (Weston, CT) Correspondence: Charles N. Quinn, Esq. FOX, ROTHSCHILD, O'BRIEN & FRANKEL LLP; 2000 Market Street, 10th Floor; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-3231; US Patent Application Number: 20020077825 Date filed: August 22, 2001 Abstract: A method for evaluating near-term suicidal risk by analysis of a series of spoken words includes converting the spoken series of words into a signal having characteristics indicative of said words as spoken, dynamically monitoring said signal to detect changes therein and identifying the person as having a relatively high near-term risk of suicide on the basis of such monitored changes in the signal relative to the speech of individuals in good mental health having no near-term suicidal risk. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to psychiatry and psychology and specifically to detection and evaluation of individuals having near-term suicidal risk, to facilitate treatment of such individuals and to prevent suicide. Current techniques for assessing suicidality in patients include clinical interviews, history-taking, assessment of current stressors and family evaluations. Structured questionnaires, such as Beck Inventories, are used as well as nonstructured projective psychological tests. Paradoxically, optimal assessment of risk calls for extremely time-consuming integration of relevant information from numerous sources by experienced clinicians and/or crisis teams in situations usually requiring immediate judgments so that patient protection and support can be provided. While brief screening methods and scales are available, they rely heavily on known demographic, historic and diagnostic risk factors derived from epidemiological studies which may have limited specificity and utility in prediction of near-term suicidal risk. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Security & anti suicide-hijacking system for airplanes Inventor(s): Zeineh, Rashid A. (Fullerton, CA) Correspondence: Biomed Instruments Inc; 1166 E. Valencia Dr. Fullerton; CA; 92831; US Patent Application Number: 20030094541 Date filed: November 16, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to preventing one or a group of suicide hijackers from taking over control of an airplane and crashing it onto public facility such as a building, city, dam, atomic reactor, or ship for the purpose of causing mass destruction and killing of innocent civilians. This invention comprises multiple defense stations inside the passengers cabin. Each station has a motorized defense tool, video camera viewer with remote controller is in front of the pilot and in airline, FBI, and CIA headquarters. Each station has one of the following; a defense tool, a gun with silencer, stunt gun, tranquilizer, MACE or pepper sprayer, arrow thrower with high voltage electric charge, wood hammer, head banger, stomach puncher, foot tripper and trap, head holder, waist grabber, or a leg trapper or breaker as one of the stunt none-lethal and no permanent damage to immobilize the intruders. The locations of defense stations includes cabin ceiling above the center isle, cabin floor below walk isle, inside cabin side walls, rear of cabin, cockpit door, and inside cockpit. Line of fire is above isle stretch and
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above the heads of sitting passengers. Video cameras are mounted on these defense tools that are motorized for direction and for automatic firing. Remote viewing of gun sight field, remote aiming, and firing by pilot or by central or regional location of Police, InterPol, FBI, CIA, FAA, army, or headquarters allows the pilot or commanding post to act in defense, immobilize, physically knockdown, or tranquilize the one or multiple hijackers. The video and sound connection as well as pointing and firing are in realtime communication via internet, radio, cellular, or satellite means. An automatic recognition of intruder sitting on pilot's seat is by few parameters such weight, skin color, color of eyes, and voice according to past flyers and airline listed pilots employees. A computer and a GPS system on board the airplane reads the GPS of plane in flight and reads an on file list of on ground GPSs of sensitive potential terror targets nationally and international locations such as atomic reactors, building, and dams that are filed into computer and its backup computer. If the plane flight is below 2000 feet and is approaching a GPS potential target the computer automatically overrides the intruder pilot to turn left by temporary mechanical locking tail left flap or tail flap up. Another security item is kite-like controlled opening parachute for the plane for slow vertical speed and slow horizontal speed to lower the chances of injuries and damage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to security of airplane and property. After Sep. 11, 2001 attack the USA is considering air marshals on every flight, luggage imaging, extensive checking on passengers history & profiling, checking terrorists and wanted listings, and other complicated un-assuring measures that have many draw backs and limitations. World wide and American people do not feel safe now. Big buildings, dams, atomic reactors, ships, underground transportation, freedom, landmarks, dense civilian locations, and democracy remain in danger. The present invention relates to security of airplanes against suicide hijackers intending to crash into facilities and to cause mass destruction and killings of innocent people. The Sep. 11, 2001 attack on World Trade Center in New York and on the Pentagon in Washington D.C. that killed thousands of innocent people shows that current security on air travel is inadequate. Government plan for air marshals, checking passengers against suspected terrorists lists, improved baggage imaging and more training for employees do not bring back feeling safe. The present invention relates to security of airplanes against hijacking followed by suicide crashing into cities, buildings, dams, atomic reactors, and facilities. This invention comprises multiple defense stations inside the passenger's cabin and in cockpit. Each station has a motorized defense weapon, video camera viewer, and a remote controller in front of the pilot. Each station has one or more of the following items; a stun gun, tranquilizer, a gun with silencer and safety rubber bullets or double hollow point aluminum stun bullets, arrow with high voltage electric charge, wood or rubber hammer, head banger, stomach puncher, foot tripper and trap, or a leg hurler or breaker. Locations of defense stations include cabin ceiling above the isle, below isle floor, inside side walls of passenger cabin, rear of cabin, cockpit door, and inside cockpit in front seated pilot on dashboard, on pilots seat, and in cockpit ceiling. Line of fire is above isle stretch and above the heads of sitting passengers. Video cameras are mounted on these defense articles that are motorized for direction and for automatic firing. Remote viewing of video designators of sight field, remote aiming, and defense action by pilot or by central or regional location of Police, InterPol, FBI, CIA, FAA, army, or world wide headquarters allows the pilot or commanding post to immobilize or physically knockdown or tranquilize and capture the one or multiple hijackers. The video and sound connection as well as aiming and firing are in realtime video-audiomechanical communication via internat, radio, cellular, or satellite means. A computer and backup with on-plane global positioning system (GPS) location reader and height and speed and overriding turn by evasive temporary mechanical locking the tail flaps
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side turn for evasive action of listed GPS landmarks as the White House, Eiffel Tower, atomic reactor, and dams allowing affiliated headquarters to temporarily remote-control flight namely to prevent intruder or crazy pilot from crashing the plane on any of listed sensitive targets listed by computer programs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Vector encoding suicide and marker constructs Inventor(s): Lewis, Victor; (Calgary, CA), Orchard, Paul; (Eden Prairie, MN) Correspondence: SCHWEGMAN, LUNDBERG, WOESSNER & KLUTH, P.A. P.O. BOX 2938; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030121068 Date filed: November 4, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a vector encoding a detectable cell surface marker and a suicide construct, and cells and a non-human mammal transduced with this vector. Introduction of lymphocytes transduced with this vector, after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, serves to treat or prevent complications from the bone marrow transplant, including graft versus host disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing dates of U.S. Provisional Applications Serial No. 60/334,795, filed Nov. 30, 2001, and No. 60/369,507, filed Apr. 3, 2002, under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e), which are herein incorporated by reference. The present invention provides a vector including a nucleic acid sequence encoding a detectable cell surface marker and a suicide construct, and cells, e.g. lymphocytes, transduced with this vector. Introduction of lymphocytes transduced with this vector, after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, serves to treat or prevent complications from the bone marrow transplant, including graft versus host disease. Patients having blood, lymphatic or bone-related disorders may receive a bone marrow transplant (BMT). Bone marrow taken from the patient is "autologous " marrow, and bone marrow from an identical sibling (twin) is "syngenic" marrow. Unfortunately, in many circumstances, bone marrow from these sources is unavailable or not appropriate. Donor bone marrow must then be taken from a donor other than the patient or an identical sibling. This type of marrow is termed "allogeneic" bone marrow. Allogeneic BMT is used to treat many hematologic malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, as well as to treat genetic disorders. It is the only curative therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Allogeneic BMT (allo-BMT) is an important modality in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. In cases of relapsed leukemia, the infusion of matched or alternate donor hematopoietic stem cells after high dose conditioning chemotherapy, with or without radiation, may offer the best chance for permanent cure. Major contributors to non-relapse mortality include infections and the presence of graftversus-host disease (GVHD). The morbidity associated with GVHD is high, and the mortality observed in cases of severe (grade III/IV) GVHD is greater than 50%. The risk of grade III-IV GVHD is higher in alternative donor transplantation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with suicide, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on suicide. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning suicide. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON SUICIDE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to suicide. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on suicide include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on suicide: •
AIDS - Related Suicide: A Dilemma for Health Care Workers Source: Working With AIDS: A Resource Guide for Mental Health Professionals. Contact: University of California San Francisco, AIDS Health Project, PO Box 0884, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0884, (415) 476-6430. Summary: These two papers examine the moral responsibilities, legal restrictions, and clinical considerations faced by health professionals who are confronted with suiciderelated concerns among people with AIDS. Clinicians must understand and balance a person's right to competent professional psychological care with the right to die with dignity. They also need to be aware that the law clearly disallows clinicians from aiding and abetting a person to commit suicide. They should therefore consider three legal concerns to help determine their clinical responsibilities toward clients considering suicide: 1) malpractice, 2) aiding and abetting, and 3) the need to hospitalize or detain people on an involuntary basis. They need to review treatment options with
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clients and to document consultation in cases where action might be misconstrued. To provide competent clinical services to people with AIDS-related suicide behaviors, clinicians must also be aware both of the emotional issues that may cloud their clinical judgment and of the principles and steps involved in assessment and clinical intervention. Five references are listed. •
Suicide and homicide among adolescents Source: New York, NY: Guilford Press. 1994. 229 pp. Contact: Available from Guilford Publications, Guilford Press, 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. Telephone: (212) 431-9800. $30.00. Summary: This book examines the clinical and epidemiological similarities and differences between youth suicide and homicide. Demographic and epidemiological patterns of the two problems in the United States are analyzed, and rates of suicide and homicide in this country are compared with those of twenty other nations. Intervention and prevention strategies and programs are discussed.
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Everything you need to know about teen suicide. (Rev. ed.) Source: New York, NY: Rosen Publishing Group. 1993. 64 pp. Contact: Available from Rosen Publishing Group, 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Telephone: (212) 777-3017. $13.95. Summary: This book is written for adolescents to help them understand adolescent suicide. It examines the reasons why adolescents kill themselves. Myths about suicide are dispelled, and facts and warning signs of suicide are explained. The book discusses how to identify potential suicides and how to find help for them. National suicide hotline information and a list of suggested readings for adolescents are provided.
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Adolescent suicide: A school-based approach to assessment and intervention Source: Washington, DC: Research Press. 1993. 175 pp. Contact: Available from Research Press, 2612 North Mattis Avenue, Champaign, IL 61821. $14.95. Summary: This book discusses adolescent suicide intervention and assessment strategies for use in schools. It provides information on: the incidence of youth suicide; stressors as factors in suicide; risk assessment including an overview of warning signs and symptoms of suicidal tendencies and depression; interventions specifically occurring in the school setting; the use of the school suicide crisis team; and suicide risk of particular adolescent populations: minorities, homosexuals and lesbians, youth with eating disorders, and college students. An extensive bibliography is provided.
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Assessment and prediction of suicide Source: New York, NY: Guilford Press. 1992. 697 pp. Contact: Available from Guilford Press, 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. Telephone: (212) 431-9800. $50.00 plus $4.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This book attempts to correlate risk assessment data and suicide prediction. It describes the clinical approach to determining who is at immediate risk for suicide and reviews suicide cases in an effort to determine which characteristics can be used as
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predictors of suicide. Five cases are assessed for suicide risk and probable outcome; the actual outcome is revealed in the final chapter. •
Youth suicide prevention programs: A resource guide Source: Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1992. 190 pp. Contact: Available from National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Epidemiology Branch , 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333. Telephone: (404) 488- 4646. Available at no charge. Summary: This guide reviews various types of adolescent suicide prevention programs such as gatekeeper training, peer support projects, crisis centers and hotlines, and screening programs. It also includes descriptions of intervention strategies to be used after a suicide has taken place. Appendices include lists and descriptions of specific suicide prevention programs.
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Adolescent suicide: Assessment and intervention Source: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1991. 277 pp. Contact: Available from Order Department, American Psychological Association, 750 First Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20002-4242. Telephone: (202) 336-5500 / fax: (202) 336-6069 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.apa.org. $17.50 plus $3.50 shipping and handling. Make checks payable to American Psychological Association. Summary: This book provides comprehensive information on the treatment and prevention of adolescent suicide. Chapters focus on the epidemiology of adolescent suicide, suicide ideation, risk factors, early detection, therapeutic issues, and prevention. The final chapter includes a model school suicide prevention plan that incorporates the ten recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control for anticipating adolescent suicide clusters.
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Suicide prevention in schools Source: New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. 1991. 268 pp. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis Group, 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Briston, PA 19007-1598. Telephone: (800) 821-8312. $35.00 plus $2.50 shipping and handling. Summary: This book describes suicide intervention programs in both elementary and secondary schools. Chapters focus on cross-cultural factors in suicide rates, adolescent attitudes toward suicide, characteristics of suicide prevention education programs, and counseling suicidal students. A framework for evaluating suicide prevention programs is presented.
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Coping with suicide: A resource book for teenagers and young adults Source: New York, NY: Rosen Publishing Group. 1990. 187 pp. Contact: Available from Rosen Publishing Group, 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Telephone: (212) 777-3017. $13.95. Summary: This book explores the reasons for and warning signs of adolescent suicide. The author examines some current theories about suicide, as well as suicide intervention, including coping mechanisms for varying emotions. One case study of an
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actual suicide occurrence is included along with a chapter dedicated to the survivors of suicide. The appendices includes an exercise on identifying feelings and a listing of suicide prevention and crisis intervention hotlines that are available in the United States. •
Alcohol Abuse, Suicidal Behavior, and AIDS Source: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Chemical Dependency. Contact: US Government Printing Office, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954, (202) 512-1800, http://www.access.gpo.gov. Summary: Suicidal tendencies appear to be common among AIDS patients, aggravated by substance abuse. In addition, self-destructive substance abusers have, in a few cases, selected AIDS as the form of suicide. A priority must be the education of staff in addressing counter-transference issues in order to effectively identify and treat patients at risk of self-destructive behavior.
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Suicidal youth: School-based intervention and prevention Source: San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. 1991. 269 pp. Contact: Available from Jossey-Bass, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104. Telephone: (800) 956-7739 / fax: (415) 433-0499. $27.95 plus $3.00 for shipping and handling if prepaid; if the purchase is invoiced shipping and handling is approximately $5.00. Summary: This book highlights research and clinical practice findings on adolescent suicide. It presents school psychologists, counselors, and social workers with resources to approach this growing problem through screening, program development, and case management. Legal and ethical issues are discussed, suggestions for collaboration with outside agencies are given, and materials and references are provided for setting-up suicide awareness programs in the schools.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “suicide” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “suicide” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “suicide” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
"I Want to Kill Myself": Helping Your Child Cope With Depression and Suicidal Thoughts by Tonia K. Shamoo, Philip G. Patros (Contributor); ISBN: 0669211303; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669211303/icongroupinterna
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A Chosen Death: The Dying Confront Assisted Suicide by Lonny Shavelson (1998); ISBN: 0520212924; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520212924/icongroupinterna
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A Handbook for the Study of Suicide by Seymour Perlin (Editor); ISBN: 0195018567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195018567/icongroupinterna
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A Message of Hope: For Surviving the Tragedy of Suicide by Patricia Harness-Overley (1992); ISBN: 0963457101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963457101/icongroupinterna
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A Parent's Guide for Suicidal and Depressed Teens: Help for Recognizing If a Child Is in Crisis and What to Do About It by Kate Williams (1995); ISBN: 1568380402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568380402/icongroupinterna
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A Special Scar: The Experiences of People Bereaved by Suicide by Alison Wertheimer (2001); ISBN: 0415220270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415220270/icongroupinterna
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Adolescent Depression and Suicide: A Comprehensive Empirical Intervention for Prevention and Treatment by John S., Ph.D. Wodarski, et al (2003); ISBN: 039807299X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039807299X/icongroupinterna
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Adolescent Suicide. by Jerry. Jacobs; ISBN: 0471435902; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471435902/icongroupinterna
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Adolescent Suicide: A School Based Approach to Assessment & Intervention by William G. Kirk (1993); ISBN: 0878223363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878223363/icongroupinterna
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Adolescent Suicide: Assessment and Intervention by Alan L. Berman, David A. Jobes (1996); ISBN: 1557981078; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557981078/icongroupinterna
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Adventure in Suicide by Frank Robert Vivelo (2002); ISBN: 0595260497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595260497/icongroupinterna
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African Homicide and Suicide by Paul Bohannan (Editor); ISBN: 0689700180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0689700180/icongroupinterna
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After a Suicide: A Workbook for Grieving Kids by The Dougy Center, The Dougy Center; ISBN: 1890534064; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890534064/icongroupinterna
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After a Suicide: Young People Speak Up by Susan Kuklin; ISBN: 0399228012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399228012/icongroupinterna
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After Suicide by John H. Hewett, Wayne E. Oates (Editor) (1980); ISBN: 0664242960; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0664242960/icongroupinterna
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After Suicide: A Ray of Hope for Those Left Behind by Eleanora Betsy Ross, et al (2002); ISBN: 0738205966; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738205966/icongroupinterna
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Aftershock: Help, Hope, and Healing in the Wake of Suicide by Arrington Cox, et al (2003); ISBN: 0805426221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805426221/icongroupinterna
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American Suicide: A Psychocultural Exploration by Howard I. Kushner (1991); ISBN: 0813516102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813516102/icongroupinterna
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An Empty Chair: Living in the Wake of a Sibling's Suicide by Sara Swan Miller, Martin B. Miller (Preface) (2000); ISBN: 0595095232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595095232/icongroupinterna
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Andy, Why Did You Have to Go? A Mother's Reflections on the Life and Suicide of a Son. by Joyce Gatson; ISBN: 0942078233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942078233/icongroupinterna
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Arguing Euthanasia: The Controversy over Mercy Killing, Assisted Suicide, and the "Right to Die" by Jonathan D., Ph.D. Moreno (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0684807602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684807602/icongroupinterna
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Assessment and Prediction of Suicide by Ronald W. Maris (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0898627915; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898627915/icongroupinterna
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Assignment suicide by Edward S. Aarons (Author); ISBN: B00005VGJZ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005VGJZ/icongroupinterna
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Assisted Suicide (Current Controversies) by Laura K. Egendorf (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 156510806X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156510806X/icongroupinterna
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Assisted Suicide : A Decision-Making Guide for Health Professionals by Stephen Jamison (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0787908738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787908738/icongroupinterna
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Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: Christian Moral Perspectives: The Washington Report by The Committee on Medical Ethics, et al (1997); ISBN: 0819217212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819217212/icongroupinterna
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Assisted Suicide: Finding Common Ground by Lois Snyder (Editor), Arthur L. Caplan (Editor); ISBN: 0253339774; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0253339774/icongroupinterna
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Atomic Suicide? by Walter Russell, Lao Russell; ISBN: 1879605112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879605112/icongroupinterna
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Attempted Suicide in Children & Adolescents: A Practical Approach by Richard Harrington (2005); ISBN: 0470844892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470844892/icongroupinterna
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Attempted Suicide: A Handbook of Treatment, Theory, and Recent Findings by D. De Leo (Editor), et al (2004); ISBN: 0889372675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889372675/icongroupinterna
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Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind by Edwin S. Shneidman (2004); ISBN: 0195172736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195172736/icongroupinterna
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Basic Questions on Suicide and Euthanasia: Are They Ever Right? (Bio Basics Series) by Gary Stewart (Editor), John Frederic Kilner (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0825430720; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0825430720/icongroupinterna
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Battles on the Eastern Front 1914-18: Suicide of the Empires by Alan Clark (1999); ISBN: 1900624230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900624230/icongroupinterna
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Before Their Time: Adult Children's Experiences of Parental Suicide by Mary T. Stimming (Editor), Maureen Stimming (Editor); ISBN: 1566396557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566396557/icongroupinterna
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Ben's Story: The Symptoms of Depression, Adhd and Anxiety That Caused His Suicide by Trudy Carlson (1998); ISBN: 0964244365; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964244365/icongroupinterna
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Breakdown: Sex, Suicide, and the Harvard Psychiatrist by Eileen McNamara, Tom Miller (Editor); ISBN: 0671796216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671796216/icongroupinterna
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Breaking the Silence: A Guide to Help Children with Complicated GriefSuicide,Homoicide,AIDS,Violence and Abuse by Linda Goldman; ISBN: 1583913122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583913122/icongroupinterna
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Brief Counseling With Suicidal Persons by William L. Getz; ISBN: 0669040908; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669040908/icongroupinterna
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Buried Child, Seduced and Suicide in B Flat by Sam Shepard; ISBN: 0879102012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879102012/icongroupinterna
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But I Didn't Say Goodbye : For parents and professionals helping child suicide survivors by Barbara Rubel; ISBN: 1892906007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892906007/icongroupinterna
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By Her Own Hand: Memoirs of a Suicide's Daughter by Signe Hammer (1991); ISBN: 0939149494; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939149494/icongroupinterna
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Cassell Military Classics: The Last Flight of the Luftwaffe: The Suicide Attack on the Eighth Air Force, 7 April 1945 by Adrian Weir (2000); ISBN: 0304354473; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0304354473/icongroupinterna
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Children of Jonah: Personal Stories by Survivors of Suicide Attempts by James T. Clemons (Editor), Judy Collins; ISBN: 1892123541; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892123541/icongroupinterna
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Children Who Don't Want to Live : Understanding and Treating the Suicidal Child by Israel Orbach (Author) (1988); ISBN: 1555420761; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555420761/icongroupinterna
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Choosing Death: Suicide and Calvinism in Early Modern Geneva (Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies) by Jeffrey R. Watt (2001); ISBN: 0943549817; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943549817/icongroupinterna
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Choosing to Live: How to Defeat Suicide Through Cognitive Therapy by Thomas E. Ellis, Cory F. Newman (Contributor) (1996); ISBN: 1572240563; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572240563/icongroupinterna
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Clergy Response to Suicidal Persons & Their Family Members: An Interfaith Resource Book for Clergy & Congregations (Studies in Ministry & Parish Lif) by David C. Clark (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0913552496; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913552496/icongroupinterna
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College Student Suicide by Leighton C. Whitaker (Editor), Richard E. Slimak (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 1560240180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560240180/icongroupinterna
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Committing Spiritual Suicide -- Compromising Yourself At Work [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by John E. Renesch (Author); ISBN: B00006AB05; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006AB05/icongroupinterna
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Comprehending Suicide: Landmarks in 20Th-Century Suicidology by Edwin S. Shneidman (2001); ISBN: 1557987432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557987432/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Suicide by Maggie Helen, Maggie Hadley (2002); ISBN: 0859698718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859698718/icongroupinterna
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Coping with Teen Suicide by James M. Murphy, James M. Murphy M.D. (1999); ISBN: 0823928241; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823928241/icongroupinterna
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Cosmic Suicide: The Tragedy and Transcendence of Heaven's Gate by Forrest Jackson, Rodney Perkins; ISBN: 0965951219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965951219/icongroupinterna
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Countering Suicide Terrorism: An International Conference, Herzliya, Israel, February 20-23, 2000 by International Policy Inst, International Policy Institute for Count (2002); ISBN: 9659036515; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9659036515/icongroupinterna
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Countering Suicide Terrorism: The International Policy Institute for CounterTerrorism at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya by Anti-Defamation League (2002); ISBN: 0884641724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884641724/icongroupinterna
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Crime and Suicide in the Nation's Capital: Toward MacRo-Historical Perspectives by Gloria, Count-Van Manen; ISBN: 0275568601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275568601/icongroupinterna
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Cry of Pain: Understanding Suicide and Self-Harm by J. Mark G. Williams, Mark Williams (1998); ISBN: 0140250727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140250727/icongroupinterna
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Dare to Live: A Guide to the Understanding and Prevention of Teenage Suicide and Depression by Michael Miller (1989); ISBN: 0941831221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941831221/icongroupinterna
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Dealing With Suicide by John Throop (1989); ISBN: 1555130100; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555130100/icongroupinterna
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Death and the college student A collection of brief essays on death and suicide by Harvard youth by Edwin S. Shneidman; ISBN: 0877050384; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877050384/icongroupinterna
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Death and Violence on the Reservation: Homicide, Family Violence, and Suicide in American Indian Populations by Ronet Bachman (Author) (1992); ISBN: 0865690154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865690154/icongroupinterna
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Death As a Salesman: What's Wrong With Assisted Suicide by Brian P. Johnston (1998); ISBN: 0964112515; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964112515/icongroupinterna
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Death by Denial: Studies of Suicide in Gay and Lesbian Teenagers by Gary Remafedi (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 1555832601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555832601/icongroupinterna
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Death Talk: The Case Against Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide by Margaret A. Somerville (2002); ISBN: 077352245X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/077352245X/icongroupinterna
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Depression and Attempted Suicide in Adolescents by Alan Carr; ISBN: 185433350X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185433350X/icongroupinterna
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Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion: The Posthumous Essays of the Immortality of the Soul and of Suicide by David Hume, Richard H. Popkin (Editor); ISBN: 0872204022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0872204022/icongroupinterna
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Do Lemmings Commit Suicide?: Beautiful Hypotheses and Ugly Facts by Dennis Chitty (1996); ISBN: 0195097858; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195097858/icongroupinterna
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Do They Have Bad Days in Heaven? Surviving the Suicide Loss of a Sibling by Michelle Linn-Gust; ISBN: 0972331808; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0972331808/icongroupinterna
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Doctor Assisted Suicide and the Euthanasia Movement (Ideas in Conflict) by Gary E. McCuen (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0865961786; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865961786/icongroupinterna
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Does God Need Our Help?: Cloning, Assisted Suicide, & Other Challenges in Bioethics (Vital Questions) by John Frederic Kilner, et al (2003); ISBN: 0842374469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0842374469/icongroupinterna
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Dostoevsky and Suicide by N.N. Schneidman; ISBN: 0889622434; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889622434/icongroupinterna
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Double Exit: When Aging Couples Commit Suicide Together by Ann Wickett; ISBN: 0960603077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960603077/icongroupinterna
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Driven to the Edge: A Biblical Examination of Suicide by Randy Raynes (1999); ISBN: 0873981804; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873981804/icongroupinterna
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Drug Use in Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia (Monograph Published Simultaneously As the Journal of Pharmaceutical Care in Pain & Symptom Control , Vol 3&4, No 1-4) by Margaret P. Battin (Editor), Arthur G. Lipman (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1560248432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560248432/icongroupinterna
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Durkheim's Suicide by W. S. F. Pickering (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0415205824; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415205824/icongroupinterna
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Elder Suicide: Research, Theory, and Treatment by John L. McIntosh, et al (1994); ISBN: 1557982422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557982422/icongroupinterna
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Elders at Risk: Abstracts of the Psychological and Behavioral Literature on Elder Abuse, Victimization, and Suicide 1967-1993 (Bibliographies in Psy) by John F. Santos (Editor), Verna R. Walker (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 1557982317; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557982317/icongroupinterna
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Emile Durkheim: Le Suicide One Hundred Years Later by David Lester (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0914783734; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914783734/icongroupinterna
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Escape and Suicide of John Wilkes Booth 1908 by Finis L. Bates (2003); ISBN: 0766160319; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766160319/icongroupinterna
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Essential Papers on Suicide (Essential Papers in Psychoanalysis Series) by John T. Maltsberger (Editor), Mark J. Goldblatt (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 081475550X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081475550X/icongroupinterna
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Ethical Issues in Suicide by Margaret Pabst Battin; ISBN: 0133046680; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0133046680/icongroupinterna
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Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: The Current Debate by I. J. Gentles (Editor); ISBN: 0773757317; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0773757317/icongroupinterna
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Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide by Gerald Dworkin (Author), et al (1998); ISBN: 0521587891; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521587891/icongroupinterna
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Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide: Killing or Caring? by Michael Manning (1998); ISBN: 0809138042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809138042/icongroupinterna
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Evaluating and Treating Adolescent Suicide Attempters: From Research to Practice (Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional) by Anthony Spirito (Editor), James C. Overholser (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0126579512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126579512/icongroupinterna
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Everything You Need to Know About Teen Suicide (Need to Now Library) by Jay Schleifer; ISBN: 0823930386; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823930386/icongroupinterna
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Family Therapy for Suicidal People (Springer Series on Death and Suicide) by Joseph Richman (1986); ISBN: 0826150101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826150101/icongroupinterna
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Fatal Flowers : On Sin, Sex, and Suicide in the Deep South (Hill Street Classics) by Rosemary Daniell (1999); ISBN: 1892514265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892514265/icongroupinterna
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Final Drafts: Suicides of World-Famous Authors by Mark Seinfelt, Paul West (1999); ISBN: 1573927414; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573927414/icongroupinterna
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Final Exit for Cats: A Feline Suicide Guide by Michael Viner, Frank Remkiewicz (Illustrator); ISBN: 006096961X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/006096961X/icongroupinterna
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Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying by Derek Humphry (2002); ISBN: 0385336535; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385336535/icongroupinterna
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Final Wishes: A Cautionary Tale on Death, Dignity & Physician-Assisted Suicide by Paul Chamberlain (2000); ISBN: 0830822593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0830822593/icongroupinterna
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For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide by Ntozake Shange; ISBN: 0553262122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553262122/icongroupinterna
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For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When the Rainbow Is Enuf: A Choreopoem by Ntozake Shange; ISBN: 0684843269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684843269/icongroupinterna
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Forced Exit: The Slippery Slope from Assisted Suicide to Legalized Murder by Wesley J. Smith (2003); ISBN: 1890626481; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890626481/icongroupinterna
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Friendship 911 Collection My Friend Is Struggling With. Thoughts Of Suicide by Josh McDowell (Author), Ed Stewart (Author); ISBN: 0849937922; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849937922/icongroupinterna
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Grieving a Suicide: A Loved One's Search for Comfort, Answers & Hope by Albert Y. Hsu (2002); ISBN: 0830823182; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0830823182/icongroupinterna
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Healing After the Suicide of a Loved One by Ann Smolin (Author) (1993); ISBN: 0671796607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671796607/icongroupinterna
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Helping Your Child Cope with Depression and Suicidal Thoughts by Tonia K. Shamoo (Author), Philip G. Patros (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0787908444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787908444/icongroupinterna
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History of Suicide: Voluntary Death in Western Culture (Medicine and Culture) by Georges Minois, Lydia G. Cochrane (Translator) (2001); ISBN: 0801866472; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801866472/icongroupinterna
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Hospice Care: Principles and Practice (Springer Series on Death and Suicide) by Charles and Corr, Donna M. Corr; ISBN: 0826135404; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826135404/icongroupinterna
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How I Stayed Alive When My Brain Was Trying to Kill Me : One Person's Guide to Suicide Prevention by Susan Rose Blauner (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0060936215; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060936215/icongroupinterna
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How to Identify Suicidal People: A Systematic Approach to Risk Assessment by Thomas W. White; ISBN: 0914783831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914783831/icongroupinterna
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Hurting Yourself: For Teens Who Have Attempted Suicide by Joy Johnson, et al (1986); ISBN: 1561230383; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561230383/icongroupinterna
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In the Suicide Mountains by John Champlin Gardner; ISBN: 0395294681; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0395294681/icongroupinterna
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In the Wake of Suicide : Stories of the People Left Behind by Victoria Alexander (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0787940526; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787940526/icongroupinterna
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Intending Death: The Ethics of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia by Tom L. Beauchamp (Editor), Tom L. Beaucham (Editor); ISBN: 0131995553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0131995553/icongroupinterna
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Is America Committing Suicide? by Austin L. Sorenson (2000); ISBN: 0873984129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873984129/icongroupinterna
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It's What He Would'Ve Wanted: A Novel About Secrets, Suicide, and Bad Weather by Sean Hughes; ISBN: 0743201590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743201590/icongroupinterna
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Jewish Approaches to Suicide, Martyrdom, and Euthanasia by Kalman J. Kaplan (Editor), Matthew B. Schwartz (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0765759675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0765759675/icongroupinterna
360 Suicide
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Kamikaze Gods and Suicide Mules by Reno Four The Reno Four (2003); ISBN: 0595289061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595289061/icongroupinterna
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Kamikaze: Japan's Suicide Gods by Albert Axell (Author), Hideaki Kase (Author) (2002); ISBN: 058277232X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/058277232X/icongroupinterna
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Katie's Diary: Unlocking the Mystery of Suicide (Death, Dying and Bereavement) by David Lester (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0415935008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415935008/icongroupinterna
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Kitchen Redos, Revamps, Remodels, and Replacements: Without Murder, Suicide, or Divorce by Jan Weimer; ISBN: 068808589X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068808589X/icongroupinterna
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Last Rights?: Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Debated by Michael M. Uhlmann (Editor), Ethics and Public Policy Center; ISBN: 0802841996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802841996/icongroupinterna
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Lay My Burden Down : Suicide and the Mental Health Crisis Among AfricanAmericans by Alvin F. Poussaint (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0807009598; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807009598/icongroupinterna
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Leaving You: The Cultural Meaning of Suicide by Lisa J. Lieberman (2003); ISBN: 1566634962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566634962/icongroupinterna
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Lethal Judgments: Assisted Suicide and American Law (Landmark Law Cases and American Society) by Melvin I. Urofsky; ISBN: 0700610111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700610111/icongroupinterna
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Life After Suicide by Linda Lee Landon (2001); ISBN: 0971068402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971068402/icongroupinterna
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Life After Suicide Survivors Grief by Terence Barrett (2002); ISBN: 0966475801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966475801/icongroupinterna
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Life Span Perspectives of Suicide: Time-Lines in the Suicide Process by Antoon A. Leenaars (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0306436205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306436205/icongroupinterna
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Life's Worth: The Case Against Assisted Suicide (Critical Issues in Bioethics Series) by Arthur J. Dyck, et al (2002); ISBN: 0802845940; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802845940/icongroupinterna
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Light Beyond the Darkness , How I Healed My Suicide Son After His Death by Dore Deverell, Dor¿ Deverell; ISBN: 1902636198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902636198/icongroupinterna
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Living When a Young Friend Commits Suicide by Earl A. Grollman (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0807025038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807025038/icongroupinterna
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Living With Grief: After Sudden Loss Suicide, Homicide, Accident, Heart Attack, Stroke by Kenneth J. Doka (Editor), Kenneth J. Doka; ISBN: 156032578X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156032578X/icongroupinterna
Books 361
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Losing Rebecca: A Story of Loss, Hope and How to Prevent Suicide by Vanessa ShawFinelli (2002); ISBN: 1403301387; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403301387/icongroupinterna
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Lud Heat: and Suicide Bridge by Iain Sinclair, Michael Moorcock (Introduction); ISBN: 1862072078; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862072078/icongroupinterna
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Lying, Despair, Jealousy, Envy, Sex, Suicide, Drugs, and the Good Life by Leslie H. Farber; ISBN: 0465042937; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465042937/icongroupinterna
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Making Sense of Suicide: An In-Depth Look At Why People Kill Themselves by David Lester (Editor); ISBN: 0914783823; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914783823/icongroupinterna
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Measuring Suicidal Behavior and Risk in Children and Adolescents (Measurement and Instrumentation in Psychology) by David B., Ph.D. Goldston, et al (2003); ISBN: 1591470080; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591470080/icongroupinterna
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Meditations for Survivors of Suicide by Joni Woelfel (2002); ISBN: 1878718754; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878718754/icongroupinterna
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Money: A Suicide Note by Martin Amis (1986); ISBN: 0140088911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140088911/icongroupinterna
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Mourning, After Suicide by Lois A. Bloom (1986); ISBN: 0829805885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0829805885/icongroupinterna
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Murder by Suicide (An Ellie Quicke Mystery) by Veronica Heley (2003); ISBN: 0007122942; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007122942/icongroupinterna
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Murder by Suicide: A Manassas Murder Mystery by Mark Sheneman (2003); ISBN: 1410709418; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410709418/icongroupinterna
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Music and Suicide by Jeff Clark (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0374281459; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0374281459/icongroupinterna
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My Son.My Son: A Guide to Healing After a Suicide in the Family by Iris Bolton, Curtis Mitchell (1983); ISBN: 0961632607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961632607/icongroupinterna
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Mystery of Hermann Goering's Suicide by Ben E. Swearingen; ISBN: 015163968X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/015163968X/icongroupinterna
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National suicide: military aid to the Soviet Union by Antony C. Sutton; ISBN: 0870002074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870002074/icongroupinterna
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Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide (Vintage) by Kay Redfield Jamison (2000); ISBN: 0375701478; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375701478/icongroupinterna
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No Time to Say Goodbye: Surviving the Suicide of a Loved One by Carla Fine; ISBN: 0385485514; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385485514/icongroupinterna
362 Suicide
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Now I Lay Me Down: Suicide in the Elderly by David Lester (Editor), Margot Tallmer (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0914783653; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914783653/icongroupinterna
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Ntozake Shange's "for colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf": A Study Guide from Gale's "Drama for Students" [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00006G391; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006G391/icongroupinterna
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On the Nature of Suicide. by Edwin S. Shneidman; ISBN: 0875890512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875890512/icongroupinterna
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Oscar Wilde: A Long and Lovely Suicide by Melissa Knox (1994); ISBN: 0300059051; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300059051/icongroupinterna
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Our Forever Angel: Surviving the Loss of a Loved One to Suicide [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by Barb Scholz (2002); ISBN: B0000CBX6L; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000CBX6L/icongroupinterna
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Out of the Darkness: Teens Talk About Suicide by Marion Crook (2004); ISBN: 1551521415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551521415/icongroupinterna
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Passionate Women, Passive Men: Suicide in Yiddish Literature (Suny Series in Modern Jewish Literature and Culture) by Janet Hadda (1988); ISBN: 0887065953; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887065953/icongroupinterna
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Perspectives on College Student Suicide (Death, Value, and Meaning) by Ralph L. V. Rickgarn (1994); ISBN: 0895031531; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895031531/icongroupinterna
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Physician Assisted Suicide: Expanding the Debate (Reflective Bioethics) by Margaret P. Battin (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0415920035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415920035/icongroupinterna
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Physician-Assisted Suicide (At Issue (San Diego, Calif.).) by Daniel A. Leone (Editor); ISBN: 1565100190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565100190/icongroupinterna
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Physician-Assisted Suicide: The Anatomy of a Constitutional Law Issue by Arthur G. Svenson, Susan M. Behuniak; ISBN: 074251725X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074251725X/icongroupinterna
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Physicians' Attitudes Toward Elder Suicide (Garland Studies on the Elderly in America) by Lori M. Secouler (1998); ISBN: 0815330057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815330057/icongroupinterna
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Playing Suicide with Camille by Todd A. Sampson (2002); ISBN: 059565214X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059565214X/icongroupinterna
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Political Suicide by Robert Barnard (1995); ISBN: 0881503266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881503266/icongroupinterna
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Political Suicide : A Novel by Alan Russell (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0312314183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312314183/icongroupinterna
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Political Suicide in Latin America and Other Essays by James Dunkerley; ISBN: 0860913481; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0860913481/icongroupinterna
Books 363
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Prayers for Bobby : A Mother's Coming to Terms with the Suicide of Her Gay Son by Leroy Aarons (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0062511238; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062511238/icongroupinterna
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Prediction of Suicide by Aaron T. Beck (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0914783165; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914783165/icongroupinterna
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Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note by L. Jones; ISBN: 0870910485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870910485/icongroupinterna
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Preventing Adolescent Suicide by Dave Capuzzi, Larry Golden (1988); ISBN: 0915202743; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915202743/icongroupinterna
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Preventing Teenage Suicide: The Living Alternative Handbook by Polly Joan, Sue MacKay (Illustrator); ISBN: 0898852471; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898852471/icongroupinterna
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Preventing Youth Suicide: A Handbook for Educators and Human Service Professionals by Marcia L. McEvoy; ISBN: 1556911874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556911874/icongroupinterna
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Prevention of Suicide: Guidelines for the Formulation and Implementation of National Strategies by United Nations (1996); ISBN: 9211301785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9211301785/icongroupinterna
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Protecting Psychiatric Patients from the Assisted-Suicide Movement: Insights and Strategies by Barbara A. Olevitch (Author); ISBN: 0275969576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275969576/icongroupinterna
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Rational Suicide?: Implications For Mental Health Professionals: Implications for Mental Health Professionals (Series in Death, Education, Aging and Health Care) by James L. Werth; ISBN: 1560324503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560324503/icongroupinterna
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Reaching Out: Preventing Youth Suicide by Girl Scouts Staff, et al (1987); ISBN: 0884414647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884414647/icongroupinterna
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Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative by Sara K. Goldsmith (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 0309083214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309083214/icongroupinterna
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Regulating How We Die: The Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues Surrounding Physician-Assisted Suicide by Linda L. Emanuel (Editor); ISBN: 0674666534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674666534/icongroupinterna
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Religion and Suicide in the African-American Community by Kevin E. Early (Author) (1992); ISBN: 0313284709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0313284709/icongroupinterna
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Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide: Overview and Recommendations; ISBN: 0160025060; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160025060/icongroupinterna
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Return to Suicide by Allison Pollack Alexander (2001); ISBN: 1588512231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588512231/icongroupinterna
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Revolutionary Suicide by Huey P. Newton, J. Herman Blake; ISBN: 0863163262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863163262/icongroupinterna
364 Suicide
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Risk Factors For Youth Suicide (Death Education, Aging and Health Care) by Lucy Davidson, Maruu Linnoila (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 1560321385; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560321385/icongroupinterna
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Risk Management With Suicidal Patients by Bruce Bongar (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1572303026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572303026/icongroupinterna
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Rock Climber's Guide to Tahquitz and Suicide by Randy Vogel (Author); ISBN: 0934641315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934641315/icongroupinterna
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Rock Climbing Tahquitz and Suicide Rocks, 3rd by Randy Vogel (Author), Bob Gaines (Author) (2001); ISBN: 1585920878; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585920878/icongroupinterna
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Rock N Roll Suicide by P.P. Hartnett; ISBN: 034073342X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/034073342X/icongroupinterna
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Salvation and Suicide: An Interpretation of Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple, and Jonestown (Religion in North America) by David Chidester (1991); ISBN: 0253206901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0253206901/icongroupinterna
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Sanity and Grace: A Journal of Suicide, Survival and Strength by Judy Collins (2003); ISBN: 1585422606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585422606/icongroupinterna
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Seduced by Death: Doctors, Patients and Assisted Suicide by Herbert Hendin (1998); ISBN: 0393317919; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393317919/icongroupinterna
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Seduction of Suicide: Understanding and Recovering from Addiction to Suicide by Kevin, MD Taylor, Kevin Taylor M. D. (2003); ISBN: 1403369607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403369607/icongroupinterna
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Seduction of Suicide: Understanding and Recovering From An Addiction to Suicide [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by Kevin Taylor M. D. (2002); ISBN: B0000CBX5W; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000CBX5W/icongroupinterna
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Self-Destruction in the Promised Land: A Psychocultural Biology of American Suicide by Howard I. Kushner, Howard I. Kushner; ISBN: 0813513774; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813513774/icongroupinterna
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Shadow on My Soul: Overcoming Addiction to Suicide by Paula M. Quinn (1995); ISBN: 1879198134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879198134/icongroupinterna
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Show Me a Hero: A Tale of Murder, Suicide, Race, and Redemption by Lisa Belkin; ISBN: 0316088056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316088056/icongroupinterna
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Silent Grief: Living in the Wake of Suicide by Christopher Lukas, et al; ISBN: 0684187701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684187701/icongroupinterna
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Social Meanings of Suicide by Jack D. Douglas; ISBN: 0691028125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0691028125/icongroupinterna
Books 365
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Someone I Love Died by Suicide : A Story for Child Survivors and Those Who Care for Them by Doreen Cammarata, et al; ISBN: 0970933290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970933290/icongroupinterna
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Standing in the Shadow: Help and Encouragement for Suicide Survivors by June Cerza Kolf (2002); ISBN: 0801063957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801063957/icongroupinterna
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Status Integration and Suicide: A Sociological Study by Jack P. Gibbs, Walter T. Martin (2001); ISBN: 0871141051; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871141051/icongroupinterna
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Step Back from the Exit: 45 Reasons to Say No to Suicide by Jillayne Arena (1996); ISBN: 0964734001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964734001/icongroupinterna
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Stephen Lives: My Son Stephen: His Life, Suicide, and Afterlife by Anne Puryear, Julie Rubenstein (Editor); ISBN: 067153663X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067153663X/icongroupinterna
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Stop Committing Voice Suicide by Morton Cooper (1996); ISBN: 0879804378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879804378/icongroupinterna
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Straight to Hell: 50 Great Suicides of the 20th Century (The Modern Death Series, 2) by Namida King (Editor), et al (2004); ISBN: 1840680903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840680903/icongroupinterna
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Stronger Than Death/When Suicide Touches Your Life by Sue, M.D. Chance; ISBN: 039303092X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039303092X/icongroupinterna
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Stronger Than Death/When Suicide Touches Your Life: A Mother's Story by Sue Chance; ISBN: 0380721104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380721104/icongroupinterna
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Suicidal Adolescents by Patricia A. Davis (1983); ISBN: 0398048665; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398048665/icongroupinterna
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Suicidal Behaviour: A Search for Its Psychic Economy by Jurgen Kind, Paul Foulkes (Translator) (1999); ISBN: 185302788X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185302788X/icongroupinterna
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Suicidal Narrative in Modern Japan: The Case of Dazai Osamu (Studies of the East Asian Institute, Columbia University) by Alan Stephen Wolfe (1990); ISBN: 0691067740; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0691067740/icongroupinterna
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Suicidality: Psychoanalytic Concepts for Understanding Treatment & Research by P. Gotze (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0889372659; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889372659/icongroupinterna
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Suicide by Emile Durkheim (1966); ISBN: 0029086507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0029086507/icongroupinterna
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Suicide by Alec Roy (Editor); ISBN: 0683073958; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683073958/icongroupinterna
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Suicide by David Wilkerson, David Wilkkerson; ISBN: 0800786432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0800786432/icongroupinterna
366 Suicide
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Suicide (Encyclopedia of Health. Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment) by Laura Dolce; ISBN: 0791000532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791000532/icongroupinterna
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Suicide (Opposing Viewpoints) by Roman Espejo (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0737712414; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737712414/icongroupinterna
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Suicide (The Reference Shelf, Vol 67, No 2) by Robert Emmet Long (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0824208692; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824208692/icongroupinterna
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Suicide : Prevention, Intervention, Postvention by Earl A. Grollman (Author) (1988); ISBN: 0807027073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807027073/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and Attempted Suicide Among Children and Adolescents (Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry Series, Vol 5) by Keith Hawton; ISBN: 0803925220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803925220/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and Clinical Practice (Clinical Practice, No 21) by Douglas Jacobs (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0880484551; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880484551/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and Depression Among Adolescents and Young Adults by Gerald L. Klerman; ISBN: 0880480491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880480491/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and Homicide among Adolescents by Paul C. Holinger, et al; ISBN: 0898627885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898627885/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and Its Aftermath: Understanding and Counseling the Survivors by Edward J. Dunne (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0393700399; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393700399/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and Self-Damaging Behavior: A Sociobiological Perspective by Denys. Decatanzaro; ISBN: 0121638804; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121638804/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and Suicide attempts in Europe: Findings from the WHO/Euro Multicentre Study of Suicidal Behaviour (1st ed) by Armin Schmidtke (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0889372497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889372497/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and the Meaning of Civilization (The Heritage of Sociology) by Thomas Masary, et al; ISBN: 0226509338; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226509338/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and the School: A Practical Guide to Suicide Prevention (Crisis Intervention) by Patrick W., J.D. McKee, et al (1993); ISBN: 0934753784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934753784/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and the Soul by James Hillman, Thomas Szasz (1998); ISBN: 0882142275; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882142275/icongroupinterna
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Suicide and the Unconscious by Antoon A. Leenaars (Editor), David Lester (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1568217242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568217242/icongroupinterna
Books 367
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Suicide As a Cultural Institution in Dostoevsky's Russia by Irina Paperno, Irina Papernp (1998); ISBN: 0801484251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801484251/icongroupinterna
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Suicide As Psychache: A Clinical Approach to Self-Destructive Behavior by Edwin, Ph.D. Shneidman (1995); ISBN: 0876681518; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876681518/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Attack (C.A.D.S., No 9) by John Sievert; ISBN: 0821729268; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821729268/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Behind Bars: Prediction and Prevention by David Lester, Bruce L. Danto (1993); ISBN: 0914783629; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914783629/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Blonde by Darcey Steinke (2000); ISBN: 0802136648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802136648/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Casanova: A Psychosexual Thriller by Arthur Nersesian (2002); ISBN: 1888451300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888451300/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Charlie: A Vietnam War Story by Norman L. Russell (Author) (1993); ISBN: 0275945219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275945219/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Circus by Alexei Kruchenykh, et al; ISBN: 189229527X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189229527X/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Cult: The Inside Story of the Peoples Temple Sect and the Massacre in Guyana (201P) by Marshall Kilduff, Ron Javers; ISBN: 0553129201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553129201/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Excepted by Hare; ISBN: 0701206470; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0701206470/icongroupinterna
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Suicide from the Soul's Perspective: What to Do If You or a Loved One Is Comtemplating Suicide by Neroli, Dr Duffy, et al (2003); ISBN: 0922729921; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0922729921/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Gene Therapy: Structure and Function (Methods in Molecular Medicine) by Caroline J. Springer (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 0896039714; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896039714/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Hill [DOWNLOAD: MICROSOFT READER] by James Ellroy (2001); ISBN: B00005B4KX; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005B4KX/icongroupinterna
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Suicide in African Americans by David Lester (1998); ISBN: 1560725621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560725621/icongroupinterna
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Suicide in Alcoholism by George E. Murphy (1992); ISBN: 0195071530; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195071530/icongroupinterna
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Suicide in America by Herbert Hendin; ISBN: 0393015173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393015173/icongroupinterna
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Suicide in Children and Adolescents (Child Behavior and Development) by Syed Arshad Husain; ISBN: 0080349668; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080349668/icongroupinterna
368 Suicide
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Suicide in Creative Women by David Lester (1993); ISBN: 1560721502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560721502/icongroupinterna
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Suicide in Later Life: Recognizing the Warning Signs by Nancy J. Osgood (2004); ISBN: 0669212148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669212148/icongroupinterna
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Suicide in the Entertainment Industry: An Encyclopedia of over 1200 Cases by David K. Frasier, Kenneth Anger; ISBN: 0786410388; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786410388/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Inc by Ronald Azzolina (1999); ISBN: 158500474X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158500474X/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Intervention in the Schools by Scott Poland; ISBN: 0898622328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898622328/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Murders (Atlantic Large Print Series) [LARGE PRINT] by Howard Engel; ISBN: 1555042570; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555042570/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Notes: Predictive Clues and Patterns by Antoon A. Leenaars; ISBN: 0898853990; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898853990/icongroupinterna
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Suicide of a Child by Adina Wrobleski, et al; ISBN: 1561230219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561230219/icongroupinterna
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Suicide of the West : an essay on the meaning and destiny of liberalism by James Burnham (Author); ISBN: 087000056X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087000056X/icongroupinterna
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Suicide or Murder?: The Strange Death of Governor Meriwether Lewis by Vardis Fisher (1993); ISBN: 0804006164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804006164/icongroupinterna
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Suicide over the Life Cycle: Risk Factors, Assessment, and Treatment of Suicidal Patients by Susan J. Blumenthal, David J. Kupfer (1990); ISBN: 0880483075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880483075/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Prevention: Case Consultations (Springer Series on Death and Suicide) by Alan L. Berman; ISBN: 0826171206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826171206/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Prevention: Resources for the Millennium by David Lester (Editor); ISBN: 0876309872; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876309872/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Risk by William J. Fremouw; ISBN: 0080364446; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080364446/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Risk: The Formulation of Clinical Judgement by John T. Maltsberger; ISBN: 081475399X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081475399X/icongroupinterna
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Suicide River (Rat Bastards, No 14) by John MacKie; ISBN: 0515083429; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0515083429/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Squad by James Riveaux; ISBN: 1563152746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563152746/icongroupinterna
Books 369
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Suicide Squads of World War II by Richard O'Neill; ISBN: 0880292997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880292997/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Squads: The Men and Machines of World War II Special Operations (Classic Conflicts) by Richard O'Neill, et al (1999); ISBN: 1840650826; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840650826/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Survivors' Handbook - Expanded Edition by Trudy Carlson; ISBN: 0964244381; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964244381/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Wall by Alexander Paul (1996); ISBN: 0964276119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964276119/icongroupinterna
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Suicide Wise: Taking Steps Against Teen Suicide (Teen Issues) by Nicole B. Sperekas (2000); ISBN: 076601360X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076601360X/icongroupinterna
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Suicide: A Christian Response: Crucial Considerations for Choosing Life by Timothy J. Demy (Editor), Gary P. Stewart (Contributor) (1998); ISBN: 0825423554; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0825423554/icongroupinterna
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Suicide: A Preventable Tragedy by Dorothy B. Francis; ISBN: 0525672796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0525672796/icongroupinterna
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Suicide: A Study in Sociology by Emile Durkheim (1997); ISBN: 0684836327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684836327/icongroupinterna
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Suicide: Right or Wrong? (Contemporary Issues Series) by John Donnelly (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 1573921866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573921866/icongroupinterna
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Suicide: The Forever Decision.for Those Thinking About Suicide, and for Those Who Know, Love, or Counsel Them by Paul G. Quinnett (1997); ISBN: 0824513525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824513525/icongroupinterna
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Suicide: The Tragedy of Hopelessness by David Aldridge (1998); ISBN: 1853024449; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853024449/icongroupinterna
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Suicide: Understanding and Responding: Harvard Medical School Perspectives by Herbert N. Brown (Editor), Douglas G. Jacobs (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0823666956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823666956/icongroupinterna
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Suicides by Jean Baechler; ISBN: 0465083358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465083358/icongroupinterna
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Surviving Literary Suicide by Jeffrey Berman (1999); ISBN: 1558492119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558492119/icongroupinterna
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Surviving Suicide: My Journey to the Light Within by Mary Scovel (2003); ISBN: 188294318X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188294318X/icongroupinterna
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Survivors of Suicide by Rita Robinson, Phyllis Hart (2001); ISBN: 1564145573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564145573/icongroupinterna
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Sweet Suicide by Gene Wright; ISBN: 092206623X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/092206623X/icongroupinterna
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Teen Suicide (At Issue (Paper)) by Tamara L. Roleff (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 073770327X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/073770327X/icongroupinterna
370 Suicide
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Teen Suicide (Just the Facts) by Claire Wallerstein; ISBN: 1403408203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403408203/icongroupinterna
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Teen Suicide (Teen Issues) by Hayley R. Mitchell; ISBN: 1560065729; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560065729/icongroupinterna
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Teen Suicide: Is It Too Painful to Grow Up? (Issues of Our Times) by Eleanor H. Ayer; ISBN: 0805025731; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805025731/icongroupinterna
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Teens and Suicide (Gallup Youth Survey: Major Issues & Trends) by Hal Marcovitz; ISBN: 1590847245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590847245/icongroupinterna
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The Abyss Absolute: The Autobiography of a Suicide by Ronald E. Puhek; ISBN: 1892590077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892590077/icongroupinterna
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The Angel and the Dragon : A Father's Search for Answers to His Son's Mental Illness and Suicide by Jonathan Aurthur (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0757300529; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757300529/icongroupinterna
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The Art of Suicide (Picturing History) by Ron M. Brown (2002); ISBN: 1861891059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861891059/icongroupinterna
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The Book of Bunny Suicides by Andy Riley (2004); ISBN: 0452285186; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0452285186/icongroupinterna
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The Case Against Assisted Suicide: For the Right to End-Of-Life Care by Kathleen M. Foley (Editor), Herbert Hendin (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0801867924; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801867924/icongroupinterna
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The Case Against Suicide by William V. Rauscher; ISBN: 0312123302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312123302/icongroupinterna
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The Case of the Constant Suicides (Black Dagger Crime Series) by John Dickson Carr (2002); ISBN: 0754086151; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754086151/icongroupinterna
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The Clinical Science of Suicide Prevention (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 932) by Herbert Hendin (Editor), J. John Mann (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0801872170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801872170/icongroupinterna
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The Cruelest Death: The Enigma of Adolescent Suicide by David Lester (1993); ISBN: 0914783645; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914783645/icongroupinterna
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The Death Debate: Ethical Issues in Suicide by Margaret Pabst Battin (1996); ISBN: 0135243076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0135243076/icongroupinterna
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The Death of Psychoanalysis: Murder? Suicide? or Rumor Greatly Exaggerated? by Robert M. Prince (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0765701472; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0765701472/icongroupinterna
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The Definition of Suicide by Edwin S. Shneidman; ISBN: 0471882259; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471882259/icongroupinterna
Books 371
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The Empty Chair--The Journey Of Grief After Suicide by Beryl S. Glover, Glenda Stansbury (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 189278534X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189278534X/icongroupinterna
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The Empty Church: The Suicide of Liberal Christianity by Thomas C. Reeves; ISBN: 0684828111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684828111/icongroupinterna
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The Encyclopedia of Suicide by Glen Evans, Norman L. Farberow (Contributor); ISBN: 0816013977; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816013977/icongroupinterna
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The Fierce Goodbye: Hope in the Wake of Suicide by G. Lloyd Carr, Gwendolyn C. Carr; ISBN: 0830813276; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0830813276/icongroupinterna
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The Game of Death in Ancient Rome: Arena Sport and Political Suicide (Wisconsin Studies in Classics) by Paul Plass (1999); ISBN: 0299145743; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0299145743/icongroupinterna
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The Harvard Medical School Guide to Suicide Assessment and Intervention by Douglas G. Jacobs (Author); ISBN: 0787943037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787943037/icongroupinterna
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The Heaven's Gate Suicide: Unlocking the Answer to Why It Happened by Tom Brown (1997); ISBN: 0965830500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965830500/icongroupinterna
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The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide by Keith Hawton (Editor), Kees van Heeringen (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0470849592; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470849592/icongroupinterna
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The Keepers of Heaven's Gate : The Millennial Madness, the Religion Behind the Rancho Santa Fe Suicides by William Henry, Cary Anderson (Photographer) (1997); ISBN: 1890693006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890693006/icongroupinterna
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The Last Choice : Preemptive Suicide in Advanced Age, Second Edition by C. G. Prado (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0275961508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275961508/icongroupinterna
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The Last Teenage Suicide by Norman Geller, Barbara Canter (Illustrator) (1988); ISBN: 0915753138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915753138/icongroupinterna
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The Love-Suicides at Sonezaki: And Other Poems by Siri von Reis; ISBN: 097081772X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/097081772X/icongroupinterna
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The Masks of Melancholy: A Christian Physician Looks at Depression & Suicide by John White; ISBN: 0877849803; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877849803/icongroupinterna
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The Mystery of Herman Goering's Suicide by Ben E. Swearingen; ISBN: 044016091X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044016091X/icongroupinterna
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The night of a thousand suicides; the Japanese outbreak at Cowra by Teruhiko Asada; ISBN: 0207120528; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0207120528/icongroupinterna
372 Suicide
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The Path to National Suicide: An Essay on Immigration and Multiculturalism by Lawrence Auster (1991); ISBN: 0936247126; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936247126/icongroupinterna
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The Peer Partners Handbook: Helping Your Friends Live Free from Violence, Drug Use, Teen Pregnancy & Suicide: A Guide for Students in Leadership Programs by Jerry Kreitzer, David Levine (1995); ISBN: 0882681958; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882681958/icongroupinterna
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The Politician's Guide to Assisted Suicide, Cloning, and Other Current Controversies by George J. Marlin (1998); ISBN: 0966059719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966059719/icongroupinterna
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The Power to Prevent Suicide: A Guide for Teens Helping Teens by Richard E., Ph.D. Nelson, et al (1994); ISBN: 0915793709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915793709/icongroupinterna
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The Practical Art of Suicide Assessment : A Guide for Mental Health Professionals and Substance Abuse Counselors by Shawn Christopher Shea (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0471237612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471237612/icongroupinterna
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The Psychology of Suicide by Edwin S. Shneidman, et al; ISBN: 0876686684; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876686684/icongroupinterna
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The Psychology of Suicide: A Clinician's Guide to Evaluation and Treatment by Edwin S. Shneidman, et al (1995); ISBN: 1568210574; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568210574/icongroupinterna
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The Samaritans: Befriending the Suicidal by Chad Varah (Introduction); ISBN: 0094661103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0094661103/icongroupinterna
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The Savage God: A Study of Suicide by A. Alvarez (1990); ISBN: 0393306577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393306577/icongroupinterna
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The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and the Suicide Club by Robert Louis Stevenson (1997); ISBN: 0140367640; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140367640/icongroupinterna
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The Suicidal Mind by Edwin S. Shneidman (1998); ISBN: 0195118014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195118014/icongroupinterna
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The Suicidal Patient: Clinical and Legal Standards of Care by Bruce Bongar; ISBN: 1557987610; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557987610/icongroupinterna
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The Suicide by Nikolai Erdman, Richard Nelson (2000); ISBN: 0881451738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881451738/icongroupinterna
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The Suicide and Homicide Risk Assessment Treatment Planner by Arthur E. Jongsma (Author), Jack Klott (Author) (2004); ISBN: 047146631X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047146631X/icongroupinterna
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The Suicide Chronicles by Jabi Shriki; ISBN: 1930916558; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930916558/icongroupinterna
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The Suicide Club by John R. Warmus (1996); ISBN: 1585005223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585005223/icongroupinterna
Books 373
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The Suicide Club [UNABRIDGED] by Robert Louis Stevenson (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0486414167; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486414167/icongroupinterna
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The Suicide Machine by Ron Dzwonkowski (Editor), Detroit Free Press staff; ISBN: 0937247731; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937247731/icongroupinterna
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The Suicide Machine: Surreal Poems [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by William Moss (2002); ISBN: B0000CCO7Z; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000CCO7Z/icongroupinterna
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The Suicide of My Son: The Story of Childhood Depression by Trudy Carlson (1995); ISBN: 0964244314; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964244314/icongroupinterna
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The Suicide Treatment by Brian M. Van Hise (2002); ISBN: 1401057144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401057144/icongroupinterna
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The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides (1994); ISBN: 0446670251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446670251/icongroupinterna
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Tired of Living: Suicide in Italy from National Unification to World War I, 1860-1915 (Studies in Modern European History, Vol. 44) by Ty Geltmaker (2002); ISBN: 082045544X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082045544X/icongroupinterna
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Too Young to Die: Youth and Suicide by Francine Klagsbrun; ISBN: 0671604058; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671604058/icongroupinterna
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Treating Suicidal Behavior: An Effective, Time-Limited Approach by M. David Rudd, et al; ISBN: 1572306149; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572306149/icongroupinterna
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Treatment of Suicidal Patients in Managed Care by James M. Ellison (Editor); ISBN: 088048828X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088048828X/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Suicidal Behaviour : The Suicidal Process Approach to Research, Treatment and Prevention by Kees van Heeringen (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0471988030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471988030/icongroupinterna
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Victor Tausk's Suicide by Kurt R. Eissler (1983); ISBN: 0823667359; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823667359/icongroupinterna
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Violent Death in the City: Suicide, Accident, and Murder in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia by Roger. Lane (1979); ISBN: 0674939468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674939468/icongroupinterna
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Violent Deaths in the United States: An Epidemiologic Study of Suicide, Homicide, and Accidents by Paul C. Holinger (Author); ISBN: 0898626722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898626722/icongroupinterna
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Vows of Silence: A True Story of a Survivor's Triumph over Rape, Teenage Suicide, and Religious Abuse by Diana Louise Michael, Steve Allen (1996); ISBN: 0963491040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963491040/icongroupinterna
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W.I.N.N. Against Suicide by Robert E. Jr. Nelson, Diane Parker (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 1568750498; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568750498/icongroupinterna
374 Suicide
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Waking Up, Alive: The Descent, the Suicide Attempt, and the Return to Life by Richard A. Heckler (1996); ISBN: 0345400356; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345400356/icongroupinterna
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Why Suicide? by Jerry Johnston; ISBN: 0840790813; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840790813/icongroupinterna
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Why Suicide? : Answers to 200 of the Most Frequently Asked Questions about Suicide, Attempted S by Eric Marcus (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0062511661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062511661/icongroupinterna
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You'd Think There Would Be More Suicides Around Here by Shane Brolly (2003); ISBN: 1932557016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1932557016/icongroupinterna
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Youth and Exploitation : A Process Leading to Running Away, Violence, Substance Abuse and Suicide by Alan W. McEvoy, Edsel L. Erickson; ISBN: 1556910428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556910428/icongroupinterna
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Youth Suicide: A Comprehensive Manual for Prevention and Intervention by Barbara Barrett Hicks (1990); ISBN: 1879639106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879639106/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Attempted suicide; experience of five hundred cases at a general hospital, by Ruth W. Ettlinger and Per Flordh. [Tr. by Stanley H. Vernon]. Author: Ettlinger, Ruth Wilhelmina.; Year: 2002; Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1955
•
Bibliography on suicide and suicide prevention, 1897-1957, 1958-1967. Author: Farberow, Norman L.; Year: 1968; Chevy Chase, Md., National Institute of Mental Health; [for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington] 1969
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Black suicide. Author: Hendin, Herbert.; Year: 2003; New York, Basic Books [c1969]
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Culture and self-harm: attempted suicide in South Asians in London Author: Bhugra, Dinesh.; Year: 1965; East Sussex; New York: Taylor; Francis, 2004; ISBN: 1841695211
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How to prevent suicide, by Edwin S. Shneidman and Philip Mandelkorn. Author: Shneidman, Edwin S.; Year: 1963; New York, Public Affairs Committee, 1967]
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Living with suicide. Author: Chesser, Eustace.; Year: 1964; London, Hutchinson [1967]
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
Books 375
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Medico-legal investigation in murder and suicide; proceedings. November 2-3, 1962, Boston, Mass. Author: Boston University. Law-Medicine Research Institute.; Year: 1965; Boston, Boston University Law-Medicine Research Institute [1963?]
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Murder followed by suicide; an inquiry carried out for the Institute of Criminology, Cambridge. Author: West, D. J. (Donald James),; Year: 2003; London, Heinemann [1965]
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Practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of patients with suicidal behaviors. Author: American Psychiatric Association.; Year: 1957; Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2003; ISBN: 0890423784 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890423784/icongroupinterna
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Prevention of suicide. Author: World Health Organization.; Year: 1965; Geneva, 1968
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Suicidal behavior; diagnosis and management, by 48 authors. Edited by H. L. P. Resnik. Author: Resnik, H. L. P.; Year: 1965; Boston, Little, Brown, [1968]
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Suicide & risk-taking deaths of children & young people Author: Sankey, Melissa.; Year: 2003; Surry Hills, NSW: NSW Commission for Children; Young People: NSW Health, c2003; ISBN: 0734771134
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Suicide among the American Indians; two workshops, Aberdeen, South Dakota, September 1967 [and] Lewistown, Montana, November 1967. Sponsored by. National Institute of Mental Health [and] Indian Health Service. Author: National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.); Year: 1968; [Chevy Chase, Md.] National Institute of Mental Health; [for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C., 1969]
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Suicide and attempted suicide. Author: Stengel, Erwin.; Year: 2002; [Harmondsworth, Eng.] Penguin Books [1964]
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Suicide and the soul. Author: Hillman, James.; Year: 2000; New York, Harper; Row [c1964]
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Suicide in the United States, 1950-1964. A study of suicide statistics showing trends for 1950-64 and difference by age, sex, color, marital status, and geographic area for selected periods. Author: National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.); Year: 1963; Washington [For sale by the Supt. of Doc., U. S. Govt. Print. Off.] 1967
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Suicide. Author: Gibbs, Jack Porter,; Year: 1964; New York, Harper; Row [c1968]
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Symposium on Suicide. Leon Yochelson, editor. Author: Yochelson, Leon,; Year: 2002; [Washington, c1967]
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The roots of suicide; an examination of a major mental health problem. Author: Milt, Harry.; Year: 1964; [West Point, Pa.] Merck Sharp; Dohme [1966?]
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The tragedy of suicide in the U. S. Author: Yolles, Stanley F.,; Year: 1964; Bethesda, Md., National Institute of Mental Health; [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1966]
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Understanding and preventing suicide. Author: Leonard, Calista V.; Year: 1955; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1967]
Chapters on Suicide In order to find chapters that specifically relate to suicide, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and suicide using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and
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language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on suicide: •
Psychological and Sociological Aspects of Aging Source: in Roe, S.N., ed. Geriatric Patient Education Resource Manual. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. Section 5, p. 1-99. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701. (800) 234-1660. PRICE: $185.00. ISBN: 0834202255. Summary: Presenting information in capsule summary, tabular, and fact sheet form, this book chapter outlines key concepts in nine major categories, including: an overview of mental illness; distinguishing between delirium, depression, and dementia; Alzheimer's disease; memory enhancement; reminiscing and life review; coping with loss; retirement; loneliness; and suicide. The section on Alzheimer's disease describes ways to determine patient comfort and describes evaluation criteria used for therapeutic intervention. The psychological impact of Alzheimer's on the family and family caregivers, evaluating nursing homes, the role of the caregiver in the nursing home, tips on communicating with the Alzheimer's patient, and coping with wandering patients and sundowning is also discussed. A description of the hypercaloric Alzheimer's diet and a caregiver's guide to medication management of Alzheimer's disease is presented. 103 references.
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Caustic Injury to the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 30-35. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This chapter from a gastroenterology textbook describes caustic injury to the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The authors note that a number of household cleansing agents can cause significant injury to the GI tract when ingested. Caustic agents may include acid, alkali, bleaches, and detergents. The ingestion of a caustic substance by an adult usually represents a suicide attempt, whereas caustic ingestion in a child is generally accidental. Topics include the pathophysiology of alkali and acid ingestion; the management of caustic ingestion, including emergency management and therapy to prevent stricture formation; and prognosis. Surgical intervention is necessary for acute complications of caustic ingestion such as perforation, abscess, fistula formation, or for chronic stricture formation that has not responded to other therapies. Aggressive surgical approach has been recommended in patients with endoscopic evidence of extensive esophagogastric necrosis, since delay in the diagnosis and treatment of transmural necrosis is the single most important factor contributing to significant mortality. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus occurs with an incidence of 2 to 3 percent following lye ingestion. The risk is 1,000-fold greater than for the general population. Periodic endoscopic surveillance is recommended in patients with a previous history of lye ingestion. 4 tables. 9 references. (AA-M).
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Psychological Insights Source: in Lincoln, T.A. Eaddy, J.A. Beating the Blood Sugar Blues. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p.133-141. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400485. Summary: Those people who live with insulin dependent diabetes frequently are confounded and frustrated by unanticipated hypoglycemia. These feelings are particularly strong when the person with diabetes is embarrassed, temporarily disabled, or made dependent on another person by the hypoglycemia. This chapter is from a book that offers first hand knowledge from two doctors who have more than 100 years of combined experienced with the day-to-day balancing act of blood glucose (sugar) and diabetes. The authors, both of whom have type 1 diabetes, share their own stories as well as those of over 40 of their patients. In this chapter, the authors offer psychological insights on coping with hypoglycemia. Topics include handling anger and frustration, self-induced (on purpose) hypoglycemia, brittle diabetes, marital stress, depression and suicide, and memory loss and depression. 2 tables.
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Psychiatric Aspects of Renal Care Source: in Levine, D.Z. Care of the Renal Patient. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1991. p. 181-186. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 782-4479. PRICE: $46.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721630561. Summary: This brief chapter, from a comprehensive medical textbook about the care of the renal patient, focuses on the psychiatric aspects of renal care. The author notes that in general, people who develop renal failure do not necessarily represent a cross section of the general population; indeed, they may often be drug addicts and noncompliant hypertensive patients. Specific psychiatric problems discussed include uncooperativeness, depression and suicide, anxiety, rehabilitation problems, and sexual problems. The author also briefly reviews psychiatric fitness for transplantation and treatment of psychiatric problems. 9 references.
Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to suicide have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 •
Georgia Mental Health Sourcebook Source: Atlanta, GA: Care Solutions, Inc. 1994. 177 p.
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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “suicide” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
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Contact: Available from Care Solutions, Inc. 8302 Dunwoody Place, Suite 352, Atlanta, GA 30350. (404) 642-6722; (800) 227-3410; FAX (404) 640-6073. PRICE: $24.95 plus $3.00 shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963193961. Summary: This guide for consumers and professionals provides basic definitions of mental illness, information about the types of mental health services available, and where to call for help within Georgia. Resources are organized by category and geographic area. Some of the more common mental difficulties and disorders are briefly described and include mood and anxiety disorders; schizophrenia; dementia, including Alzheimer's disease; substance abuse; and eating, sleeping, and sexual disorders. Topics include information about where to start in seeking help; mental health issues involving children; special issues such as older adults and mental health, family relationship, homelessness, suicide, and AIDS; violence, aggression, and emotional crises; health insurance and financial options; and legal and ethical issues. Among the community resources listed are residential and day treatment services, counseling and outpatient services, supportive living programs, advocacy and support groups, multicultural programs, substance abuse programs, psychiatric hospitals, and children and adolescent programs. Over 1,700 providers are listed. •
Asians: Sources of Asian Language Health Materials Source: Washington, DC: Office of Minority Health. 199x. 10 p. Contact: Available from Office of Minority Health Resource Center. P.O. Box 37337, Washington, DC 20013-7337. (800) 444-6472. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This directory lists sources identified by the Office of Minority Health Resource Center (OMH RC) that produce or distribute health promotion materials in various Asian languages. The search for materials concentrated on minority health priority areas and associated risk factors: cancer, cardiovascular diseases and stroke, chemical dependency, diabetes, infant mortality, homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury. Sources of AIDS information and educational materials are also included. Topics related to digestive diseases include AIDS, cholesterol, cultural awareness, breastfeeding, hepatitis, immunization, nutrition, and weight control. Sources are arranged alphabetically. Organization entries include organization name, address, telephone number, source title, and annotation. The primary languages in which the organization provides materials are noted. Organizations should be contacted directly to determine the cost and availability of bulk quantities or for permission to photocopy. A subject index is included to assist in identifying materials on specific topics.
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Asian Language: Sources of Health Materials Source: Washington, DC: Office of Minority Health Resource Center. 199x. [11 p.]. Contact: Available from Office of Minority Health Resource Center. P.O. Box 37337, Washington, DC 20013-7337. (800) 444-6472. Website: www.omhrc.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This directory lists sources identified by the Office of Minority Health Resource Center (OMH RC) that produce or distribute health promotion materials in various Asian languages. Materials concentrate on minority health priority areas and associated risk factors: cancer, cardiovascular diseases and stroke, chemical dependency, diabetes, infant mortality, homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury. Sources of AIDS information and educational materials are also included. Topics related to kidney and urologic diseases include AIDS, cultural awareness, high blood pressure (hypertension),
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lupus, men's health, nutrition, sexually transmitted diseases, and women's health. Sources are arranged alphabetically. Organization entries include organization name, address, telephone number, source title, and annotation. The primary languages in which the organization provides materials are noted. Organizations should be contacted directly to determine the cost and availability of bulk quantities or for permission to photocopy. •
Teen connections Source: Pittsburgh, PA: Adolescent Resource Network, Family Health Council. 1993. 76 pp. Contact: Available from Adolescent Resource Network, c/o Family Health Council, 1200 Allegheny Tower, 625 Stanwix Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15222. Telephone: (412) 2880518 / fax: (412) 288-9036. Summary: This small paperback book measures 4.5 inches high and is designed to be carried around easily by adolescents. It lists phone numbers for hotlines, shelters, and centers in Allegheny County, PA, for a wide variety of problems which adolescents may face. Resources are divided into six categories: crisis interventions; legal assistance; two categories for health information; career counseling; and social connections. Specific topics include alcohol and drugs, abuse, rape, suicide, pregnancy, sexual responsibility, HIV and other STDs, eating disorders, education, and employment. Also listed are the taped messages available through the TEL-AID program. A companion publication, Teen Connections Link, provides activities to help adolescents make use of the information in this booklet.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON SUICIDE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on suicide. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on suicide is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “suicide” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on suicide: •
David's story: A teen suicide Source: Pleasantville, NY: Sunburst Communications. 1991. 1 videotape (28 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from Sunburst Communications, 101 Castleton Street, P.O. Box 40, Pleasantville, NY 10570-9971. Telephone: (800) 431-1934 / fax: (914) 747-4109. $189.00 plus 6 percent shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape portrays the story of one adolescent's suicide to help adolescents recognize the critical warning signals of suicidal behavior. The story is about David, a seventeen-year-old who commits suicide. Now, his mother, brother, his best friend, and girlfriend are trying to figure out why they failed to see this coming. The learning objectives include: familiarizing adolescents with the critical warning signs of suicidal behavior, encouraging young people troubled by suicidal thoughts to seek help, and exploring some of the reasons for and myths about suicide.
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Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on suicide: •
The Role of Schools in Promoting Adolescent Health. Building an Economic Framework, Prevention '91: Baltimore, MD, March 16-19, 1991 Contact: Chesapeake Audio/Video Communications, 6330 Howard Ave, Elkridge, MD, 21227, (410) 796-0040. Summary: This sound recording of proceedings, from Building an Economic Framework: Prevention '91, held March 16-19, 1991, in Baltimore, MD, deals with the health needs of adolescents. The speakers, John Santelli and Candace Sullivan, discuss the many problems faced by today's adolescents, including pregnancy, suicide, homicide, and Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) such as Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Santelli presents statistics and studies about these behaviorally based problems; he takes a look at the implications of peer pressure and compares the United States to other Western nations. Sullivan examines health education programs and their attendant problems, such as parental disapproval of curriculum and lack of staff and funds. The success of school-based clinics in preventing pregnancy and other sexual problems is discussed at length. Cooperation among agencies and guaranteed access to health care for all adolescents are called for.
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HIV Testing in Treatment Contact: Audio Visual, Incorporated, 5542 Tuxedo Rd, Cheverly, MD, 20781, (301) 3225600. Summary: This sound recording of the proceedings of a National Institute on Drug Abuse Conference held January 13, 1991, discusses several aspects of antibody testing for the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in drug treatment centers. The first speaker deals with the special needs and problems of adolescent drug addicts. This group needs intensive counseling because of an inclination toward suicide and a need for education in safer sexual behavior. The second speaker analyzes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) research needs. The third speaker explains drug treatment history and future needs.
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AIDS Prevention in Minority Communities Contact: Convention Cassettes, 1-550 Eclectic St, Ste C-140, Palm Desert, CA, 92260, (415) 776-5454. Summary: This sound recording of the New Public Health 1990 Conference on the future of public health in California covers a workshop on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention in minority communities. Speakers include representatives from the Hispanic, Asian-Pacific, and Black communities. Elena Alvarado, from the Avanci Human Services community-based organization in Los Angeles, talks about the importance of incorporation of cultural factors into intervention strategies for Human
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immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention education, and the role of service providers as leaders of the diverse ethnic populations. Dean Goshi, Project Director of the Asian Pacific AIDS Education Project, discusses cultural barriers to HIV education among the Asian Pacific communities, covering denial of HIV infection and homosexuality, fear, confidentiality, shame, and suicide. He recommends tying HIV in with other health issues, and homosexuality sensitivity workshops to change the negative stigma of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Gloria Vance of the National Organization of Black County Officials (NOBC) in Los Angeles emphasizes the diversity of the Black community as well. She talks about the development of safer-sex workshops, holistic approaches, and risk reduction through needle sterilization and condom use, in conjunction with meeting alternate needs of housing, employment, and job training. Issues involving cultural barriers and dispelling of myths about HIV transmission are also addressed. •
The AIDS Epidemic: Implications for Mental and Public Health. American Public Health Association, 116th Annual Meeting Contact: American Public Health Association, 800 I St NW, Washington, DC, 20001, (301) 893-1894, http://www.apha.org. Summary: This sound recording presents speakers at a panel discussion of neuropsychiatric manifestations of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. The first speaker discusses a longitudinal study of behavioral changes in a cohort of homosexual men in Chicago at risk for contracting AIDS by quantifying changes in psychosocial variables and subsequent risk reduction. The second speaker, Julia Hadalgo, chief of the Division of AIDS Health Services, Planning, Education and Resource Development in the AIDS Administration in Maryland, Department of Health and Hygiene, discusses the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among Persons with AIDS (PWA's). Kenneth Mayer, assistant professor of medicine of Brown University, RI, then presents an analysis of neuropsychiatric illness as part of a clinical spectrum of HIV disease in relation to the type of cells affected by the virus. Dr. Alexandria Beckett from Massachusetts General Hospital discusses HIV encephalopathy with cognitive impairment and other symptoms for proper differential diagnosis. She then examines expensive evaluation as it relates to public health implications for this illness. The last speaker, Lyn Cannon, project supervisor of AIDS Office Research Branch in San Francisco, explores suicide patterns among PWA's in data from studies in New York and San Francisco.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Suicide The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in suicide (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on suicide: •
A Point of return [motion picture]: [characteristic of suicidal tendencies] Source: Oklahoma State Dept. of Health; produced by University of Oklahoma; Year: 1964; Format: Motion picture; [Oklahoma City]: The Department; [Atlanta: for loan by
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National Medical Audiovisual Center; Chicago: for loan and sale by International Film Bureau], c1964 •
A Symposium on suicide [videorecording] Source: Medical College of South Carolina, Division of Postgraduate Education; [made by] South Carolina Educational Television Network; Year: 1965; Format: Videorecording; [Columbia]: The Network; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], c1965
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Adolescent suicide: a documentary [sound recording] Source: Center for Death Education and Research at the Univ. of Minnesota; Year: 1972; Format: Sound recording; Minnesota: The Center; [Bowie, Md.: for sale by Robert J. Brady Co.], p1972
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Attempted suicide [videorecording]: what constitutes appropriate medical care Source: [UCLA School of Medicine]; Year: 1974; Format: Videorecording; Los Angeles: Univ. of California: [for loan or sale by its Instructional Media Library], 1974
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Clinical epidemiology of suicide part II, psychiatric factors in suicide [slide] Source: McMaster University Health Sciences; Year: 1972; Format: Slide; [Hamilton, Ont.: Health Sciences McMaster Univ., 1972]
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Do persons have the moral right to commit suicide [sound recording] Source: Requa Tolbert; Year: 1975; Format: Sound recording; New Braunfels, TX.: PSF Productions, p1975
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Help me [videorecording]: the story of a teenage suicide Source: Gerald A. Schiller; produced and edited by Joe Steinberg; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; Los Angeles: S-L Film Productions, c1977
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Managing the suicidal patient [videorecording] Source: Emory University School of Medicine; Year: 1975; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta: Georgia Regional Medical Television Network: [for loan or sale by A. W. Calhoun Medical Library, 1975]
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Rick: an adolescent suicide [motion picture] Source: University of Southern California School of Medicine and the Suicide Prevention Center, Los Angeles; produced by Richard S. Scott; [made by] Medical Television Network; Year: 1969; Format: Motion picture; [Los Angele]: The University; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], c1969
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Suicide: causes and prevention [slide] Source: Ibis Media; Year: 1976; Format: Slide; Pleasantville, N. Y.: Human Relations Media: [for loan or sale by Ibis Media], c1976
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Suicide: part I, the magnitude of the problem: demographic variables of distribution [slide] Source: McMaster University Health Sciences; Year: 1972; Format: Slide; [Hamilton, Ont.: Health Sciences McMaster Univ., 1972]
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Suicide: the unheard cry [motion picture] Source: U. S. Army; Year: 1968; Format: Motion picture; [Washington]: The Army; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], 1968
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Suicide [filmstrip] Source: Trainex Corporation; Year: 1976; Format: Filmstrip; Garden Grove, Calif.: Trainex, c1976
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Suicide intervention [videorecording] Source: American Journal of Nursing Co., Educational Services Division; Year: 1975; Format: Videorecording; New York: The Division, 1975
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Teenage suicide [videorecording] Source: CBS News; Year: 1978; Format: Videorecording; [New York]: CBS; [Schiller Park, Ill.: for loan and sale by Motorola Teleprogram], c1978
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The Question of suicide [sound recording] Source: Association for Clinical Pastoral Education, E. J. Meyer Memorial Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry School of
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Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo; Year: 1976; Format: Sound recording; Buffalo: Communications in Learning, [1976] •
The Suicidal patient [motion picture] Source: USC School of Medicine [and] UCLA School of Medicine; [made by] Medical Television Network; Year: 1967; Format: Motion picture; [Los Angeles]: The Schools; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center, 1967]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SUICIDE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover suicide.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on suicide is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to suicide. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “suicide” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for suicide: •
Finnish study ties cosmetic breast implants to increased risk of suicide Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 03, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/10/03/professional/links/20031003epid 005.html
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Cosmetic breast implants may raise suicide risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 03, 2003
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Increased antidepressant use linked to fall in suicide rates Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 24, 2003
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Increased antidepressant use link to fall in suicide rates Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 24, 2003
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S.Korean study links low cholesterol to suicide Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 23, 2003
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New study links low cholesterol to suicide in depressed patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 23, 2003
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Lithium best at averting suicide by mentally ill Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 17, 2003
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Divalproex not as good as lithium at preventing suicide in bipolar patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 16, 2003
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Poisons, passions fuel sudden suicide in Asia. Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 09, 2003
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Twins less likely to commit suicide Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 15, 2003
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Less prone to suicide than others: research Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 15, 2003
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Jobless seen more likely to commit suicide Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 29, 2003
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Jobless more likely to commit suicide: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 29, 2003
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Belgium increases physician education in suicide prevention Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 27, 2003
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Suicide rates fall in many countries, rise in some Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 18, 2003
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Suicidal, depressed elderly need extra care: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 11, 2003
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One in four Belgian youths may contemplate suicide Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 11, 2003
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One in four Belgian youths contemplate suicide Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 11, 2003
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New compounds trigger cancer cell suicide Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 10, 2003
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Children who are bullied more often depressed and suicidal Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 09, 2003
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Victims of bullying more often depressed, suicidal Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 06, 2003
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Dr. Death unveils his suicide machine Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 02, 2003
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Most UK doctors oppose assisted suicide: survey Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 13, 2003
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Pain drug used in 5 percent of all UK suicides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 09, 2003
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More antidepressant use, fewer suicides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 09, 2003
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Use of co-proxamol in suicide prompts call for restriction on its availability in UK Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 08, 2003
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More antidepressant prescriptions tied to fewer suicides Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 08, 2003
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Suicide rates highest in spring and summer months Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 29, 2003
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Few suicidal teens seek professional help: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 18, 2003
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Suicide rates highest in spring, summer months Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 16, 2003
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Swiss look into UK couple's death at suicide clinic Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 15, 2003
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Swiss investigating UK couple's death at suicide clinic Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 15, 2003
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Toronto hopes bridge barrier will curb suicides Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 13, 2003
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Breast implants linked to higher suicide risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 07, 2003
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Oregon assisted suicides up sharply in 2002 Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 06, 2003
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Cosmetic breast augmentation associated with excess suicide risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 06, 2003
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More Oregon residents turn to assisted suicide Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 19, 2003
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Metabolic responses in the brain may predict lethality of suicide attempts Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 28, 2003
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Brain differences found among suicidal patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 28, 2003
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Clozapine better than olanzapine in reducing suicidality in psychotic patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 24, 2003
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UK police investigate Swiss suicide man's wife Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 22, 2003
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One-in-five depressed people have tried suicide Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 20, 2003
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One in five depressed people have tried suicide Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 20, 2003
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Briton heads to Switzerland for assisted suicide Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 20, 2003
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Study links teen binge eating to suicide attempt Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 06, 2003
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Binge eating identified as suicide risk factor in adolescents Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 06, 2003
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FDA approves clozapine for suicide prevention Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 19, 2002
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FDA approves aging Novartis antipsychotic for suicide prevention Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 19, 2002
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Suicide-gun ownership link remains a mystery Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 05, 2002
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Risk factors for suicide similar in China, West Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 29, 2002 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “suicide” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to suicide, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “suicide” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on suicide: •
Panel Grapples With Difficult Ethical Issues Faced by Those Who Suffer From Alzheimer's Disease Source: Advocate. Alzheimer's Association of Greater Washington, DC Chapter. [Newsletter] 1, 4. June 1991. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association of Greater Washington, DC Chapter. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 1100, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 652-6446. PRICE: Call for price information. Summary: This article describes two audio cassettes available from the Alzheimer's Association. In a two-hour taped discussion, a panel representing the points of view of family physician, lawyer, theologian, and caregiver responded to the dilemmas that confront a hypothetical family whose father is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. The discussion follows this family from the time of clinical diagnosis until the patient's death. Many issues are covered, such as how and when to tell patients of their diagnosis, how to deal with thoughts of suicide, how to plan ahead so that patients have some say in the future, how to choose appropriate treatment for other medical conditions which develop, and how to assure death with dignity.
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Academic Periodicals covering Suicide Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to suicide. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering suicide that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
13
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
14
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “suicide” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
National strategy for suicide prevention: Goals and objectives for action Source: Rockville, MD: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2001. 204 pp., summ. (17 pp.). Contact: Available from U.S. Center for Mental Health Services, Office of External Liaison, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 13-103, Rockville, MD 20857. Telephone: (301) 4432792 / fax: (301) 443-5163 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.mentalhealth.org/. Available at no charge; also available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This book presents the national strategy to prevent suicide in a comprehensive and integrated approach to reducing suicide and suicidal behaviors across the life course. It encompasses the promotion, coordination, and support of activities that will be implemented across the country as culturally appropriate, integrated programs for suicide prevention among Americans at national, regional, tribal, and community levels. Some of the elements of this planned national strategy include partnerships in developing and implementing the national strategy with the support of public and private social policies; sustainable and functional operating structures with authority, funding, responsibility, and accountability in strategy development and implementation; specified national strategy aims, goals, and measurable objectives integrated into a conceptual framework for suicide prevention; and a data collection and evaluation system to track information on suicide prevention and benchmarks for a national strategy progress. The appendices provide a summary list of goals and objectives; evaluation programs; efforts in process of evaluation; descriptions of agencies involved; and a glossary.
•
School interventions to prevent youth suicide Source: Los Angeles, CA: Center for Mental Health in Schools. 1998. 72 pp. Contact: Available from Center for Mental Health in Schools, University of California at Los Angeles , Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563. Telephone: (310) 825-3634 / fax: (310) 206-8716 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu. Available at no charge.
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Summary: This report provides a sampler of information about preventing youth suicides by school intervention. It includes the Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Suicide issued in July, 1999, and discusses suicide prevention, assessing suicide risk, training and counseling programs, and aftermath assistance. The final section of the report lists additional resources including books, journal articles, and websites. [Funded in part by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. •
Youth suicide prevention plan for Washington state Source: Olympia, WA: Washington State Injury Prevention Program, Washington State Department of Health. 1995. 115 pp. Contact: Available from Washington State Injury Prevention Program, Washington State Department of Health, P.O. Box 47832, Olympia, WA 98504-7836. Telephone: (360) 7534112 / fax: (360) 753-9100. Available at no charge. Summary: This report presents a plan to prevent adolescent suicides in Washington state; it provides data on the incidence and causes of suicides in Washington with regard to age, gender, and race. The report provides an overview of the problem and considers issues in adolescent suicide prevention; and it discusses community-based prevention and considers various strategies for prevention. Factors related to the evaluation and surveillance of prevention programs are noted; the report concludes with a plan for action.
•
Adolescent suicide task force: Report and recommendations Source: Phoenix, AZ: Adolescent Suicide Task Force, Arizona Governor's Office for Children. 1994. 40 pp. Contact: Available from Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Adolescent Suicide Task Force, 1700 West Washington, Suite 404, Phoenix, AZ 85007. Telephone: (602) 5423191. Available at no charge. Summary: This report summarizes the recommendations of the Adolescent Suicide Task Force convened to address the problem of suicide of adolescents and young adults in Arizona. The introductory materials consist of definitions of risk factors for adolescent suicide, and statistics on adolescent suicide rates both in Arizona and across the United States. Subsequent sections include a listing of critical points for suicide and their corresponding interventions, sample intervention procedures for a Crisis Response Team (CRT), and a discussion of three levels of community prevention activities.
•
Community-Based Suicide Prevention program: An innovative strategy to reduce suicide and drinking in small Alaskan communities: Final evaluation report Source: Anchorage, AK: Rural and Native Services, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services. 1994. 102 pp. Contact: Available from Becky Judd, Adolescent Health Coordinator, Alaska Division of Public Health, Section of Maternal, Child, and Family Health, 1231 Gambell Street, Anchorage, AK 99501. Telephone: (907) 279-4711. Available at no charge. Summary: This is the final evaluation report of the Community-Based Suicide Prevention (CBSP) project in Alaska; it reviews the legislative intent, the distribution and utilization of state funds, and the method used to evaluate the project. CBSP sought to reduce alcohol consumption and to prevent suicides in rural areas of the state and among the Alaskan natives; the report covers the operations of CBSP from 1989 to 1993.
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It describes the operations of the community-based projects and assesses their accomplishments. It also reviews variations in service delivery with regard to outcomes, discusses problems and strengths; and it includes recommendations for future efforts. •
For a better tomorrow: A plan for youth suicide prevention in Maryland Source: Annapolis, MD: Interagency Workgroup on Youth Suicide Prevention. 1990. 70 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This report documents the progress made on the recommendations and implementation steps outlined by the Gubernatorial Task Force on youth suicide. It also outlines the activities conducted during 1988-1989 by the four committees: the Community Information and Resources Committee; the Cult Awareness Committee; At Risk Populations Committee; and the Grant Proposals/Research Program Evaluation Committee.
•
Suicide prevention among runaway youth Source: New York, NY: Division of Child Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. 1990. ca. 150 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This report contains several different publications resulting from a project in preventing suicide among adolescents, particularly runaways. A training manual developed for staff at runaway shelters provides guidelines for assessing suicide risk among adolescent clients. A treatment manual for psychotherapists describes the technique of cognitive behavior therapy with adolescent suicide attempters. And, an article describes the prevalence of suicide behavior among runaways and gay and bisexual male adolescents.
•
A caring community saves lives: Annual report on youth suicide prevention in Maryland Source: [Baltimore, MD: Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]. 1991-. annual. Contact: Available from Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 201 West Preston Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. Summary: This annual report presents data about youth suicide in Maryland, and gives reports from the following committees: youth crisis hotline, community information and resources, research, at risk populations, and cult awareness. School programs and a model program for Maryland are also discussed.
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•
Suicidal Behavior and Gay - Related Stress Among Gay and Bisexual Male Adolescents Contact: Columbia University, Division of Child Psychiatry, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, (212) 854-1754. Summary: This report presents the results of a study of the suicidal behavior and risk factors of a consecutive series of 139 gay/bisexual men aged 14-19 in New York City presenting at a social service agency between 1988-91. Research assistants conducted interviews, and the youths completed a 64-item life events scale. Results indicate that over a third of the youths (38.6 percent) had attempted suicide and that, of those who had attempted, over half (52.1 percent) had made more than 1 attempt. A third (33 percent) of the participants reported serious suicidal ideation within the last month. A little over a third (35 percent) of the youth said that they had at least one friend who had attempted suicide. The frequency of stressful life events between suicide attempters and non-attempters was also compared, and the frequency of gay-related stressors was significantly higher among the attempters. Results suggest that clinicians should consider issues relating to gay/bisexual orientation when adolescent males attempt suicide, and be aware that the friends and family of these youth are also at relatively high risk for suicide. Additional studies could assess the possible link between suicidality and testing HIV positive.
The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 35470 2859 76 225 33 38663
HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quick16 17
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 18 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
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reference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “suicide” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
20
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on suicide can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to suicide. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to suicide. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “suicide”:
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•
Other guides Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Child Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childabuse.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html Schizophrenia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/schizophrenia.html Suicide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/suicide.html Teen Violence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenviolence.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to suicide, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Suicide - General Information Source: National Mental Health Association http://www.nmha.org/infoctr/factsheets/81.cfm
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Understanding and Helping the Suicidal Person: Be Aware of the Warning Signs Source: American Association of Suicidology http://www.suicidology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=2
•
Coping Suicide and Coping with Suicide Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=MH00017
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Depression (PDQ) Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/supportivecare/depression/patient/ Schizophrenia and Suicide Source: World Fellowship for Schizophrenia and Allied Disorders http://www.world-schizophrenia.org/publications/23-suicide.html
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•
Children Surviving Your Child's Suicide Source: Compassionate Friends http://www.compassionatefriends.org/Brochures/suicide.htm
•
Journals/Newsletters Surviving Suicide Source: American Association of Suicidology http://www.suicidology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=24
•
Latest News Cosmetic Breast Implants May Raise Suicide Risk Source: 10/03/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14184 .html More News on Suicide http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_s.html#Su icide New Breast Implant Controversy Arises Source: 10/02/2003, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14161 .html S.Korean Study Links Low Cholesterol to Suicide Source: 09/23/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14064 .html Suicide Attempts in Adults Influence Suicidal Tendencies in Their Children http://www.psych.org/news_stand/brentajpsuicide0333.pdf
•
Lists of Print Publications Selected Reviews of Suicide Research (2001) Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/suibib2001.cfm
•
Organizations American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry http://www.aacap.org/ American Association of Suicidology http://www.suicidology.org/ American Psychiatric Association http://www.psych.org/ National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/
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Suicide Awareness Voices of Education http://www.save.org/ •
Prevention/Screening Suicide Prevention Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/info/suicide.html
•
Research CDC Releases Study on Non-Traditional Risk Factors for Nearly Lethal Suicide Attempts Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r020403.htm People with Major Depression May Have Higher Suicide Risk -- Study http://www.psych.org/news_stand/depressionhighsuiciderisk030103.pdf Psychiatric and Family Problems and Teen Suicide Risk Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/research/suicide_risk.html Suicide Attempts in Adults Influence Suicidal Tendencies in Their Children http://www.psych.org/news_stand/brentajpsuicide0333.pdf
•
Statistics FASTATS: Suicide Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/suicide.htm Nonfatal Self-Inflicted Injuries Source: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/fs020524b.htm
•
Teenagers Helping Suicidal Teens Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ7FR2VR7C& sub_cat=128 My Friend Is Talking about Suicide. What Should I Do? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/question/get_help/talking_about_suicide.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
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The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on suicide. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Guidelines for parents: Surviving: Coping with adolescent depression and suicide Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1990. 1 p. Contact: Available from Publications Department, American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, P.O. Box 927, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. Telephone: (847) 228-5005 or (800) 433-9016 / fax: (847) 228-5097 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.aap.org. $23.50 for 100 copies, members; $28.50, nonmembers. Minimum order: 100 copies. Summary: This brochure provides information for parents to better understand the cause of adolescent suicide. It provides warning signs and guidelines for parents and friends to help a depressed adolescent. Additional national organizations are listed for referral.
•
When Reason Fails.Understanding Bereavement by Suicide Source: Elburn, IL: Conley Outreach Publications. 1982. 2 p. Contact: Available from Conley Outreach Publications, Conley Corners, 106- 116 West Pierce Street, Elburn, IL 60119-8049. (630) 365-9179, (630) 365-6434 (Fax),
[email protected] (Email). Summary: This pamphlet presents 'do's' and 'don'ts' for friends and relatives of families who have lost a loved one to suicide. The pamphlet provides some basic information on suicide in the United States, including the fact that it is one of the leading causes of death among teens and young adults. There are 30,000 deaths each year classified as suicide, but because of difficulties in classification and errors in investigation and reporting, the actual number of suicides is closer to 100,000 per year. Questions that the pamphlet answers are as follows: Must you be insane to take your own life?; Are there always warning signs?; Do people always leave notes?; Why do some people seem so 'happy' just before they take their lives?; and How can you watch someone every minute? A list of recommended resources is included.
•
Suicide in youth and what you can do about it: A guide for students Source: Burlingame, CA: Suicide Prevention and Crisis Center of San Mateo County. n.d. 5 pp. Contact: Available from American Association of Suicidology, 4201 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 310, Washington, DC 20008. Telephone: (202) 237-2280 / fax: (202) 237-2282 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.suicidology.org. $7.50 for package of 25 plus $2.00 shipping and handling. Make check payable to AAS or pay by credit card.
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Summary: This pamphlet was developed for students to increase their awareness and knowledge about adolescent suicide prevention. It contains information on suicide warning signs and suggestions for getting help for adolescents thinking about suicide or showing signs of being suicidal. •
[Youth suicide prevention fact sheets] Source: Newton, MA: Children's Safety Network National Injury and Violence Prevention Resource Center. [2000]. 16 sheets. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Summary: This set of fact sheets addresses the problem of youth suicide. Topics covered include the role of maternal and child health (MCH) in youth suicide prevention, youth suicide statistics, prevention plans, prevention plans for specific states, key terms used in suicide prevention, and state and national suicide prevention resources. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].
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Facts about teen suicide and handguns Source: Washington, DC: Center to Prevent Handgun Violence. 1993. 1 p. Contact: Available from Center to Prevent Handgun Violence, 1225 Eye Street, N.W., Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20005. Telephone: (202) 289- 7319 / fax: (202) 408-1851 / email:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.handguncontrol.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This fact sheet documents the problem of suicide and handguns among youths aged 15-24 through a series of quotes from a variety of sources including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Adolescent Student Health Survey. The pamphlet describes the rate of suicide occurrence; the frequency and lethality of handgun use in adolescent suicide attempts; the increasing rate and changing demographics of adolescent suicide; and the relationship between alcohol, suicide, and guns. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “suicide” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Evidence-based protocol. Elderly suicide: secondary prevention Source: University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center, Research Dissemination Core - Academic Institution; 2002 June; 56 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3308&nbr=2534&a mp;string=suicide
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Guidelines for primary care providers. Detection and management of young people at risk of suicide Source: Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3055&nbr=2281&a mp;string=suicide
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Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with suicidal behavior Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 October 17; 55 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3019&nbr=2245&a mp;string=suicide Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Frequently Asked Questions About Suicide Summary: Answers to questions frequently asked about suicide, such as what to do if a friend or family member is contemplating it, and how people commit suicide. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6836
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healthfinder® just for you: American Indians and Alaska Natives Summary: healthfinder®'s just for you: American Indians and Alaska Natives section features topics such as diabetes, environmental health, and suicide. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7019
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In Harm's Way: Suicide in America Summary: Suicide is a tragic and potentially preventable public health problem. This fact sheet briefly outlines prevention of suicide and gender and age differences in people who attempt suicide. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6608
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National Strategy For Suicide Prevention Summary: The National Strategy for Suicide Prevention (NSSP) represents the combined work of advocates, clinicians, researchers and survivors around the nation. Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7491
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Older Adults: Depression and Suicide Facts Summary: Major depression, a significant predictor of suicide in older adults, is a widely underrecognized and undertreated medical illness. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6647
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Practical Issues in Physician-Assisted Suicide Summary: An article from the Annals of Internal Medicine journal discusses physicians' participation in the suicides of terminally ill patients. Source: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4213
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Preventing Suicide Summary: To help prevent suicide, follow these tips suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association. Source: SafeUSA http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6837
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Straight Talk on Suicide Summary: This fact sheet provides information for teens on what puts a teenager at risk for suicide, the warning signs of suicide, and how to get help for themselves or a friend. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4394
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Suicide Facts Summary: The data provided in this document includes completed suicides by race, age, and gender; attempted suicides; research findings; and prevention and intervention facts. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4461
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Suicide in the United States Summary: This fact sheet provides statistics on suicide in the United States, especially as it pertains to younger and older populations. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=659
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Suicide Research Consortium Page - National Institute of Mental Health Summary: The NIMH Suicide Research Consortium is comprised primarily of NIMH scientists across the Institute who also administer research grants. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1356
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Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Suicide Summary: The Surgeon General’s Call to Action introduces a blueprint for reducing suicide and the associated toll that mental and substance abuse disorders take in the United States. Source: Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4654
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The Debate over Physician-Assisted Suicide: Empirical Data and Convergent Views Summary: This paper in the Annals of Internal Medicine journal reviews data, which suggest that unnecessary end-of-life suffering can be considerably reduced by improving access to and delivery of palliative Source: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4212
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U.S. Suicide Rates by Age, Gender and Racial Group Summary: This chart shows suicide rates for the United States by race, gender, and age groups. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4460
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Understanding and Helping the Suicidal Person Summary: Lists the warning signs of suicidal persons. Source: American Association of Suicidology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6838
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Voluntary Death: A Comparison of Terminal Dehydration and Physician-Assisted Suicide Summary: Article from the Annals of Internal Medicine journal analyzes clinical, ethical, and policy issues related to terminal dehydration compared with physician-assisted suicide. Source: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4214 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to suicide. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to suicide. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with suicide.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about suicide. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “suicide” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “suicide”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “suicide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “suicide” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
24
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on suicide: •
Basic Guidelines for Suicide Attempted suicide Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001554.htm Eating disorders Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000341.htm Suicidal behavior Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001554.htm Suicide Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001554.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Suicide Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm
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Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Suicide Dexamethasone suppression test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003694.htm Serotonin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003562.htm Serotonin metabolite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003612.htm
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Background Topics for Suicide Alcohol abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Drug abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Substance abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
Online Glossaries 427
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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SUICIDE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH]
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Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,
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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Labels: Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age-Adjusted: Summary measures of rates of morbidity or mortality in a population using statistical procedures to remove the effect of age differences in populations that are being compared. Age is probably the most important and the most common variable in determining the risk of morbidity and mortality. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alienation: Disruption of feeling of belonging to a larger group such as, for example, the deepening of the generation gap or increasing of a gulf separating social groups from one another. In a more limited sense breaking down of a close relationship. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]
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Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]
Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of cytochrome P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin: Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antitrypsin: Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the PI (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as
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standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH]
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Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or
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reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiplasmin: A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in
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immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid
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to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording
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entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriophage lambda: A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambdalike Phages, in the family Siphoviridae. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, except for 12 complementary bases at the 5'-termini of the polynucleotide chains. The DNA circularizes on infection. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form
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salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Berberine: An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bibliotherapy: A form of supportive psychotherapy in which the patient is given carefully selected material to read. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]
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Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a
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neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with diffuse axonal injury or coma, posttraumatic. Localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations; hemiparesis, or other focal neurologic deficits. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Implants: Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured. [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH]
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Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxy-terminal: The end of any polypeptide or protein that bears a free carboxyl group. [NIH]
Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin)
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and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH]
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Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH]
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Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children. [NIH] Chimeric Proteins: Proteins in individuals that are derived from genetically different zygotes. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]
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Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual
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amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive behavior therapy: A system of psychotherapy based on the premise that distorted or dysfunctional thinking, which influences a person's mood or behavior, is common to all psychosocial problems. The focus of therapy is to identify the distorted thinking and to replace it with more rational, adaptive thoughts and beliefs. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. [NIH] Cohort Effect: Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Community Mental Health Centers: Facilities which administer the delivery of psychologic and psychiatric services to people living in a neighborhood or community. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire
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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement 1: The first complement component to act in the cytolysis reaction. It is a trimolecular complex held together with Ca ions and, when activated, has esterase activity which initiates the next step in the sequence. [NIH] Complement 1 Inactivators: Compounds which inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate complement 1. A well-known inhibitor is a serum glycoprotein believed to be alpha-2neuroaminoglycoprotein. It inhibits the activated (esterase) form of complement 1 as well as kinin-forming, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. Deficiency of this inactivator has been found in patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. These compounds are members of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compulsion: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]
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Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective tissue: The supporting or framework tissue of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds. [NIH] Connective tissue: The supporting or framework tissue of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox
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heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cost Savings: Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be
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classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] C-terminal: The end of any polypeptide or protein that bears a free carboxyl group. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
Cytidine: A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the fivecarbon sugar D-ribose. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it
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(phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dangerous Behavior: Actions which have a high risk of being harmful or injurious to oneself or others. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Death Certificates: Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists
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despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]
Democracy: A system of government in which there is free and equal participation by the people in the political decision-making process. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Deoxycytidine: A drug that protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Deoxycytidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. Cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. All natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. The enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (Herpesvirus hominis). EC 2.7.1.74. [NIH]
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'or 5- positions. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the
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cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually
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susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diphtheria Toxin: A 60 kD single chain protein elaborated by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes the sign and symptoms of diphtheria; it can be broken into two unequal fragments, the smaller (A fragment) inhibits protein synthesis and is the lethal moiety that needs the larger (B fragment) for entry into cells. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disability Evaluation: Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits. [NIH] Discriminant Analysis: A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease-Free Survival: Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU]
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Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drinking Behavior: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH]
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Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include
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introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endostatin: A drug that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH]
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Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]
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Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Ergonomics: Study of the relationships between man and machines; adjusting the design of machines to the need and capacities of man; study of the effect of machines on man's behavior. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryote: An organism (or a cell) that carries its genetic material physically constrained within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Euthanasia: The act or practice of putting to death people or animals suffering from incurable conditions or diseases. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU]
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Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Relations: Behavioral, psychological, and social relations among various members of the nuclear family and the extended family. [NIH] Family Therapy: A form of group psychotherapy. It involves treatment of more than one member of the family simultaneously in the same session. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH]
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Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Firearms: Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc. [NIH]
Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Fludarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH]
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Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]
Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frail Elderly: Older adults or aged individuals who are lacking in general strength and are unusually susceptible to disease or to other infirmity. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH]
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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Bypass: Surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. The resulting proximal remnant is joined to a loop of the jejunum in an end-to-side anastomosis. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic transcription: The process by which the genetic information encoded in the gene, represented as a linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides, is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of ribonucleotides known as messenger RNA. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]
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Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glioblastoma multiforme: A type of brain tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain. It grows very quickly and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Also called grade IV astrocytoma. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when
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cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always
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constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Happiness: Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels
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of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Holidays: Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH]
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Homicide: The killing of one person by another. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homosexuality: Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same sex. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Hospice: Institution dedicated to caring for the terminally ill. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH]
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Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to
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prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction, or obvious control in response to a stimulus. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled
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or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrase: An enzyme that inserts DNA into the host genome. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and also by temperate bacteriophages, the best known being bacteriophage lambda. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH]
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Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive
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substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Job Satisfaction: Personal satisfaction relative to the work situation. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactoperoxidase: An enzyme derived from cow's milk. It catalyzes the radioiodination of tyrosine and its derivatives and of peptides containing tyrosine. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH]
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Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the
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blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver. [NIH]
Living will: A health care directive that tells others how a person would like to be treated if they lose their capacity to make decisions about health care; it contains instructions about the person's choices of medical treatment and it is prepared in advance. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lod: The lowest analyte content which, if actually present, will be detected with reasonable statistical certainty and can be identified according to the identification criteria of the method. If both accuracy and precision are constant over a concentration range. [NIH] Lod Score: The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds." [NIH] Loneliness: The state of feeling sad or dejected as a result of lack of companionship or being separated from others. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups
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that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lordosis: The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = posture + sex behavior, animal). [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lye: Generally speaking, it is the alkaline substance obtained from wood ashes by percolation. Preparations of lye can either be solutions of potassium or sodium hydroxide. The term lye, is also used to refer to the household product which is a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus
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or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. [NIH] Measles Virus: The type species of morbillivirus and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children. [NIH] Measurable disease: A tumor that can be accurately measured in size. This information can be used to judge response to treatment. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal
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tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Mesothelioma: A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is
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referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcomputers: Small computers using LSI (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the CPU (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. They are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. "Microprocessor" may refer to just the CPU or the entire microcomputer. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary Cushing syndrome. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Minicomputers: Small computers that lack the speed, memory capacity, and instructional capability of the full-size computer but usually retain its programmable flexibility. They are larger, faster, and more flexible, powerful, and expensive than microcomputers. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei
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normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morbillivirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species. [NIH]
Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of
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the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple Organ Failure: A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and
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artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needs Assessment: Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU]
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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]
Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]
Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH]
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Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Non-nucleoside: A member of a class of compounds, including delavirdine, loviride and nevirapine, that acts to directly combine with and block the action of HIV's reverse transcriptase. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH]
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Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Family: A family composed of spouses and their children. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oncology nurse: A nurse who specializes in treating and caring for people who have cancer. [NIH]
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Oncolysis: The destruction of or disposal by absorption of any neoplastic cells. [NIH] Oncolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oncolysis (= the lysis or destruction of tumour cells). [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteogenic sarcoma: A malignant tumor of the bone. Also called osteosarcoma. [NIH] Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment
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in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot
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flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Passive transport: The transport that occurs through the membrane at non-specific sites. [NIH]
Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the
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criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perceived risk: Estimate or evaluation of risk as observed through personal experience or personal study, and personal evaluation of consequences. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periaqueductal Gray: Central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. Physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex, feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary
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disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] Personality Inventory: Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a
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terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylase a: The phosphorylated and more active form of phosphorylase that functions as a regulatory enzyme during glycogen breakdown. The phosphate groups are hydrolytically removed by phosphorylase phosphatase to form phosphorylase B and orthophosphate. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorylase Phosphatase: An enzyme that deactivates glycogen phosphorylase a by releasing inorganic phosphate and phosphorylase b, the inactive form. EC 3.1.3.17. [NIH] Phosphorylate: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytotoxin: A substance which is toxic for plants. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU]
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Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1: A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasminogen Inactivators: Important modulators of the activity of plasminogen activators. Four inhibitors, all belonging to the serpin family of proteins, have been implicated in plasminogen activation inhibition. They are PAI-1, PAI-2, protease-nexin, and protein C inhibitor (PAI-3). All inhibit both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU]
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Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Porphobilinogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of porphobilinogen from two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid. EC 4.2.1.24. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases). [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU]
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Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]
Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of
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about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Proneness: Susceptibility to accidents due to human factors. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid
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(PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate-Specific Antigen: Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They
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function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychological Tests: Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Opinion: The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning. [NIH]
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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Public Sector: The area of a nation's economy that is tax-supported and under government control. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire.
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Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiosensitization: The use of a drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. [NIH] Radiosensitizers: Drugs that make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Rage: Fury; violent, intense anger. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reading Frames: The sequence of codons by which translation may occur. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated in three reading frames, 5'AUC. or 5'UCC. or 5'CCG., depending on the location of the start codon. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been
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recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the
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number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resected: Surgical removal of part of an organ. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed,
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p310-12). [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. [NIH] Right to Die: The right of the patient or the patient's representative to make decisions with regard to the patient's dying. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly,
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and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]
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Secular trends: A relatively long-term trend in a community or country. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenomethionine: Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. [NIH] Self-Injurious Behavior: Behavior in which persons hurt or harm themselves without the motive of suicide or of sexual deviation. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of endopeptidases containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. EC 3.4.21. [NIH] Serine Proteinase Inhibitors: Exogenous or endogenous compounds which inhibit serine endopeptidases. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serpins: A family of serine proteinase inhibitors which are similar in amino acid sequence and mechanism of inhibition, but differ in their specificity toward proteolytic enzymes. This family includes alpha 1-antitrypsin, angiotensinogen, ovalbumin, antiplasmin, alpha 1antichymotrypsin, thyroxine-binding protein, complement 1 inactivators, antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II, plasminogen inactivators, gene Y protein, placental plasminogen activator inhibitor, and barley Z protein. Some members of the serpin family may be substrates rather than inhibitors of serine endopeptidases, and some serpins occur in plants where their function is not known. [NIH]
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Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shame: An emotional attitude excited by realization of a shortcoming or impropriety. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Simvastatin: A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH]
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Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Change: Social process whereby the values, attitudes, or institutions of society, such as education, family, religion, and industry become modified. It includes both the natural process and action programs initiated by members of the community. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Social Sciences: Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of
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dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Sprayer: A device for converting a medicated liquid into a vapor for inhalation; an instrument for applying a spray which is a jet of fine medicated vapor used either as an
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application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may
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be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subculture: A culture derived from another culture or the aseptic division and transfer of a culture or a portion of that culture (inoculum) to fresh nutrient medium. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Suicide, Attempted: The unsuccessful attempt to kill oneself. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function. [NIH]
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Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Membranes: Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters. [NIH] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU]
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Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]
Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Teratogen: A substance which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may involve a risk of subsequent non-hereditable birth defects in offspring. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators
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of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicologic: Pertaining to toxicology. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of
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toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]
Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some
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Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Hydroxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5hydroxytryptophan in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. It is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin. EC 1.14.16.4 [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumor-derived: Taken from an individual's own tumor tissue; may be used in the development of a vaccine that enhances the body's ability to build an immune response to the tumor. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to
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the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]
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Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral
Dictionary 519
vision. [NIH] Vital Statistics: Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
520 Suicide
X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Virus: The type species of the Flavivirus genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
521
INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 86, 429 A Abdomen, 429, 440, 459, 473, 476, 478, 480, 489, 509, 510, 513, 518 Abdominal, 429, 464, 489 Aberrant, 74, 429, 447 Ablate, 92, 429 Ablation, 69, 89, 136, 137, 429 Abscess, 376, 429 Acceptor, 429, 453, 475, 489, 514, 515 Acculturation, 47, 429 Acetaminophen, 142, 265, 274, 429 Acetylcholine, 57, 429, 445, 486 Acidosis, 194, 429 Acne, 429, 474 Acne Vulgaris, 429, 474 Acrylonitrile, 429, 505 Acyclovir, 69, 429, 463 Acyl, 54, 429 Adaptability, 430, 443, 444 Adaptation, 23, 42, 62, 313, 320, 324, 430, 483, 486 Adenine, 430, 500 Adenocarcinoma, 68, 95, 191, 203, 430, 468 Adenoma, 128, 430 Adenosine, 149, 430, 492 Adenosine Monophosphate, 149, 430 Adenovirus, 68, 126, 132, 136, 197, 203, 228, 275, 286, 309, 430 Adjustment, 53, 120, 127, 138, 232, 239, 313, 430 Adjuvant, 16, 78, 130, 430, 464 Adolescence, 10, 11, 27, 73, 94, 95, 135, 161, 170, 190, 264, 271, 280, 291, 292, 308, 326, 430 Adoptive Transfer, 21, 137, 430 Adrenal Cortex, 430, 450, 460, 496 Adrenal Medulla, 430, 443, 459, 487 Adrenergic, 63, 67, 97, 430, 436, 456, 459, 474, 512 Adverse Effect, 204, 430, 446, 474, 507 Aerobic, 430, 481 Afferent, 430, 496 Affinity, 28, 38, 66, 69, 88, 121, 336, 430, 431, 437, 446, 454, 475, 480, 508 Affinity Labels, 336, 431 Age Groups, 415, 431
Age-Adjusted, 80, 431 Aged, 80 and Over, 431 Agmatine, 66, 68, 431 Agonist, 8, 28, 96, 431, 456, 484, 486, 512 Agoraphobia, 431, 490, 492 Akathisia, 431, 436 Albumin, 431, 489, 493 Alcohol Drinking, 174, 431 Algorithms, 431, 439 Alienation, 49, 431 Alkaline, 66, 429, 431, 432, 433, 441, 477 Alkaline Phosphatase, 66, 432 Alkaloid, 432, 439, 442, 446, 482, 486 Alkylating Agents, 340, 432, 516 Alkylation, 110, 432 Alleles, 125, 130, 432, 477 Allergen, 432, 506 Allo, 120, 199, 346, 432 Allogeneic, 59, 89, 120, 130, 346, 432, 466 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 59, 120, 346, 432 Allylamine, 432, 433 Allylisopropylacetamide, 110, 432 Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin, 432, 506 Alpha 1-Antitrypsin, 432, 506 Alpha Particles, 432, 500 Alpha-1, 432, 493 Alpha-fetoprotein, 190, 191, 432, 461 Alpha-helix, 432, 474 Alternative medicine, 392, 432 Alternative Splicing, 7, 64, 433, 498 Aluminum, 345, 433 Amine, 9, 157, 433, 468 Amino Acid Sequence, 433, 435, 460, 464, 506 Amino Acids, 34, 72, 433, 434, 447, 464, 480, 485, 491, 495, 498, 504, 506, 511, 515 Aminolevulinic Acid, 433, 495 Amino-terminal, 92, 433 Ammonia, 45, 342, 433 Amphetamines, 433, 446 Amplification, 89, 119, 433 Ampulla, 433, 458 Amygdala, 25, 73, 131, 433, 475 Anaesthesia, 433, 471 Anal, 15, 29, 47, 123, 275, 291, 433, 455, 462, 476 Analgesic, 429, 434, 482, 488
522 Suicide
Analog, 38, 45, 76, 290, 336, 337, 342, 429, 434, 462, 463 Analogous, 108, 434, 494, 515 Anaphylatoxins, 434, 448 Anaplasia, 434 Anastomosis, 434, 464 Anatomical, 64, 73, 96, 117, 434, 437, 458, 471, 505 Androgenic, 340, 434 Anemia, 434, 463, 483 Anesthesia, 434 Anesthetics, 434, 438, 459 Angiogenesis, 126, 434, 458 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 126, 434, 458 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 245, 434 Angiotensinogen, 434, 506 Animal model, 10, 22, 43, 45, 57, 59, 68, 79, 94, 102, 126, 128, 434, 516 Anions, 431, 434, 473, 507 Antagonism, 16, 434, 446 Anthropology, 81, 183, 434, 508 Antibacterial, 69, 434, 509 Antibiotic, 434, 435, 491, 509 Antibodies, 64, 109, 336, 431, 435, 436, 467, 470, 478, 482, 493, 500 Anticoagulant, 435, 498 Antidepressant, 9, 32, 35, 55, 63, 70, 86, 135, 142, 152, 155, 164, 270, 388, 390, 435, 462 Antiemetic, 435, 436 Antifungal, 69, 435, 462 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 435, 448 Antigen-presenting cell, 137, 435, 453 Anti-infective, 435, 469, 473 Anti-inflammatory, 429, 435, 437, 454, 465 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 435, 437 Antimetabolite, 429, 435, 441, 462 Antimicrobial, 75, 435, 454 Antineoplastic, 45, 432, 435, 441, 462, 489, 514 Antineoplastic Agents, 45, 432, 435 Antioxidant, 435, 489 Antiplasmin, 435, 506 Antipsychotic, 9, 24, 392, 436, 446, 485, 504 Antipyretic, 429, 436 Antiseptic, 436, 443 Antiserum, 67, 436 Antiviral, 69, 429, 436, 441, 472 Anus, 433, 436, 440 Anxiety Disorders, 11, 27, 52, 98, 378, 436, 490
Aphakia, 436, 503 Applicability, 77, 436 Aptitude, 436, 499 Aqueous, 436, 439, 451, 458, 469, 476 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 436, 476 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 437, 476 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 437, 476 Arachidonic Acid, 34, 72, 91, 436, 437, 475, 497 Arginine, 126, 431, 434, 437, 486 Aromatic, 113, 437, 480, 492, 511 Arrhythmia, 27, 437 Arterial, 38, 68, 432, 437, 449, 469, 498, 512 Arteries, 437, 440, 450, 481, 500, 513 Asbestos, 437, 478, 480 Aseptic, 437, 488, 511 Aspartate, 75, 437 Aspirin, 72, 437 Assay, 22, 31, 66, 67, 72, 112, 117, 126, 131, 437, 516 Astringent, 437, 443 Astrocytes, 437, 482 Astrocytoma, 437, 465 Atrial, 437, 449, 516 Atrioventricular, 437, 449 Atrium, 437, 449, 516, 518 Attenuated, 57, 108, 438 Attenuation, 143, 438 Atypical, 9, 438, 446, 504 Auditory, 250, 438, 496 Autoimmune disease, 57, 132, 438, 483 Autologous, 20, 21, 346, 438 Autonomic, 27, 82, 429, 436, 438, 487, 491, 508, 512 Autonomic Nervous System, 27, 438, 491, 508, 512 Autopsy, 39, 236, 244, 354, 438 Autoradiography, 117, 438 Axons, 211, 438, 453, 455, 488, 500 B Back Pain, 98, 438 Bacteria, 45, 68, 143, 429, 434, 435, 438, 453, 459, 461, 477, 481, 494, 506, 509, 515, 517 Bacterial Physiology, 430, 438 Bacteriophage, 438, 472, 515 Bacteriophage lambda, 438, 472 Bacterium, 438, 447 Barbiturate, 251, 438 Basal Ganglia, 436, 438, 445, 463, 465, 475, 487
Index 523
Base, 33, 34, 65, 71, 85, 105, 109, 208, 430, 438, 451, 452, 453, 463, 464, 474, 500, 513, 516 Basement Membrane, 439, 461 Basophils, 439, 466, 475 Behavior Therapy, 49, 107, 439 Benign, 430, 439, 463, 480, 485, 490, 498, 501 Berberine, 78, 439 Bereavement, 45, 157, 286, 290, 308, 314, 325, 327, 360, 411, 439 Beta Rays, 439, 457 Bibliotherapy, 321, 325, 439 Bilateral, 170, 439, 490, 504 Bile, 439, 463, 476, 510 Bile Ducts, 439 Biliary, 128, 439 Biochemical, 17, 77, 83, 84, 102, 120, 294, 432, 435, 439, 466, 475, 506 Biological Factors, 106, 439 Biological response modifier, 439, 472 Biosynthesis, 34, 64, 72, 91, 144, 437, 439, 477, 498, 506, 507, 516 Biotechnology, 141, 146, 374, 392, 399, 439 Bipolar Disorder, 84, 106, 159, 186, 202, 244, 254, 266, 296, 408, 440 Bivalent, 88, 440, 480 Bladder, 440, 483, 491, 498, 503, 515, 517 Blood Coagulation, 54, 440, 441, 513 Blood Coagulation Factors, 440 Blood Glucose, 377, 440, 467, 472 Blood Platelets, 440, 506 Blood pressure, 44, 66, 378, 440, 442, 445, 469, 470, 474, 482, 500, 508 Blood-Brain Barrier, 23, 440 Blot, 64, 440 Body Fluids, 440, 457, 508 Bolus, 83, 440 Bolus infusion, 440 Bone Marrow, 59, 346, 440, 446, 466, 467, 470, 478, 483, 508, 510, 511 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 59, 440 Bowel, 433, 440, 455, 473, 510 Bowel Movement, 440, 455, 510 Brachytherapy, 440, 472, 473, 500, 520 Bradykinin, 440, 486, 493 Brain Injuries, 172, 441 Brain Stem, 441, 444 Branch, 113, 276, 351, 383, 423, 441, 451, 464, 478, 485, 490, 499, 509, 512 Breakdown, 55, 342, 355, 441, 455, 464, 488, 493, 507
Breast Implants, 387, 388, 409, 441 Bromine, 38, 441 Bromodeoxyuridine, 55, 441 Bronchi, 441, 459, 515 Bronchial, 72, 441, 468, 498 Buccal, 441, 477 Buffers, 150, 241, 441 C Calcium, 77, 144, 146, 245, 437, 441, 448, 484, 507 Calcium channel blocker, 144, 146, 245, 441 Calcium Channel Blockers, 144, 146, 245, 441 Calpain, 77, 441 Cannabis, 19, 24, 282, 442 Capsaicin, 218, 442 Capsid, 442, 518 Carbohydrate, 70, 442, 465, 466, 495, 505 Carbon Dioxide, 442, 453, 462, 493, 503 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 223, 259, 442 Carboxy, 139, 442 Carboxy-terminal, 139, 442 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, 128, 442 Carcinogen, 124, 442 Carcinogenesis, 74, 113, 442, 445 Carcinogenic, 432, 442, 471, 472, 487, 497, 510 Carcinoma, 16, 17, 55, 74, 81, 95, 126, 128, 159, 196, 221, 275, 337, 442 Cardiac, 27, 432, 441, 442, 450, 459, 484, 510, 511 Cardiomyopathy, 28, 442 Cardiovascular, 7, 28, 35, 116, 378, 442, 475, 506, 508 Cardiovascular disease, 7, 28, 35, 116, 378, 442 Cardiovascular System, 28, 442 Carotene, 442, 503 Case report, 4, 5, 152, 170, 240, 257, 274, 442, 446, 461 Case series, 4, 442, 446 Caspase, 20, 77, 78, 79, 275, 285, 443 Castor Oil, 443, 504 Cataract, 436, 443, 460, 503 Catechol, 125, 443 Catecholamine, 64, 443, 456, 492 Cathode, 439, 443, 457 Cations, 443, 473 Caudal, 443, 455, 470, 487, 495 Caudate Nucleus, 443, 487
524 Suicide
Causal, 11, 19, 94, 111, 124, 205, 264, 312, 443, 447, 473 Causality, 152, 443 Cause of Death, 14, 42, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104, 123, 137, 313, 443, 452 Caustic, 376, 443 Cecum, 443, 474 Cell Adhesion, 128, 443 Cell Cycle, 17, 75, 102, 125, 443, 451, 499 Cell Differentiation, 443, 507 Cell Division, 438, 443, 444, 451, 479, 480, 481, 493, 497, 506 Cell Lineage, 69, 444 Cell membrane, 16, 441, 444, 453, 457, 460, 463, 492, 512 Cell proliferation, 55, 74, 444, 507 Cell Respiration, 444, 481, 503 Cell Size, 86, 444 Cell Survival, 78, 109, 132, 444 Cell Transplantation, 202, 444 Cellulose, 444, 493 Centrifugation, 444, 481 Ceramide, 77, 444 Cerebellum, 441, 444, 502 Cerebral, 38, 51, 93, 438, 440, 441, 444, 449, 452, 459, 460, 462, 463, 465, 467, 491, 499, 500, 513 Cerebral Aqueduct, 444, 491 Cerebral hemispheres, 438, 441, 444, 465 Cerebrospinal, 30, 169, 343, 444, 477, 509 Cerebrospinal fluid, 30, 169, 444, 477, 509 Cerebrovascular, 441, 442, 444 Cerebrum, 444 Cervical, 74, 159, 445, 467, 477 Cervix, 445 Character, 219, 445, 452 Chemoprevention, 16, 125, 445 Chemopreventive, 125, 445 Chemoreceptor, 436, 445 Chemotactic Factors, 445, 448 Chemotaxis, 72, 445 Chemotherapy, 16, 76, 83, 137, 346, 445 Child Psychiatry, 29, 106, 402, 403, 445 Chimeric Proteins, 22, 445 Cholinergic, 436, 445, 486 Chorea, 436, 445 Chorioretinitis, 445, 504 Choroid, 445, 503, 504 Chromatin, 134, 436, 445, 459 Chromosomal, 433, 445, 494, 504, 505 Chromosome, 17, 445, 467, 475, 477, 505, 506
Chronic, 4, 6, 12, 24, 25, 26, 41, 44, 52, 55, 66, 70, 71, 74, 82, 84, 88, 89, 95, 98, 105, 133, 137, 170, 274, 316, 346, 376, 429, 438, 441, 445, 446, 471, 474, 477, 499, 511 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 446 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 133, 446 Circadian, 106, 446 Circadian Rhythm, 106, 446 CIS, 76, 446, 503 Clinical study, 446, 449 Clone, 125, 446 Cloning, 43, 66, 108, 357, 372, 439, 446 Clozapine, 24, 162, 163, 198, 217, 237, 391, 392, 446 Coca, 446 Cocaine, 19, 23, 40, 130, 446 Cochlear, 446, 514, 518 Cochlear Diseases, 446, 514 Codon, 108, 446, 464, 501 Coenzyme, 447, 477, 507 Cofactor, 340, 447, 498, 506, 513 Cognition, 116, 311, 447, 485 Cognitive behavior therapy, 52, 115, 135, 402, 447 Cognitive Therapy, 32, 41, 42, 52, 355, 447 Cohort Effect, 157, 201, 447 Collapse, 441, 447 Colloidal, 431, 447, 457, 507 Colorectal, 128, 197, 203, 447 Colorectal Cancer, 128, 447 Combination Therapy, 17, 19, 447 Combinatorial, 43, 336, 447 Communis, 443, 447, 504 Community Mental Health Centers, 19, 447 Comorbidity, 12, 15, 27, 31, 118, 133, 135, 164, 447 Competency, 8, 447 Complement, 33, 434, 447, 448, 464, 493, 506 Complement 1, 448, 506 Complement 1 Inactivators, 448, 506 Complementary and alternative medicine, 279, 298, 448 Complementary medicine, 279, 448 Complete remission, 448, 503 Compulsion, 448, 519 Computational Biology, 399, 448 Computer Systems, 341, 449 Concomitant, 91, 136, 449 Cone, 449, 493 Congestion, 436, 449
Index 525
Conjugated, 336, 449, 451 Connective tissue, 440, 449, 462, 463, 464, 477, 480 Connexins, 251, 449, 463 Consciousness, 434, 449, 452, 453, 456 Constipation, 436, 449 Constitutional, 165, 228, 283, 302, 362, 449, 483, 504 Constriction, 72, 449, 474, 505, 517 Consultation, 30, 33, 90, 107, 331, 350, 449 Consumption, 14, 15, 19, 50, 114, 275, 401, 449, 454, 464, 489 Continuous infusion, 83, 449 Contraindications, ii, 449 Control group, 33, 90, 137, 449, 501 Controlled clinical trial, 46, 107, 449, 501 Controlled study, 33, 50, 259, 449 Convulsions, 438, 449, 457, 470 Coordination, 400, 444, 449, 483 Cor, 169, 284, 449, 450 Cornea, 450, 520 Corneum, 450, 459 Coronary, 442, 450, 481 Coronary heart disease, 442, 450 Coronary Thrombosis, 450, 481 Corpus, 71, 450, 477, 496 Corpus Luteum, 450, 477, 496 Cortex, 51, 61, 86, 97, 131, 450, 459, 460, 462, 496, 500, 502 Cortical, 7, 38, 51, 86, 274, 450, 485, 496, 500, 506 Corticosteroids, 450, 465 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 169, 450 Cortisol, 31, 41, 82, 99, 113, 431, 450 Cortisone, 450, 454 Cost Savings, 99, 116, 450 Cowpox, 450, 517 Cowpox Virus, 450, 517 Craniocerebral Trauma, 450, 514 Criterion, 110, 451 Crossing-over, 451, 502 C-terminal, 78, 451 Cues, 109, 451 Cultured cells, 125, 451 Curative, 59, 133, 346, 451, 486 Cutaneous, 451, 477, 517 Cyclic, 97, 126, 149, 441, 451, 466, 486, 492, 497, 505 Cyclin, 75, 451 Cysteine, 20, 54, 77, 118, 441, 451, 458, 511 Cystine, 451
Cytarabine, 45, 451 Cytidine, 45, 451 Cytochrome, 79, 91, 112, 119, 432, 451 Cytogenetics, 451, 505 Cytokine, 18, 21, 132, 337, 451, 491 Cytomegalovirus, 451, 463 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 451, 463 Cytoplasm, 109, 436, 439, 444, 451, 452, 459, 460, 466, 480, 484, 504 Cytosine, 45, 68, 69, 159, 180, 190, 206, 266, 342, 451, 452, 453, 462 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 441, 452 Cytotoxic, 20, 21, 45, 81, 83, 91, 92, 276, 432, 442, 452, 500, 501, 507 Cytotoxicity, 17, 68, 191, 432, 452 D Dangerous Behavior, 58, 452 Data Collection, 400, 452, 462 Databases, Bibliographic, 399, 452 Deamination, 45, 342, 452 Death Certificates, 100, 101, 102, 452 Decidua, 452, 481, 493 Decision Making, 181, 452 Degenerative, 109, 132, 452, 468, 478, 483, 503 Dehydration, 416, 452 Delavirdine, 452, 486 Deletion, 103, 146, 436, 452, 477 Delirium, 376, 436, 452 Delusions, 452, 499 Dementia, 4, 5, 6, 296, 297, 376, 378, 436, 453, 455 Demethylation, 199, 453 Democracy, 169, 315, 345, 453 Dendrites, 453, 485, 500 Dendritic, 81, 130, 136, 453, 479 Dendritic cell, 81, 130, 136, 453 Density, 38, 67, 86, 96, 444, 453, 476, 477, 488 Dental Caries, 453, 462 Dentate Gyrus, 56, 97, 453, 468 Dentists, 292, 453 Deoxycytidine, 45, 453 Deoxycytidine Kinase, 45, 453 Deoxycytidine Monophosphate, 453 Depersonalization, 453, 489, 505 Depolarization, 453, 507 Depressive Disorder, 5, 37, 49, 58, 60, 70, 107, 111, 115, 129, 133, 454, 476 Deprivation, 145, 200, 221, 454 Derealization, 453, 454, 489 Desipramine, 66, 67, 454
526 Suicide
Detergents, 376, 454 Deuterium, 454, 469 Developed Countries, 177, 318, 324, 454 Dexamethasone, 41, 113, 172, 426, 454 Dextroamphetamine, 454, 480 Diabetes Mellitus, 36, 454, 465, 467 Diabetic Foot, 170, 274, 454 Diabetic Retinopathy, 79, 454 Diagnostic Imaging, 97, 454 Diagnostic procedure, 60, 129, 335, 392, 454 Diastolic, 454, 469 Diathesis, 30, 57, 74, 104, 105, 127, 131, 454 Diencephalon, 455, 470, 496, 513 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 441, 455 Diffusion, 455, 471 Digestion, 110, 439, 440, 455, 473, 476, 510, 517 Digestive system, 333, 455, 464, 483 Digestive tract, 455, 508, 510 Dihydrotestosterone, 340, 455, 502 Dilatation, 455, 496 Dimerization, 89, 455 Dimethyl, 110, 455 Diphtheria, 159, 455 Diphtheria Toxin, 159, 455 Diploid, 455, 493 Disability Evaluation, 13, 455 Discriminant Analysis, 80, 455 Discrimination, 111, 455 Disease-Free Survival, 20, 455 Disinfectant, 455, 510 Disorientation, 452, 456 Dissection, 237, 456 Dissociation, 104, 431, 456, 473 Dissociative Disorders, 456 Distal, 20, 456, 474, 499 Diuretic, 456, 479, 509 Diurnal, 161, 174, 456 Dizziness, 456, 489 Domestic Violence, 9, 456 Dopamine, 23, 64, 72, 246, 275, 436, 446, 454, 456, 482, 492, 504 Dorsal, 58, 96, 274, 456, 495 Dorsum, 456, 463 Drinking Behavior, 13, 456 Drive, ii, vi, 83, 109, 129, 163, 273, 341, 376, 377, 456 Drug Interactions, 133, 456 Drug Resistance, 76, 456, 457 Drug Tolerance, 456, 457, 514 Duct, 433, 457, 460, 505
Duodenum, 439, 457, 458, 474, 510 Dyskinesia, 436, 457 Dysphoria, 114, 457 Dysphoric, 67, 454, 457 Dysplasia, 95, 457 Dyspnea, 457, 489 Dystonia, 436, 457 E Eating Disorders, 15, 350, 379, 457 Edema, 93, 448, 454, 457, 473, 474, 484 Effector, 20, 78, 109, 139, 429, 448, 457, 486, 492 Effector cell, 457, 486 Effusion, 286, 457 Elective, 144, 191, 222, 457 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 9, 457 Electrolyte, 452, 457, 495, 508 Electrons, 91, 435, 439, 443, 457, 473, 489, 500, 501 Electrophoresis, 17, 457 Electroplating, 443, 457 Electroporation, 21, 457 Elementary Particles, 457, 458, 486, 498 Embryo, 443, 444, 458, 471, 494 Emergency Treatment, 44, 458 Empirical, 11, 45, 62, 117, 183, 194, 260, 304, 306, 321, 353, 415, 458 Emulsion, 438, 458, 462 Enamel, 453, 458, 474 Encapsulated, 458, 476 Encephalopathy, 383, 458 Endemic, 458, 509 Endocrine System, 458, 485 Endometrium, 452, 458, 479, 481 Endopeptidases, 458, 498, 506 Endoscope, 458 Endoscopic, 376, 458 Endostatin, 126, 458 Endothelial cell, 77, 126, 440, 458, 462, 513 Endothelium, 459, 486, 494 Endothelium-derived, 459, 486 Endotoxic, 459, 475 Endotoxin, 459, 516 Enhancer, 56, 190, 191, 200, 251, 459 Entorhinal Cortex, 459, 468 Enuresis, 204, 459 Environmental Exposure, 459, 487 Environmental Health, 398, 400, 413, 459 Enzymatic, 45, 72, 94, 441, 442, 448, 453, 459, 462, 468, 503 Enzyme Inhibitors, 71, 459, 493 Eosinophils, 459, 466, 475
Index 527
Epidemic, 47, 63, 145, 383, 459, 509 Epidemiological, 6, 12, 49, 65, 130, 134, 145, 180, 201, 344, 350, 459, 461 Epidermal, 74, 181, 459, 474, 479 Epidermis, 74, 450, 459, 469, 474, 496 Epidermoid carcinoma, 459, 510 Epigastric, 459, 489 Epinephrine, 68, 430, 456, 459, 487, 516 Epithelial, 430, 452, 459, 460, 466, 490, 498 Epithelial Cells, 460, 498 Epithelium, 17, 95, 128, 439, 459, 460, 490, 503, 520 Epitope, 21, 197, 460 Ergonomics, 107, 460 Ergot, 431, 460 ERV, 460, 461 Erythrocytes, 434, 440, 441, 460, 506 Escalation, 21, 460 Esophageal, 95, 460 Esophagus, 95, 376, 455, 460, 464, 502, 510 Estradiol, 16, 460 Estrogen, 16, 74, 340, 460, 497, 506, 512 Ether, 181, 460 Ethnic Groups, 9, 13, 46, 47, 61, 71, 138, 460 Eukaryote, 84, 460 Eukaryotic Cells, 452, 460, 487, 488 Evoke, 460, 510 Exhaustion, 434, 460 Exocrine, 75, 460, 489 Exocytosis, 84, 460 Exogenous, 22, 25, 460, 506 Exon, 433, 460 Expiration, 460, 461, 503 Expiratory, 460, 461 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 460, 461 External-beam radiation, 461, 473, 500, 520 Extracellular, 16, 17, 21, 54, 72, 77, 88, 90, 437, 461, 508 Extracellular Matrix, 17, 461 Extracellular Space, 90, 461 Extraction, 436, 461, 503 Extrapyramidal, 431, 436, 456, 461 Eye Infections, 430, 461 F Family Planning, 399, 461 Family Relations, 46, 49, 84, 378, 461 Family Therapy, 83, 358, 461 Fat, 437, 440, 442, 444, 449, 450, 461, 475, 476, 483, 495, 508 Fatal Outcome, 15, 461
Fathers, 99, 461 Fatty acids, 23, 29, 161, 274, 282, 431, 461, 465, 476, 497 Feces, 442, 449, 461, 510 Fetoprotein, 461 Fetus, 432, 461, 493, 517 Fibrin, 435, 440, 461, 462, 494, 513 Fibrinogen, 461, 493, 494, 513 Fibrinolysis, 54, 462 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 74, 462 Fibrosis, 23, 82, 432, 462, 505 Firearms, 3, 19, 188, 189, 195, 209, 462 Fissure, 447, 453, 462, 496 Fistula, 376, 462 Fixation, 462, 506 Flucytosine, 68, 462 Fludarabine, 20, 462 Fluorescence, 29, 462 Fluorine, 38, 462 Fluorouracil, 45, 342, 462 Fluoxetine, 52, 66, 67, 95, 115, 462 Focus Groups, 108, 462 Folate, 258, 462, 463 Fold, 60, 67, 129, 376, 462, 463 Folic Acid, 462, 463 Follow-Up Studies, 29, 463 Foot Ulcer, 454, 463 Forearm, 440, 463 Frail Elderly, 288, 289, 463 Frameshift, 463, 516 Frameshift Mutation, 463, 516 Frontal Lobe, 463, 496 Fungi, 45, 435, 461, 463, 481, 520 G Gallbladder, 429, 439, 455, 463, 464 Gamma Rays, 463, 500, 501 Ganciclovir, 20, 43, 69, 91, 92, 94, 96, 121, 128, 139, 199, 251, 276, 295, 337, 342, 463 Ganglia, 274, 429, 463, 485, 491, 512 Ganglion, 463, 488, 518, 520 Gap Junctions, 251, 449, 463, 512 Gas, 433, 442, 455, 460, 462, 464, 469, 486, 517 Gastric, 42, 159, 464, 468 Gastric Bypass, 42, 464 Gastrin, 464, 469 Gastroenteritis, 441, 464 Gastroenterology, 230, 376, 464 Gastrointestinal, 376, 437, 440, 442, 459, 464, 475, 506, 508, 511 Gastrointestinal tract, 442, 464, 475, 506 Gelatin, 464, 465, 513
528 Suicide
Gemcitabine, 45, 464 General practitioner, 196, 199, 254, 281, 464 Genetic Code, 464, 487 Genetic Engineering, 439, 446, 464 Genetic transcription, 464, 497, 515 Genetics, 49, 58, 138, 205, 206, 207, 222, 250, 451, 464, 482, 491 Genomics, 61, 464 Genotype, 49, 464, 492 Geriatric, 6, 7, 32, 163, 175, 192, 225, 235, 239, 244, 376, 465 Gestures, 104, 465 Giant Cells, 18, 465 Gland, 430, 450, 465, 477, 489, 493, 498, 505, 510, 514 Glioblastoma, 56, 78, 465 Glioblastoma multiforme, 56, 78, 465 Glioma, 78, 465 Glomerular, 465, 479, 503 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 465, 479 Glucocorticoid, 454, 465, 481 Gluconeogenesis, 465 Glucose, 93, 440, 444, 454, 465, 466, 467, 470, 472, 493, 505, 509 Glucose Intolerance, 454, 465 Glutamate, 31, 75, 465 Glycerol, 465, 492 Glycerophospholipids, 465, 492 Glycine, 126, 433, 465, 506 Glycogen, 84, 465, 466, 493 Glycogen Synthase, 84, 466 Glycoprotein, 432, 435, 442, 448, 461, 465, 466, 513, 516 Glycosidic, 466, 493 Glycosylation, 23, 466 Goblet Cells, 95, 466 Gonadal, 466, 510 Governing Board, 466, 495 Grade, 78, 130, 301, 346, 465, 466 Graft, 59, 69, 88, 120, 130, 133, 147, 346, 466, 469, 471, 484, 499 Graft Rejection, 466, 471 Graft-versus-host disease, 89, 147, 346, 466, 499 Granule, 453, 466, 504 Granulocytes, 103, 466, 507, 519 Gravidity, 466, 490 Gravis, 57, 466 Guanylate Cyclase, 466, 486 H Habitat, 466, 486
Habitual, 445, 466 Habituation, 140, 466 Half-Life, 38, 466 Hammer, 175, 344, 345, 355, 466, 488 Handicap, 455, 466 Haploid, 467, 493 Happiness, 220, 247, 467 Haptens, 336, 431, 467 Health Behavior, 13, 31, 99, 467 Health Education, 382, 467 Health Promotion, 378, 467 Health Services, iv, 7, 26, 43, 44, 50, 62, 88, 100, 101, 102, 122, 134, 137, 145, 199, 211, 226, 238, 241, 262, 282, 292, 378, 383, 400, 404, 414, 467, 480 Health Status, 42, 71, 447, 467 Heart attack, 442, 467 Heartbeat, 341, 467, 511 Hematologic malignancies, 59, 346, 467 Hematopoiesis, 130, 467 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 81, 346, 467 Heme, 34, 75, 91, 110, 119, 432, 433, 451, 467 Hemiparesis, 441, 467 Hemiplegia, 192, 467 Hemoglobin, 434, 460, 467 Hemorrhage, 451, 468, 484, 504, 511, 519 Hemostasis, 468, 506 Heparin, 468, 506 Hepatic, 68, 77, 79, 110, 203, 431, 452, 468, 507 Hepatitis, 192, 205, 378, 468 Hepatocellular, 190, 191, 214, 468 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 190, 191, 214, 468 Hepatocyte, 79, 202, 468 Hepatoma, 337, 468 Hereditary, 39, 432, 448, 468, 483, 491, 504 Heredity, 429, 464, 468 Heritability, 34, 60, 129, 468 Herpes, 66, 69, 89, 91, 94, 121, 128, 133, 139, 179, 196, 199, 243, 251, 276, 288, 337, 342, 429, 453, 468 Herpes Zoster, 468 Heterogeneity, 22, 57, 60, 129, 431, 468 Heterotrophic, 463, 468 Hippocampus, 56, 97, 453, 468, 475, 500, 511 Histamine, 434, 436, 468 Histology, 80, 251, 468 Holidays, 290, 468 Homeostasis, 76, 79, 102, 118, 132, 468, 508
Index 529
Homicide, 14, 19, 104, 111, 115, 156, 163, 167, 168, 175, 182, 188, 190, 195, 198, 219, 220, 223, 247, 264, 267, 306, 312, 313, 315, 319, 327, 350, 353, 356, 360, 366, 372, 373, 378, 382, 469 Homologous, 43, 69, 109, 432, 440, 449, 451, 469, 506, 512 Homosexuality, 111, 383, 469 Hormonal, 68, 469 Horny layer, 459, 469 Hospice, 4, 185, 255, 289, 359, 469 Host, 57, 59, 69, 88, 90, 109, 120, 130, 133, 346, 438, 469, 470, 472, 475, 504, 517, 518 Housekeeping, 190, 275, 285, 469 Human papillomavirus, 74, 469 Hybrid, 108, 136, 342, 446, 469 Hybridization, 51, 67, 97, 469, 482 Hybridoma, 21, 469 Hydrogen, 75, 429, 433, 439, 441, 442, 454, 469, 475, 482, 486, 487, 489, 498 Hydrogen Peroxide, 75, 469, 475 Hydrolysis, 148, 469, 492, 495, 498 Hydrophilic, 116, 454, 469 Hydrophobic, 34, 92, 110, 454, 465, 469, 476 Hydroxylation, 469, 516 Hypercholesterolemia, 23, 469 Hypersensitivity, 432, 469, 475, 506 Hypertension, 15, 36, 378, 441, 442, 469, 473, 474 Hypertrophy, 450, 469, 516 Hypnotic, 438, 470 Hypoglycaemia, 452, 470 Hypoglycemia, 377, 470 Hypotension, 436, 449, 470 Hypothalamic, 67, 470 Hypothalamus, 438, 450, 455, 470, 475, 493 Hypoxia, 56, 191, 452, 470 I Id, 277, 296, 408, 412, 413, 416, 422, 424, 470 Imaging procedures, 470, 515 Immune Sera, 470 Immune system, 57, 103, 132, 336, 435, 457, 470, 475, 478, 483, 484, 492, 517, 519 Immunity, 108, 130, 134, 136, 143, 197, 470, 515 Immunization, 139, 378, 430, 470, 496, 506 Immunodeficiency, 144, 382, 383, 470 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 382, 383, 470 Immunogenic, 57, 89, 130, 470, 475
Immunoglobulin, 81, 435, 470, 482 Immunologic, 197, 430, 432, 445, 470, 491, 501 Immunology, 76, 102, 134, 261, 430, 431, 470 Immunosuppressant, 432, 462, 470 Immunosuppressive, 69, 120, 465, 470 Immunosuppressive therapy, 470 Immunotherapy, 21, 57, 89, 133, 430, 470 Impairment, 6, 9, 12, 31, 42, 58, 95, 315, 338, 383, 452, 457, 461, 471, 480, 499 Implant radiation, 471, 472, 473, 500, 520 Impulsive Behavior, 35, 471 In situ, 136, 144, 344, 471 Incision, 471, 473 Incompetence, 4, 144, 471 Incubation, 83, 471 Indicative, 344, 352, 471, 490, 517 Induction, 16, 18, 22, 45, 51, 66, 74, 76, 88, 103, 108, 132, 133, 136, 286, 436, 471, 497, 507 Infant Mortality, 378, 471 Infant, Newborn, 431, 471 Infarction, 450, 471, 481, 503 Infiltration, 74, 471, 520 Inflammation, 23, 54, 72, 102, 132, 429, 431, 435, 437, 445, 461, 462, 463, 464, 468, 471, 475, 484, 485, 504 Infusion, 120, 346, 471, 484 Ingestion, 274, 376, 471, 494 Inhalation, 437, 471, 494, 509 Initiation, 32, 61, 78, 140, 471, 497, 515 Initiator, 51, 471 Inlay, 472, 503 Inoculum, 472, 511 Inositol, 84, 472, 505 Inotropic, 456, 472 Inpatients, 9, 40, 60, 120, 162, 166, 245, 258, 266, 332, 472 Insecticides, 472, 519 Insight, 3, 5, 23, 84, 89, 95, 103, 139, 232, 313, 472 Insulator, 472, 483 Insulin, 92, 377, 472, 474 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 472 Integrase, 125, 472 Interferon, 286, 472 Interferon-alpha, 472 Interleukin-2, 21, 472 Intermittent, 472, 477
530 Suicide
Internal Medicine, 4, 68, 153, 162, 183, 230, 231, 235, 266, 267, 274, 295, 414, 415, 416, 464, 472 Internal radiation, 472, 473, 500, 520 Interstitial, 440, 461, 472, 473, 503, 520 Intervention Studies, 99, 120, 135, 473 Intervertebral, 473, 477 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 473, 477 Intestinal, 95, 128, 442, 473 Intestine, 103, 128, 440, 447, 473, 474 Intoxication, 194, 203, 274, 452, 473, 519 Intracellular, 16, 51, 54, 55, 79, 139, 441, 471, 473, 479, 486, 495, 497, 501, 505, 507 Intracranial Hypertension, 473, 514 Intrahepatic, 68, 473 Intravenous, 43, 126, 275, 471, 473 Intrinsic, 102, 431, 439, 473 Invasive, 17, 74, 94, 470, 473, 478 Invertebrates, 102, 473 Involuntary, 143, 349, 445, 459, 473, 484, 502 Iodine, 38, 473 Ion Channels, 437, 473, 486, 512 Ionization, 473 Ionizing, 68, 432, 459, 473, 478, 501 Ions, 75, 439, 441, 448, 456, 457, 469, 473, 482 Irradiation, 76, 137, 473, 520 Ischemia, 77, 474, 483, 503 Islet, 93, 474 Isotretinoin, 170, 216, 226, 474 Isozymes, 113, 474 J Jejunum, 464, 474 Job Satisfaction, 13, 474 Joint, 81, 206, 474, 509, 512 K Kb, 76, 398, 474 Keratin, 96, 251, 474 Keratinocytes, 74, 125, 474 Ketanserin, 8, 474 Kidney Cortex, 474, 480 Kidney Failure, 474, 479 Kinetic, 17, 54, 66, 473, 474 L Labile, 64, 447, 474 Lactation, 474, 497 Lactoperoxidase, 75, 474 Large Intestine, 128, 443, 447, 455, 473, 474, 502, 508 Latent, 11, 123, 131, 309, 475, 496
Lectin, 274, 475, 479 Lesion, 15, 83, 125, 463, 475, 476, 512 Lethal, 44, 47, 83, 104, 105, 114, 194, 204, 215, 240, 305, 327, 344, 360, 410, 455, 475, 504 Leukemia, 22, 42, 59, 89, 120, 130, 132, 133, 199, 346, 446, 467, 475 Leukocytes, 439, 440, 445, 459, 466, 472, 475, 491, 516 Leukotrienes, 72, 437, 475 Library Services, 422, 475 Life cycle, 18, 30, 463, 475 Life Expectancy, 71, 475 Ligament, 475, 498, 509 Ligands, 28, 57, 66, 89, 128, 475 Limbic, 63, 73, 433, 475, 496 Limbic System, 433, 475, 496 Linkage, 47, 49, 54, 58, 60, 75, 129, 145, 200, 475, 476 Lipid, 28, 72, 119, 465, 472, 475, 476, 483, 489 Lipid A, 29, 475 Lipid Peroxidation, 475, 489 Lipophilic, 116, 475 Lipopolysaccharides, 475 Lipoprotein, 475, 477, 518 Liposomal, 92, 476 Liposome, 266, 284, 476 Lipoxygenase, 72, 294, 437, 475, 476 Lithium, 19, 84, 158, 210, 212, 254, 274, 275, 388, 436, 476 Liver cancer, 432, 476 Liver metastases, 128, 476 Living will, 144, 476 Localization, 77, 79, 97, 139, 476 Localized, 23, 96, 178, 211, 329, 337, 342, 441, 453, 455, 458, 462, 467, 471, 476, 493 Locomotion, 476, 493 Lod, 60, 129, 476 Lod Score, 60, 129, 476 Loneliness, 49, 211, 376, 476 Longitudinal Studies, 118, 476 Longitudinal study, 15, 18, 35, 42, 94, 123, 130, 134, 147, 247, 383, 476 Long-Term Care, 12, 32, 477 Loop, 464, 477 Lordosis, 477, 491 Loss of Heterozygosity, 17, 477 Lovastatin, 477, 507 Low Back Pain, 98, 477 Luciferase, 66, 477 Lumbar, 104, 438, 473, 477, 509
Index 531
Lumbar puncture, 104, 477, 509 Lupus, 379, 477 Luteal Phase, 477, 481 Lutein Cells, 477, 497 Lye, 376, 477 Lymph, 21, 445, 458, 459, 477, 478 Lymph node, 21, 445, 477, 478 Lymphatic, 346, 459, 471, 477, 478, 480, 508, 509, 514 Lymphatic system, 477, 478, 508, 509, 514 Lymphocyte, 21, 76, 121, 134, 435, 478, 479 Lymphoid, 103, 130, 132, 435, 450, 478 Lymphoma, 20, 42, 76, 81, 286, 337, 346, 467, 478 Lymphoproliferative, 59, 478 M Macrophage, 103, 284, 478 Macula, 478 Macula Lutea, 478 Macular Degeneration, 79, 478 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 25, 478 Malaise, 457, 478 Malignancy, 132, 136, 147, 478, 490 Malignant mesothelioma, 91, 94, 251, 478, 480 Malignant tumor, 478, 483, 488 Malnutrition, 431, 478, 483 Mammary, 16, 478, 512 Mania, 84, 478 Manic, 50, 414, 436, 440, 476, 478, 499 Manic-depressive psychosis, 478, 499 Manifest, 303, 467, 478 Man-made, 443, 478 Mannitol, 68, 479 Marital Status, 13, 318, 375, 479 Measles Virus, 108, 479 Measurable disease, 21, 479 Mediate, 13, 20, 22, 37, 55, 77, 85, 90, 146, 456, 479 Mediator, 12, 79, 116, 472, 479, 506 Medical Records, 35, 100, 101, 102, 270, 479, 504 MEDLINE, 399, 479 Meiosis, 440, 479, 512 Melanin, 479, 492, 516 Melanocytes, 479 Melanoma, 81, 337, 479 Membrane Proteins, 479, 498 Memory, 4, 7, 87, 376, 377, 452, 453, 479, 481 Meninges, 444, 450, 479, 509 Menstrual Cycle, 201, 477, 479, 496
Menstruation, 452, 477, 479 Mental Disorders, 6, 11, 33, 64, 97, 111, 117, 131, 134, 333, 383, 430, 445, 480, 496, 499 Mental Processes, 456, 480, 499 Mental Retardation, 51, 480 Mentors, 8, 25, 47, 118, 480 Mercury, 275, 480 Mesenchymal, 134, 480 Mesolimbic, 73, 436, 480, 518 Mesothelioma, 478, 480 Meta-Analysis, 111, 212, 480 Metabolite, 38, 128, 426, 455, 477, 480, 495, 496 Metallothionein, 89, 480 Metaphase, 440, 480 Metaplasia, 95, 480 Metastasis, 128, 197, 480 Metastatic, 17, 74, 128, 337, 480, 505 Metastatic cancer, 74, 480 Methamphetamine, 63, 480 Methionine, 75, 76, 455, 481, 511 Methyltransferase, 83, 481 MI, 34, 41, 63, 68, 84, 91, 136, 141, 206, 267, 426, 481 Microbe, 481, 514 Microbiology, 76, 430, 438, 481 Microcomputers, 481 Microorganism, 447, 481, 490, 519 Microscopy, 78, 126, 439, 481, 487 Microsomal, 110, 481 Microspheres, 68, 481 Microtubules, 481, 489 Mifepristone, 16, 481 Migration, 128, 481 Minicomputers, 341, 481 Minority Groups, 31, 41, 252, 481 Mitochondria, 93, 217, 276, 481, 484, 488 Mitochondrial Swelling, 481, 484 Mitosis, 436, 481, 482 Mitotic, 17, 55, 482 Modeling, 11, 35, 85, 94, 116, 123, 317, 482 Modification, 29, 75, 112, 464, 482, 500 Molecular Probes, 457, 482 Molecular Structure, 482, 516 Molecule, 21, 79, 81, 88, 113, 276, 435, 439, 447, 448, 451, 456, 457, 459, 460, 466, 469, 475, 482, 487, 489, 493, 494, 501, 507, 511, 515, 517 Monitor, 68, 89, 94, 262, 442, 482, 487 Monoamine, 63, 64, 67, 86, 454, 482
532 Suicide
Monoclonal, 130, 214, 287, 474, 482, 500, 520 Monoclonal antibodies, 130, 214, 482 Mononuclear, 482, 516 Monophosphate, 45, 125, 482 Monotherapy, 9, 482 Mood Disorders, 11, 28, 38, 48, 50, 60, 135, 155, 201, 222, 482 Morbillivirus, 479, 482 Morphine, 25, 482, 484, 488 Morphological, 17, 86, 458, 479, 482 Morphology, 86, 93, 443, 482 Motility, 482, 506 Movement Disorders, 170, 436, 482 Mucins, 466, 483 Mucosa, 17, 477, 483, 497 Mucositis, 483, 514 Multicenter study, 51, 52, 483 Multidrug resistance, 76, 483 Multiple Myeloma, 346, 483 Multiple Organ Failure, 103, 483 Multiple sclerosis, 170, 179, 219, 483 Muscle Fibers, 483 Muscular Atrophy, 109, 483 Mutagenesis, 45, 69, 119, 483 Mutagenic, 432, 483 Mutagenicity, 70, 483 Mutagens, 463, 483 Mutilation, 104, 240, 304, 483 Myasthenia, 57, 483 Myelin, 483 Myelogenous, 483 Myeloma, 469, 483 Myocardial Reperfusion, 483, 484, 503 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 484, 503 Myocarditis, 455, 484 Myocardium, 481, 484 Myofibrils, 441, 484 Myopia, 484, 502, 503 Myristate, 113, 484 N Naive, 103, 484 Naloxone, 25, 484 Narcotic, 482, 484 Nausea, 435, 436, 464, 484, 489, 516 NCI, 1, 333, 397, 446, 484, 491 Necrosis, 93, 376, 436, 465, 471, 481, 484, 503 Needs Assessment, 32, 484 Neonatal, 471, 484 Neoplasm, 485, 490, 516 Neoplastic, 434, 477, 478, 485, 488
Nerve, 88, 121, 430, 434, 438, 453, 463, 479, 483, 485, 488, 491, 495, 505, 510, 515, 518, 520 Nerve Growth Factor, 88, 121, 485 Nervous System, 50, 60, 78, 429, 430, 433, 438, 444, 446, 454, 463, 465, 475, 479, 480, 482, 483, 485, 486, 488, 491, 506, 512 Networks, 37, 47, 53, 85, 140, 485 Neural, 51, 109, 220, 266, 287, 430, 454, 461, 485, 503 Neuroanatomy, 97, 475, 485 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 441, 455, 485 Neuroblastoma, 21, 485 Neuroendocrine, 31, 485 Neuroleptic, 431, 436, 446, 485 Neurologic, 441, 465, 485 Neurology, 56, 144, 170, 219, 274, 485 Neuromuscular, 429, 485 Neuromuscular Junction, 429, 485 Neuronal, 20, 23, 51, 55, 66, 72, 86, 93, 96, 166, 485 Neurons, 58, 93, 96, 131, 446, 453, 463, 485, 486, 500, 512, 518 Neuropeptide, 450, 485 Neuropharmacology, 55, 485 Neuroretinitis, 485, 504 Neurosis, 486, 492 Neurotoxicity, 51, 486 Neurotransmitters, 31, 343, 482, 485, 486, 508 Neutralization, 109, 486 Neutrons, 432, 473, 486, 500 Neutrophil, 72, 432, 486 Nevirapine, 486 Niacin, 486, 516 Niche, 341, 486 Nicotine, 10, 130, 486 Night Blindness, 486, 504 Nitric Oxide, 103, 486 Nitrogen, 432, 433, 462, 486, 516 Non-nucleoside, 125, 452, 486 Nonverbal Communication, 486, 499 Norepinephrine, 56, 64, 430, 454, 456, 487 Nuclear, 72, 93, 139, 196, 275, 290, 438, 457, 460, 461, 463, 465, 475, 479, 484, 487, 513 Nuclear Family, 461, 487 Nuclei, 63, 73, 139, 432, 433, 457, 464, 475, 478, 481, 486, 487, 488, 494, 498, 518 Nucleic acid, 70, 78, 125, 145, 346, 442, 452, 464, 469, 483, 486, 487, 500
Index 533
Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 469, 487 Nucleolus, 487, 504 Nucleus Accumbens, 25, 73, 487, 518 Nursing Care, 239, 487 O Occupational Exposure, 151, 487 Odds Ratio, 487, 502 Odour, 437, 487 Oliguria, 474, 479, 487 Oncogene, 76, 286, 487 Oncogenic, 132, 487, 498, 499 Oncology, 59, 159, 174, 199, 289, 487 Oncology nurse, 199, 487 Oncolysis, 488 Oncolytic, 43, 488 Opacity, 443, 453, 488 Operon, 488, 497 Opium, 482, 488 Opportunistic Infections, 59, 488 Opsin, 488, 503 Optic Disk, 454, 478, 488 Optic Nerve, 485, 488, 503, 504 Organ Culture, 488, 514 Organelles, 217, 444, 451, 452, 479, 488, 494 Orthostatic, 436, 488 Osmolarity, 479, 488 Osmosis, 488 Osmotic, 68, 431, 481, 488, 507 Ossicles, 466, 488 Osteogenic sarcoma, 488 Osteosarcoma, 181, 488 Outpatient, 4, 13, 19, 29, 43, 62, 202, 300, 378, 488 Ovalbumin, 81, 489, 506 Ovary, 450, 460, 489, 494 Overdosage, 280, 489 Overdose, 274, 327, 489 Ovum, 450, 452, 475, 489, 496, 497 Ownership, 195, 392, 489 Oxidation, 70, 72, 75, 429, 435, 436, 437, 451, 475, 489 Oxidative Stress, 70, 93, 159, 489 Oxygen Consumption, 489, 503 Oxygenation, 56, 489 P Paclitaxel, 275, 286, 489 Palliative, 5, 36, 160, 166, 183, 208, 227, 229, 415, 489 Pancreas, 93, 429, 455, 464, 472, 474, 489, 506 Pancreatic, 92, 126, 489
Pancreatic cancer, 92, 489 Panic, 184, 489 Panic Disorder, 184, 489 Papilloma, 337, 490 Papillomavirus, 490 Parasite, 144, 490 Parasitic, 439, 490 Paresis, 467, 490 Paresthesias, 489, 490 Parity, 80, 490 Parkinsonism, 436, 490 Partial remission, 9, 490, 503 Partial response, 70, 490 Particle, 476, 479, 490, 515 Parturition, 490, 497 Passive transport, 44, 490 Pathogen, 471, 472, 490 Pathogenesis, 15, 42, 96, 122, 490 Pathologic, 103, 429, 436, 450, 469, 490, 499, 509, 517 Pathologic Processes, 436, 490 Pathologies, 98, 490 Pathophysiology, 38, 59, 60, 97, 103, 114, 133, 260, 376, 490 Patient Education, 90, 108, 376, 411, 420, 422, 426, 490 Patient Selection, 42, 490 PDQ, 408, 491 Pedigree, 40, 491 Pelvic, 491, 498 Penicillin, 434, 491 Pentoxifylline, 274, 491 Pepsin, 110, 491 Peptide, 34, 76, 79, 89, 126, 130, 145, 458, 462, 474, 491, 495, 498 Perceived risk, 241, 491 Perception, 49, 331, 339, 449, 453, 491, 505 Perforation, 376, 491 Perfusion, 470, 491 Periaqueductal Gray, 25, 491 Peripheral blood, 196, 472, 491 Peripheral Nervous System, 467, 491, 511 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 467, 491 Peripheral stem cells, 466, 491 Peroxidase, 34, 75, 92, 437, 475, 491 Peroxide, 92, 492 Personality Disorders, 70, 98, 239, 492 Personality Inventory, 60, 129, 328, 492 Phagocyte, 103, 492 Pharmacokinetic, 94, 492
534 Suicide
Pharmacologic, 16, 31, 89, 93, 125, 434, 466, 492, 514 Pharmacotherapy, 9, 25, 32, 52, 53, 70, 97, 106, 135, 157, 246, 492 Phenotype, 74, 96, 109, 492 Phenyl, 38, 492 Phenylalanine, 492, 516 Phobia, 52, 58, 492 Phobic Disorders, 492 Phorbol, 113, 492 Phosphodiesterase, 491, 492 Phospholipases, 28, 492, 507 Phospholipids, 29, 119, 461, 472, 476, 492 Phosphorus, 441, 492, 493 Phosphorylase, 214, 441, 492, 493 Phosphorylase a, 214, 493 Phosphorylase Phosphatase, 493 Phosphorylate, 128, 493 Phosphorylated, 76, 139, 342, 447, 493 Phosphorylation, 64, 453, 493 Photoreceptor, 79, 493 Phototherapy, 493, 505 Physiologic, 431, 439, 454, 466, 479, 493, 497, 501 Physiology, 159, 464, 493 Phytotoxin, 493, 504 Pigment, 479, 493, 503 Pilot Projects, 19, 31, 32, 493 Pilot study, 39, 49, 106, 331, 493 Pituitary Gland, 450, 462, 493 Placenta, 460, 493, 496 Plants, 142, 342, 432, 439, 442, 446, 465, 475, 482, 487, 493, 494, 495, 505, 506, 515 Plasma cells, 435, 483, 493 Plasma protein, 431, 493, 507 Plasmid, 21, 89, 494, 517 Plasmin, 436, 494 Plasminogen, 214, 435, 494, 506 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, 214, 494 Plasminogen Activators, 494 Plasminogen Inactivators, 494, 506 Plastids, 488, 494 Platelet Activation, 494, 507 Platelet Aggregation, 434, 474, 486, 491, 494, 513 Platelets, 67, 113, 437, 441, 486, 494, 513 Pleated, 474, 494 Pleomorphic, 487, 494 Poisoning, 14, 149, 159, 265, 287, 452, 460, 464, 473, 480, 484, 494 Pollen, 431, 494
Polymerase, 93, 268, 494, 497 Polymorphic, 10, 48, 453, 494 Polymorphism, 11, 155, 207, 222, 495 Polypeptide, 433, 442, 451, 461, 469, 494, 495, 496, 520 Polyposis, 447, 495 Polysaccharide, 435, 444, 495 Polyunsaturated fat, 23, 495, 514 Porphobilinogen Synthase, 214, 495 Posterior, 433, 438, 444, 445, 456, 489, 495 Postnatal, 20, 495, 510 Postoperative, 78, 483, 495 Postsynaptic, 86, 495, 507, 512 Post-traumatic, 45, 441, 483, 495 Potassium, 477, 495 Potentiate, 78, 495 Potentiation, 495, 507 Practice Guidelines, 403, 412, 495 Pravastatin, 116, 495 Precancerous, 125, 445, 495, 496 Precipitating Factors, 443, 495 Preclinical, 23, 74, 91, 93, 136, 172, 290, 495 Precursor, 434, 437, 456, 457, 459, 487, 492, 494, 495, 496, 516 Predisposition, 338, 339, 496, 513 Prefrontal Cortex, 61, 63, 86, 96, 97, 131, 211, 218, 496 Premalignant, 74, 495, 496 Presynaptic, 64, 496, 512 Prevalence, 18, 36, 45, 60, 63, 111, 127, 129, 210, 225, 316, 383, 402, 487, 496 Preventive Medicine, 122, 150, 177, 421, 496 Prickle, 474, 496 Primary Prevention, 196, 257, 496 Probe, 29, 66, 70, 496 Problem Solving, 177, 496 Prodrug, 43, 44, 59, 68, 69, 136, 215, 275, 276, 337, 496 Progesterone, 16, 481, 496, 497, 510 Prognostic factor, 496, 511 Program Development, 352, 496 Program Evaluation, 8, 99, 402, 496 Progression, 17, 74, 128, 434, 496, 516 Progressive, 5, 305, 316, 443, 453, 456, 457, 460, 466, 483, 484, 494, 496, 503, 504, 516 Projection, 86, 487, 488, 496, 500, 502, 518 Prolactin, 31, 67, 496 Promoter, 31, 39, 56, 65, 67, 68, 76, 91, 92, 96, 109, 125, 128, 132, 159, 163, 180, 190, 191, 200, 206, 221, 251, 497 Promotor, 91, 497
Index 535
Prone, 114, 388, 497 Proneness, 143, 300, 315, 497 Prophase, 440, 497, 512 Prophylaxis, 497, 517 Proportional, 11, 13, 497 Prospective Studies, 15, 40, 497 Prospective study, 63, 120, 121, 127, 144, 159, 232, 237, 476, 497 Prostaglandin, 34, 91, 497, 513 Prostaglandins A, 497 Prostaglandins F, 481, 497 Prostate, 81, 126, 136, 163, 190, 191, 196, 200, 228, 282, 288, 337, 498 Prostate-Specific Antigen, 163, 498 Protease, 36, 118, 432, 447, 494, 498 Protease Inhibitors, 36, 118, 498 Protective Agents, 441, 498 Protein C, 17, 34, 96, 431, 433, 438, 446, 474, 475, 498, 518 Protein Isoforms, 433, 498 Protein S, 23, 34, 75, 142, 243, 374, 439, 455, 464, 498, 504 Proteinuria, 483, 498 Proteolytic, 20, 54, 110, 336, 432, 448, 461, 494, 498, 504, 506 Protocol, 30, 43, 82, 135, 136, 184, 231, 306, 412, 498 Proton Pump, 119, 498 Protons, 91, 432, 469, 473, 498, 500 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 489, 498 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 489, 498 Proximal, 456, 464, 474, 496, 499 Proxy, 127, 248, 261, 499 Psoralen, 57, 499 Psoriasis, 499 Psychic, 365, 486, 499, 506 Psychological Tests, 344, 499 Psychomotor, 73, 116, 452, 485, 499 Psychopathology, 11, 15, 31, 34, 48, 70, 111, 115, 118, 124, 131, 216, 242, 300, 307, 311, 499 Psychosis, 31, 121, 139, 226, 249, 250, 436, 499 Psychotherapy, 29, 32, 35, 50, 53, 107, 173, 210, 302, 316, 439, 447, 461, 499 Psychotropic, 32, 70, 87, 99, 499 Puberty, 10, 499 Public Opinion, 174, 315, 499 Public Sector, 62, 500 Publishing, 142, 227, 242, 350, 351, 500 Pulmonary, 432, 440, 449, 450, 474, 475, 500, 518
Pulmonary Artery, 440, 500, 518 Pulmonary hypertension, 450, 500 Pulse, 482, 500 Punishment, 27, 500 Purines, 500, 506 Purulent, 429, 500 Pyramidal Cells, 453, 500 Q Quality of Life, 24, 36, 49, 55, 111, 127, 137, 500, 511 R Race, 13, 14, 19, 85, 117, 120, 168, 316, 343, 364, 401, 414, 415, 481, 500 Radiation, 56, 68, 78, 136, 346, 429, 438, 458, 459, 461, 462, 463, 472, 473, 478, 500, 501, 519, 520 Radiation therapy, 56, 78, 429, 461, 472, 473, 500, 501, 520 Radioactive, 438, 466, 469, 471, 472, 473, 478, 482, 487, 500, 501, 520 Radioimmunotherapy, 500, 501 Radioisotope, 501, 515 Radiolabeled, 28, 38, 474, 500, 501, 520 Radiosensitization, 68, 78, 501 Radiosensitizers, 78, 501 Radiotherapy, 78, 440, 474, 500, 501, 520 Rage, 270, 491, 501 Random Allocation, 501 Randomization, 32, 501 Randomized, 9, 25, 32, 33, 35, 43, 50, 62, 99, 107, 122, 135, 140, 141, 457, 501 Randomized Controlled Trials, 43, 62, 501 Rape, 373, 379, 501 Reading Frames, 108, 501 Reagent, 125, 477, 501 Reality Testing, 499, 501 Receptors, Serotonin, 501, 506 Recombinant, 17, 21, 76, 337, 502, 517 Recombination, 43, 69, 502 Reconstitution, 130, 134, 197, 502 Rectum, 436, 440, 447, 455, 464, 474, 498, 502 Recur, 136, 502, 505 Recurrence, 9, 26, 87, 88, 99, 105, 440, 445, 446, 478, 502, 505 Red Nucleus, 502, 518 Reductase, 116, 477, 495, 502, 507 Refer, 1, 441, 447, 456, 462, 463, 468, 476, 477, 478, 481, 484, 485, 486, 499, 501, 502 Reflex, 491, 502 Reflux, 95, 502 Refraction, 484, 502, 509
536 Suicide
Refractory, 20, 21, 79, 502 Regeneration, 462, 502 Regimen, 133, 136, 457, 492, 502 Regression Analysis, 455, 502 Rehabilitative, 31, 502 Relapse, 15, 21, 23, 52, 59, 70, 89, 346, 502 Relative risk, 35, 39, 502 Reliability, 30, 39, 60, 129, 248, 323, 341, 503 Remission, 9, 15, 32, 133, 440, 478, 502, 503 Renal failure, 377, 452, 503 Renal pelvis, 503, 515 Reperfusion, 77, 483, 484, 503 Reperfusion Injury, 77, 503 Research Design, 16, 33, 41, 112, 130, 503 Resected, 92, 503 Respiration, 44, 442, 445, 482, 503 Restoration, 139, 483, 502, 503, 519 Retina, 126, 445, 454, 478, 484, 485, 488, 503, 504, 519 Retinal, 79, 126, 449, 454, 488, 503 Retinal Detachment, 79, 454, 503 Retinitis, 79, 504 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 79, 504 Retinol, 503, 504 Retrospective, 13, 47, 156, 162, 178, 243, 303, 304, 313, 328, 504 Retrospective study, 156, 162, 178, 504 Retroviral vector, 55, 130, 199, 263, 504 Retrovirus, 89, 121, 337, 504 Reversion, 504, 516 Rheology, 491, 504 Ribose, 93, 430, 451, 504 Ribosome, 287, 504, 515 Ricin, 274, 504 Right to Die, 148, 154, 157, 349, 354, 504 Rigidity, 490, 493, 504 Risk-Taking, 10, 375, 504 Risperidone, 24, 504 Rod, 438, 493, 504 Rubber, 345, 429, 504 S Saline, 441, 505 Salivary, 451, 455, 489, 505 Salivary glands, 451, 455, 505 Saponins, 505, 510 Satellite, 345, 505 Schizoid, 505, 519 Schizophrenia, 18, 24, 29, 30, 31, 64, 73, 86, 120, 121, 127, 131, 139, 161, 162, 163, 192, 217, 221, 232, 237, 245, 249, 250,
254, 266, 297, 313, 378, 408, 457, 504, 505, 518, 519 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 453, 505, 519 Scleroproteins, 474, 505 Sclerosis, 182, 483, 505 Screening, 29, 35, 38, 45, 63, 126, 171, 344, 351, 352, 410, 446, 491, 505 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 247, 297, 505 Second Messenger Systems, 486, 505 Secondary tumor, 480, 505 Secretion, 21, 84, 93, 429, 446, 468, 472, 474, 483, 505, 506, 517 Secular trends, 216, 506 Sedative, 438, 506 Segregation, 85, 175, 502, 506 Seizures, 452, 465, 506 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 506, 512 Selenomethionine, 215, 506 Self-Injurious Behavior, 44, 506 Semen, 498, 506 Semisynthetic, 336, 506 Sensitization, 83, 130, 342, 506 Sepsis, 103, 506 Septic, 103, 437, 506 Sequencing, 8, 29, 55, 61, 76, 506 Serine, 17, 54, 76, 126, 458, 498, 499, 506 Serine Endopeptidases, 458, 506 Serine Proteinase Inhibitors, 506 Serpins, 54, 506 Sertraline, 9, 507 Serum Albumin, 72, 507 Sex Characteristics, 430, 499, 507, 513 Sexual Partners, 210, 507 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 63, 379, 507 Shame, 309, 383, 507 Ships, 345, 507 Shock, 77, 507, 515 Side effect, 9, 24, 70, 430, 431, 436, 507, 511, 514 Signal Transduction, 16, 55, 66, 75, 84, 103, 109, 472, 507 Signs and Symptoms, 139, 350, 502, 503, 507 Simvastatin, 116, 507 Skeletal, 483, 484, 507 Skeleton, 474, 497, 507, 508 Skull, 451, 508, 513 Small intestine, 439, 443, 457, 469, 473, 474, 508
Index 537
Smallpox, 508, 517 Smooth muscle, 15, 72, 432, 433, 434, 441, 468, 482, 498, 508, 511 Social Behavior, 82, 508 Social Change, 10, 82, 318, 508 Social Environment, 500, 508 Social Isolation, 73, 107, 300, 305, 505, 508 Social Sciences, 9, 47, 508 Social Support, 37, 39, 41, 50, 70, 85, 105, 124, 127, 138, 141, 241, 258, 304, 307, 508 Social Work, 181, 185, 224, 255, 268, 304, 308, 309, 316, 322, 352, 508 Socioeconomic Factors, 177, 258, 508 Sodium, 76, 477, 508 Soft tissue, 440, 507, 508 Solid tumor, 337, 434, 458, 508 Solitary Nucleus, 438, 508 Solvent, 465, 488, 508 Soma, 500, 509 Somatic, 46, 95, 430, 475, 479, 482, 491, 496, 509, 513 Sorbitol, 479, 509 Soybean Oil, 495, 509 Specialist, 141, 201, 417, 509 Specificity, 20, 68, 73, 75, 86, 91, 128, 136, 144, 274, 344, 431, 437, 458, 506, 509 Spectrum, 17, 34, 72, 139, 383, 509 Sperm, 431, 445, 494, 509 Spinal cord, 437, 441, 444, 445, 463, 467, 479, 485, 491, 502, 509, 512 Spinal Cord Diseases, 467, 509 Spinal tap, 477, 509 Spinous, 459, 474, 509 Spleen, 451, 469, 478, 509 Sporadic, 79, 509 Sprains and Strains, 477, 509 Sprayer, 344, 509 Squamous, 17, 74, 95, 309, 376, 459, 510 Squamous cell carcinoma, 17, 74, 376, 459, 510 Squamous cells, 510 Squamous Epithelium, 95, 510 Stabilization, 9, 54, 510 Standard therapy, 68, 510 Stem cell transplantation, 197, 266, 510 Stem Cells, 22, 134, 199, 432, 491, 510 Sterilization, 383, 510 Steroid, 17, 103, 340, 450, 505, 507, 510 Stimulant, 454, 468, 480, 510 Stimulus, 20, 456, 457, 471, 473, 490, 492, 500, 502, 510, 513
Stomach, 95, 344, 345, 429, 455, 460, 464, 469, 484, 491, 502, 508, 509, 510 Stool, 474, 510 Strand, 83, 93, 494, 510 Striatum, 487, 510 Stricture, 376, 510 Stroke, 71, 102, 145, 333, 360, 378, 398, 442, 510 Stromal, 22, 130, 511 Structure-Activity Relationship, 113, 511 Styrene, 505, 511 Subacute, 471, 511 Subclinical, 471, 506, 511 Subculture, 226, 323, 511 Subcutaneous, 457, 511 Subiculum, 97, 468, 511 Subspecies, 509, 511, 517 Substance P, 480, 502, 505, 511 Substrate Specificity, 76, 511 Sudden death, 64, 73, 511 Suicide, Attempted, 9, 309, 331, 374, 511 Sulfur, 481, 511 Support group, 279, 285, 290, 293, 378, 511 Supportive care, 491, 511 Suppression, 41, 103, 113, 172, 426, 511 Survival Analysis, 85, 131, 511 Sympathetic Nervous System, 438, 512 Sympathomimetic, 454, 456, 459, 480, 487, 512 Symphysis, 498, 512 Symptomatology, 15, 83, 100, 101, 124, 127, 139, 512 Synapses, 486, 512 Synapsis, 512 Synaptic, 23, 55, 486, 507, 512 Synaptic Membranes, 23, 512 Synaptic Transmission, 486, 512 Syncytium, 465, 512 Synergistic, 16, 342, 497, 512 Systemic, 68, 93, 94, 274, 440, 452, 455, 459, 471, 473, 500, 512, 515, 516, 517, 520 Systolic, 469, 512 T Tamoxifen, 16, 136, 506, 512 Tardive, 436, 512 Telecommunications, 449, 513 Telomerase, 55, 74, 159, 513 Temperament, 258, 513 Temporal, 38, 77, 115, 123, 433, 468, 478, 513 Temporal Lobe, 433, 513 Teratogen, 51, 513
538 Suicide
Teratogenic, 432, 474, 513 Terminator, 342, 447, 513 Testis, 460, 513 Testosterone, 163, 167, 502, 513 Thalamus, 455, 475, 496, 513 Thermal, 25, 437, 456, 486, 513 Thoracic, 178, 438, 513, 519 Thorax, 429, 477, 513 Threonine, 75, 499, 506, 513 Threshold, 60, 76, 129, 136, 469, 513 Thrombin, 461, 494, 498, 513 Thrombocytes, 494, 513 Thrombolytic, 494, 513 Thrombomodulin, 498, 513 Thrombosis, 498, 511, 513 Thromboxanes, 437, 513 Thymidine Kinase, 43, 66, 69, 91, 92, 94, 96, 121, 128, 133, 139, 179, 196, 199, 214, 243, 251, 255, 288, 295, 337, 342, 514 Thymus, 261, 470, 478, 514 Thyroid, 263, 473, 514, 516 Thyroid Gland, 514 Thyroxine, 280, 431, 492, 506, 514 Tinnitus, 6, 262, 514, 518 Tissue Culture, 45, 514 Tolerance, 130, 430, 465, 514 Tomography, 38, 66, 232, 282, 514 Tonus, 491, 514 Tooth Preparation, 430, 514 Topical, 437, 469, 474, 514 Topotecan, 275, 276, 286, 514 Toxic, iv, 78, 130, 337, 342, 432, 439, 442, 452, 453, 455, 459, 470, 486, 493, 511, 514 Toxicity, 21, 38, 68, 69, 89, 110, 128, 136, 142, 274, 456, 480, 514 Toxicologic, 290, 514 Toxicology, 181, 262, 291, 400, 514 Toxins, 435, 471, 482, 500, 515 Trace element, 462, 515 Tracer, 66, 515 Trachea, 441, 514, 515 Transcriptase, 125, 159, 452, 486, 504, 513, 515 Transcription Factors, 92, 97, 128, 131, 132, 166, 515 Transduction, 16, 55, 59, 67, 81, 133, 144, 146, 180, 255, 337, 507, 515 Transfection, 45, 66, 309, 439, 458, 515 Transfer Factor, 470, 515 Transferases, 466, 515 Transgenes, 89, 96, 515 Transitional cell carcinoma, 280, 515
Translation, 501, 515 Translational, 29, 34, 98, 133, 515 Translocation, 91, 113, 515 Transmitter, 429, 437, 456, 473, 479, 487, 512, 515 Transplantation, 77, 121, 133, 346, 377, 470, 515 Trauma, 47, 53, 161, 172, 188, 264, 267, 441, 452, 484, 515 Treatment Failure, 136, 515 Trees, 504, 515 Triad, 40, 516 Triage, 53, 516 Tricuspid Atresia, 450, 516 Tricyclic, 9, 454, 516 Trigger zone, 436, 516 Trophic, 51, 516 Tryptophan, 10, 31, 39, 48, 64, 263, 506, 516 Tryptophan Hydroxylase, 10, 31, 39, 48, 64, 516 Tubercle, 487, 516 Tuberculosis, 449, 477, 516 Tumor model, 45, 66, 89, 91, 94, 136, 178, 516 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 132, 516 Tumor suppressor gene, 102, 337, 477, 516 Tumor-derived, 136, 516 Tumour, 190, 463, 488, 516 Typhimurium, 142, 516 Tyrosine, 64, 79, 139, 151, 456, 474, 516 U Unconscious, 366, 434, 470, 516 Uracil, 45, 190, 342, 516 Uremia, 474, 503, 516 Ureter, 503, 515, 516 Urethra, 498, 517 Urinary, 72, 459, 487, 517, 519 Urinary tract, 517 Urine, 23, 275, 291, 440, 456, 459, 487, 498, 503, 516, 517 Urogenital, 517 Urogenital Diseases, 517 Urokinase, 494, 517 Urologic Diseases, 378, 517 Uterus, 445, 450, 452, 458, 480, 496, 517 V Vaccination, 108, 130, 517 Vaccine, 205, 430, 498, 516, 517 Vaccinia, 57, 517 Vaccinia Virus, 57, 517 Vacuoles, 488, 517
Index 539
Vagina, 445, 479, 517 Vaginal, 74, 517 Varicella, 108, 342, 517 Variola, 517 Vascular, 7, 15, 68, 432, 441, 445, 454, 459, 471, 486, 493, 494, 509, 514, 517 Vasoconstriction, 459, 517 Vasodilator, 440, 456, 468, 483, 517 VE, 53, 145, 517 Vector, 43, 55, 57, 68, 81, 89, 91, 108, 126, 128, 130, 133, 139, 143, 147, 181, 191, 242, 337, 346, 515, 517, 520 Vein, 473, 487, 505, 517 Venous, 498, 516, 517 Ventral, 25, 73, 96, 131, 470, 487, 518 Ventral Tegmental Area, 73, 518 Ventricle, 433, 437, 443, 449, 468, 470, 487, 500, 512, 513, 516, 518 Ventricular, 449, 484, 516, 518 Vesicular, 64, 468, 481, 508, 517, 518 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 514, 518 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 514, 518 Veterinary Medicine, 399, 518 Viral, 42, 56, 74, 81, 89, 91, 102, 109, 118, 130, 136, 144, 337, 442, 465, 487, 504, 515, 518 Viral vector, 42, 89, 337, 518 Virion, 89, 438, 518 Virulence, 143, 438, 514, 518 Viscera, 509, 518 Visceral, 438, 475, 518 Visceral Afferents, 438, 518 Visual field, 504, 518 Vital Statistics, 137, 519 Vitamin A, 472, 504, 519 Vitiligo, 499, 519
Vitreous Body, 445, 503, 519 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 454, 519 Vitreous Humor, 503, 519 Vitro, 16, 17, 18, 21, 38, 43, 59, 71, 76, 78, 81, 83, 93, 113, 121, 126, 129, 139, 143, 199, 214, 309, 432, 468, 471, 514, 519 Vivo, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 33, 38, 43, 57, 59, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 77, 78, 81, 83, 89, 93, 94, 103, 121, 126, 129, 131, 136, 139, 196, 199, 200, 258, 290, 337, 432, 468, 471, 513, 519 Volition, 37, 473, 519 W Wakefulness, 452, 519 War, 53, 115, 180, 200, 367, 369, 373, 519 Wart, 337, 519 Watchful waiting, 32, 519 Weight Gain, 505, 519 White blood cell, 435, 446, 475, 478, 483, 486, 493, 519 Windpipe, 514, 519 Withdrawal, 5, 25, 55, 452, 519 Wound Healing, 18, 462, 519 X Xanthine, 342, 519 Xenobiotics, 110, 519 Xenograft, 83, 130, 434, 516, 519 X-ray, 75, 92, 118, 443, 462, 463, 473, 478, 487, 500, 501, 519, 520 X-ray therapy, 474, 520 Y Yeasts, 463, 492, 520 Yellow Fever, 108, 520 Yellow Fever Virus, 108, 520 Z Zoster, 342, 520 Zymogen, 498, 520
540 Suicide
