SNORING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Snoring: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84218-3 1. Snoring-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on snoring. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SNORING ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Snoring ......................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SNORING ......................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding Nutrition Studies on Snoring ........................................................................................ 61 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SNORING ................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 General References ....................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SNORING................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Recent Trials on Snoring ............................................................................................................. 69 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON SNORING ................................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Snoring ...................................................................................................................... 71 Patent Applications on Snoring................................................................................................... 87 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SNORING ................................................................................................. 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 111 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 112 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 114 Chapters on Snoring .................................................................................................................. 115 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SNORING .................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 117 Newsletters on Snoring.............................................................................................................. 122 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 122 Academic Periodicals covering Snoring..................................................................................... 123 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 127 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 129 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 131 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 133 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 136 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 139 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 139 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 139
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 145 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 146 SNORING DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 147 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 185
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with snoring is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about snoring, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to snoring, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on snoring. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to snoring, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on snoring. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SNORING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on snoring.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and snoring, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Snoring: Assessment of an Anterior Mandibular Positioning Device Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 131(6): 765-771. June 2000. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Summary: Dental devices have been used to help manage snoring and obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA. This article reports on patients' compliance with and complications of long term use of an anterior mandibular positioning, or AMP, device. The device used was a custom made, two piece, full coverage, adjustable acrylic appliance, used nightly. The appliance advanced the mandible by 75 percent of the patient's maximum protrusive distance. The study sample included 65 consecutive patients with mild to
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Snoring
moderate obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. Long term use (three years or more) of the AMP device in these patients was 51 percent (27 of 53 patients). Of the 53 responding patients, 40 percent reported jaw or facial muscle pain, 40 percent had occlusal changes, 38 percent reported tooth pain, 30 percent reported jaw joint pain, and 30 percent experienced xerostomia. Of the 27 long term AMP users, 22 rated themselves as being very satisfied and four as somewhat satisfied; one person was neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with the appliance. The authors conclude that with use of the AMP device, 40 percent of patients will develop some minor complications of jaw, mouth, or tooth pain, and approximately 26 percent of long term users might experience a painless but irreversible change in their occlusion. Annual follow up office visits with the dentist appear necessary for early detection of these changes. 4 figures. 23 references. •
Oral Appliances for the Treatment of Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Source: Journal of Practical Hygiene. 10(5): 27-30. September-October 2001. Contact: Available from Montage Media Corporation. 1000 Wyckoff Avenue, Mahwah, NJ 07430-3164. (201) 891-3200. Summary: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition that develops from the obstruction (blockage) of the upper airway during sleep and necessitates awakening to resume breathing. Recently developed oral appliances, fabricated to maintain upper airway patency (opening) during sleep, are shown to be effective to treat patients with OSA. Among the appliances devised are tongue retaining and mandibular (lower jaw) advancing devices. This article outlines the role of the dental hygienist in the diagnosis and treatment of OSA, including patient education on the use of oral appliances, as well as intervention strategies to prevent dental diseases from occurring during oral appliance therapy. 3 figures. 2 tables. 11 references.
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Dental Side Effects of an Oral Device To Treat Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Source: Sleep. 22(2): 237-240. March 15, 1999. Contact: Available from American Sleep Disorders Association. 6301 Bandel Road, Suite 101, Rochester, MN 55901. (507) 529-0804. Summary: Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are common and related conditions with major social and health implication. These conditions can be treated successfully with dental devices that reposition the mandible (lower jaw). Despite wide use, side effects of these devices have not yet been systematically evaluated. This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the side effects of a mandibular advancement splint (MAS). The research consisted of a questionnaire survey and dental examination of a consecutive case series of patients treated with the MAS. Attempts were made to contact all 191 patients treated over a 5 year period in a dental outpatient clinic; all patients had snored loudly and habitually with or without OSA prior to treatment. Of 191 patients treated, 132 agreed to complete the questionnaire and 106 underwent examination. Of the 132 interviewed, patient and partner report indicated that the device was well tolerated and controlled snoring satisfactorily in 100 patients after 31 (plus or minus 18) months of use. Dental side effects were reported in 107 patients, although these were mostly minor, and only 10 patients ceased using the device because of them. Side effects included excessive salivation (40 patients), xerostomia (30 patients), temporomandibular joint pain (35 patients), dental discomfort (35 patients), myofacial discomfort (33 patients), and bite changes (16 patients). Of 106 patients examined, 30 had increased maximal opening and 76 had no change compared with pretreatment records. Temporomandibular joint noises were found in 9 patients, and occlusal changes
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in 15. None of these effects could be related to degree of opening or protrusion produced by the MAS. The authors conclude that dental side effects occur in a significant proportion of patients using the MAS. In most cases, these are minor and their importance must be balanced against the efficacy of the MAS in treating snoring and OSA. 1 appendix. 2 figures. 9 references. (AA-M). •
Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea From a Dental Perspective Source: CDA Journal. Journal of the California Dental Association. 26(8): 557-565. August 1998. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505. Summary: This article considers the problems of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea from a dental perspective. The author stresses the proper diagnosis and treatment of sleep related disorders are best handled via a team approach. This team may include a general dentist treating in conjunction with other sleep specialists. The author provides a dental overview of sleep related breathing disorders, including key definitions, an outline of a diagnostic protocol, a discussion of the factors involved in decision making, and a summary of the wide variety of treatment modalities. Treatment methods discussed include general behavioral measures, surgical approaches (tracheotomy, nasal reconstruction, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, and orthognathic procedures), and dental appliances. The author concludes with recommendations for the dentist who wishes to play a role in both the recognition and treatment of sleep disorders. These include revising the standard medical questionnaires to include questions on sleep disorders and snoring, revising how the intraoral examination is done (to incorporate evaluation of the oropharyngeal airway, the tongue, the mandible, and the nasal airway), and working closely with other health care professionals. 2 tables. 36 references. (AA-M).
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Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Oral Appliances: An American Sleep Disorders Association Report Source: Sleep. 186(6): 511-513. 1995. Contact: Available from American Sleep Disorders Association. Standards of Practice Committee, 1610 14th Street, N.W., Suite 300, Rochester, MN 55901-2200. (507) 287-6006. Summary: This article presents clinical guidelines, reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the American Sleep Disorders Association (ASDA), that provide recommendations for the use of oral appliances for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The authors note that the U.S. FDA has approved some of the available oral appliances for the treatment of snoring, with and without OSA, even though limited data from controlled studies supporting the effectiveness and safety of these devices have been published. After a background section briefly describing the problems and morbidity associated with snoring and OSA, the article presents recommendations in the following areas: diagnosis, treatment objectives, indications, follow-up, and appliance fitting. A brief conclusion addresses recommendations for future research. 1 table. 3 references.
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Federally Funded Research on Snoring The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to snoring. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to snoring. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore snoring. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for snoring: •
Project Title: AROUSAL THRESHOLD TO AUDITORY STIMULATION DURING SLEEP IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Marcus, Carole L.; Professor of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Patients are recruited from those referred to Pediatric Sleep Disorders Clinic for evaluation of clinically suspected OSAS. Patients will be eligible if they have a history of snoring, and have no other medical disease. All patients will undergo an 8hour overnight sleep study. This is a routine medical care for patients with symptoms of OSAS, and is standard for diagnosis. The patients with adnotonsillar hypertrophy & polysomnography compatible to OSAS will be eligible for the study. Age-matched healthy children from the general population will perform a similar polysomnography to document normal breathing. These children will be recruited from the general population by advertisement. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DAYTIME SLEEPINESS--PREVALENCE, CONSEQUENCES, AND RISKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, Thomas D.; Chief Division Head; Research Administration; Case Western Reserve Univ-Henry Ford Hsc Research Administraion Cfp-046 Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (abstract adapted from the applicants abstract) The National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research identified excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as a public health problem. Although clinical information about its determinants, morbidity, and significance is emerging, little population-based information about the prevalence, consequences and risk factor's of EDS exists. The research plan of the NIH Center on Sleep Disorders Research calls for "epidemiological research to define the prevalence,
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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etiology, risk factors, morbidity, and costs of EDS in the general population." This application directly addresses these needs. The limited epidemiological studies of determinants and correlates of sleepiness suggest some findings that are consistent with the laboratory data (e.g. snoring), but some that are inconsistent with the laboratory data (eg. depression). Understanding discrepancies between laboratory and epidemiological data is important to public health and safety. Sleepiness is serious and life-threatening, due to both its direct consequences (i.e., automobile crashes and industrial accidents) and its associated diseases (i.e., obstructive sleep apnea or depression). This proposal links sleep laboratory methods and research information on daytime sleepiness to the rigorous sampling, field assessment, and recruitment methods of epidemiology research. Thereby, it builds on the strengths and minimizes the weaknesses of each method (e.g., potential biases of clinical samples and errors in self- reports of,surveys) to assess the prevalence, consequences, and risk factors of sleepiness. The goals of the study are to estimate the prevalence of EDS in the general population, as assessed by the MSLT, to relate MSLT-defined daytime sleepiness to laboratory performance and automobile crashes, and to identify risk factors for EDS. Toward these goals, the research design is composed of two components: 1) a random digit dial, computer assisted telephone survey (n = 3,270) and 2) a laboratory based evaluation (n = 872). The telephone survey will define the frame from which a representative sample of subjects will be selected for laboratory study. Additionally, the survey will collect data on sleep habits, self-report measures of daytime sleepiness, and suspected risk factors. Subsets of the survey sample will be recruited to the laboratory to measure daytime sleepiness, using the MSLT, physical characteristics predictive of EDS, and performance on psychomotor tests. The important contribution of the present proposal is that it will be the first population-based study to use laboratory assessments, its consequences and risks to measure sleepiness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVICE TO CANCEL SECONDHAND SNORING & FOR SLEEP RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Vosburgh, Frederick; Sr Staff Fellow, Lab of Biochemistry; Nekton Research, Llc 4625 Industry Ln Durham, Nc 27713 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JAN-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Some 25% of adults snore habitually, creating secondhand problems for those trying to sleep nearby (bed partners), frequently including chronic sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation can impose a significant burden on health, cognition, driving ability, and social relationships. In the proposed Phase I effort, we will conduct a proof of concept (POC) test of technology for unobtrusively canceling the sound of snoring at the ears of a bed partner while permitting natural hearing of other sounds. The POC effort will comprise; 1) assembling a test system, 2) determining an adaptive situational transfer function, 3) quantifying real-time snore canceling performance of the Phase I device and algorithm and investigating sensor fusion enabling multi-transducer embodiments, and 4) working with our academic collaborator to secure IRB approval for Phase II activities involving human subjects. In Phase II, a device will be developed having consumer and sleep research applications. By selectively canceling snoring sounds, the envisioned device will enable a bed partner to sleep more and more peacefully. The envisioned device also is the basis for a new sleep research tool to study the impact of secondhand effects of snoring, as well as automating and simplifying the gathering and analyzing of breathing sound and other data useful in sleep research.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ESTABLISHING SCATTER-LIMITED PHOTOTHERAPY TO TREAT SOLAR ELASTOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Reinisch, Lou; Director of Laser Research; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We have analyzed the propagation of light into tissue. Our calculations indicated that scatter is a critically important property of light-tissue interactions. The effects of scatter have not be extensively calculated nor appreciated. We proposed to use scatter to cause limited subsurface thermal damage to the dermis for non-ablative skin toning and rhytids reduction. We term this innovative laser delivery idea scatter-limited phototherapy. This proposed research project will test the scatter-limited phototherapy concept and apply it to the treatment of solar elastosis. To accomplish our goal, we will construct a scatter-limited phototherapy device to treat solar elastosis. This device will be designed to be used with a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). Using in-vitro samples of human skin, the temperature profiles, both spatially and temporally, will be measured using thermocouple probes. The contraction of the tissue after the treatment will also be measured using a photographic technique. We plan to establish that the scatter-limited phototherapy device is able to cause sub-surface collagen damage without causing the removal of the epithelial layer of cells. We will also test the scatter-limited phototherapy system on a piglet model. The piglet provides a skin model that is similar to human skin. Finally, we will investigate the wound healing in the piglet model using extracellular matrix studies. This research proposal should permit us to establish that scatter-limited phototherapy is efficacious and move from the laboratory investigations to prepare for human clinical trials. We expect that we will be able to pair this technology with a company and to apply for funding with an STTR grant. We also expect that this technology can be applied to other therapies besides the treatment of skin for solar elastosis. The technique of scatter- limited phototherapy could also be used in hair removal, or the treatment of soft palate to reduce snoring. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LONGITUDINAL BREATHING/PREGNANCY
STUDY--SLEEP-DISORDERED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pien, Grace W.; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (prepared by applicant): Candidate's Plans/Training: The patient-oriented research in sleep medicine and epidemiology. Training will include closely mentored completion of the research protocol, advanced epidemiological course work in patientoriented research advanced training in sleep medicine and respiratory neurobiology. Environment: The University of Pennsylvania is a uniquely suited environment for this training award. The Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology will provide a mentored experience in patient-oriented research. The Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics will provide advanced didactic training. Research: During pregnancy, physiologic changes including gestational weight gain take place that may place women at increased risk for the development of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Snoring, which is a common symptom of SDB, is a frequent complaint among pregnant women, experienced on a habitual b y as many as 23 percent of women by the end of the final
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trimester of pregnancy. The possibility regnant women snorers may manifest sleepdisordered breathing has remained largely unexplored. In general population, baseline obesity and weight gain are both associated with an increased risk for sleep-disordered breathing. It is our central hypothesis that pregnancy is a time of accelerated development of sleep disordered breathing in women, in which the degree of increase is likely to be larger in women with elevated baseline body mass index (BMI) or greater gestational weight gain. This protocol examines whether the number of sleepdisordered breathing events increases in women over the course of pregnancy and how baseline weight status and weight gain during pregnancy impact the degree of SDB. The specific aims of the study proposal are: 1) to test the hypothesis that the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), a measure of the number of abnormal respiratory events hourly during sleep, increases over the course of pregnancy; and to determine whether the degree of increase is greater in obese women; and 2) to identify specific clinical characteristics that influence the risk for clinically significant increases in the severity of SDB. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION IN SNORING CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Gozal, David A.; Professor and Vice-Chair for Research; Pediatrics; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), a condition affecting at least 2-3% of children ages 2-10 years, is associated with delayed diagnosis and treatment, and substantial neurocognitive and learning deficits. However, only a proportion of children with SDB will develop such deficits while the remainder will retain normal or near-normal neurocognitive function. The mechanisms underlying such discrepancy in SDB-associated morbidity are unknown. Based on exciting preliminary findings, we now propose that SDB will induce systemic inflammatory responses, and that the magnitude of such inflammatory response will be the major determinant of the severity of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with SDB. We therefore, will (i) determine whether SDB is associated with increases in inflammatory markers in the serum and urine of 6-8 year-old children. Specifically, we will examine gene expression and serum levels of IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-6, TNFalpha, and ApoE polymorphisms, as well as serum levels of ICAM-1, VCAM, E-selectin, and high sensitivity CRP, and urine levels of 15f2t-lsoprostane in snoring children with varying severity levels of SDB and controls; (ii) in these same children, we will assess whether the magnitude of neurocognitive dysfunction assessed with multiple well validated batteries is positively correlated with particular individual inflammatory markers, and whether a sub-group of such markers exhibits reliable predictive value for SDBassociated neurocognitive dysfunction; (iii) finally, we will establish whether the improvement in neurocognitive function associated with treatment of SDB is paralleled by similar ameliorations in the serum and/or urine levels of the selected inflammatory correlates. These studies will identify highly predictive biological correlates of cognitive morbidity in a large population of children with varying degrees of SDB. Furthermore, they may allow for future development of treatment-based clinical algorithms for snoring children that employ validated combinations of symptoms, physical findings, and biological markers. Such approaches may lead to timely recognition of SDB and prevention of its associated morbidities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OPTIMIZATION OF AN IMPLANT TO TREAT SLEEP DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Metzger, Anja K.; Restore Medical, Inc. 2800 Patton Rd Saint Paul, Mn 55113 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea are part of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) continuum. Beginning with mild snoring, this continuum progresses to obstructive sleep apnea in those most severely afflicted. SDB can result in sleep deprivation leading to daytime sleepiness, posing a risk for work place accidents, especially for those operating heavy machinery or motor vehicles. The long-term consequences of sleep-disordered breathing consist of an increased risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Current treatments to reduce snoring can be very painful and remain effective for only a short period of time before follow-up treatment is required. Pi Medical proposes a simple, relatively painless, placement of an implant to stiffen the soft palate, thereby, eliminating the vibrations known as snoring. The implantable device overcomes the disadvantages of current treatments by placing a permanent implant into the soft palate using a very simple procedure. The potential to use the implants to treat obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) also exists. OSAS is characterized by intermittent closure of the pharyngeal airway during sleep resulting in episodes of hypoxemia and sleep disruption. Currently there are no treatments aimed specifically to treat the collapse of the pharyngeal walls. An effective treatment would be aimed at reducing the compliance of the pharyngeal walls; this would reduce their ability to collapse and alleviate upper airway obstruction without interfering with normal functions. The purpose of this research is to evaluate methods to maximize tissue ingrowth and fibrotic response to the implants with the expectation that this will increase the total stiffening effect of the implant and result in an implant that provides adequate properties to alter the compliance of the airway structures to 1) positively effect snoring levels or 2) prevent pharyngeal wall collapse associated with obstructive sleep apnea without affecting the normal function of the pharyngeal walls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OUTCOMES ADOLESCENTS
OF
SLEEP
DISORDERED
BREATHING
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Redline, Susan S.; Professor of Pediatrics, Medicine & Epid; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In children, unrecognized Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) may significantly contribute to learning and behavioral problems, and predispose to the development of cardiovascular problems. Adolescents may be predisposed to SDB because of weight gain or sleep restriction. However, the prevalence and impact of SDB in teenagers have not been systematically studied. Over the last 3 years, we have studied a unique cohort of 907 children (41% minority), ages 8-11, many who have been under observation since age 3 years. Our physiological and neuropsychological measurements provide fundamental data regarding the prevalence of SDB and risk factors for SDB in pre-pubertal children. Preliminary analyses indicate that children with snoring or SDB perform more poorly on a number of tests of cognitive function, and have more behavioral morbidity than do other children. We propose extending this study to assess the morbidity of SDB in adolescents (ages 13-16 years), addressing the extent to which SDB in childhood impacts behavior, cognitive
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functions, and neuro-endocrine responses important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. We hypothesize that the effects of sleep fragmentation, reduced slow wave sleep and sleep-associated intermittent hypoxemia may lead to deficits in executive functions, insulin sensitivity, and abnormalities in the somatotropic axis. We also will quantify the impact of putative risk factors on adolescent SDB, including race/ethnicity, overweight, small pharyngeal size, prematurity, familial SDB, and SDB at ages 8-11 years. For efficiency, we will perform stratified sampling of 250 children from this cohort (125 with habitual snoring or sleep apnea at ages 8-11 yrs., and 125 children randomly selected from the remaining cohort, frequency matched by gender, term, and race). Children will undergo overnight stateof-the-art-sleep monitoring, a glucose tolerance test, acoustic rhino-pharnygometry, anthropometry, spirometry, blood pressure, and a focused battery of neuropsychological and behavioral assessments. Specimens for biomarkers and potential confounders (e.g, measures of puberty and thyroid status) will be collected, some both before and after sleep. First-degree relatives also will undergo sleep studies and relatives and children will have DNA collected for future studies. This proposal provides the opportunity to characterize the prevalence and morbidity of SDB in a wellcharacterized population-based sample, including a large proportion of minority and preterm adolescents who appeared to be at high risk for SDB at younger ages, and may be at increased risk for SDB-associated chronic morbidities, and poorer cognitive development. Comprehensive data collection and statistical analyses will permit identification of potential pathophysiological mechanisms for, and effects of, SDB. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYSIOLOGIC PHENOTYPES FOR OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Schneider, Hartmut; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 05-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction, leading to reductions in ventilation and disruption of sleep. As the severity of upper airway obstruction increases, ventilation decreases progressively, resulting in a spectrum of clinical disorders characterized by snoring and periodic obstructive hypopneas and apneas. Although obesity, and in particular central obesity, and male gender predispose to obstructive sleep apnea, the physiologic basis for these associations remains largely unknown. The current proposal will define the relationship between these risk factors and discrete intermediate physiologic traits during sleep that predispose to upper airway obstruction and hypoventilation. Our proposal is predicated on the concept that specific physiologic characteristics of upper airway function (critical pressure) and ventilatory control (maximum inspiratory airflow and inspiratory duty cycle) determine the level of ventilation during sleep. Preliminary Data indicate that obesity predisposes to alterations in critical pressure, whereas male gender is associated with disturbances in the neural control of ventilation. Our major hypothesis is that obesity and male gender predispose to specific mechanical alterations and neural responses that determine susceptibility to obstructive sleep apnea. To test this hypothesis, methods have been developed to rapidly assess baseline upper airway and ventilatory characteristics, and compensatory neural responses to upper airway obstruction during sleep. A major strength of our approach is that these physiologic phenotypes will be assessed in normal individuals who are free of confounding from sleep apnea and co-morbid conditions. In Specific Aim 1, we will determine the effect of obesity on intermediate physiologic traits
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that confer susceptibility to sleep apnea in normal subjects, and examine the effect of fat distribution on these phenotypes. In Specific Aim 2, we will elucidate the effect of gender on these physiologic traits, and the modulation of these characteristics by body fat distribution. Our experimental findings will lay the groundwork for further studies elucidating underlying physiologic mechanisms and phenotypic correlates of disease susceptibility in obstructive sleep apnea. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DISORDERS
SLEEP
ACADEMIC
AWARD--RECOGNITION
OF
SLEEP
Principal Investigator & Institution: Strohl, Kingman P.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The goals of this SLEEP ACADEMIC AWARD are to implement and assess a knowledge system for sleep and sleep disorders. The proposal links educational specialists, training programs, and sleep research at Case Western Reserve University with medical undergraduate and post-graduate education in Northeast Ohio. The Specific Aims are: 1. Implement and evaluate a medical curriculum on the causes and consequences of sleepiness, both a common experience and a symptom common to many sleep disorders. The P.I. will improve knowledge construction and assess exposure to and recognition of sleepiness and sleep disorders in the internal medicine clerkship, before and after interventions aimed at increasing knowledge synthesis and problem solving. Outcome assessments are identified at several intermediate and final end-points. Two stations in a structured clinical examination for all third year medical students will evaluate knowledge use of sleep and sleepiness, and tabulation of patient logs will identify exposure to and recognition of fatigue and sleep apnea, in comparison to other common disorders. Interventions include a case-management tutorial and computerized patient management modules. Additional assessments include a sleep quiz and attitude questionnaire about sleep problems. Data will be analyzed using the analysis of variance and covariance models with results pooled across clerkships for the class (n= 140). Change over time will be examined. Special student groups will be targeted to address research and minority health needs. 2. Implement an instruction tool ("Sleep Disorders Structured Clinical Instruction Module") in Internal Medicine/Family Medicine house staff training. 3. Expand knowledge of sleep disorders in Cleveland area primary care physicians by active experimentation. We will enhance current practice by assessment of patients for sleep habits and developing with Northeast Ohio physicians strategies for recognition of sleepiness and sleep disorders. 4. Examine the impact of sleep habits on academic performance in an Ohio public school system as well as in professional education. This program will assess the impact of snoring and chronic sleepiness on results of common tests for promotion and competency before and after interventions designed to promote sleep health. For each aim, there are plans to implement new or recast existing educational and evaluative tools, and assess attitude and/or behavior. We will disseminate of educational assessments, patient-oriented material, and clinical pathways through local and national consultants in both the public and private sector, as well as through interaction with other awardees. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SLEEP HEART HEALTH STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: O'connor, George T.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) was started in 1994 as a multicenter cohort study of the cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The study's principal aims are to assess SDB as a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including incident coronary heart disease events, stroke, and hypertension, and accelerated increase in blood pressure with age. The SHHS protocol added an assessment of SDB to ongoing cohort studies of cardiovascular and other diseases, including the Framingham Offspring and Omni cohorts, the Hagerstown and Minneapolis/St. Paul sites of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, the Hagerstown, Sacramento, and Pittsburgh sites of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), the Strong Heart Study (SHS) sites South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Arizona, and cohort studies of respiratory disease in Tucson and of hypertension in New York. During its first four years (1994-1998), the SHHS was successfully started with full and high quality polysomnography (PSG) data obtained in the home from 6,440 participants, exceeding the recruitment target. The SHHS cohort, includes 3,039 men and 3,401 women 40 years of age or more, of whom 8.2 percent are African American, 9.6 percent are Native American, 1.3 percent are Asian, and 4.2 percent are Hispanic. In addition to PSG, data collection covered snoring and sleepiness and quality of life (QOL). Outcome assessment protocols are in place for all cohorts and the second SHHS examination is now in progress. Initial cross-sectional findings show that SDB is common and associated with hypertension and self-reported cardiovascular disease (CVD). This application requests five years additional support to continue the SHHS. Further followup is needed to have sufficient power to test the primary SHHS hypotheses. Additionally in Years 7-9, PSG will be repeated to further characterize SDB in the participants and to describe the natural history of SDB. During the first five years, the SHHS has shown that large-scale research on sleep, SDB, and disease risk can be conducted in the community. Follow-up of the SHHS cohort will provide the data needed to characterize the cardiovascular consequences of SDB, along with its natural history. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SNORING, EARLY BEHAVIOR, AND OXIDANT STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Montgomery-Downs, Hawley E.; Pediatrics; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 19-AUG-2003; Project End 18-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Daytime neurocognitive performance is impaired in adolescents and school-age children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Furthermore, animal models of SDB clearly demonstrate that episodic hypoxia during sleep leads to both short-term and long-term decrements in learning and memory, and that these are mediated, at least in part, by oxidant stress. However, the prevalence and neurobehavioral consequences of SDB during the first 2 years of life are unknown. To address this issue, we will examine the hypothesis that infants who develop SDB within their first 7 months will manifest reduced cognitive development by the end of their first year. Furthermore, infants with SDB will show increased oxidant markers in their urine. The following specific aims will therefore be examined: (1) a population survey for the potential presence of SDB will be conducted among 6 month-old infants; (2) Homebased polysomnography will be performed at 7 and 13 months in infants at high risk for SDB and matched controls; and an index of mental development will be administered; (3) The levels of 15-F2t-lsoprostane metabolites in urine will be determined, as correlates for oxidant stress. This longitudinal, prospective study will contribute to our
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understanding of the prevalence, and neurodevelopmental consequences of SDB in infancy. In addition, it may provide insights into a potential mechanism for this morbidity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE SLEEP HEART HEALTH STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Punjabi, Naresh M.; Associae Professor; Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) was started in 1994 as a multicenter cohort study of the cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The study's principal aims are to assess SDB as a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including incident CHD events, stroke, and hypertension, and accelerated increase in blood pressure with age. The SHHS protocol added an assessment of SDB to ongoing cohort studies of cardiovascular and other diseases, including the Framingham Offspring and Omni cohorts, the Hagerstown and Minneapolis/St. Paul sites of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, the Hagerstown, Sacramento, and Pittsburgh sites of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), the Strong Heart Study sites in South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Arizona, and cohort studies of respiratory disease in Tucson and of hypertension in New York. During its first four years (1994-1998), the SHHS was successfully started with full and high quality polysomnography (PSG) data obtained in the home from 6,440 participants and scored at the Central Reading Center. The SHHS cohort includes 3,039 men and 3,401 women 40 years of age or more, of whom 8.2 percent are African American, 9.6 percent are American Indian, 1.3 percent are Asian, and 4.2 percent are Hispanic. In addition to PSG, data collection covered snoring and sleepiness and quality of life (QOL). Outcome assessment protocols are in place for all cohorts and the second SHHS exam is now in progress. Initial crosssectional findings show that SDB is common and associated with hypertension and selfreported cardiovascular disease (CVD). This application requests five years of additional support to continue the SHHS. Further follow-up is needed for sufficient power to test the primary SHHS hypotheses. Additionally, in Years 7-9, PSG will be repeated to further characterize SDB in the participants and to describe the natural history of SDB. During the first five years, the SHHS has shown that large-scale research on sleep, SDB, and disease risk can be conducted in the community. Follow-up of the SHHS cohort will provide the data needed to characterize the cardiovascular consequences of SDB, along with its natural history. This application describes plans for continued data collection and follow-up by the SHHS Field Centers. A separate application for continuation of the Reading Center is being submitted and a new Coordinating Center will be selected. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: UPPER AIRWAY MOTOR CONTROL DURING SLEEP IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Katz, Eliot S.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common and serious cause of morbidity during childhood OSAS is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete airway obstruction resulting in hypoxemia hypercapnea, and/or respiratory arousal. The sleep fragmentation and gas exchange abnormalities observed with OSAS may produce serious cardiovascular and
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neurobehavioral impairment. Habitual snoring is reported in 3-12% of the general pediatric population, although only 1-3% will have OSAS. The anatomical and/ol neuromuscular basis of the primary snoring (PS) and OSAS phenotype has not been elucidated. Upper airway patency is maintained by an intricate balance between the static pharyngeal mechanics, neuromuscular activity, and luminal pressure. A prominent role for upper airway neuromuscular control mechanisms in the pathophysiology of OSAS is hypothesized to explain the observation that obstruction does not occur while awake and is infrequently seen during NREM sleep. Using a validated intra-oral surface electrode to record genioglossus activity (EMGgg) and a nasal mask technique for measuring airway collapsibility (Pcrit), we will assess children with OSAS, PS and normal controls, awake and asleep, for the following; 1) Basal tonic and phasic EMGgg activity as a percentage of maximal; 2) Muscle and airway mechanical responses to hypercapnea (chemoresponsiveness); 3) Muscle and airway mechanical responses to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and pulses of negative airway luminal pressure (mechanoresponsiveness); 4) Muscle and airway mechanical responses to inspiratory resistance loading. These studies address the role of neuromuscular compensatory mechanisms in the maintenance of airway patency during wakefulness and sleep in children. This proposal for a Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award will permit the applicant to pursue his goal to become a clinical scientist. This training is set in the rich intellectual environment provided by the airway physiology laboratory of Dr. David P. White at Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Division of Respiratory Diseases at Children's Hospital Boston and the Harvard School of Public Health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VALIDATION OF IN-HOME SLEEP APNEA RISK EVALUATION SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Levendowski, Daniel J.; Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc. 2850 Pio Pico Dr, Ste a Carlsbad, Ca 92008 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Phase II completes development of the Apnea Risk Evaluation System (ARES), an integrated method, including: a) a physiological data acquisition device, easily self-applied to the forehead and comfortably worn throughout the night to collect data to screen for SA (Sp02, pulse, snoring and head position), b) software to identify respiratory events and distinguish movement artifacts, c) a questionnaire with Profile Analysis to assess SA risk factors, and d) expert system logic to quantify level of risk for SA. ARES will be compared directly to overnight polysomnography (PSG) on 400 patients referred to a sleep clinic, 50 patients diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes and depression with symptoms similar to SA and 10 healthy subjects. ARES Questionnaires from 100 healthy subjects will be acquired to cross-validate the Profile Analysis with PSG to verify subjects classified Profile Analysis "at-risk" for SA. Since AIRES is designed to be easily self-applied and worn at home, 20 healthy subjects and 50 SA patients will complete the questionnaire and wear the ARES Device at home, following instructions for self application. In home data will be compared to in lab PSG and ARES. Clarity of instructions, ease of application and comfort of the device when worn at home will also be evaluated. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Sleep Apnea is a serious, prevalent, under-diagnosed, but treatable disorder, creating a significant market demand for accurate, inexpensive and easy-to-administer assessment methods. The ARES willbe marketed to Managed care providers, HMOs and other medical professionals, including those involved with Occupational and Industrial Medicine and
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epidemiology. The ARES will also be marketed directly-to-consumers as an in-home risk assessment for SA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VESTIBULAR REGULATION OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Yates, Bill J.; Associate Professor; Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Several experimental approaches have indicated that the vestibular system influences activity of respiratory "pump" muscles as well as particular upper airway muscles. During the tenure of the currently-funded grant, removal of vestibular inputs was shown to alter the resting activity of both the diaphragm and abdominal musculature, and to diminish changes in abdominal muscle activity that ordinarily occur during postural alterations. Furthermore, experiments employing the transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus demonstrated that in addition to cells in the respiratory groups, neurons in the medial medullary reticular formation provide inputs to a variety of respiratory motoneurons. We propose to extend this work by testing the following general hypothesis: medial medullary reticular formation neurons that receive vestibular inputs globally modulate the excitability of both particular upper airway respiratory muscles and respiratory pump muscles during postural changes. Furthermore, we will explore the physiological significance of the observation that stimulation of regions of the cerebellum that receive vestibular inputs alters respiratory activity. Four specific aims are proposed. The first specific aim will determine whether removal of vestibular inputs alters spontaneous activity and tiltrelated responses of upper airway respiratory muscles in awake animals. The second specific aim will ascertain whether common inhibitory medial reticular formation neurons provide inputs to motoneurons innervating upper airway and respiratory pump muscles. The third specific aim will establish whether medial medullary reticular formation neurons have appropriate responses to vestibular stimulation to mediate vestibulorespiratory reflexes. The fourth specific aim will determine whether ablation of cerebellar regions known to alter respiratory activity when stimulated will affect spontaneous activity and responses to tilt of respiratory pump muscles in awake animals. In combination, these experiments will extend knowledge concerning the physiological significance of vestibular influences on respiratory regulation, and will also elucidate the role of the medial medullary reticular formation in producing these responses. These findings may have relevance to humans, as a deficiency in vestibulorespiratory responses could result in an insufficiency of respiratory adjustments during changes in posture, and could contribute to snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with snoring, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for snoring (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A community study of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing. Health outcomes. Author(s): Olson LG, King MT, Hensley MJ, Saunders NA. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995 August; 152(2): 717-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7633732&dopt=Abstract
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A community study of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing. Prevalence. Author(s): Olson LG, King MT, Hensley MJ, Saunders NA. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995 August; 152(2): 711-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7633731&dopt=Abstract
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A community study of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing. Symptoms. Author(s): Olson LG, King MT, Hensley MJ, Saunders NA. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995 August; 152(2): 707-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7633730&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of conservative, radical and laser palatal surgery for snoring. Author(s): O'Reilly BF, Simpson DC. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1998 June; 43(3): 194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9654883&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of physician and patient perception of the problems of habitual snoring. Author(s): Scott S, Ah-See K, Richardson H, Wilson JA. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 February; 28(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580874&dopt=Abstract
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A cost-effective and rational surgical approach to patients with snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Utley DS, Shin EJ, Clerk AA, Terris DJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 June; 107(6): 726-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185727&dopt=Abstract
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A magnetic appliance for treatment of snoring patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Bernhold M, Bondemark L. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 1998 February; 113(2): 144-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9484205&dopt=Abstract
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A matched comparison of MMPI responses in patients with primary snoring or obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Aikens JE, Mendelson WB. Source: Sleep. 1999 May 1; 22(3): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10341386&dopt=Abstract
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A new acoustic method of differentiating palatal from non-palatal snoring. Author(s): Osborne JE, Osman EZ, Hill PD, Lee BV, Sparkes C. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 April; 24(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225159&dopt=Abstract
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A new method for evaluating and reporting the severity of snoring. Author(s): Lim PV, Curry AR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1999 April; 113(4): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10474668&dopt=Abstract
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A reversible uvulopalatal flap for snoring and sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Powell N, Riley R, Guilleminault C, Troell R. Source: Sleep. 1996 September; 19(7): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899940&dopt=Abstract
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A review of oral devices in the treatment of habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Author(s): Lindman R, Bondemark L. Source: Swed Dent J. 2001; 25(1): 39-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392605&dopt=Abstract
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A simple audio data logger for objective assessment of snoring in the home. Author(s): Lee BW, Hill PD, Osborne J, Osman E. Source: Physiological Measurement. 1999 May; 20(2): 119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390014&dopt=Abstract
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A subjective evaluation of a nasal dilator on sleep & snoring. Author(s): Scharf MB, Brannen DE, McDannold M. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1994 June; 73(6): 395-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8076538&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of habitual snoring in centenarians. Author(s): Shiomi T, Guilleminault C, Kayukawa Y, Wakida Y, Okamoto Y, Kobayashi T. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1997 January; 45(1): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8994494&dopt=Abstract
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Abductor vocal fold palsy in the Shy-Drager syndrome presenting with snoring and sleep apnoea. Author(s): Brown LK. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 July; 111(7): 689-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9282217&dopt=Abstract
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Abductor vocal fold palsy in the Shy-Drager syndrome presenting with snoring and sleep apnoea. Author(s): McBrien F, Spraggs PD, Harcourt JP, Croft CB. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1996 July; 110(7): 681-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8759548&dopt=Abstract
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Acoustic analysis of snoring: review of literature. Author(s): Moerman M, De Meyer M, Pevernagie D. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2002; 56(2): 113-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092318&dopt=Abstract
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Acute effects of transdermal nicotine on sleep architecture, snoring, and sleepdisordered breathing in nonsmokers. Author(s): Davila DG, Hurt RD, Offord KP, Harris CD, Shepard JW Jr. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994 August; 150(2): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8049831&dopt=Abstract
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Addressing snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: a problem often overlooked in women. Author(s): Laniado N, Goldberg R, Fry JM. Source: Compendium. 1993 December; 14(12): 1572, 1574, 1576 Passim. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8149397&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative medicine and snoring. Author(s): Leo G. Source: Wis Med J. 1997 March; 96(3): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086849&dopt=Abstract
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Ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in subjects with untreated obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring, compared with matched control subjects, and their response to treatment. Author(s): Davies RJ, Crosby J, Prothero A, Stradling JR. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1994 April; 86(4): 417-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8168336&dopt=Abstract
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An introduction to snoring and sleep apnea for dental practitioners. Author(s): Robinson E, Chervin RD, Garetz SL, Avidan AY. Source: J Mich Dent Assoc. 2001 October; 83(8): 32-6, 38-9, 58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764704&dopt=Abstract
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An overview of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Part One: Evaluation and diagnosis. Author(s): Parker JA. Source: Northwest Dent. 1995 January-February; 74(1): 17-22. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9462103&dopt=Abstract
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Anterior mandibular positioning device for treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Author(s): Faber CE, Grymer L, Hjorth T. Source: Rhinology. 2003 September; 41(3): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14579658&dopt=Abstract
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Apnea and snoring: state of the art and future directions. Author(s): Hoffstein V. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2002; 56(2): 205-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092331&dopt=Abstract
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Are snoring medical students at risk of failing their exams? Author(s): Ficker JH, Wiest GH, Lehnert G, Meyer M, Hahn EG. Source: Sleep. 1999 March 15; 22(2): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10201064&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment and management of snoring: a surgical perspective. Author(s): Carney AS, Robinson PJ. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1995 May 17-June 6; 53(10): 515-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640812&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment and management of the patient presenting with snoring. Author(s): Naughton MT. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 November; 31(11): 985-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471953&dopt=Abstract
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Available techniques for objective assessment of upper airway narrowing in snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Faber CE, Grymer L. Source: Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung. 2003 June; 7(2): 77-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861487&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioural and neurocognitive implications of snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in children: facts and theory. Author(s): O'Brien LM, Gozal D. Source: Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2002 March; 3(1): 3-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065176&dopt=Abstract
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Better quality of life when nasal breathing of snoring men is improved at night. Author(s): Loth S, Petruson B, Wiren L, Wilhelmsen L. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1999 January; 125(1): 64-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9932590&dopt=Abstract
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Biomechanics of snoring. Author(s): Huang L, Quinn SJ, Ellis PD, Williams JE. Source: Endeavour. 1995; 19(3): 96-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7493592&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure, snoring, obesity, and nocturnal hypoxaemia. Author(s): Hoffstein V. Source: Lancet. 1994 September 3; 344(8923): 643-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7915347&dopt=Abstract
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Body mass index less than 28 kg/m2 is a predictor of subjective improvement after laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Rollheim J, Miljeteig H, Osnes T. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 March; 109(3): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089967&dopt=Abstract
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BP and arterial distensibility in children with primary snoring. Author(s): Kwok KL, Ng DK, Cheung YF. Source: Chest. 2003 May; 123(5): 1561-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740274&dopt=Abstract
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Breathing pattern during sleep disruptive snoring. Author(s): Bloch KE, Li Y, Sackner MA, Russi EW. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1997 March; 10(3): 576-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9072988&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. Three years ago, my husband went to a sleep clinic for his snoring. He was diagnosed with moderate sleep apnea and given a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device. He has been sleeping like a baby ever since-and so have I. Here's my question: when he reapplied for life insurance, his rating went from super-preferred to borderline insurable. Is there that much risk, even though he faithfully wears his mask every night? I would warn anyone who has a snoring problem to get life insurance before going to the sleep clinic! Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2003 September; 28(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14505972&dopt=Abstract
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Can singing exercises reduce snoring? A pilot study. Author(s): Ojay A, Ernst E. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2000 September; 8(3): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11068344&dopt=Abstract
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Can snoring induce or worsen obstructive sleep apnea? Author(s): Teculescu D. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1998 February; 50(2): 125-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9572566&dopt=Abstract
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Carbon dioxide laser surgery for snoring: results in 192 patients. Author(s): Cheng DS, Weng JC, Yang PW, Cheng LH. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 April; 118(4): 486-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560100&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac arrhythmias, snoring, and sleep apnea. Author(s): Hoffstein V, Mateika S. Source: Chest. 1994 August; 106(2): 466-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7774322&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiorespiratory and autonomic interactions during snoring related resistive breathing. Author(s): Mateika JH, Mitru G. Source: Sleep. 2001 March 15; 24(2): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247058&dopt=Abstract
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Cause of snoring should be identified and treated. Author(s): George PT. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1993 March; 24(3): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816200&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalometric assessment of snoring and nonsnoring children. Author(s): Kulnis R, Nelson S, Strohl K, Hans M. Source: Chest. 2000 September; 118(3): 596-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10988178&dopt=Abstract
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Cephalometric comparison of characteristics in chronically snoring patients with and without sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Frohberg U, Naples RJ, Jones DL. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1995 July; 80(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7552857&dopt=Abstract
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Cervical positional effects on snoring and apneas. Author(s): Kushida CA, Rao S, Guilleminault C, Giraudo S, Hsieh J, Hyde P, Dement WC. Source: Sleep Res Online. 1999; 2(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11382876&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in snoring characteristics after 30 days of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in patients with non-apnoeic snoring: a controlled trial. Author(s): Series F, Marc I. Source: Thorax. 1994 June; 49(6): 562-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8016794&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in snoring during natural sleep identified by acoustic crest factor analysis at different times of night. Author(s): Hill PD, Osman EZ, Osborne JE, Lee BW. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2000 December; 25(6): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122290&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic nasal congestion at night is a risk factor for snoring in a population-based cohort study. Author(s): Young T, Finn L, Palta M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 June 25; 161(12): 1514-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427099&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical trial of an oral vestibular shield for the control of snoring. Author(s): Veres E. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1993 January; 48(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9511609&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing perceptions and measurements of snoring. Author(s): Hoffstein V, Mateika S, Nash S. Source: Sleep. 1996 December; 19(10): 783-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9085486&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing pressures required to abolish snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Hoffstein V, Oliver Z. Source: Can Respir J. 2001 November-December; 8(6): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753456&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing the outcome of two surgical treatments for snoring using a patientorientated measure of benefit. Author(s): Richardson HC, Prichard AJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1997 October; 22(5): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9372259&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of methods for assessing snoring. Author(s): Smithson AJ, White JE, Griffiths CJ, Prichard AJ, Close PR, Drinnan MJ, Marshall HF, Gibson GJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1995 October; 20(5): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8582078&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the effectiveness of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and laser palatoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Shehab ZP, Robin PE. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1997 April; 22(2): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160931&dopt=Abstract
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Complications of palatoplasty for snoring or sleep apnoea. Author(s): Lee WC, Skinner DW, Prichard AJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 December; 111(12): 1151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9509104&dopt=Abstract
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Complications of snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults. Author(s): Coleman J. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1999 April; 32(2): 223-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385533&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of the “don't know” response to questions about snoring. Author(s): Bliwise DL, Swan GE, Carmelli D, La Rue A. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 December; 160(6): 1812-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588590&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation between anthropometric measurements of the oropharyngeal area and severity of apnea in patients with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Min YG, Jang YJ, Rhee CK, Kim CN, Hong SK. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1997 October; 24(4): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352833&dopt=Abstract
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Craniofacial modifications in children with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea: a case-control study. Author(s): Zucconi M, Caprioglio A, Calori G, Ferini-Strambi L, Oldani A, Castronovo C, Smirne S. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 February; 13(2): 411-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065690&dopt=Abstract
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Craniomandibular status and function in patients with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea after nocturnal treatment with a mandibular advancement splint: a 2-year follow-up. Author(s): Bondemark L, Lindman R. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 2000 February; 22(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10721245&dopt=Abstract
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Critical analysis of the results of surgery in the treatment of snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Author(s): Pepin JL, Veale D, Mayer P, Bettega G, Wuyam B, Levy P. Source: Sleep. 1996 November; 19(9 Suppl): S90-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122580&dopt=Abstract
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Daytime sleepiness, snoring and gastro-oesophageal reflux amongst young adults in three European countries. Author(s): Janson C, Gislason T, De Backer W, Plaschke P, Bjornsson E, Hetta J, Kristbjarnason H, Vermeire P, Boman G. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1995 March; 237(3): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7891048&dopt=Abstract
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Daytime sleepiness, snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Author(s): Johns MW. Source: Chest. 1993 January; 103(1): 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8417909&dopt=Abstract
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Dementia and snoring. Author(s): Steiner MC, Ward MJ, Ali NJ. Source: Lancet. 1999 January 16; 353(9148): 204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923877&dopt=Abstract
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Dental appliances for snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea: construction aspects for general dental practitioners. Author(s): Ellis SG, Craik NW, Deans RF, Hanning CD. Source: Dent Update. 2003 January-February; 30(1): 16-22, 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619308&dopt=Abstract
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Dental appliances in the treatment of snoring. A comparison between an activator, a soft-palate lifter, and a mouth-shield. Author(s): Marklund M, Franklin KA. Source: Swed Dent J. 1996; 20(5): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9000327&dopt=Abstract
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Dental devices; classification for intraoral devices for snoring and/or obstructive sleep apnea. Final rule. Author(s): Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Source: Federal Register. 2002 November 12; 67(218): 68510-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428642&dopt=Abstract
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Dental side effects of an oral device to treat snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Pantin CC, Hillman DR, Tennant M. Source: Sleep. 1999 March 15; 22(2): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10201069&dopt=Abstract
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Dentist's role in the treatment of snoring & sleep apnea. Author(s): Rondeau BH. Source: Funct Orthod. 1998 January-February; 15(1): 4-6, 8, 10 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9588967&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic and treatment implications of nasal obstruction in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Scharf MB, Cohen AP. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 October; 81(4): 279-87; Quiz 287-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9809490&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic sleep testing in the evaluation of snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Simmons JH. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1998 August; 26(8): 566-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9852852&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic work-up of socially unacceptable snoring. I. History or sleep registration. Author(s): Hessel NS, Laman M, van Ammers VC, van Duijn H, de Vries N. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 March; 259(3): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003268&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic work-up of socially unacceptable snoring. II. Sleep endoscopy. Author(s): Hessel NS, de Vries N. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 March; 259(3): 15861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003269&dopt=Abstract
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Different methods for evaluating daytime tiredness in snoring men. Author(s): Loth S, Petruson B, Wiren L, Wilhelmsen L. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 September; 121(6): 750-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678175&dopt=Abstract
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Digital monitoring of obstructive sleep apnea using snoring sound and arterial oxygen saturation. Author(s): Issa FG, Morrison D, Hadjuk E, Iyer R, Feroah T, Remmers JE, Whitelaw WA. Source: Sleep. 1993 December; 16(8 Suppl): S132. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8178004&dopt=Abstract
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Digital monitoring of sleep-disordered breathing using snoring sound and arterial oxygen saturation. Author(s): Issa FG, Morrison D, Hadjuk E, Iyer A, Feroah T, Remmers JE. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 October; 148(4 Pt 1): 1023-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8214920&dopt=Abstract
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Does 2 years' nocturnal treatment with a mandibular advancement splint in adult patients with snoring and OSAS cause a change in the posture of the mandible? Author(s): Bondemark L. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 1999 December; 116(6): 621-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587595&dopt=Abstract
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Does snoring contribute to presbycusis? Author(s): Hoffstein V, Haight J, Cole P, Zamel N. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 April; 159(4 Pt 1): 1351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10194188&dopt=Abstract
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Does snoring intensity predict flow limitation or respiratory effort during sleep? Author(s): Stoohs R, Skrobal A, Guilleminault C. Source: Respiration Physiology. 1993 April; 92(1): 27-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511406&dopt=Abstract
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Does snoring predict sleepiness independently of apnea and hypopnea frequency? Author(s): Gottlieb DJ, Yao Q, Redline S, Ali T, Mahowald MW. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 October; 162(4 Pt 1): 1512-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11029370&dopt=Abstract
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Does socially disturbing snoring and/or excessive daytime sleepiness warrant polysomnography? Author(s): Boudewyns A, Willemen M, De Cock W, Verbraecken J, Coen E, Wagemans M, De Backer W, Van de Heyning PH. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1997 October; 22(5): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9372249&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of bedtime alcohol on inspiratory resistance and respiratory drive in snoring and nonsnoring men. Author(s): Dawson A, Bigby BG, Poceta JS, Mitler MM. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1997 April; 21(2): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9113250&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Breathe Right nasal strip on snoring. Author(s): Ulfberg J, Fenton G. Source: Rhinology. 1997 June; 35(2): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299650&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of nasal valve surgery by open-septorhinoplasty and lateral cartilage grafts (spreader grafts) on snoring among a population of single snorers. Preliminary report. Author(s): Bertrand B, Eloy P, Collet S, Lamarque Ch, Rombaux P. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2002; 56(2): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092324&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of snoring and obstructive respiratory events on sleep architecture in adolescents. Author(s): Fuentes-Pradera MA, Botebol G, Sanchez-Armengol A, Carmona C, GarciaFernandez A, Castillo-Gomez J, Capote-Gil F. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 July; 157(7): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860785&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the external nasal dilator Breathe Right on snoring. Author(s): Todorova A, Schellenberg R, Hofmann HC, Dimpfel W. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 1998 August 18; 3(8): 367-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9707518&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of two types of mandibular advancement splints on snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Author(s): Lamont J, Baldwin DR, Hay KD, Veale AG. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 1998 June; 20(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9699407&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a mandibular advancement device for the treatment of sleep apnea syndrome and snoring on respiratory function and sleep quality. Author(s): Yoshida K. Source: Cranio. 2000 April; 18(2): 98-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202830&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adenotonsillar hypertrophy on snoring in children. Author(s): Min YG, Kang MK, Park HM, Song BH. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1995 JulyAugust; 57(4): 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7478457&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of body position on snoring in apneic and nonapneic snorers. Author(s): Nakano H, Ikeda T, Hayashi M, Ohshima E, Onizuka A. Source: Sleep. 2003 March 15; 26(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683476&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Breathe Right on snoring: a polysomnographic study. Author(s): Liistro G, Rombaux P, Dury M, Pieters T, Aubert G, Rodenstein DO. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1998 August; 92(8): 1076-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893779&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of electrical stimulation to the soft palate on snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Schwartz RS, Salome NN, Ingmundon PT, Rugh JD. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1996 September; 76(3): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8887800&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocautery versus carbon dioxide laser for uvulopalatoplasty in the treatment of snoring. Author(s): Gnuechtel MM, Keyser JS, Greinwald JH Jr, Postma GN. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 July; 107(7): 848-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217118&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of snoring and its consequences. Author(s): Stradling JR. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1995 April; 50(2): 123-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613544&dopt=Abstract
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Epileptic intermittent snoring. Author(s): Rubboli G, Zamagni M, Michelucci R, Gardella E, Zaniboni A, d'Orsi G, Meletti S, Franca M, Sabetta AR, Tassinari CA. Source: Neurology. 2001 June 12; 56(11): 1601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402129&dopt=Abstract
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Episodes of severe dyspnea caused by snoring-induced recurrent edema of the soft palate in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Bork K, Koch P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 December; 45(6): 968-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712054&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnicity, sex and snoring. Author(s): Hicks RA, Lucero-Gorman K, Ching P. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1997 October; 85(2): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347547&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of an auto-nCPAP device based on snoring detection. Author(s): Lofaso F, Lorino AM, Duizabo D, Najafi Zadeh H, Theret D, Goldenberg F, Harf A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1996 September; 9(9): 1795-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8880093&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of some velar functions before and after surgical treatment of snoring. Author(s): Woisard V, Puech M, Yardeni E, Percodani J, Serrano E, Pessey JJ. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 1998; 50(1): 10-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9509734&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of variable mandibular advancement appliance for treatment of snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Pancer J, Al-Faifi S, Al-Faifi M, Hoffstein V. Source: Chest. 1999 December; 116(6): 1511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593770&dopt=Abstract
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External nasal dilation reduces snoring in chronic rhinitis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Pevernagie D, Hamans E, Van Cauwenberge P, Pauwels R. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 June; 15(6): 996-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885415&dopt=Abstract
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Failures in snoring and OSAS surgery. Author(s): Vicini C, Marani M, Frasconi PC. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(4): 327-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816077&dopt=Abstract
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Familial predisposition to snoring. Author(s): Teculescu DB, Mauffret-Stephan E, Gaultier C. Source: Thorax. 1994 January; 49(1): 95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153952&dopt=Abstract
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Fiberoptic evaluation of the nasal and nasopharyngeal anatomy in children with snoring. Author(s): Wang D, Clement P, Kaufman L, Derde MP. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1994 February; 23(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8170022&dopt=Abstract
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Flextube reflectometry for level diagnosis in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring. Author(s): Faber CE, Hilberg O, Grymer L. Source: Rhinology. 2002 September; 40(3): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357711&dopt=Abstract
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Follow-up of primary snoring in children. Author(s): Topol HI, Brooks LJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 February; 138(2): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174636&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency of snoring and symptoms of sleep apnea among Pakistani medical students. Author(s): Pasha SN, Khan UA. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003 January-March; 15(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870311&dopt=Abstract
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From snoring to sleep apnea in a Singapore population. Author(s): Puvanendran K, Goh KL. Source: Sleep Res Online. 1999; 2(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11382877&dopt=Abstract
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From snoring to sleep apnea syndrome: therapeutic approach. Author(s): Levy P, Robert D. Source: Sleep. 1996 November; 19(9 Suppl): S55-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122572&dopt=Abstract
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Gender and the systemic hypertension-snoring association: a questionnaire-based case-control study. Author(s): Marrone O, Bonsignore MR, Fricano L, Lo Coco R, Cerasola G, Bonsignore G. Source: Blood Pressure. 1998 January; 7(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551872&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic factors in self-reported snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness: a twin study. Author(s): Carmelli D, Bliwise DL, Swan GE, Reed T. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 September 15; 164(6): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11587976&dopt=Abstract
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Growth and biochemical markers of growth in children with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Nieminen P, Lopponen T, Tolonen U, Lanning P, Knip M, Lopponen H. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 April; 109(4): E55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927728&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: effects of early tonsil surgery. Author(s): Zucconi M, Strambi LF, Pestalozza G, Tessitore E, Smirne S. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1993 April; 26(3): 235-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8509246&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual snoring and sleep bruxism in a paediatric outpatient population in Hong Kong. Author(s): Ng DK, Kwok KL, Poon G, Chau KW. Source: Singapore Med J. 2002 November; 43(11): 554-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683350&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual snoring as a risk factor for acute vascular disease. Author(s): Smirne S, Palazzi S, Zucconi M, Chierchia S, Ferini-Strambi L. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1993 October; 6(9): 1357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287955&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual snoring as a risk factor for brain infarction. Author(s): Neau JP, Meurice JC, Paquereau J, Chavagnat JJ, Ingrand P, Gil R. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1995 July; 92(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572063&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual snoring as a risk factor for chronic daily headache. Author(s): Scher AI, Lipton RB, Stewart WF. Source: Neurology. 2003 April 22; 60(8): 1366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707447&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual snoring in an outpatient population in Japan. Author(s): Kayukawa Y, Shirakawa S, Hayakawa T, Imai M, Iwata N, Ozaki N, Ohta T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 August; 54(4): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997853&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual snoring, OSA and craniofacial modification. Orthodontic clinical and diagnostic aspects in a case control study. Author(s): Caprioglio A, Zucconi M, Calori G, Troiani V. Source: Minerva Stomatol. 1999 April; 48(4): 125-37. Review. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431534&dopt=Abstract
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Habitual snoring, sleep apnoea, and stroke prevention. Author(s): Bassetti C. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997 March; 62(3): 303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9069507&dopt=Abstract
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Headache, snoring and sleep apnoea. Author(s): Ulfberg J, Carter N, Talback M, Edling C. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1996 September; 243(9): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892061&dopt=Abstract
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Heavy snorer disease: from snoring to the sleep apnea syndrome--an overview. Author(s): Lugaresi E, Plazzi G. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1997; 64 Suppl 1: 11-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9380955&dopt=Abstract
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Heavy snoring with upper airway resistance syndrome may induce intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure. Author(s): Lofaso F, Lorino AM, Fodil R, D'Ortho MP, Isabey D, Lorino H, Goldenberg F, Harf A. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1998 September; 85(3): 860-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9729558&dopt=Abstract
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High prevalence of allergic sensitization in children with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): McColley SA, Carroll JL, Curtis S, Loughlin GM, Sampson HA. Source: Chest. 1997 January; 111(1): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996012&dopt=Abstract
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Hypersomnia following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Smith RP, Pepin JL, Catterall JR, Levy PA. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 July; 14(1): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10489859&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging for the snoring and sleep apnea patient. Author(s): Schwab RJ. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2001 October; 45(4): 759-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11699240&dopt=Abstract
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Improved nasal breathing reduces snoring and morning tiredness. A 6-month followup study. Author(s): Loth S, Petruson B. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1996 December; 122(12): 1337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8956746&dopt=Abstract
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Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Author(s): Carroll JL, McColley SA, Marcus CL, Curtis S, Loughlin GM. Source: Chest. 1995 September; 108(3): 610-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7656605&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and remission of habitual snoring over a 5- to 6-year period. Author(s): Honsberg AE, Dodge RR, Cline MG, Quan SF. Source: Chest. 1995 September; 108(3): 604-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7656604&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and severity of self-reported snoring in male and female college students. Author(s): Hicks RA. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1992 June; 74(3 Pt 1): 770. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1608713&dopt=Abstract
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Increased nasal breathing decreases snoring and improves oxygen saturation during sleep apnoea. Author(s): Petruson B. Source: Rhinology. 1994 June; 32(2): 87-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7939149&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of gas density on simulated snoring. Author(s): Liistro G, Veriter C, Stanescu D. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 March; 13(3): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232446&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of mandibular protruding device on airway passages and dentofacial characteristics in obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. Author(s): Fransson AM, Tegelberg A, Svenson BA, Lennartsson B, Isacsson G. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2002 October; 122(4): 371-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411882&dopt=Abstract
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Injection snoreplasty: how to treat snoring without all the pain and expense. Author(s): Brietzke SE, Mair EA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 May; 124(5): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337652&dopt=Abstract
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Inspiratory flow-volume curve in snoring patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Amado VM, Costa AC, Guiot M, Viegas CA, Tavares P. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1999 April; 32(4): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10347802&dopt=Abstract
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Intensity of snoring in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders. Author(s): Itasaka Y, Miyazaki S, Ishikawa K, Togawa K. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1999 April; 53(2): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459717&dopt=Abstract
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Intensity pattern of snoring sounds as a predictor for sleep-disordered breathing. Author(s): Van Brunt DL, Lichstein KL, Noe SL, Aguillard RN, Lester KW. Source: Sleep. 1997 December; 20(12): 1151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493925&dopt=Abstract
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Introduction to the mechanism of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring. Author(s): Simonds AK. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1998 December; 53(6): 617-20. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10063332&dopt=Abstract
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Invited editorial on “Neuromechanical interaction in human snoring and upper airway obstruction”. Author(s): Roberts D. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999 June; 86(6): 1757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368333&dopt=Abstract
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Is snoring a health risk? Author(s): Liam CK. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1999 March; 54(1): 155-9; Quiz 160. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972023&dopt=Abstract
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Is snoring dangerous to your health? Author(s): Hoffstein V. Source: Sleep. 1996 July; 19(6): 506-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865510&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a relationship between the degree of nasal obstruction and snoring? Author(s): Jessen M, Fryksmark U. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1993 December; 18(6): 485-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8877225&dopt=Abstract
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Laser palatoplasty for snoring due to palatal flutter: a further report. Author(s): Ellis PD. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1994 August; 19(4): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7994895&dopt=Abstract
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Laser treatment for snoring. Author(s): Lambdin SH. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1994 November; 35(11): 319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7807529&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted surgery addressing snoring long-term outcome comparing CO2 laser vs. CO2 laser combined with diode laser. Author(s): Remacle M, Jouzdani E, Lawson G, Jamart J. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2002; 56(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092327&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted uvula-palatoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Krespi YP, Pearlman SJ, Keidar A. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1994 October; 23(5): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7807636&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP). A new approach to snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Palmersheim LA. Source: Northwest Dent. 1995 March-April; 74(2): 35-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9462091&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for habitual snoring without sleep apnea: outcome and complications. Author(s): Ikeda K, Oshima T, Tanno N, Ogura M, Shimomura A, Suzuki H, Takasaka T. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1997 January-February; 59(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9104749&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: results in 170 patients. Author(s): Walker RP, Grigg-Damberger MM, Gopalsami C, Totten MC. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 September; 105(9 Pt 1): 938-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7666729&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring: medium- to long-term subjective and objective analysis. Author(s): Berger G, Finkelstein Y, Stein G, Ophir D. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 April; 127(4): 412-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296050&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the treatment of snoring and mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Kyrmizakis DE, Chimona TS, Papadakis CE, Bizakis JG, Velegrakis GA, Schiza S, Siafakas NM, Helidonis ES. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 June; 32(3): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921136&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty: long-term results with a treatment for snoring. Author(s): Coleman JA Jr. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1998 January; 77(1): 22-4, 26-9, 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9473829&dopt=Abstract
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LAUP found successful for sleep apnea, snoring. Author(s): Dibler J. Source: Clin Laser Mon. 1994 March; 12(3): 41-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10146768&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal changes in craniofacial factors among snoring and nonsnoring BoltonBrush study participants. Author(s): Nelson S, Cakirer B, Lai YY. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2003 March; 123(3): 338-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637906&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term results of laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Sharp HR, Mitchell DB. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 November; 115(11): 897-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779305&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term results of radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction of the palate for snoring. Author(s): Said B, Strome M. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 March; 112(3): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656422&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term results of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Macnab T, Blokmanis A, Dickson RI. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1992 October; 21(5): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1469754&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term use of mandibular advancement splints for snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea: a questionnaire survey. Author(s): McGown AD, Makker HK, Battagel JM, L'Estrange PR, Grant HR, Spiro SG. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 March; 17(3): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405526&dopt=Abstract
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Magnetic therapy is ineffective for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Dexter D Jr. Source: Wis Med J. 1997 March; 96(3): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086856&dopt=Abstract
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Management of simple snoring in adults. Author(s): Collard P, Rodenstein DO. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1993 December; 48(6): 623-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124301&dopt=Abstract
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Management of simple snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, and moderate sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Levy P, Pepin JL, Mayer P, Wuyam B, Veale D. Source: Sleep. 1996 November; 19(9 Suppl): S101-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122566&dopt=Abstract
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Management of snoring. Author(s): Cotter E. Source: Ir Med J. 2002 February; 95(2): 59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989954&dopt=Abstract
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Management of snoring. Author(s): McConn Walsh R, Harney MS. Source: Ir Med J. 2001 November-December; 94(10): 294, 296. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837625&dopt=Abstract
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Mandibular advancement devices for the control of snoring. Author(s): Stradling JR, Negus TW, Smith D, Langford B. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 February; 11(2): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551752&dopt=Abstract
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Mandibular advancement prosthesis: first-line alternative to surgery in snoring. Author(s): Minhas SS, Dutt SN, Deakin P, Pahor AL. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 July; 115(7): 548-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485585&dopt=Abstract
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Mandibular advancement splint improves indices of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring but side effects are common. Author(s): Neill A, Whyman R, Bannan S, Jeffrey O, Campbell A. Source: N Z Med J. 2002 June 21; 115(1156): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199005&dopt=Abstract
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Mandibular advancement splint: an appliance to treat snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): O'Sullivan RA, Hillman DR, Mateljan R, Pantin C, Finucane KE. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995 January; 151(1): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7812552&dopt=Abstract
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Mandibular advancement splint: the effects on snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): O'Sullivan RA, Hillman DR, Mateljan R, Pantin C, Finucane KE. Source: Sleep. 1993 December; 16(8 Suppl): S143. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8178009&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanical modeling of palatal snoring. Author(s): Huang L. Source: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1995 June; 97(6): 3642-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7790645&dopt=Abstract
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Medical and nondental treatments of snoring and sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Kneisley LW. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1998 August; 26(8): 572-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9852853&dopt=Abstract
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Medical approaches to snoring and sleep apnoea. Author(s): Stradling JR. Source: Trans Med Soc Lond. 1997-98; 114: 17-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824250&dopt=Abstract
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Medium-term outcome of palatal surgery for snoring using the Somnus unit. Author(s): Trotter MI, D'Souza AR, Morgan DW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 February; 116(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827584&dopt=Abstract
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Midline radiofrequency tissue reduction of the palate for bothersome snoring and sleep-disordered breathing: A clinical trial. Author(s): Coleman SC, Smith TL. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 March; 122(3): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699816&dopt=Abstract
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Mirror-focused handpiece for laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the treatment of snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Wong BJ, Scott G, Daly CR. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1999 April; 78(4): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224705&dopt=Abstract
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Morphological assessment of the soft palate in habitual snoring using image analysis. Author(s): Reda M, Sims AJ, Collins MM, McKee GJ, Marshall H, Kelly PJ, Wilson JA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 October; 109(10): 1655-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10522938&dopt=Abstract
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Mucosal-strip/uvulectomy by the CO2 laser as a method of treating simple snoring. Author(s): Morar P, Nandapalan V, Lesser TH, Swift AC. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1995 August; 20(4): 308-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8548960&dopt=Abstract
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Musical snoring. Author(s): Gordon AG. Source: Chest. 2001 May; 119(5): 1621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348985&dopt=Abstract
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Nasal continuous positive airway pressure for nonapneic snoring? Author(s): Rauscher H, Formanek D, Zwick H. Source: Chest. 1995 January; 107(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7813312&dopt=Abstract
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Nasal surgery for snoring. Author(s): Woodhead CJ, Allen MB. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1994 February; 19(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174300&dopt=Abstract
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Nasalance scores in snoring children with obstructive symptoms. Author(s): Nieminen P, Lopponen H, Vayrynen M, Tervonen A, Tolonen U. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 January 30; 52(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699240&dopt=Abstract
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Natural evolution of snoring: a 5-year follow-up study. Author(s): Martikainen K, Partinen M, Urponen H, Vuori I, Laippala P, Hasan J. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1994 December; 90(6): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892764&dopt=Abstract
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Natural history of primary snoring in children. Author(s): Marcus CL, Hamer A, Loughlin GM. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1998 July; 26(1): 6-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710274&dopt=Abstract
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Natural history of snoring and related behaviour problems between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Author(s): Ali NJ, Pitson D, Stradling JR. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1994 July; 71(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067797&dopt=Abstract
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Nausea and the snoring spouse. Author(s): Markowitz N. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1992 November-December; 38(6): 734. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1473693&dopt=Abstract
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Nd:YAG laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Albu S, De Min G, Forti A, Babighian G. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1998; 52(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581201&dopt=Abstract
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Neuromechanical interaction in human snoring and upper airway obstruction. Author(s): Huang L, Williams JE. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999 June; 86(6): 1759-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368334&dopt=Abstract
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Non-invasive beat to beat arterial blood pressure during non-REM sleep in obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring. Author(s): Davies RJ, Crosby J, Vardi-Visy K, Clarke M, Stradling JR. Source: Thorax. 1994 April; 49(4): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8202903&dopt=Abstract
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Nonprescription treatments of snoring or obstructive sleep apnea: an evaluation of products with limited scientific evidence. Author(s): Meoli AL, Rosen CL, Kristo D, Kohrman M, Gooneratne N, Aguillard RN, Fayle R, Troell R; Clinical Practice Review Committee, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Source: Sleep. 2003 August 1; 26(5): 619-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938818&dopt=Abstract
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Normative data on snoring: a comparison between younger and older adults. Author(s): Stoohs RA, Blum HC, Haselhorst M, Duchna HW, Guilleminault C, Dement WC. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 February; 11(2): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551753&dopt=Abstract
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Obesity, hypersomnolence and snoring. Author(s): Hooper AA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 August; 92(8): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244615&dopt=Abstract
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Objective assessment of snoring before and after laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty. Author(s): Walker RP, Gatti WM, Poirier N, Davis JS. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1996 November; 106(11): 1372-7. Erratum In: Laryngoscope 1997 January; 107(1): 148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8914903&dopt=Abstract
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Objective benefit of laser palatoplasty for non-apnoeic snoring. Author(s): Drinnan MJ, Richardson HC, Close PR, Smithson AJ, White JE, Griffiths CJ, Marshall HF, Gibson GJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 August; 24(4): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10472470&dopt=Abstract
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Objective evaluations of the results of treatment for snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Kehoe TJ, Weingarten CZ. Source: Chest. 1999 January; 115(1): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925110&dopt=Abstract
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Observation of the mechanism of snoring using sleep nasendoscopy. Author(s): Quinn SJ, Daly N, Ellis PD. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1995 August; 20(4): 360-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8548973&dopt=Abstract
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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and snoring in patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis. Author(s): Misiolek M, Namyslowski G, Karpe J, Ziora D, Misiolek H, Czecior E, Scierski W. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 April;260(4):183-5. Epub 2002 October 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709800&dopt=Abstract
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Omission of polysomnography in treatment of snoring: common reasons and medicolegal implications. Author(s): Goh YH, Choy DK. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2000 July; 114(7): 519-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10992933&dopt=Abstract
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On “Snoring in the Ancient World”. Author(s): Pirsig W. Source: Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung. 2002 March; 6(1): 27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917262&dopt=Abstract
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Oral appliance therapy for snoring and sleep apnea: preliminary report on 86 patients fitted with an anterior mandibular positioning device, the Silencer. Author(s): Wade PS. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 April; 32(2): 110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866596&dopt=Abstract
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Oral appliances for the management of severe snoring: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Johnston CD, Gleadhill IC, Cinnamond MJ, Peden WM. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 2001 April; 23(2): 127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398550&dopt=Abstract
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Oral appliances for the management of snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Author(s): Bennett LS, Davies RJ, Stradling JR. Source: Thorax. 1998 August; 53 Suppl 2: S58-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193350&dopt=Abstract
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Oral appliances for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Schoem SR. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 February; 122(2): 259-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10652401&dopt=Abstract
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Oral appliances for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: a review. Author(s): Schmidt-Nowara W, Lowe A, Wiegand L, Cartwright R, Perez-Guerra F, Menn S. Source: Sleep. 1995 July; 18(6): 501-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7481421&dopt=Abstract
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Oral appliances in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. Author(s): Ayas NT, Epstein LJ. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 1998 November; 4(6): 355-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10813216&dopt=Abstract
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Oral appliances in the treatment of snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Millman RP, Rosenberg CL, Kramer NR. Source: Clinics in Chest Medicine. 1998 March; 19(1): 69-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9554218&dopt=Abstract
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Oral evaluation and upper airway anatomy associated with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Bailey DR. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2001 October; 45(4): 715-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11699238&dopt=Abstract
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Orthodontic side-effects of mandibular advancement devices during treatment of snoring and sleep apnoea. Author(s): Marklund M, Franklin KA, Persson M. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 2001 April; 23(2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398551&dopt=Abstract
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Outpatient treatment of snoring with CO2 laser: laser-assisted UPPP. Author(s): Kamami YV. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1994 December; 23(6): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7897766&dopt=Abstract
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Outpatient uvuloplasty: an inexpensive, single-staged procedure for the relief of symptomatic snoring. Author(s): Blythe WR, Henrich DE, Pillsbury HC. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1995 July; 113(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7603702&dopt=Abstract
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Overnight pulse oximetry in snoring and non-snoring children. Author(s): Owen GO, Canter RJ, Robinson A. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1995 October; 20(5): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8582069&dopt=Abstract
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Palatal snoring identified by acoustic crest factor analysis. Author(s): Hill PD, Lee BW, Osborne JE, Osman EZ. Source: Physiological Measurement. 1999 May; 20(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390019&dopt=Abstract
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Palatal surgery for snoring: objective long-term evaluation. Author(s): Osman EZ, Abo-Khatwa MM, Hill PD, Lee BW, Osborne JE. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 June; 28(3): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755768&dopt=Abstract
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Palatoplasty for snoring: a randomized controlled trial of three surgical methods. Author(s): Clarke RW, Yardley MP, Davies CM, Panarese A, Clegg RT, Parker AJ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 September; 119(3): 288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9743085&dopt=Abstract
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Patients' and cohabitants' reports on snoring and daytime sleepiness, 1-8 years after surgical treatment of snoring. Author(s): Hagert B, Wahren LK, Wikblad K, Odkvist L. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1999 January-February; 61(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892865&dopt=Abstract
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Patients' and partners' perceptions of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Tytherleigh MG, Thomas MA, Connolly AA, Bridger MW. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1999 April; 28(2): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212872&dopt=Abstract
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Postoperative pain and side effects after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, and radiofrequency tissue volume reduction in primary snoring. Author(s): Rombaux P, Hamoir M, Bertrand B, Aubert G, Liistro G, Rodenstein D. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 December; 113(12): 2169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14660922&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of loud snoring in persons with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Ayas NT, Epstein LJ, Lieberman SL, Tun CG, Larkin EK, Brown R, Garshick E. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 2001 Spring; 24(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11587432&dopt=Abstract
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Pre-operative identification of the level of obstruction in non-apnoeic snoring. Author(s): Raman R, Gopalakrishnan G. Source: Trop Doct. 1999 July; 29(3): 160-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448240&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and correlates of habitual snoring in high school students. Author(s): Shin C, Joo S, Kim J, Kim T. Source: Chest. 2003 November; 124(5): 1709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14605039&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of habitual snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in preschool-aged children in an Italian community. Author(s): Castronovo V, Zucconi M, Nosetti L, Marazzini C, Hensley M, Veglia F, Nespoli L, Ferini-Strambi L. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 April; 142(4): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712054&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of habitual snoring in a sample of French males. Role of “minor” nosethroat abnormalities. Author(s): Teculescu D, Hannhart B, Cornette A, Montaut-Verient B, Virion JM, Michaely JP. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2001; 68(4): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464082&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of sleep apnoea and snoring in hypertensive men: a population based study. Author(s): Sjostrom C, Lindberg E, Elmasry A, Hagg A, Svardsudd K, Janson C. Source: Thorax. 2002 July; 57(7): 602-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096203&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of snoring and sleep breathing-related disorders in Chinese, Malay and Indian adults in Singapore. Author(s): Ng TP, Seow A, Tan WC. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 July; 12(1): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9701437&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in a group of commercial bus drivers in Hong Kong. Author(s): Hui DS, Chan JK, Ko FW, Choy DK, Li TS, Chan AT, Wong KK, Lai CK. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2002 April; 32(4): 149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951926&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in a student population. Author(s): Hui DS, Chan JK, Ho AS, Choy DK, Lai CK, Leung RC. Source: Chest. 1999 December; 116(6): 1530-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593772&dopt=Abstract
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Primary nasopharyngeal tuberculosis in a patient with the complaint of snoring. Author(s): Aktan B, Selimoglu E, Ucuncu H, Sutbeyaz Y. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 April; 116(4): 301-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11945196&dopt=Abstract
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Principles of mandibular advancement device applied to the therapeutic of snoring and sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Petitjean T, Chammas N, Langevin B, Philit F, Robert D. Source: Sleep. 2000 June 15; 23 Suppl 4: S166-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893095&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective study of snoring and risk of hypertension in women. Author(s): Hu FB, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Speizer FE, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 October 15; 150(8): 806-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10522651&dopt=Abstract
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Psychometric performance before and after laser palatoplasty for non-apnoeic snoring. Author(s): Richardson HC, Drinnan MJ, Close PR, White JE, Griffiths CJ, Gibson GJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 August; 24(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10472471&dopt=Abstract
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Puzzling through a case. The snoring accountant. Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2001 May; 26(7): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410442&dopt=Abstract
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Radiofrequency tissue volume reduction of the soft palate in simple snoring. Author(s): Hukins CA, Mitchell IC, Hillman DR. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2000 May; 126(5): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10807327&dopt=Abstract
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Radiofrequency tissue volume reduction: multilesion vs single-lesion treatments for snoring. Author(s): Ferguson M, Smith TL, Zanation AM, Yarbrough WG. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 September; 127(9): 1113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556863&dopt=Abstract
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Radiofrequency versus LAUP for the treatment of snoring. Author(s): Blumen MB, Dahan S, Wagner I, De Dieuleveult T, Chabolle F. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 January; 126(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821769&dopt=Abstract
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Radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction of the soft palate: a new treatment for snoring. Author(s): Emery BE, Flexon PB. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 July; 110(7): 1092-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892676&dopt=Abstract
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Recent advances in surgery for snoring-somnoplasty (radiofrequency palatoplasty) a pilot study: effectiveness and acceptability. Author(s): D'Souza A, Hassan S, Morgan D. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2000; 121(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997071&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing waiting times for sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome and snoring using a questionnaire and home oximetry: results of a second audit cycle. Author(s): West B, Bennett JA, Deegan PC, Merry P, Watson L, Jones NS, Kinnear WJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 August; 115(8): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535146&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between sleep apnoea syndrome, snoring and headaches. Author(s): Neau JP, Paquereau J, Bailbe M, Meurice JC, Ingrand P, Gil R. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 June; 22(5): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110108&dopt=Abstract
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Relative occurrence of flow limitation and snoring during continuous positive airway pressure titration. Author(s): Ayappa I, Norman RG, Hosselet JJ, Gruenke RA, Walsleben JA, Rapoport DM. Source: Chest. 1998 September; 114(3): 685-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9743151&dopt=Abstract
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Reported snoring--does validity differ by age? Author(s): Lindberg E, Elmasry A, Janson C, Gislason T. Source: Journal of Sleep Research. 2000 June; 9(2): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849247&dopt=Abstract
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Response to laser-assisted uvuloplasty for snoring. Author(s): Hausner K. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2002 January; 128(1): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784269&dopt=Abstract
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Results of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty after diagnostic workup with polysomnography and sleep endoscopy: a report of 136 snoring patients. Author(s): Hessel NS, de Vries N. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 February;260(2):91-5. Epub 2002 September 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582786&dopt=Abstract
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Retrospective survey of long-term results and patient satisfaction with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring. Author(s): Hicklin LA, Tostevin P, Dasan S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2000 September; 114(9): 675-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11091829&dopt=Abstract
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Role of snoring and daytime sleepiness in occupational accidents. Author(s): Lindberg E, Carter N, Gislason T, Janson C. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 December 1; 164(11): 2031-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739131&dopt=Abstract
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Simple snoring: current practice. Author(s): Trotter MI, D'Souza AR, Morgan DW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 March; 117(3): 164-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648368&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Krug P. Source: Aorn Journal. 1999 April; 69(4): 792-801. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838091&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring and sleep apnea: dental and medical perspectives. Interview by Mark J. Friedman. Author(s): Eckhart JE, Simmons JH, Reznick JB. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2001 May; 22(5): 414-8, 420, 422. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913268&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring and sleep apnea: the dentist's role in treatment. Author(s): Bailey DR. Source: Dent Today. 2000 November; 19(11): 52-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524779&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring and sleep disturbance among children from an orthodontic setting. Author(s): Nelson S, Kulnis R. Source: Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung. 2001 June; 5(2): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868143&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring as a cause of nocturia in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Author(s): Kinn AC, Harlid R. Source: European Urology. 2003 June; 43(6): 696-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767373&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring as a risk factor for type II diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Author(s): Al-Delaimy WK, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 March 1; 155(5): 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867347&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring cure! Author(s): Walters JM. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 March; 32(3): 102; Discussion 102. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666342&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring detection during auto-nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Author(s): Lofaso F, Leroux K, Quera-Salva MA, Mroue G, D'Ortho MP, Isabey D, Louis B. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 January; 19(1): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843308&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring in infancy. Author(s): Milerad J. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003 April; 92(4): 411-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801104&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring in preschool children: prevalence and association with nocturnal cough and asthma. Author(s): Lu LR, Peat JK, Sullivan CE. Source: Chest. 2003 August; 124(2): 587-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12907547&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring in the first year of life. Author(s): Mitchell EA, Thompson JM. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003 April; 92(4): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801107&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring may not mean that you had a good night's sleep. Author(s): Morgan E. Source: Chest. 2002 August; 122(2): 398-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171806&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring, intermittent hypoxia and academic performance in primary school children. Author(s): Urschitz MS, Guenther A, Eggebrecht E, Wolff J, Urschitz-Duprat PM, Schlaud M, Poets CF. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 August 15; 168(4): 464-8. Epub 2003 May 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773324&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring. Author(s): Marshall WN Jr. Source: Pediatrics. 2004 January; 113(1 Pt 1): 174-5; Author Reply 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14702476&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring's serious side. Author(s): Haslam D. Source: The Practitioner. 2002 January; 246(1630): 55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816420&dopt=Abstract
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Somnoplasty for simple snoring--a pilot study. Author(s): Sandhu GS, Vatts A, Whinney D, Kotecha B, Croft CB. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 October; 28(5): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12969345&dopt=Abstract
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Sound frequency analysis and the site of snoring in natural and induced sleep. Author(s): Agrawal S, Stone P, McGuinness K, Morris J, Camilleri AE. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2002 June; 27(3): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071989&dopt=Abstract
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Subgrouping persons with snoring and/or apnea by using anthropometric and cephalometric measures. Author(s): Hans MG, Nelson S, Pracharktam N, Baek SJ, Strohl K, Redline S. Source: Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung. 2001 June; 5(2): 79-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868145&dopt=Abstract
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Surgical management of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Meyer TK, Woodson T. Source: Wmj. 2003; 102(1): 28-31. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679968&dopt=Abstract
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Temperature-controlled radiofrequency tissue volume reduction of the soft palate (somnoplasty) in the treatment of habitual snoring: results of a European multicenter trial. Author(s): Boudewyns A, Van De Heyning P. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2000 October; 120(8): 981-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200595&dopt=Abstract
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The durability of intraoral devices for snoring and sleep apnea. Author(s): Tyler DW. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2000 October; 66(9): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070625&dopt=Abstract
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The durability of intraoral devices for snoring and sleep apnea: another view. Author(s): Lowe AA. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2000 October; 66(9): 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070626&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of nasal surgery on snoring. Author(s): Elsherif I, Hussein SN. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1998 March-April; 12(2): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9578923&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea on the sleep quality of bed partners. Author(s): Beninati W, Harris CD, Herold DL, Shepard JW Jr. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1999 October; 74(10): 955-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918859&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of surgery upon the quality of life in snoring patients and their partners: a between-subjects case-controlled trial. Author(s): Armstrong MW, Wallace CL, Marais J. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 December; 24(6): 510-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606999&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence and awareness of hypertension and the relationship between hypertension and snoring in the Korean population. Author(s): Kim JS, Song WH, Shin C, Park CG, Seo HS, Shim WJ, Oh DJ, Ryu SH, Rho YM. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2001 June; 16(2): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590903&dopt=Abstract
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The relation between tonsillectomy and snoring. Author(s): Tzifa KT, Shehab ZP, Robin PE. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1998 April; 23(2): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9597285&dopt=Abstract
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The role of habitual snoring and obesity in the development of diabetes: a 10-year follow-up study in a male population. Author(s): Elmasry A, Janson C, Lindberg E, Gislason T, Tageldin MA, Boman G. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2000 July; 248(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10947876&dopt=Abstract
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The snoring spectrum: acoustic assessment of snoring sound intensity in 1,139 individuals undergoing polysomnography. Author(s): Wilson K, Stoohs RA, Mulrooney TF, Johnson LJ, Guilleminault C, Huang Z. Source: Chest. 1999 March; 115(3): 762-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084490&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of snoring in the armed forces. Author(s): Hern JD, Hellier WP, Brasher PF. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1999 October; 145(3): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10579168&dopt=Abstract
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Theophylline in snoring and sleep-related breathing disorders: sleep laboratory investigations on subjective and objective sleep and awakening quality. Author(s): Oberndorfer S, Saletu B, Gruber G, Anderer P, Saletu M, Mandl M, SaletuZyhlarz G. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2000 May; 22(4): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10939035&dopt=Abstract
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Titratable oral appliances for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Lowe AA. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1999 November; 65(10): 571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10612935&dopt=Abstract
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Topiramate for obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. Author(s): Weber MV. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 May; 159(5): 872-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986148&dopt=Abstract
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Transoral radiofrequency treatment of snoring. Author(s): Johnson JT, Pollack GL, Wagner RL. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 September; 127(3): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297816&dopt=Abstract
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Treating obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: assessment of an anterior mandibular positioning device. Author(s): Clark GT, Sohn JW, Hong CN. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000 June; 131(6): 765-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10860328&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of simple snoring using radio waves for ablation of uvula and soft palate: a day-case surgery procedure. Author(s): Wedman J, Miljeteig H. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 July; 112(7 Pt 1): 1256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169909&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with a mandibular protruding device: an open-label study. Author(s): Fransson AM, Isacsson G, Leissner LC, Nasman AB, Alton MK. Source: Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung. 2001; 5(1): 23-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868137&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment options for snoring and sleep apnoea. Author(s): Kotecha B, Shneerson JM. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 July; 96(7): 343-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835447&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment options for snoring. Author(s): Kraft T. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 September; 96(9): 473. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949214&dopt=Abstract
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Upper airway patency and nocturnal desaturation in habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: pathogenesis of sleep-related breathing disorders. Author(s): Boot H, van der Meche FG, Poublon RM, Bogaard JM, Gainai AZ, Schmitz PI. Source: European Neurology. 1996; 36(4): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8814422&dopt=Abstract
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Upper airway sensation in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Kimoff RJ, Sforza E, Champagne V, Ofiara L, Gendron D. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 July 15; 164(2): 250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463596&dopt=Abstract
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UPPP for habitual snoring: a 5-year follow-up with respiratory sleep recordings. Author(s): Friberg D, Carlsson-Nordlander B, Larsson H, Svanborg E. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1995 May; 105(5 Pt 1): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7760670&dopt=Abstract
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UPPP for snoring: long-term results and patient satisfaction. Author(s): Hassid S, Afrapoli AH, Decaestecker C, Choufani G. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2002; 56(2): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092325&dopt=Abstract
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Upright and supine cephalometric evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and snoring subjects. Author(s): Pracharktam N, Hans MG, Strohl KP, Redline S. Source: Angle Orthod. 1994; 64(1): 63-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8172396&dopt=Abstract
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Use of laser therapy in the treatment of snoring. Author(s): Penek J. Source: Sleep. 1994 March; 17(2): 195. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8036375&dopt=Abstract
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Uvulopalatal flap for snoring on an outpatient basis. Author(s): Neruntarat C. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 October; 129(4): 353-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14574288&dopt=Abstract
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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring: long-term results. Author(s): Levin BC, Becker GD. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1994 September; 104(9): 1150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8072364&dopt=Abstract
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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring: the Belfast experience. Author(s): Capper R, Gleadhill I, Cinnamond MJ. Source: Ulster Med J. 1994 April; 63(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8658998&dopt=Abstract
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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty versus laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the treatment of snoring: an objective randomised clinical trial. Author(s): Osman EZ, Osborne JE, Hill PD, Lee BW, Hammad Z. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2000 August; 25(4): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971538&dopt=Abstract
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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty versus laser-assisted uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the treatment of snoring. Author(s): Maw J, Marsan J. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1997 August; 26(4): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9263891&dopt=Abstract
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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty versus sequential uvulopalatoplasty for surgical treatment of snoring. Author(s): Gnuechtel MM, Postma GN. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 June; 165(6): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870362&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of measurements of mandibular protrusion in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring with a mandibular protruding device. Author(s): Fransson AM, Tegelberg A, Svenson BA, Wenneberg B, Isacsson G. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 2003 August; 25(4): 377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938844&dopt=Abstract
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Variable site of oropharyngeal narrowing and regional variations of oropharyngeal collapsibility among snoring patients during wakefulness and sleep. Author(s): Choi JK, Kee WC, Lee JM, Ye MK. Source: Cranio. 2001 October; 19(4): 252-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725849&dopt=Abstract
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Ventilatory response to CO2 in patients with snoring, obstructive hypopnoea and obstructive apnoea. Author(s): Appelberg J, Sundstrom G. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1997 September; 17(5): 497-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347198&dopt=Abstract
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Videoradiography of patients with habitual snoring and/or sleep apnea. Technical description and presentation of videoradiographic results during sleep concerning occurrence of apnea, type of apnea, and site of obstruction. Author(s): Hillarp B, Nylander G, Rosen I, Wickstrom O. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1996 May; 37(3 Pt 1): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8845259&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SNORING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and snoring.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Snoring The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “snoring” (or a synonym): •
Acute effects of transdermal nicotine on sleep architecture, snoring, and sleepdisordered breathing in nonsmokers. Author(s): Division of Thoracic Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905. Source: Davila, D G Hurt, R D Offord, K P Harris, C D Shepard, J W Am-J-Respir-CritCare-Med. 1994 August; 150(2): 469-74 1073-449X
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Magnetic therapy is ineffective for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Luther/Midelfort Mayo Health System, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA. Source: Dexter, D Wis-Med-J. 1997 March; 96(3): 35-7 0043-6542
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Mandibular advancement prosthesis: first-line alternative to surgery in snoring. Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, City Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK. Source: Minhas, S S Dutt, S N Deakin, P Pahor, A L J-Laryngol-Otol. 2001 July; 115(7): 548-51 0022-2151
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Radiofrequency versus LAUP for the treatment of snoring. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France. Source: Blumen, Marc B Dahan, Serge Wagner, Isabelle De Dieuleveult, Thibault Chabolle, Frederic Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 2002 January; 126(1): 67-73 0194-5998
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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty versus sequential uvulopalatoplasty for surgical treatment of snoring. Author(s): Center for Voice Disorders of Wake Forest University, Department of Otolaryngology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1034, USA. Source: Gnuechtel, M M Postma, G N Mil-Med. 2000 June; 165(6): 456-8 0026-4075
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to snoring; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SNORING Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to snoring. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to snoring and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “snoring” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to snoring: •
A four-year longitudinal study of palatal plate therapy in children with Down syndrome: effects on oral motor function, articulation and communication preferences. Author(s): Carlstedt K, Henningsson G, Dahllof G. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2003 February; 61(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635780&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative medicine and snoring. Author(s): Leo G. Source: Wis Med J. 1997 March; 96(3): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086849&dopt=Abstract
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Can singing exercises reduce snoring? A pilot study. Author(s): Ojay A, Ernst E.
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Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2000 September; 8(3): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11068344&dopt=Abstract •
Changes in genioglossus muscle activity in obstructive sleep apnea patients with and without snore guard. Author(s): Zhao Y, Zeng X, Fu M, Huang X. Source: Chin J Dent Res. 2000 May; 3(1): 12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314334&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical application of rhinomanometer. Author(s): Bu GX, Nakano T. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1990 November; 103(11): 956-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2125919&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of palatal snoring surgery in an animal model. Author(s): Lafrentz JR, Brietzke SE, Mair EA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 October; 129(4): 343-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14574287&dopt=Abstract
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Headaches and their relationship to sleep. Author(s): Biondi DM. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2001 October; 45(4): 685-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11699236&dopt=Abstract
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Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the treatment of mild, moderate, and severe obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Walker RP, Grigg-Damberger MM, Gopalsami C. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 January; 109(1): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917045&dopt=Abstract
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Magnetic therapy is ineffective for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Dexter D Jr. Source: Wis Med J. 1997 March; 96(3): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086856&dopt=Abstract
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Nocturnal asthma: physiologic determinants and current therapeutic approaches. Author(s): D'Alonzo GE, Ciccolella DE. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 1996 January; 2(1): 48-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9363115&dopt=Abstract
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Radiofrequency tissue volume reduction of the soft palate in simple snoring. Author(s): Hukins CA, Mitchell IC, Hillman DR. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2000 May; 126(5): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10807327&dopt=Abstract
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Simple treatment for snoring also a means of prediction of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty success? Author(s): Ramalingam KK, Smith MC. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1990 May; 104(5): 428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2370474&dopt=Abstract
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Sleep-disordered breathing: radiofrequency thermal ablation is a promising new treatment possibility. Author(s): Back L, Palomaki M, Piilonen A, Ylikoski J. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 March; 111(3): 464-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224777&dopt=Abstract
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Snoring: theory of compensative resortia. Author(s): Boulware MH. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1968 December; 47(12): 664-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5726545&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment options for snoring. Author(s): Kraft T. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 September; 96(9): 473. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949214&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to snoring; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SNORING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning snoring.
Recent Trials on Snoring The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to snoring.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Neurocognitive Function in Snoring Children Condition(s): Lung Diseases; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Neurologic Manifestations Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To assess associations between behavioral/neuropsychological measures and various measures of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and to determine the prevalence of SDB in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006321
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.
5
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “snoring” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON SNORING Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “snoring” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on snoring, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Snoring By performing a patent search focusing on snoring, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
6Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on snoring: •
Acid reflux and snoring device Inventor(s): Duncan; Lloyd P. (722 Connemara Ct., Venice, FL 34292) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,604,528 Date filed: April 22, 2002 Abstract: A breathing device that is positioned within the mouth between the teeth and inner lips to prevent breathing through the mouth and direct air through the nasal passages to deter snoring. The device also acts to stimulate saliva and is provided with passages at opposite edges of the mouth to direct saliva from the area of the passages to the throat for swallowing of saliva which tend to neutralize the effects of acid reflux. The device also is provided with guide elements to position the breathing control device relative to the mouth and teeth and at the same time prevents mating of the teeth and therefore gnashing or grinding of teeth during sleep. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus to control the breathing and more particularly to suppress snoring and stimulate saliva to counter acid reflux. Sleep disorders include acid reflux and snoring. Reflux is a normal phenomenon but can lead to gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in severe cases and to heartburn in milder cases. Reflux symptoms are often treated as an acid problem and a typical remedy are antacids. Surveys show that about forty five percent suffer from heartburn at least once a month and seven percent as frequently as every day. Also, thirteen percent of adults use antacids as often as two or more times per week. Employers have complained that the annual cost of prescription medicines to alleviate the problems is a serious factor in the cost of operations. With respect to snoring, forty five percent of normal adults snore occasionally and about twenty five percent snore habitually. Various attempts have been made to prevent snoring and hundreds of patent on the subject cover a period from the late 1800's to the present. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06604528__
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Anti-snoring apparatus Inventor(s): Zikria; Bashir (196 Milbrook Cir., Norwood, NJ 07640) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,668,834 Date filed: November 12, 1997 Abstract: An apparatus for preventing a sleeping person from snoring while permitting normal, comfortable sleep, having a flexible shaped body means designed to be worn in proximity to the user's neck and beneath the user's chin. Said shaped body means is designed to restrict the user's forward cervical vertebral flexion, while permitting substantial flexibility of the neck in other directions to maximize comfort and permit normal sleep. The shaped body means has a first end and a second end restrained within proximity to a plane tangential to the rear of the user's neck by a connecting device, yet displaced from immediate proximity to the back of the neck and head whereby said first and second ends of said body means do not encroach between said
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user's neck and the associated bedding, thereby permitting normal repose. Said shaped body means is maintained in the appropriate orientation and proximity to the user's neck and chin by attachment straps passing around the user's neck and adjustablely attached by suitable fastening means. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, in general, to neck collars and, particularly, to neck collars that reduce or eliminate snoring by maintaining the head of the user in an almost erect position so that the user's chin does not slump on the chest. Snoring is a rough, hoarse noise produced by the vibration of air waves passing through a partially obstructed upper respiratory tract (trachea). The posterior pharynx and trachea are the main system of tubes through which air passes to and from the lungs. When the head is held erect, air passes through the trachea unimpededly. However, if the head and neck are flexed, the base of the tongue falls posteriorly and the trachea also becomes flexed which creates a point of partial obstruction. Air passing through this point of partial obstruction causes vibration which produce the unpleasant sound referred to as snoring. The base of the tongue falls posteriorly and the pharynx-trachea frequently become flexed when a person is sleeping. Such a condition can occur when the head of the user droops and the chin rests on the chest. By elevating the chin away from the chest, the pharynx-trachea is straightened and the problem is solved. The effectiveness of the principle of elevating the chin is demonstrated by the fact that in all life threatening situations involving asphyxia, the base of the tongue must be stretched and the pharynx-trachea must be straightened as the first step before administering artificial respiration. Further support for this theory is provided by the fact that no one snores when awake, even when lying in bed; because when awake, the base of the tongue, posterior pharyngeal muscles and pharynx are not relaxed keeping them anteriorly elevated and the chin away from the chest by the pulley action of the muscles at the back of the neck. This control is relaxed during unconsciousness, the structures falling posteriorly obstructing the upper airway. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06668834__ •
Anti-snoring device Inventor(s): Stockhausen; Rolf (Immermannstr. 10, D-40210 Dusseldorf, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,427,696 Date filed: October 2, 2000 Abstract: An anti-snoring device is disclosed featuring a curved cover plate which can be inserted between the lips and teeth of a person in order to cover the tooth spaces. A pair of projections extending from a concave surface of the plate are directed so as to engage behind the teeth of the upper and lower jaw. The device may be made of a plastisizable material so that the plate and its projections can be pressed intimately against the tooth surfaces by tongue or finger pressure so as to envelop both the teeth and regions of the gums adjacent thereto. Excerpt(s): Snoring in human beings is caused by the fact that when breathing occurs through the mouth, the respiratory airflow causes the soft parts of the pharynx, the uvula, the soft palate, and the rear portions of the tongue to vibrate. This occurs predominantly when the upper respiratory passages are constricted and the airflow is thereby accelerated. One circumstance in which constriction of this kind occurs is when the tongue falls back into the pharyngeal cavity. A number of anti-snoring devices have
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therefore been designed that are aimed at preventing this falling movement of the tongue during sleep (DE-C-666 588), or at displacing the lower jaw and thus the tongue forward, so as thereby to keep the respiratory passages open. U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,066, for example, discloses an anti-snoring device of the aforesaid kind whose purpose is to immobilize the lower jaw in a pulled-forward position. This anti-snoring device has a cover plate that is insertable into the space between the lips and teeth of a person, there being provided on the concave side of the cover plate, facing toward the interior of the mouth, a mandibularly directed and a palatally directed projection that, in the inserted state, engage behind the teeth of the upper and lower jaws in such a way that the lower jaw is immobilized in a pulled-forward position. This anti-snoring device is manufactured by heating a blank of the anti-snoring device that is made of a thermoplastic material and thereby plasticizing it. Following insertion of the soft blank into the mouth, the cover plate and the projections are molded with the lower jaw displaced forward, in order to adapt the shape of the blank to the patient's mouth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06427696__ •
Anti-snoring device and method Inventor(s): Schmidt; Bruno (100 Cunningham Dr., New Smyrna Beach, FL 32168) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,467,485 Date filed: October 1, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus that inhibits snoring includes a handle and a distal free end that is disposed at an angle relative to the handle to facilitate placing the distal free end against the soft pallet at the back of a throat. A flexible material such as a sheet of paper is placed into overlying relation to the distal free end and a layer of adhesive is disposed in overlying relation to the paper. When the distal free end of the apparatus is pressed against the soft pallet, the adhesive quickly adheres to the soft pallet so that the paper adheres to the soft pallet when the apparatus is withdrawn. The paper provides rigidity that inhibits vibration of the soft pallet. Multiple layers of paper may be used. In an alternative embodiment, at least one layer of adhesive is applied to prevent vibration of the soft pallet and no paper is needed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates, generally, to devices and methods that help people stop snoring during sleep. More specifically, it relates to a device and method that applies a material to the soft pallet at the back of the mouth to inhibit vibration of the soft pallet as air flows past it. It is known that certain surgical techniques can eliminate the cause of snoring in some people. However, surgery is a rather drastic, expensive remedy that is not without risk. A well-known anti-snoring treatment available overthe-counter is an oil solution that is sprayed onto the back of the mouth. The oil mixture includes olive oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, peppermint oil, and the like. Oil soluble vitamins such as Vitamin E may also be provided in the solution. The oil apparently lubricates the soft pallet at the back of the mouth and perhaps the tongue as well and such lubrication solves the problem for some people. However, some people report unsatisfactory results with such oils. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06467485__
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Apparatus and methods for treatment of conditions including obstructive sleep apnea and snoring Inventor(s): Palmisano; Richard George (8/9 Guilfoyle Ave., Double Bay, New South Wales 2028, AU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,536,439 Date filed: September 30, 1997 Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the treatment of conditions including obstructive sleep apnea and/or snoring resulting from excessive nasal airway resistance are disclosed. A rapid maxillary expansion device (10) is fitted to teeth (12, 14) of the upper jaw, and by operation of the jack screw (20), the maxilla is expanded such that, usually, the intermaxillary suture opens. The expansion is maintained until the maxilla stabilizes, for example by new bone growth along the suture. In this way the minimum crosssectional area of the nasal cavity increases, reducing nasal airway resistance and curing, or at least ameliorating, obstructive sleep apnea and/or snoring. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus and methods for the treatment of conditions including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and snoring. The invention is believed also to relate to the treatment of other upper respiratory conditions. The preferred clinical treatment for OSA is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) which acts to alleviate the occurrence of apneas and hypopneas during sleep. CPAP is the technique of pneumatically splinting the airway open by supplying air at a pressure elevated above atmospheric pressure to the nose, or to the nose and mouth. It is not, however, a curative treatment. Surgical techniques are also known, however they are radical treatments that have generally been disappointing as a curative. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06536439__
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Apparatus for preventing snoring Inventor(s): Fard; Bijan Golriz (Hohe Linde 2, D-30519 Hannover, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,386,201 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus for preventing snoring includes a pillow divided internally into separate air chambers, a sound sensor, an air pressure source, an air pressure reducing unit, and a monitoring unit. The monitoring unit is activated by snoring noises sensed by the sound sensor, is operable to acquire the position of a sleeper's head on the pillow by sensing pressure increase in respective ones of the air chambers of the pillow resulting from the weight of the sleeper's head lying on the pillow, and, in response to such acquiring, is operable to control the operation of the air pressure source and the air pressure reducing unit so as to change the air pressure of selected ones of the air chambers of the pillow and thereby causes a change of the position of the sleeper's head which results in the sleeper stopping snoring. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to devices for preventing snoring and, more particularly, is concerned with an apparatus for preventing snoring by acquiring and changing the position of a snoring sleeper's head on a pillow via sensing and changing the air pressure in separate air chambers in the pillow. In German patent document No.
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DE 37 27 258 C2, a device is disclosed for preventing snoring. The device includes a housing which can be placed as a base underneath a pillow. The housing has a plurality of side walls and a cover rotatably connected with its side walls. An eccentric drive for the cover and an electric motor for driving the eccentric drive are disposed in the housing. Furthermore, an electronic system is disposed in the housing for converting snoring sounds, received via a microphone, into electric energy for operating the electric motor. The eccentric drive sets the housing cover into a rolling or tumbling motion, which is continued until the snoring ceases. A disadvantage of this device is that the housing, which by necessity is hard, together with the cover, which is also hard, significantly limits the sleeping comfort of the device. In German patent document No. DE 41 37 631 A1, an apparatus is disclosed for raising a mattress at the margin thereof in an attempt to stop the snoring by a sleeper on the mattress. The apparatus includes an air-inflatable hollow body disposed on at least one of the two longitudinal margin regions of the mattress. The hollow body is normally empty and lies flat under the mattress. When a snoring sound from the sleeper on the mattress is received via a microphone, a motor driven pump unit is switched on. The pump unit rapidly fills and inflates the hollow body since the latter has a relatively small volume. The inflated hollow body lifts the at least one margin region of the mattress and thereby changes the position of the sleeper such that the snoring will ordinarily stop. If the snoring does not stop, the process must be repeated. A disadvantage of this apparatus is that through the movement of the entire body of the sleeper the sleep disturbance is persistent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06386201__ •
Apparatus for prevention of snoring and improved breathing during sleep Inventor(s): Thornton; W. Keith (5524 Edlen, Dallas, TX 75220) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,516,805 Date filed: March 31, 1997 Abstract: A dental device is provided in which an upper arch (12) and a lower arch (14) are inserted in a user's mouth. A deformable material (20) is included with upper arch (12) and lower arch (14) so as to allow a user to form his or her own teeth molding. A post (16) extends from the upper arch (12) and contacts the lower arch (14) so as to extend the user's lower jaw forward, thereby reducing snoring. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to medical devices, and more particularly to an apparatus for the prevention of snoring and improved breathing during sleep. Snoring is a problem that plagues millions of people. And snoring affects not only the snorer, but also those within earshot of the snorer. Consequently, many attempts have been made to solve this snoring problem. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,117,816 issued to Shapiro, et al., discloses an anti-snoring device that uses a single upper mouth piece with a flange extending downward to maintain the lower jaw in a forward position. Such devices are referred to as one-piece devices. The Shapiro, et al. patent takes advantage of the known technique of extending the lower jaw of a snorer, thereby opening the air passage and reducing or preventing snoring. Similar devices have also been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,994 issued Cook; U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,346, issued to Hayes, et al. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06516805__
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Automatic respiration under positive airway pressure Inventor(s): Griebel; Jutta (Pflaumdorf, DE), Madaus; Stefan (Krailling, DE), Vogele; Harald (Munchen, DE) Assignee(s): Map Medizintechnik Fur Arzt Und Patient Gmbh (de) Patent Number: 6,530,372 Date filed: December 6, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides an automated respiration method involving positive airway pressure. The method comprises a step for measuring the respiratory gas flow and comparing it with a threshold value. A further step is provided for assessing any obstructive respiratory disturbance. An evaluation step evaluates the measurement values and determines whether it is a case of normal breathing, obstructive respiratory disturbance, non-obstructive respiratory disturbance or snoring. Depending on the results provided by the evaluation step, the positive airway pressure is either maintained or modified. It is the advantage of the invention that the respiratory gas flow as well as the airway obstruction are continuously measured, thereby enabling the positive air pressure to be adjusted to different individual states of the patient. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for automated respiration, for example in the CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) therapy and in the biPAP (biphase positive airway pressure) therapy. In the CPAP therapy, a positive air pressure is continuously exerted onto the airways; wherein a pneumatic fixation of the upper airways is achieved and an obstructive respiratory disturbance (sleep apnea respiratory standstill during sleeping) should be avoided. In the biPAP therapy the pressure is exerted intermittently. In both cases, the pressure level is individually adjusted to the patient. In positive pressure respiration the positive airway pressure is used either continuously (continuous positive airway pressure: CPAP) or intermittently (biphase positive airway pressure: biPAP) via a nose mask or nose-mouth mask. This type of therapy is based on the concept that due to a pressure of 5 to 25 mbar the airways in the pharynx can be kept open and that the patient can thus inhale and exhale without hindrance. However, since the CPAP or biPAP apparatuses existing so far do not measure the respiratory gas flow, there is the risk that an applied respiration pressure is not linked with a normal respiratory flow. Since the respiratory flow is not measured directly, complicated diagnostic methods have to be used to document the effectiveness of the respiration therapy (polysomnographic diagnosis and adjusting the respiration therapy over several nights in a sleep laboratory). At present, no CPAP/biCPAP apparatus is known which measures simultaneously quantitatively the respiratory gas flow and the obstruction of the airways. It is known that there is a critical pressure for a collapse of the upper airways. For example, from CHEST, Vol. 110, pages 1077-1088, October 1996, and Sleep, Vol. 19, No. 10, pages 184-188 it is moreover known to avoid sleep apnea by means of a CPAP therapy in which a positive air pressure above the critical pressure is continuously supplied to the patient during sleep. In this case it is assumed that the critical pressure is assessed for each patient prior to the therapy. Moreover, it is intended to measure the critical pressure after the treatment in order to evaluate the success of the therapy. Moreover, it is known from the prior art to determine the critical air pressure as an intersecting point between a straight line through measuring values of the maximum respiratory gas flow at different positive air pressures, said values being inserted into a diagram above the positive air pressure, and the axis of this pressure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06530372__
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Combined cryotherapy and hyperthermia method for the treatment of airway obstruction or prostrate enlargement Inventor(s): Beyar; Motti (Herzliya, IL), DeRowe; Ari (Mosahav Salit, IL) Assignee(s): American Medical Systems, Inc. (minnetonka, Mn) Patent Number: 6,378,525 Date filed: January 29, 1998 Abstract: A method of reducing tissue volume for treatment of airway obstruction, obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, prostate tumor, and other pathologies comprising: applying a cryoprobe with a diameter preferably less than about 2 mm and with a sharp tip to first freeze the affected interstitial tissue of the soft palate, base of the tongue, tonsils or adenoids, singularly or in combination, or to the prostate, or other tissue, and then applying the same cryoprobe to heat the treated tissue. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of reducing tissue volume by applying a unique cryoprobe. The invention is especially useful in reducing pharyngeal tissues, including tonsils and soft palate, in treating upper airway obstruction, such as exists in obstructive sleep apnea, and/or snoring, or in treating an enlarged prostate, and is described below with respect to such applications, but it will be appreciated that the invention could advantageously be used in other applications as well, such as, in treating abundant vascular tissue in the uterus, as found in menometrorrhagia, or in treating hypertrophic inferior turbinates in nasal obstruction. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is of unknown etiology, but it is generally accepted that it results from the combination of a structurally small upper airway and a normal or abnormal loss of physiologic muscle tone during sleep. Patterns of pharyngeal narrowing and collapse suggest that 30-50% of patients with obstructive sleep apnea have obstruction at the level of the upper pharynx or in the retropalatal segment. This can be due to abundant tissue of the palate or tonsillar hypertrophy. An even higher percentage of snorers have the soft palate as the source of the vibrations of snoring. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is a potentially life threatening disorder, which affects up to 2 to 4% of the adult population. Even when not life threatening, it is annoying to a bed mate. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is associated with snoring, which is believed to affect 20% of adults. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06378525__
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Device for preventing snoring and apnoea during sleep Inventor(s): Grosbois; Jacques (Paray-Vieille-Poste, FR), Michaud; Christian (Annepont, FR) Assignee(s): Aeroflux Medical International - Ami (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 6,474,339 Date filed: March 3, 1999 Abstract: The device is for suppressing snoring and apnoea during sleep. It is placed in the oro-pharynx and at the buccal cavity region during sleep. It comprises a flexible tube (1) arciform and transversally flattened, of adapted anatomical design, for being placed between the tongue (13) and the soft palate (15), down to at least the base of the tongue (14). A filter (2) is fixed to the external end of this tube. The filter can be removable. Thus, the air breathed in (10) moves freely from outside up to the larynx, without
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snoring or apnoea. A fixing system (24) is provided so that the tube is maintained well inside the mouth during sleep. Excerpt(s): This is the 35 USC 371 National Stage of International application PCT/FR97/01569 filed on Sep. 5, 1997, which designated the United States of America. The invention concerns an intra-buccal-pharyngeal device for treating ronchopathy. The invention is more particularly aimed at eliminating snoring and preventing sleep apnoea affecting some patients when sleeping. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06474339__ •
Device for preventing stertorous breathing or snoring and for preventing abrasion of the teeth during sleep Inventor(s): De Voss; Torsten (Engkaer 22, Hvidovre DK-2650, DK) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,467,484 Date filed: June 26, 1997 Abstract: Device for prevention of sterotorous breathing or snoring and adapted to be fixed in a person's upper part of the mouth and being characterized in comprising a non-rigid and flexible transverse girder for fixation in the upper part of a person's mouth, preferably at the back of the upper part of the mouth, and a tongue catching member extending downwardly from the non-rigid and flexible transverse girder and produced from an elastic material and which is adapted to fixate the tongue in a forward position so that it does not block the respiratory passages. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for preventing stertorous breathing or snoring and adapted to be fixated to a person's upper row of teeth and having a retaining means for fixating the tongue in a forward position in order to prevent the tongue from blocking the respiratory passages. The present invention furthermore relates to a device for preventing abrasion of the teeth in the upper and lower parts of the mouth as a result of a person's grinding his or her teeth during sleep. Numerous devices of this kind are already known, however they all suffer from the disadvantage that they have to be manufactured especially for the individual user or at least have to be adjusted to the user by people skilled in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06467484__
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Implanatable stimulation device for snoring treatment Inventor(s): Conrad; Timothy R. (Eden Prairie, MN), Knudson; Mark B. (Shoreview, MN), Nickoloff; Robert S. (St. Paul, MN) Assignee(s): Restore Medical, Inc. (st. Paul, Mn) Patent Number: 6,636,767 Date filed: September 29, 1999 Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatuses for treating snoring by implanting a stimulating electrode into a patient. The electrode is placed in stimulating contact with an airway passage-controlling muscle of the patient. The electrode is energized to contract the muscle and alter the airway passage.
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Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to method and apparatus for treating snoring. Snoring has received increased scientific and academic attention. One publication estimates that up to 20% of the adult population snores habitually. Huang, et al., "Biomechanics of Snoring", Endeavour, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 96-100 (1995). Snoring can be a serious cause of marital discord. In addition, snoring can present a serious health risk to the snorer. In 10% of habitual snorers, collapse of the airway during sleep can lead to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Id. Notwithstanding numerous efforts to address snoring, effective treatment of snoring has been elusive. Such treatment may include mouth guards or other appliances worn by the snorer during sleep. However, patients find such appliances uncomfortable and frequently discontinue use (presumably adding to marital stress). Surgical treatments have been employed. One such treatment is uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. In this procedure, so-called laser ablation is used to remove about 2 cm of the trailing edge of the soft palate thereby reducing the soft palate's ability to flutter between the tongue and the pharyngeal wall of the throat. The procedure is frequently effective to abate snoring but is painful and frequently results in undesirable side effects. Namely, removal of the soft palate trailing edge comprises the soft palate's ability to seal off nasal passages during swallowing and speech. In an estimated 25% of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty patients, fluid escapes from the mouth into the nose while drinking. Huang, et al., supra at 99. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is also described in Harries, et al., "The Surgical treatment of snoring", Journal of Laryngology and Otology, pp. 1105-1106 (1996) which describes removal of up to 1.5 cm of the soft palate. Assessment of snoring treatment is discussed in Cole, et al., "Snoring: A review and a Reassessment", Journal of Otolaryngology, pp. 303-306 (1995). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06636767__ •
Management of snoring by oral administration of dimethyl sulfone Inventor(s): Jacob; Stanley W. (Portland, OR) Assignee(s): Elstan Corporation (portland, Or) Patent Number: 6,440,391 Date filed: June 2, 2000 Abstract: A method of managing snoring is provided by the instillation orally of a solution containing 1-20% methylsulfonylmethane by weight dissolved in water so as to cover the mucous membranes of the orophyrnx. Preferably, the solution has between 10%-15% by weight methylsulfonylmethane. The solution may be buffered, and/or a flavoring may be included. The method prefers that instillation occur as close to the sleep event as possible, and it should be at least within thirty (30) minutes to fifteen (15) minutes before a person retires for sleep. The solution may be introduced by spray or drop-wise, and a product packaging the solution in a suitable container is described. Excerpt(s): The present invention broadly concerns the management of snoring by reducing the incidence or magnitude thereof. More particularly, however, the present invention is directed to reducing or eliminating snoring by oral administration of compositions to the orophyrnx region of the throat. This invention directly concerns the method of managing snoring by contacting the mucous membranes of the orophyrnx with methylsulfonylmethane. Snoring is an inspiratory sound which arises during a person's sleep. Snoring is believed to be generally caused by the narrowing of the nasopharyngeal airway such that turbulent airflow during relaxed breathing vibrates the soft parts of the oropharyngeal passage, such as the soft pallet, the posterior faucial pillars of the tonsils and the uvula. Many causes for the narrowing of the nasal
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pharyngeal airway, especially during sleep, exist, as noted below. Snoring afflicts a large segment of the population, and is a condition affecting both sexes of all ages. During wakefulness, a person is typically able to consciously maintain the nasal pharyngeal passageway in an open condition; however, with the onset of sleep, relaxation allows the nasopharyngeal passageway to restrict, and snoring results. It has been estimated that up to 45% of all adults snore occasionally with about 25% being habitual snorers. Snoring increases with age, and it has been observed that about 50% of men and 40% of women are habitual snorers by the age of 60. Lugaresi et al, "Snoring: Pathogenic, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects", Reported in Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (Kryger et al, Editors 1989) at pp. 494-500. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06440391__ •
Mouthpiece for reducing snoring Inventor(s): Zacco; Christopher B. (1217 SE. 7th St., Ocala, FL 34471) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,619,290 Date filed: November 7, 2002 Abstract: A mouthpiece and method for reducing snoring comprise a mouthpiece body of a thermoplastic material having a shape generally complementary to the person's dental arch, including a posterior end having two spaced apart members positioned toward the back of the person's dental arch when properly worn, and an anterior end having an airway opening therethrough, the anterior end positioned when properly worn to support the person's lips spaced apart so that air flows through the airway opening; and a substantially rigid, removable protective mold of a thermostable material, said protective mold complementary to said mouthpiece body and separably engaged therewith so that the mold protects at least lower and lateral peripheries of the mouthpiece body. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of sleep aids and, more particularly, to a thermoplastic mouthpiece for helping to reduce snoring in a wearer. It is well known that many people snore when asleep. Snoring is an unconscious activity which is often not even noticed by the person who snores, but is typically quite bothersome to those sleeping nearby. Medical references define snoring as a rough, rattling, inspiratory noise generally produced by vibration of the pendulous palate, or sometimes by the vocal cords, during sleep. Snoring may be produced as a rale, especially a whistling or sonorous rale produced in the larger bronchi or the trachea. This condition is caused by some narrowing of the upper airway passages, such that when the person is asleep, the airflow is somewhat obstructed and must be forced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06619290__
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Noseform, cover and rest-structure and method Inventor(s): Berke; Joseph J. (West Bloomfield, MI) Assignee(s): Nulli Secundus, Inc. (detroit, Mi) Patent Number: 6,419,687 Date filed: November 1, 1999
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Abstract: A cover and noseform is disclosed for protecting, dilating and maintaining dilution of the nose as well as aligning the nasal passages with the nares of the nose to increase the efficiency of breathing and prevent problems such as snoring. The noseform is applied to cover at least a portion of the nose and causes the end of apex of the nose to be lifted in a direction aligned with the nose and toward the forehead of the person to align the nares and nasal passages of the nose. The noseform includes a first portion adhered to the nose, a second portion adhered to the nose distal from the first portion and a means for moving the second portion toward the first portion to lift the end of the nose toward the glabella or forehead region as well as covering the nose of the wearer. The noseform also includes a rest to prevent a pair of glasses from slipping down the nose and constricting the nasal passages. Furthermore, the noseform of the present invention is designed to be decorated and altered to achieve differing aesthetic appearances including a passage therethrough for creating a sun-tattoo as well as extensions over the forehead. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to an apparatus and method for altering the appearance and performance of the nose. The present invention further relates to a means of elevating the nose from apex to root and changing its shape thereby dilating the nasal passages. The noseform and nasal passage dilator apparatus of the present invention may be designed to provide a protection of the nose and glabella from sun damage. The noseform provides an aid in breathing, increased respiratory efficiency and enhanced performance of physical activities. In another embodiment the noseform acts as a rest support for eyeglasses to prevent slippage which leads to nasal passage construction from the glasses pressing the outside of the nose. The noseform of the present invention allows styling opportunity--a wide variety of sizes and shapes can be imagined. The apparatus may also cover the glabella and other parts of the forehead for additional sun protection. The noseform may contain a cut-out to create a decorative "sun-tattoo". It is well known that humans are most conscious of and constantly trying to improve their appearance. It is also well known that humans are also always trying to improve their health and performance. Many humans have significant problems with the nasal passages of their nose being constrictive thereby preventing easy ad efficient breathing. A brief explanation of the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nose will help to better understand the causes of the above mention problems and the need for this invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06419687__ •
Sleep guard Inventor(s): Weibert; Henry (12531 Del Rey Dr., Santa Ana, CA 92705) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,658,679 Date filed: August 16, 2002 Abstract: The present invention comprises a lightweight, portable guard to separate two people sleeping in a common area. The invention serves to block a great deal of the noise attendant to snoring, and to shield to some degree the transmission of airborne spray emanating from the mouth of a sleeper, and optionally to shield light reaching the sleeper. The device is portable, inflatable with air or a similar innocuous fluid, and easily deflatable for compact storage after use.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for the amelioration of snoring, blockage of light, and transmission of germs between two people sleeping in a common area. The device is soft and malleable, thereby not presenting a barrier to sleepers (such as would be presented by a solid device). The invention thus contributes to better sleeping quality and reduced germ transmission between two people sleeping in a common area. U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,058 for a 2-piece sleeping guard describes a device designed for similar service. However, this device is heavy, requires assembly, and perhaps most importantly, is a solid device. The potential of a sleeping person rolling over into this device, thus inhibiting comfort and continued sleeping, distinguishes this device from the present invention. Furthermore, a multiple component device is subject to the potential loss of a component, thus rendering the entire device useless. Much of the prior art teaches permanently affixed dividers, or devices affixed to an individual sleeper. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06658679__ •
Snore and teeth grinding prevention and treatment Inventor(s): Pivovarov; Alexander R. (10189 W. Sample Rd., Coral Springs, FL 33065) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,675,804 Date filed: April 28, 2003 Abstract: An apparatus adapted for partial insertion within the user's mouth for preventing snoring, teeth grinding, and light forms of sleep apnea is disclosed. The apparatus includes a multi-lobed tongue receiving structure, an undulating connector for connecting the multi-lobed structure to an inner lip plate, a hollow tube connecting the lip plate to a dome-shaped structure formed on an outer shield. The device is inserted within the oral cavity of the user in an operative configuration such that movement of the tongue is restrained within the multi-lobed structure, and the teeth clamp down upon the undulating connector with the lip plate positioned between the teeth and the inner portions of the upper and lower lips. As a result of proper application of the apparatus breathing at night is normalized, while snoring, grinding of the teeth, and apnea are prevented. Excerpt(s): A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrights. The present invention relates to devices for preventing snoring, teeth grinding, and light forms of sleep apnea, and more particularly, to mouth piece for personal use for the treatment and prevention of uncomplicated snoring, light forms of obstructive apnea syndrome, and grinding of the teeth during sleep. Snoring is caused by vibration of the uvula or the soft palate in the interior of the mouth when a person breathes through his/her mouth while sleeping. The act of snoring results in an irritating sound capable of disturbing sleep patterns of many, including the person snoring. In addition to the irritating snoring sound, many consider mouth breathing to be unhealthy as it contributes to dry mouth syndrome, as well as contributing to the development of gum disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06675804__
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Snore prevention apparatus Inventor(s): Gall; Robert A. (2815 Brighton Dr., Waukesha, WI 53188) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,263,877 Date filed: February 19, 1997 Abstract: A snore prevention device is provided for preventing snoring by a user. The snore prevention device includes a generally oval plate positioned in the mouth of the user between the teeth and the lips. The oval plate includes an aperture centered therein to accommodate air flow into and out of the mouth. A tab member extends from a first side of the oval plate and through the lips to position the air passage in the flow of air into and out of the mouth when the lips are separated. The snore prevention device reduces the flow of air into the mouth and hence, reduces the vibration of the uvula, which, in turn, reduces the snoring sound. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to snore prevention devices, and, more particularly, to a snore prevention device which limits the air flow into and out of the mouth of a user in order to minimize snoring. The rough, harsh sound known as snoring is caused when a person breathes through their mouth during sleep so as to vibrate the uvula and/or soft palate in the interior of the mouth. In addition to the irritating snoring sound, it has been suggested that mouth breathing is unhealthy, as it contributes not only to unpleasant dry mouth syndrome, but also contributes to the development of gum diseases such as pyorrhea. In order to combat snoring, a wide variety of snore prevention devices have been developed. Moulton U.S. Pat. No. 746,869 and Stukey U.S. Pat. No. 1,483,649 show devices which block the ingress and egress of air to the mouth. While this may prevent snoring, it is commonplace for a user who cannot mouth breath to incur difficulty sleeping. Further, the proper flow of saliva and other mouth secretions is essential to maintain the moist condition within the mouth. However, by blocking off the mouth, normal circulation of saliva and mouth secretions is prevented. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06263877__
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Snore sensor Inventor(s): Brewer; Sheri L. (Lino Lakes, MN), Stasz; Peter (St. Paul, MN) Assignee(s): Dymedix Corporation (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 6,551,256 Date filed: August 8, 2000 Abstract: A snore sensor incorporating a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film material adapted to be adhered to the skin of a sleeping patient on the patient's throat for detecting mechanical vibrations due to snoring. The PVDF film has a layer of metallization on opposed major surfaces thereof which are insulated from one another by the PVDF material itself and elongated electrical leads individually connect to the metallization layers. One major surface of the film layer is covered by a layer of adhesive tape and the opposite major surface with its metallization is underlayed by a thin layer of plastic film having an adhesive on opposed surfaces thereof. The adhesive on one side of the plastic film layer adheres it to the PVDF film while the adhesive on the opposed major surface of the plastic film is used to adhere the device to the patient's skin.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to biomedical apparatus for use in sleep pattern analysis, and more particularly to a vibration transducer for producing an electrical output signal relating to snoring activity of a sleeping patient. In the Stasz U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,875, there is described a sensing transducer utilizing both the piezoelectric and pyoelectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film material which, when appropriately mounted on a sleeping patient's upper lip, will produce a composite output signal relating to temperature changes due to the impingement of respiratory air on the sensor and mechanical vibration due to snoring. The two signals, being of significantly different frequencies, can easily be isolated using electrical filtering techniques. While the sensor device described in the aforereferenced Stasz patent, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein, works well with many patients, but cannot effectively be used by adult males who happen to have a moustache. Placing the sensor of the Stasz patent on a moustache serves to greatly dampen vibrational energy occasioned by snoring from reaching the PVDF film transducer. Accordingly, a need exists for an improved vibration sensing transducer apparatus that can be used with mustached patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06551256__ •
Systems and methods for modifying behavioral disorders Inventor(s): Morris; Donald E. (44 Marguerita Rd., Kensington, CA 94707) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,544,199 Date filed: March 2, 2000 Abstract: A system is provided for monitoring an undesired behavioral disorder such as bruxism, jaw clenching, or snoring. A processor correlates the monitored behavior with the onset of the undesired disorder. Since behavior of this type is typically subconscious, the sensor is preferably coupled to a warning device to alert the patient when he or she is performing the undesired behavior. Typically the warning device causes the patient to experience an unpleasant sensation, thus promoting the discontinuance of the behavior. In one embodiment the system determines which stimuli is most effective and therefore best suited for an individual patient. The system may further include means to record the monitored data related to the undesired behavioral disorders. This feature allows the patient to receive data related to the rate, duration, intensity, and time of day that the unconscious behavior occurred thus allowing the patient to correlate the undesired behavior with outside factors. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a system and method for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as bruxism, jaw clenching, and snoring. Bruxism is the abnormal excessive and non-functional nocturnal or subconscious grinding of teeth which may or may not be associated with jaw clenching. Snoring is typically related to the manner of breathing (i.e., through the mouth as opposed to through the nose), the sleeping position (i.e., on the back versus on the side), or both. At a minimum, bruxism and jaw clenching will typically result in excessive tooth wear and periodontal problems. Unfortunately in many cases this clenching or bruxing action not only damages the teeth themselves, but also the supporting structure of the teeth including both the hard bony material and the soft tissue. As a result, in more extreme cases these disorders lead to TMJ, jaw displacement, stiff neck, and severe headaches. Research on bruxism has shown that bruxism is linked with stress. Although not everyone who bruxes is under stress, it has been shown that some people grind their teeth more after a
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tense day, or in the anticipation of stress. As stress, or the perception of stress occurs, bruxism is likely to occur. Snoring, unlike bruxism, may or may not be related to stress. Typically snoring is simply a consequence of how a person breathes while they sleep or the position in which they sleep. Often snoring is symptomatic of another problem, such as an allergy, which affects the way in which a person breathes. Therefore once a solution is found to the root problem, the snoring problem may disappear. Unfortunately not all snoring is related to such a solvable root problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544199__ •
Therapeutic agent for the suppression of snoring noises Inventor(s): Bigalke; Hans (Hannover, DE), Frevert; Jurgen (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Biotecon Gesellschaft Fur Bio-technologische Entwicklung Und Consulting (berlin, De) Patent Number: 6,573,241 Date filed: June 8, 2001 Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a therapeutic agent to be administered intramuscularly for suppressing snoring noises a high-purity Clostridium toxin BoNT/A or TeNT or at least one of a high-purity Clostridium toxin BoNT/B, BoNT/C1, BoNT/D, BoNT/E, BoNT/F and BoNT/G is added to a carrier. In an alternative, one or more hybrid proteins as a Clostridium toxin, having a light subunit of a Clostridium toxin of the following group and a heavy subunit of a different Clostridium toxin of the same following group, which group contains BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C1, BoNT/D, BoNT/E, BoNT/F, BoNT/G and TeNT, are added to a carrier. According to another alternative, a complex, containing a Clostridium toxin or a hybrid protein, and further containing one or more therapeutically well-tolerated hemagglutinins and/or pharmaceutically well-tolerated non-toxic proteins, is added to a carrier. The carrier can be an aqueous solution, a saline solution, or liposomes. Excerpt(s): Nightly snoring is not only a psychosocial problem. This disorder represents a risk factor for diseases of the cardiovascular system such as hypertension (Kleitmann, 1963; Lugaresi et al., 1983; Hoffstein et al., 1991) and myocardial (Waller and Bhopal, 1989; Koskenvuo et al., 1985) as well as central ischemia (Koskenvuo et al., 1987). Moreover, patients with constricted respiratory tract are especially at risk of developing a sleep apnea which goes hand-in-hand with an increased mortality (He et al., 1988; Hoch et al., 1986). The soft palate is comprised of the striated muscles M. tensor veli palatini, M. pterygoideus, M. genioglossus, M. geniohyoideus, and M. sternohyoideus. When breathing in, some of these muscles are activated. The degree of activation depends moreover on some other factors which have not yet been elucidated in detail. A disruption of the interaction of the muscles can cause snoring. One reason for snoring is an increased tone of the M. tensor veli palatini during the deep sleep phase. In the REM phase, the muscle tone is lowered and snoring decreases or ceases (Lugaresi et al. 1994). However, when the tension of the muscles is increased, a sounding board is generated which is caused to vibrate as a result of the breathing air passing it. When the vibration frequency is above 20-30 Hz, it becomes audible. The higher the frequency of the vibrations, the higher the pitch of the snoring. The frequency depends on the tension of the muscles: a more strongly tensioned muscle vibrates at a higher frequency than a slightly tensioned one; a relaxed muscle does not vibrate. The volume of snoring correlates with the vibration amplitude which is determined by the speed of the breathing air passing by. When the pathologically tensioned striated muscles are
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paralyzed with a long-acting muscle relaxant, the increased muscle tensions during this deep sleep phase are suppressed, and snoring does not occur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06573241__ •
Use of a 5HT2A and 5HT2A/C receptor antagonist for treating snoring and high resistance syndrome of upper anatomical airways Inventor(s): Cattelin; Fran.cedilla.oise (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Sanofi.sub.-- Synthelabo (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 6,576,670 Date filed: June 19, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of 5HT.sub.2A AND 5HT.sub.2A/C receptor antagonists for the treatment of snoring and upper airway high resistance syndrome. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel use of antagonists of various serotonin receptors, namely the antagonists of the 5HT.sub.2A and 5HT.sub.2A-2C receptors for serotonin, preferably antagonists which are specific for said receptors. Among these antagonists specific for the 5HT.sub.2A and 5HT.sub.2A-2C receptors, it is possible to distinguish several compounds or families of compounds. More particularly, (1Z,2E)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one-O-(2-dimethy laminoethyl)oxime hemifumarate, known under the code name SR 46349B and called hereinafter compound A, has been studied for its biochemical and pharmacological properties. Compound A is an antagonist which is specific for the 5HT.sub.2A receptor, that is to say it has no affinity for the 5HT.sub.1A, 5HT.sub.1B, and 5HT.sub.1D receptors, and has a moderate affinity for the 5HT.sub.2C receptor; in studies on isolated tissues, the absence of activity of compound A on rat stomach fundus indicates a 5HT.sub.2A specificity versus 5HT.sub.2B (M. Rinaldi-Carmona et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1992, 262, 2, 759-768). In rodents, it has been shown that this compound predominantly binds to the regions of the brain containing the 5HT.sub.2 receptor (M. Rinaldi-Carmona et al., Life Sciences, 1993, 54, 119-127). is also a 5HT.sub.2A receptor antagonist described by Doble A. et al., in Br. J. Pharmacol., 1992, 105, 27-36. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06576670__
Patent Applications on Snoring As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.7 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to snoring:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Adjustable nasal dilator filter Inventor(s): Ogle, Ronald Jack; (Alcoa, TN) Correspondence: Ronald J. Ogle; ST. Ives BLVD.; Alcoa; TN; 37701; US Patent Application Number: 20030144684 Date filed: January 23, 2003 Abstract: A adjustable nasal dilator filter incorporating unique insertable symmetrical loops with electrical and mechanical design features for improving breathing, air filtration, sleep and snoring which is adjustable, self adjusting, re-useable, comfortable, safe, economical and uses no drugs or adhesives. The device consists of two symmetric polymer loops formed by a retaining tube. The, material, size, configuration, and electrical characteristics of these loops was designed to improve nasal air filtration as well as reshape and strengthen the internal nasal breathing passageways in order to provide the stated positive benefits. The interface with the nostrils and combined functionality of this device including the air filtration feature and universal adjustability makes this device unique and superior to prior art. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nasal filtration, dilating, and breathing devices. Every year millions of individuals spray chemicals into their nostrils and attach devices to their noses in an attempt to improve nasal breathing. A large percentage of the human population experience periodic nasal air passage restrictions resulting from sinus irritations, changes in barometric pressure, nasal structure and other causes. This condition is particularly annoying at night and often causes poor air filtration, disrupted sleep patterns, excessive breathing through the mouth, dry mouth, snoring, and other discomforts and health problems. Millions of dollars are spent each year on drugs and remedies to deal with this condition. People seeking a non-drug related solution to this problem have no option except some type of mechanical device or appliance. My Nasal Dilator Filter is the only single mechanical device that improves nasal breathing, air filtration, and the above stated conditions. There is currently no prior art that addresses all of these issues. Prior art has attempted to deal with these issues by applying devices to both the outside of the nose and by inserting devices into the nasal cavities. My invention is a simple adjustable, reusable nasal insert device. Prior art mechanical nasal dilators and filtration devices can generally be classified as external or insertable. One example of the external type art is U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,103 by Johnson, granted Aug. 27, 1996. This type art attaches a flat spring to the outside of the nose with adhesives. In spite of several disadvantages this prior art has gained popularity and market success because it is somewhat effective and has virtually no competition. Some of the disadvantages of this external prior art includes; skin irritation, skin discoloration, allergic reactions, not adjustable, uncomfortable, expensive, not reusable and does not accommodate the wide variety of nose sizes and configurations. These devices can be put on one time and cannot be reused or readjusted. If they are put on wrong they must be removed and disposed. In addition, the force and contact of the spring across the bridge of the nose causes discomfort. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Alkylaryl polyether alcohol polymers for treatment and prophylaxis of snoring, sleep apnea, sudden infant death syndrome and for improvement of nasal breathing Inventor(s): Hofmann, Thomas; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: Hana Verny; Peters, Verny, Jones & Schmitt, Llp; Suite 6; 385 Sherman Avenue; Palo Alto; CA; 94306; US Patent Application Number: 20030053956 Date filed: January 23, 2002 Abstract: A method and composition for treatment and prophylaxis of snoring, sleep apnea or sudden infant death syndrome and for improvement of nasal breathing in mammals by nasal and/or pharyngeal administration of tyloxapol or a related alkylaryl polyether alcohol polymer. A spray, liquid or solid composition comprising from about 0.01 to about 20% (w/v), equivalent to about 100.mu.g/ml to about 200 mg/ml, of tyloxapol or another alkylaryl polyether alcohol polymer alone or in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and additives. The composition is administered as a spray, liquid, liquid drops, lozenges or powder suitable for nasal and/or pharyngeal application. Excerpt(s): This application is based on and claims priority of the provisional application Ser. No. 60/264,166 filed on Jan. 24, 2001. The current invention concerns a method and composition for treatment and prophylaxis of snoring, sleep apnea or sudden infant death syndrome and for improvement of nasal breathing in mammals by nasal and/or pharyngeal administration of tyloxapol or a related alkylaryl polyether alcohol polymer. In particular, the present invention provides a spray, liquid or solid composition comprising from about 0.01 to about 20% (w/v), equivalent to about 100.mu.g/ml to about 200 mg/ml, of tyloxapol or another selected alkylaryl polyether alcohol polymer alone, in combination, or in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and additives. The composition is administered as a spray, liquid, liquid drops, lozenges or powder suitable for nasal and/or pharyngeal application. Snoring and related sleep apnea are amongst the most troublesome sleeping impairments. Snoring is not only a nuisance for other people, but it has been shown, similarly to sleep apnea, to correlate with increased daytime sleepiness and decreased alertness and work performance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Anti-snoring composition Inventor(s): Rifkin, Kenneth; (Portland, OR) Correspondence: Chernoff, Vilhauer, Mcclung & Stenzel; 1600 Ods Tower; 601 SW Second Avenue; Portland; OR; 97204-3157; US Patent Application Number: 20020076448 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: An anti-snoring composition especially effective in the form of a throat spray is disclosed, the composition comprising an aqueous ethanolic solution of seven homeopathic ingredients. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/746,803 filed Dec. 20, 2000. Snoring is a sleep disorder that can range from mild to severe in humans. Mild cases may result in no more than fitful sleep by the sufferer, while severe cases at the
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minimum cause disturbance of the sleep of others, and may result in insufficient inhalation of oxygen by the sufferer, apnea and, in extreme cases, death. Many attempts have been made to devise remedies to alleviate the symptoms of snoring, ranging from surgery to a variety of medicaments. Although surgery has been proven to be somewhat effective, it is a radical and expensive approach that is subject to all the usual risks associated with surgery. There are a few effective drugs available for the treatment of the symptoms of snoring, but these are typically available only by way of prescription. There is therefore a need for an inexpensive non-prescription anti-snoring composition that is safe and effective. This need is fulfilled by the present invention, which is summarized and described in detail below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
ANTI-SNORING DEVICE AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Inventor(s): Strong, Patrick J.; (Kingsville, CA) Correspondence: Law Offices OF David P. Gordon; Attention: David P. Gordon; 65 Woods End Road; Stamford; CT; 06905; US Patent Application Number: 20030056797 Date filed: May 29, 2002 Abstract: An anti-snoring device has maxillary and mandibular bite forms with outwardly extending pivots which are mounted to the bite forms by frameworks which are at least partially embedded in the bite forms. This retains the pivots securely in place even in the face of extensive bruxing. In constructing the device, a jig may be used for positioning the pivots. The method of manufacturing the device involves casting the frameworks, such that each framework has a pair of pivot mounts, mounting pivots to the pivot mounts, and at least partially embedding the frameworks in the bite forms. Excerpt(s): Snoring is a common affliction. It results from the muscles holding the mandible (lower jaw) relaxing during sleep such that the mandible moves posteriorly into the throat. This causes the throat to constrict increasing the speed and pressure of inhaled air which vibrates soft tissue in the back of the mouth. For some, who suffer from sleep apnea, the airway becomes completely blocked thereby interrupting breathing during sleep. Snoring and sleep apnea can be avoided by preventing the mandible from moving posteriorly during sleep. A number of devices have been designed with this purpose in mind. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,633 to Fenton shows two bite forms which may be joined so that the user's mandible projects forwardly of its normal position in order to reduce snoring. This invention seeks to provide an improved anti-snoring device and a method of manufacturing same. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Anti-snoring device comprising a skin compatible adhesive Inventor(s): Barakat, Mohammed Ali; (Pescara, IT), Palumbo, Gianfranco; (Eschborn, DE) Correspondence: The Procter & Gamble Company; Intellectual Property Division; Winton Hill Technical Center - Box 161; 6110 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030149387 Date filed: February 7, 2003 Abstract: Anti-snoring devices, more specifically to externally worn anti-snoring devices covering essentially a wearer's mouth and being adhesively attached to a wearers skin in the peri-oral area are described. The articles utilise an improved adhesive so as to facilitate easy application and removal of the article from the wearer, whilst ensuring maintenance of the article in the desired position. In particular the adhesives provide attachment on greasy and oily skin. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of International Application PCT/US01/24865, with an international filing date of Aug. 8, 2001, and published in English. The present invention relates to an anti-snoring devices, more specifically to externally worn anti-snoring devices covering essentially a wearer's mouth and being adhesively attached to a wearers skin in the peri-oral area. The articles utilise an improved adhesive so as to facilitate easy application and removal of the article from the wearer, whilst ensuring maintenance of the article in the desired position. In particular the adhesives provide attachment on greasy and oily skin. Some different approaches have been taken in the filed of anti-snoring devices, and a number of patents disclose devices intended to be worn externally in the facial area. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Anti-snoring device, method for reducing snoring, and a nasal air cannula Inventor(s): Baecke, Martin; (Dessau, DE), Genger, Harald; (Dessau, DE), Schneider, Hartmut; (Lutherville, MD) Correspondence: Akc Patents; 215 Grove ST.; Newton; MA; 02466; US Patent Application Number: 20040016432 Date filed: July 21, 2003 Abstract: The application relates to an anti-snoring device comprising a compressor and a nasal air cannula, the air compressed by the compressor being blown through the nasal air cannula into the nose of a sleeping person. The invention also relates to an optimized nasal air cannula for the anti-snoring device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an economical device and to a method for reducing snoring and to a nasal air cannula. Obstructive respiratory disorders entail apnea (respiratory arrest) causing the sleeping person to wake up. Frequent apnea prevents the sleeping sufferer from entering recuperative deep sleep. As a result, sufferers incurring apnea during their sleep are sleep-deprived during the day: social problems may arise at work and in the worst case fatal accidents may be incurred, for instance as regards professional truck drivers. Devices for carrying out the therapy of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) are known in the state of the art. CPAP
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therapy is described in detail in CHEST, vol. 110, pp 1077 through 1088, October 1996 and in SLEEP, vol. 19, pp 184 through 188. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Anti-snoring devices and methods Inventor(s): Schmidt, Bruno; (Tampa, FL) Correspondence: Stanley M. Miller, P.A.; Suite 201; 748 Broadway; Dunedin; FL; 34698; US Patent Application Number: 20030062050 Date filed: October 8, 2002 Abstract: A first method for inhibiting snoring includes at least one layer of adhesive that is applied to a soft pallet to prevent vibration of the soft pallet. A second method employs a transdermal patch having an astringent or muscle-contracting drug thereon that is applied to the soft pallet. In a third method, the astringent or muscle-contracting drug is snorted by the user. In a fourth method, the astringent or muscle-contracting drug is applied to the soft pallet by an atomized nasal spray. In a fifth embodiment, a thin electrical device is positioned against the hard pallet in electrical communication with a pair of closely spaced apart electrodes that abut the soft pallet. A low, safe current between the electrodes stiffens the soft pallet and prevents it from fluttering. A denture-like device may be used to hold the thin electrical device in place. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/967,540, filed Oct. 1, 2001, entitled "Anti-Snoring Device and Method", by the present inventor. This invention relates, generally, to devices and methods that help people stop snoring during sleep. More specifically, it relates to devices and methods that inhibit vibration of the soft pallet as air flows past it. It is known that certain surgical techniques can eliminate the cause of snoring in some people. However, surgery is a rather drastic, expensive remedy that is not without risk. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Combined cryotherapy and hypothermia method for the treatment of airway obstruction or prostate enlargement Inventor(s): Beyar, Motti; (Herzliya B., IL), DeRowe, Ari; (Mosahav Salit, IL) Correspondence: Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly Llp; 840 Newport Center Drive; Suite 700; Newport Beach; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020062831 Date filed: January 14, 2002 Abstract: A method of reducing tissue volume for treatment of airway obstruction, obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, prostate tumor, and other pathologies comprising: applying a cryoprobe with a diameter preferably less than about 2 mm and with a sharp tip to first freeze the affected interstitial tissue of the soft palate, base of the tongue, tonsils or adenoids, singularly or in combination, or to the prostate, or other tissue, and then applying the same cryoprobe to heat the treated tissue.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of reducing tissue volume by applying a unique cryoprobe. The invention is especially useful in reducing pharyngeal tissues, including tonsils and soft palate, in treating upper airway obstruction, such as exists in obstructive sleep apnea, and or snoring, or in treating an enlarged prostate, and is described below with respect to such applications, but it will be appreciated that the invention could advantageously be used in other applications as well, such as, in treating abundant vascular tissue in the uterus, as found in menometrorrhagia, or in treating hypertrophic inferior turbinates in nasal obstruction. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is of unknown etiology, but it is generally accepted that it results from the combination of a structurally small upper airway and a normal or abnormal loss of physiologic muscle tone during sleep. Patterns of pharyngeal narrowing and collapse suggest that 30-50% of patients with obstructive sleep apnea have obstruction at the level of the upper pharynx or in the retropalatal segment. This can be due to abundant tissue of the palate or tonsillar hypertrophy. An even higher percentage of snorers have the soft palate as the source of the vibrations of snoring. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is a potentially life threatening disorder, which affects up to 2 to 4% of the adult population. Even when not life threatening, it is annoying to a bed mate. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is associated with snoring, which is believed to affect 20% of adults. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition and method for treating snoring Inventor(s): Weissman, Glenn H.; (Bradbury, CA) Correspondence: Mcdermott, Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20020102316 Date filed: October 10, 2001 Abstract: A composition and method are disclosed in which a anti-snoring solution comprising at least one homopolysaccharide is administered to pharyngeal mucous membranes, e.g., soft palate and uvula. The solution preferably includes oat beta glucan and a suitable delivery agent that will hold the active ingredients in solution, and optionally may be combined with essential oil compounds, vitamins, and/or flavoring agents. The solution is preferably administered in the form of a throat spray. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/250,117, filed Dec. 1, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference. This application relates to a composition and method useful for treating snoring or the effects thereof. It is estimated that over 50 million individuals snore nightly. The term "snoring" generally refers to a rough or hoarse sound that arises from a person's mouth during sleep. Snoring is believed to be generally caused by the narrowing of the pharyngeal airway such that turbulent airflow during relaxed breathing vibrates the soft parts of the pharyngeal passage, such as the soft palate, the posterior faucial pillars of the tonsils and the uvula. A restricted pharyngeal passageway can occur anatomically. For example, in children, this often is caused by obstruction due to enlarged tonsils or adenoids. In adults, it is not unusual for the narrowing to be caused by obesity. Further anatomical narrowing can be simple a matter of heredity, with some persons being predisposed towards a smaller pharyngeal cross-section. A reduced pharyngeal passageway may also be caused by a lack of muscle tone. Snoring may also be exacerbated by consuming either alcohol or drugs (such as tranquilizers, sleeping pills and antihistamines) prior to bedtime. Smoking can also contribute to the incidence of
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snoring since cigarettes may irritate the mucus membranes of the upper airway causing swelling and increased mucus production. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and medical procedure to treat snoring Inventor(s): Clark, Jeffrey G.; (Raleigh, NC), Sherbondy, Anthony J.; (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge, Plc; P.O. Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20020157675 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating snoring, includes injecting least one of a monomer composition, a polymer solution and a microparticle solution into a patient's soft palate, optionally with a least one of an additional medicament, bioactive agent, sclerotic agent or stiffening agent. The injected composition, if not already polymerized prior to injection, is allowed to polymerize to form a polymer within the soft palate, thereby stiffening the soft palate, rendering it resistant to palatal flutter. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions, materials and methods for the treatment of snoring. Monomer and polymer adhesives are used in both industrial (including household) and medical applications. Included among these adhesives are the 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers and polymers, such as the.alpha.cyanoacrylates. Since the discovery of the adhesive properties of such monomers and polymers, they have found wide use due to the speed with which they cure, the strength of the resulting bond formed, and their relative ease of use. These characteristics have made the.alpha.-cyanoacrylate adhesives the primary choice for numerous applications such as bonding plastics, rubbers, glass, metals, wood, and, more recently, biological tissues. It is known that monomeric forms of.alpha.-cyanoacrylates are extremely reactive, polymerizing rapidly in the presence of even minute amounts of an initiator, including moisture present in the air or on moist surfaces such as animal (including human) tissue. Monomers of.alpha.-cyanoacrylates are anionically polymerizable or free radical polymerizable, or polymerizable by zwitterions or ion pairs to form polymers. Once polymerization has been initiated, the cure rate can be very rapid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Dental device Inventor(s): Gaskell, John; (Dandenong, AU) Correspondence: Killworth, Gottman, Hagan & Schaeff, L.L.P.; One Dayton Centre, Suite 500; Dayton; OH; 45402-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20020000230 Date filed: April 5, 2001 Abstract: A dental device is described in the form of a mandibular splint having two arch members interconnected together by a fastener. The fastener of the present invention includes a flange for locating the fastener in the correct location, two tabs arranged to extend in opposite directions from opposite sides of the body of the fastener for connection to two substantially arcuate wings which are pivotally connected to the fastener. The wings are adjustable in orientation both with respect to each other and
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with respect to the fastener and are adjustable in length. The fastener is also provided with an adjustable hook or similar arrangement for interconnecting the two arches together in use to maintain the jaws of a person suffering from a sleep disorder at a predetermined spaced apart relationship to open the breathing passages to ameliorate the sleep disorder. Opening of the breathing passages reduces the chances of a person snoring as well as treating other sleep disorders. The fastener may be adjusted by the use when in situ in the mouth of the person using the splint and is continuously adjustable over the duration of the treatment. One form of the adjustable fastener is a set screw arrangement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medical devices, and particularly to dental devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to dental devices for insertion into the mouth of a person suffering from one or more forms of a sleep disorder so as to prevent the incidence of snoring and/or to provide improved breathing during sleep thereby treating the sleep disorder. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to mandibular splints and in particular to an improved adjustable fastener of the type suitable for use with mandibular splints. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to a fastener for connecting the two parts of a two piece mandibular splint together so as to maintain the two parts in contact with each other in such a manner that at least a part of the two pieces are maintained at a predetermined spaced apart interval with respect to each other when inserted into the mouth of a patient suffering from the sleep disorder whilst the patient is asleep. Furthermore, in addition to having an adjustable fastener located between the two parts of the splint each of the two pieces of the splint themselves are adjustable and can be moved to each adopt a number of different orientations in use go as to conform exactly to the anatomy of the mouth of the person wearing the splint such as for example by being aligned with the exact shape of the row of teeth which makes the splint more comfortable to use. Although the present invention will be described with particular reference to one form of the fastener and one form or the dental device having the fastener it is to be noted that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the described embodiments but rather the scope of the present invention is more extensive so as to include other arrangements and forms of the dental device including the fastener a the two pieces of the splint and the use of the various forms of the device in other applications. Many people suffer from snoring and its effects. Whilst about 8% of the population, in Australia, suffer from some form of seriously debilitating sleep disorder up to about 20% of the population have a snoring problem of some sort that adversely affects their health. Similar numbers of people in other countries also suffer from some sort form of sleep disorder. The adverse effects of snoring not only affect the snorer but also affect those within earshot of the snorer. Previous attempts to provide devices for preventing snoring or improving breathing during sleep have not been entirely successful for a variety of reasons. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Device for monitoring breathing during sleep and ramped control of CPAP treatment Inventor(s): Lynch, Christopher; (New South Wales, AU), Sullivan, Colin E.; (New South Wales, AU) Correspondence: Gottlieb Rackman & Reisman PC; 270 Madison Avenue; 8th Floor; New York; NY; 100160601 Patent Application Number: 20020007127 Date filed: June 6, 2001 Abstract: A CPAP apparatus including: a variable pressured air source and means to vary the air pressure delivered therefrom; a nose piece for sealed air communication with a patient's respiratory system; an air communication line from the air source to the nose piece; a sound transducer adapted to be in sound communication with the patient's respiratory system; and a feedback system controlling the output pressure of the air source in response to an output from the transducer so as to increase the output air pressure from said air source, in response to detection of sound indicative of snoring, in accordance with a predefined procedure. The sound transducer, in its most general form, comprises a pressure transducer which, in addition to detecting snoring sounds, can detect other respiratory parameters such as the rate of breathing, inhaled air flow volume, and inhaled air flow rate. Output air pressure from air source is increased in response to one or more of these parameters in accordance with a pre-defined procedure. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/365,643, filed on Aug. 2, 1999, pending, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/934,176, filed on Sep. 19, 1997, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/838,462, filed on Apr. 7, 1997, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/654,742, filed on May 29, 1996, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/385,742, filed on Feb. 8, 1995, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/100,556, filed Jul. 30, 1993, now abandoned, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/892,692, filed May. 27, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,995, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/548,108, filed Jul. 5, 1990, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/457,757 filed Dec. 21, 1989, now abandoned, which was the National Stage for International Application No. PCT/AU88/00215, filed on Jun. 27, 1988. The present invention relates to the diagnosis and treatment of partial or complete upper airway occlusion, a condition where the upper airway collapses, particularly under the reduced pressure generated by inhalation. This is most likely to happen during unconsciousness, sleep or anaesthesia. A particular application of the present invention is to the diagnosis and/or treatment of snoring and sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is characterized by complete occlusion of the upper airway passage during sleep while snoring is characterized by partial occlusion. Obstructive sleep apnea sufferers repeatedly choke on their tongue and soft palate throughout an entire sleep period resulting in lowered arterial blood oxygen levels and poor quality of sleep. It should be realized that although the following specification discusses sleep apnea in detail, the present invention also applies to the diagnosis and treatment of other forms of upper airway disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Device for preventing sleep apnea Inventor(s): Masayoshi, Furuya; (Nagano-shi, JP), Narihiko, Matsuda; (Kobe-shi, JP) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030056785 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a device which prevents loud snoring and apnea during sleep so as not to cause discomfort to a user as much as possible. Stoppers 4 such as belts or straps having predetermined elasticity are attached to both right and left sides of a lower jaw fitting piece 3 which fits the both sides of the lower jaw, the lower jaw 2 is pushed forward via the lower jaw fitting piece 3 by setting and hanging the stoppers 4 on the nose or head of the face side, whereby occurrence of apnea and loud snoring during sleep is prevented. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for preventing sleep apnea in the field of oral medical treatment. There are surprisingly many people who snore during sleep, and some of them suffer from sleep apnea. Snoring is caused by muscle relaxation during sleep, and when the jaw muscle relaxes, the lower jaw moves rearward and moves the tongue to the rear side of the oral cavity, whereby the breathing airway of the pharynx is narrowed, the breathing airflow eddies, the velum and the surrounding soft muscle vibrates and causes a sound phenomenon called snoring. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Device for suppressing snoring Inventor(s): Boussignac, Georges; (Antony, FR) Correspondence: Stevens Davis Miller & Mosher, Llp; 1615 L Street, NW; Suite 850; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030192549 Date filed: April 21, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns a device comprising a curved tubular body (2), designed to be inserted in the mouth (10) and whereof the curvature corresponds at least approximately to that of the tongue (11). The proximal end of the tubular body (2) is provided with a peripherally projecting stop ring, capable of being positioned on the outside of said patient's incisors (12, 13) Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for suppressing snoring by a patient who is susceptible to episodes of sleep apnea. It is known that snoring is the result of an increase in the flowrate of the air in the upper airways of said patient, this increased flowrate itself being the result of an increase in the resistance to the passage of the air in said upper airways due to the narrowness of these during sleep. This narrowness is a result of insufficient activation of the dilator muscles of the upper airways during sleep. Thus, in order to cure a patient'snoring, attempts have hitherto been made to restore the tone of said dilator muscles by surgery. This involved performing a major and invasive operation, which did not always have a successful outcome. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Intraoral apparatus for enhancing airway patency Inventor(s): Barnett, Shari; (Cardiff, CA), Busch, Lance; (Trafford, PA), Rogers, Robert R.; (Wexford, PA), Sanders, Mark H.; (Wexford, PA), Scarberry, Eugene N.; (Trafford, PA), Starr, Eric W.; (Allison Park, PA) Correspondence: Michael W. Haas; Intellectual Property Counsel; Respironics, INC.; 1501 Ardmore Boulevard; Pittsburgh; PA; 15221-4401; US Patent Application Number: 20010047805 Date filed: January 17, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus for selectively positioning intraoral anatomic features of a human patient to enhance upper airway stability for use alone or in combination with positive airway pressure as therapeutic treatment for obstructive sleep apnea and other conditions, such as snoring, which are symptomatic of upper airway instability. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to an apparatus for enhancing the patency of a patient's upper airway, and, in particular, an apparatus for stabilizing anatomical features associated with the upper airway so as to minimize airway obstruction or restriction. The invention further pertains to an intraoral apparatus having selectively adjustable moving members for optimally positioning various anatomical features associated with the upper airway for optimal upper airway stability, and to a system using such intraoral apparatus, alone or in combination with positive airway pressure or ventilation, as a therapeutic treatment for upper airway instability. Although upper airway stabilization can be used in a wide range of medical applications, the following description discusses the invention as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, hypopnea, and upper airway resistance syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea or OSA, obstructive sleep hypopnea, and upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) are among a variety of known disorders characterized by episodes of complete or partial upper airway obstruction during a state of diminished consciousness, such as sleep, anesthetization, or post anesthesia. OSA, hypopnea, and UARS cause intermittent interruption of ventilation during sleep with the consequence of potentially severe oxyhemoglobin desaturation. Typically, those afflicted with OSA, hypopnea, and UARS experience repeated, frequent arousal from sleep in response to the oxygen deprivation. The arousals result in sleep fragmentation and poor sleep continuity. Consequences of OSA, hypopnea, and UARS may include debilitating daytime sleepiness and cognitive dysfunction, systemic hypertension, cardiac dysrythmias, pulmonary artery hypertension and congestive heart failure. Other consequences may include a predisposition to myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, right ventricular dysfunction with cor pulmonale, carbon dioxide retention during wakefulness as well as during sleep, and continuous, reduced arterial oxygen tension. Moreover, the cognitive impairment resulting from OSA, hypopnea, and UARS puts those afflicted at elevated risk of accidents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATMENT OF SNORING, HYPOPNEA AND APNEA Inventor(s): Kulick, George; (Freeland, PA) Correspondence: George Kulick; 1220 W. Pleasant Valley Road; Parma; OH; 44134; US Patent Application Number: 20020139375 Date filed: April 2, 2001 Abstract: A one-piece oral device for treatment of obstructive sleep disorders such as snoring, hypopnea and apnea comprising a mouthpiece portion that fits within the anterior part of the oral cavity of a person much like the mouthpieces used in snorkel and scuba devices when swimming. The anterior or forward part of the mouthpiece protrudes outwardly through the lips of the user and includes a tongue shaped cavity for receiving the tongue. Bite blocks extending interiorly of the mouthpiece maintain the teeth in spaced-apart relation preventing damage to the tongue. A small channel communicates with the tongue shaped cavity and is connected via a length of tubing to an outside source of low suction pressure for holding the tongue forward. Excerpt(s): The disruption of sleep causes excessive sleepiness during the working hours. Sleep research in the past few years suggest that snoring even without sleep apnea syndrome may also disturb sleep significantly. Sleepiness is a global epidemic. Fatigue accounts for about 40 percent of commercial trucking accidents, which causes 4,000 deaths and 12,000 injuries per year. It also causes a breakdown in marital and family ties. The true nature of the challenge, i.e., to identify and treat the millions of people who have sleep apnea syndrome, is truly staggering. Patients with sleep apnea syndrome are in danger of harming themselves and may be at risk to others. The present invention has been developed to aid in the elimination of snoring and the various degrees of hypopnea and apnea that occur due to pathological disturbances in the sleep process. One of the main reasons of the sleep disturbance is the relaxation of the tongue to varying degrees during the several stages of sleep. When fully awake, the tongue has normal tone as air normally passes in and out of the lungs during respiration. However, during sleep, the tongue is lax. As air is drawn into the lungs by the muscles of respiration, the tongue is drawn back against the posterior wall of the pharynx in a fluttering fashion. As the posterior part of the tongue hits the posterior wall of the pharynx with rapidity, the to and fro action of the tongue causes loud and disturbing snoring sounds. When sleeping a supine position, the effect of gravity makes the snoring worse. The more serious type of sleep disturbance is obstructive sleep apnea, which occurs when the tongue goes against the posterior wall of the pharynx preventing any air from entering the lungs. The effort of the muscles of respiration causes the blockage to seal even tighter. The apnea causes a drop in the blood oxygenation and increases the blood carbon dioxide level. The heart is affected adversely with the blood pressure and pulse rate increasing. Sometimes arrhythmias may occur. The brain is affected by the carbon dioxide buildup causing the person to be aroused. On awakening there is a return to tonicity of the muscles of the tongue, which allow normal breathing to resume. After some time the person goes back to sleep and the process occurs all over again. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus to treat conditions of the naso-pharyngeal area Inventor(s): Conrad, Timothy R.; (Eden Prairie, MN), Knudson, Mark B.; (Shoreview, MN), Tweden, Katherine S.; (Mahtomedi, MN) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20020170564 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: A patient's upper airway condition such as snoring and sleep apnea is treated by selecting a particulate material selected for limited migration within tissue and for encouraging a fibrotic response of tissue to the material. A bolus of the particulate material is injected into the tissue area to structurally stiffen the tissue. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to methods and apparatuses for treating conditions of the naso-pharyngeal area such as snoring and sleep apnea. More particularly, this invention pertains to method and apparatus to stiffen tissue of the naso-pharyngeal area. Snoring has received increased scientific and academic attention. One publication estimates that up to 20% of the adult population snores habitually. Huang, et al., "Biomechanics of Snoring", Endeavour, p. 96-100, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1995). Snoring can be a serious cause of marital discord. In addition, snoring can present a serious health risk to the snorer. In 10% of habitual snorers, collapse of the airway during sleep can lead to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Id. Notwithstanding numerous efforts to address snoring, effective treatment of snoring has been elusive. Such treatment may include mouth guards or other appliances worn by the snorer during sleep. However, patients find such appliances uncomfortable and frequently discontinue use (presumably adding to marital stress). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Movable device against snoring Inventor(s): Ek, Robert; (Alvesta, SE) Correspondence: Ostrolenk Faber Gerb & Soffen; 1180 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100368403 Patent Application Number: 20020189621 Date filed: July 25, 2002 Abstract: A device against snoring which prevents a patient (1) from assuming a supine position but allows the patient to change between lateral positions comprises a pillow which can be positioned on the resting area (5) of a bed or other place for sleeping. The pillow comprises a pillow element (6) and a rigid tensioning element (11) disposed between the pillow element (6) and the resting area (5). The pillow element (6) extends laterally from both sides of the pillow element (8) and comprises, on its extending portions (17,18), fixation organs (19,20) at each of which one of two flexible fixation means (23,24) that are fastened on a upper body clothing (25) are fixable with their free end portions (21,22). The fixation means (23,24) are fastened at the clothing (25) at areas (at 30) corresponding to the left and right lateral portions, respectively, of the latissimus dorsi. Also disclosed is a corresponding upper body clothing (25). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device against snoring including sleep apnea, the device being of a kind preventing the person in question to assume a supine
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position. Snoring not only disturbs others but constitutes also an important medical problem since it can lead to the provision of the breathing organs with air being interrupted at times (apnea) and/or can generally be deteriorated during sleep resulting in impaired oxygenation of the blood. This, in turn, may affect blood circulation, and usually becomes evident by the person feeling tired even after a longer period of sleep. For this reason a person with tendency of snoring or one experiencing accidental apneic episodes during sleep is called a patient. Snoring including apnea is caused or at least promoted by the patient assuming a supine position during sleep since the root of the tongue and the uvula then are displaced rearwards and obstruct the throat. A measure against snoring and apnea during sleep thus is to prevent the patient from assuming a supine position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Multipurpose device for preventing and treating snoring and sleep apnea and /or preventing gnashing of teeth Inventor(s): Alekseevich, Ryazanov Evgeniy; (Moscow, RU), Ivanovich, Bredov Vladimir; (Moscow, RU) Correspondence: Mcdermott, Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20020144685 Date filed: March 22, 2002 Abstract: The invention pertains to the medical devices and may be used as the method for prophylaxis and treating snoring and sleep apnea, and also for preventing gnashing of teeth during a sleep. The device contains joined through the connecting element the cup-shaped fixture and outer and inner restrictive petals with the holes. The petals are set up on the connecting element with an opportunity of moving along it and fixing on it.The cup-shaped fixture has the section in the form of the arc in the surface of the longitudinal axis section of the connecting element in the area of its adjoining to the fixture, symmetrical to the planes of the petals of the fixture, and the section in the form of the parabola in the surface of the axis section, perpendicular to the identified. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to medical devices and is intended for treating snoring, sleep apnea syndrome (short pauses in breathing during a sleep), and also for preventing gnashing of teeth during a sleep. During a sleep a human often can produce non-articulate sounds called snoring, caused by resonant vibrations during the oral cavity tissues and airflow interaction, when the airflow is going through between the palatine curtain and the tongue, and also between the route of the tongue and the posterior wall of the larynx. In the first case these sounds are caused most often by hypotonia of the muscles of the palatine curtain, in the second case, by tongue retraction. Snoring sleep apnea is of great discomfort for the people around and for the snoring person it leads to appearing and developing of different diseases caused by breathing impairment. Sleep apnea can continue from several seconds to two minutes, the total time of such apneas may reach 4 hours during the night. The sequels of the multiple stops of breathing are blood and tissue gas disturbances (less saturation by oxygen) and of oxidation-reduction reactions in the tissues and organs of the organism. As a result those who snore do not have a good sleep and experience some sorts of malaise during the day. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nasal breathing assist devices Inventor(s): Santin, Ernest; (Beverly, MA) Correspondence: Mark G. Lappin, P.C.; Mcdermott, Will & Emery; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020177871 Date filed: May 22, 2001 Abstract: Various embodiments of devices to reduce or prevent nasal breathing and snoring are provided. In one embodiment, the devices have open tubular elements which are conic-frustum shaped along an axis, having a larger diameter first end and taper toward a second smaller diameter second end. The tubular elements may have passageways that extend transversely through the tubular elements. In another embodiment, the first ends of the tubular elements are connected by coupling element. The coupling element can be a curved strut shape that maintains the tubular elements in a spaced apart, generally parallel relationship. In alternate embodiments, tabs extend from the first end of the tubular elements and are elongated in the direction toward the second end. The tabs may be attached to the first end, or extend from tab supports that extend radially from the first ends.The user inserts the tubular elements into the nasal passages to increased airflow through the nasal passages during sleep. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to methods and devices for nasal breathing assist devices, in particular to methods and devices for reducing snoring. Snoring is a condition characterized by rough, loud, rattling breathing or inspiratory noise during sleep or deep coma. The characteristic snoring noise is produced by vibration of the soft palate (the soft tissue in the roof of the mouth near the throat) or vocal chords by inhaled or exhaled air. As the soft palate vibrates, the lips, cheeks, and nostrils may also vibrate, making the snoring louder. Snoring can be caused by underlying physical or disease conditions that restrict air passages and force the patient to breathe with exaggerated force to move air through narrowed nasal passages. Chronic snoring can be the result of obstruction of larynx, upper airways, a deviated nasal septum, and blockages to the nose and nasal passages. Temporary snoring, or a sudden onset of snoring can be the result of stuffy and swollen mucus membranes, as with a cold or hay fever, or a nasal polyp. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nasal vibration transducer Inventor(s): Alfini, Susan S.; (Dayton, MN) Correspondence: Nikolai & Mersereau, P.A.; 900 Second Avenue South; Suite 820; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030236467 Date filed: June 24, 2002 Abstract: A vibration transducer specially configured for attachment to a subject's nose for producing an electrical output signal relating to a subject's snoring pattern. The transducer is shaped so as to have a rectangular portion for bridging the dorsum at least one polygonal pad area adapted to be adhesively secured to the ala nasi. The transducer is a laminated arrangement incorporating a polyvinylidene fluoride film exhibiting piezoelectric properties.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to electronic transducers for use in monitoring snoring episodes during sleep studies, and more particularly to a transducer especially designed to be worn on the nose for producing an electrical output proportional to vibration of selected portions of the nose as snoring takes place. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,875 to Stasz, which is hereby incorporated by reference, there is described a system for electronically monitoring breathing patterns. The system included a transducer, the active element of which comprises a film of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). As those skilled in the art appreciate, this material exhibits both pyoelectric and piezoelectric properties. In accordance with the Stasz '875 patent, the transducer was adapted to be mounted on the upper lip of a subject where it would be exposed not only to vibration resulting from snoring but also thermal differences due to respiratory air flow during nasal breathing. The piezoelectric properties of the PVDF film produces a signal proportional to vibration and the pyroelectric properties produces a signal proportional to temperature fluctuations. In a subsequent Stasz et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,545, there is described a combination thermal and vibration sensor for use in sleep monitor equipment where, again, a thin film of PVDF material is the active element. The PVDF film layer is sandwiched between an outer adhesive tape layer and an inner double-sided layer of adhesive tape. The transducer was particularly shaped for placement on the upper lip such that air entering and leaving the nostrils would impinge upon the transducer and so that a further portion is suspended from the upper lip but overhangs the mouth. The contents of the Stasz '545 patent are also hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in full herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Oral orthesis to reduce snoring and sleep apnea symptoms Inventor(s): Tielemans, W.M.J.; (Maaseik, BE) Correspondence: Bierman Muserlian And Lucas; 600 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10016 Patent Application Number: 20010027793 Date filed: January 11, 2001 Abstract: An oral orthesis for reduction of snoring and sleep apnea symptoms. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an oral orthesis for reducing snoring and sleep apnea symptoms comprising a maxilla pallatum plate (1) and, attached thereon, fixing means (2) to fix the plate in the oral cavity and a tongue positioning device (3). Snoring results from the blocking of the airway by the tongue causing the vibrations when air is passed through. In serious occasions, the blocking can cause a temporary lack of oxygen supply to the brain and unconsciousness which may be life threatening. DE 40 26602 describes such an oral orthesis for preventing snoring. This orthesis has a small maxilla palate plate to which is attached a spring as the tongue position device. The plate is in the form of an arc fitted to the upper row of teeth. The orthesis is anchored in the oral cavity with wires that attach the plate to the teeth. The spring pushes the tongue forward to prevent the blocking of the airway. The disadvantage of the known oral orthesis is that it does not sufficiently prevent the blocking of the airway in all circumstances. The object of the present invention therefor is to provide an improved oral orthesis that better prevents snoring and sleep apnea. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Orthodontic appliance Inventor(s): Bass, Neville M.; (London, GB) Correspondence: Baker Botts Llp; C/o Intellectual Property Department; The Warner, Suite 1300; 1299 Pennsylvania Ave, NW; Washington; DC; 20004-2400; US Patent Application Number: 20030124479 Date filed: November 19, 2002 Abstract: Orthodontic appliance for limiting relative longitudinal movement between the upper and lower jaws to correct malocclusions and/or to prevent snoring. The appliance includes a first component for engaging the upper jaw, and a second component for engaging the lower jaw. A projection is provided on one of the first and second components to abut the other of the first and second components, laterally offset from the jaws. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an orthodontic appliance and to components for forming such an appliance. In particular, the present invention relates to an orthodontic appliance used to correct a malocclusion in which one of the upper and lower jaws protrudes excessively or is positioned further back with respect to the other jaw. Further, the appliance of the present invention, by holding the lower jaw forward, is useful in preventing snoring, in the treatment of sleep apnoea and in the treatment of mandibular joint problems. To treat a malocclusion in which the lower jaw recedes excessively with respect to the upper jaw, it is desirable to encourage the patient to hold the receding lower jaw forward. It is known to provide an orthodontic appliance that either encourages the patient to hold their jaw forward, by making it uncomfortable for the patient to allow the jaw to assume its normal, retracted, position, or which prevents the patient from allowing their jaw to assume its normal, retracted position. This alters the growth of the jaw, and the jaw thereby tends to assume the forward position naturally. Further, the muscles holding the jaw may also be strengthened by holding the forward posture. Ideally, the orthodontic appliances that are used to treat such malocclusions are adjustable. In this way, the patient can be encouraged initially to hold their receding jaw a short way forward, with the amount of forward movement being increased during the course of treatment as the muscles of the jaw strengthen and growth takes place. This is preferable to seeking to encourage all the forward movement in a single step and may promote better jaw growth. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Retention of oral appliances for sleep related disorders Inventor(s): Daltrey, Victor; (Middlesex, GB), L'Estrange, Peter; (London, GB), PullenWarner, Edward; (Kent, GB) Correspondence: Dykema Gossett Pllc; Franklin Square, Third Floor West; 1300 I Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20020189620 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: An oral appliance for the medical treatment of specific sleep related disorders, i.e., snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea, which has a number of sections for each jaw component which can be separated for ease of insertion and removal by patients. The separable components can be moved along an inherent guidance system and safely
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secured in the closed position by a bilateral locking mechanism. By virtue of the difference in paths of location of the main and the separate sections of each component, effective resistance to dislodgement of the appliance is obtained and maintained. This constitutes the claimed significant improvement in appliance retention. Excerpt(s): THIS INVENTION relates to a means of providing a significant increase in the retention of oral appliances designed for the treatment of sleep related disorders, namely snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) with consequent health benefits. Snoring and sleep apnoea are caused by partial or total collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Reduction in muscle tone at the beginning of sleep together with structural factors such as obesity, retro-positioning of the face, retrognathia, tonsillar hypertrophy and macroglossia have been proposed as aetiological factors. There is a wide spectrum of severity from the simple snorer to the patient with very severe sleep apnoea. All patients with obstructive sleep apnoea snore but not all snorers have sleep apnoea. A large proportion of subjects fall into the middle of this spectrum with variable amounts of snoring and OSA. The creation of a pneumatic stent for the upper airway by means of a facial mask and a calculated pressure of air is a safe and effective method of treatment for both snoring and OSA. This approach to treatment is referred to as nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and has for many years been the gold standard for treatment of these conditions. For patients who are simple snorers or those who have OSA with or without excessive daytime sleepiness, CPAP may be an unacceptable method of treatment and other alternatives need to be evaluated. Although compliance with CPAP is generally considered to be high, there is increasing evidence of a lower level of compliance than previously considered with consequent health risk. A surgical approach to the soft palate can be employed for those patients who are simple snorers or who have mild OSA but this is not considered a safe and effective method of treatment for those patients with moderate or severe OSA and moreover the long term effectiveness of such procedures has yet to be evaluated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Sleep apnea risk evaluation Inventor(s): Berka, Chris; (Carlsbad, CA), Cvetinovic, Milenko; (Vista, CA), Furman, Yury; (Los Angeles, CA), Levendowski, Daniel J.; (Carlsbad, CA), Westbrook, Philip R.; (Newport Beach, CA) Correspondence: David A. Hall; Heller Ehrman White & Mcauliffe Llp; 6th Floor; 4350 LA Jolla Village Drive; San Diego; CA; 92122-1246; US Patent Application Number: 20020165462 Date filed: December 28, 2001 Abstract: In a technique for collecting and analyzing physiological signals to detect sleep apnea, a small light-weight physiological monitoring system, affixed to a patient's forehead, detects and records the pulse, oximetry, snoring sounds, and head position of a patient to detect a respiratory event, such as sleep apnea. The physiological monitoring system may contain several sensors including a pulse oximeter to detect oximetry and pulse rate, a microphone to detect snoring sounds, and a position sensor to detect head position. The physiological monitoring system also can contain a memory to store or record the signals monitored by the mentioned sensors and a power source. The physiological monitoring system may be held in place by a single elastic strap, thereby enabling a patient to use the system without the assistance of trained technicians.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the acquisition of physiological data for health signs monitoring and, more particularly, for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. Sleep apnea (SA) is the most common disorder observed in the practice of sleep medicine and is responsible for more mortality and morbidity than any other sleep disorder. SA is characterized by recurrent failures to breathe adequately during sleep (termed apneas or hypopneas) as a result of obstructions in the upper airway. Apnea is typically defined as a complete cessation of airflow. Hypopnea is typically defined as a reduction in airflow disproportionate to the amount of respiratory effort-expended and/or insufficient to meet the individual's metabolic needs. During an apnea or hypopnea, commonly referred to as a respiratory event, oxygen levels in the brain decrease, while the carbon dioxide (CO2) levels rise, causing the sleeper to awaken. The heart beats rapidly and blood pressure rises to high levels (up to 300 mm Hg). The brief arousals to breathe are followed by a return to sleep, but the apneas may recur over 60 times per hour in severe cases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Snore detecting method and apparatus Inventor(s): Duff, Winslow K.; (Export, PA), Shissler, Andrew; (Delmont, PA), Truschel, William A.; (Monroeville, PA), Wheeler, Robert; (Verona, PA) Correspondence: Michael W. Haas, Intellectual Property Counsel; Respironics, INC.; 1010 Murry Ridge Lane; Murrysville; PA; 15668; US Patent Application Number: 20030066529 Date filed: October 7, 2002 Abstract: Method and apparatus for detecting disordered breathing in a patient and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for detecting patient snoring and/or for dynamically determining a snore detection threshold, and to a pressure support system and method of providing pressure support that uses this unique snore detection and/or snore detection dynamic adjustment technique to control the pressure provided to at patient. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) from provisional U.S. patent application No. 60/328,680 filed Oct. 11, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting disordered breathing in a patient and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for detecting patient snoring and/or for dynamically adjusting a snore detection threshold, and to a pressure support system and method of providing pressure support that uses this unique snore detection and/or dynamic adjustment technique to control the pressure provided to a patient. It is known that may individuals suffer from disordered breathing during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which is an example of such disordered breathing, is a condition in which sleep is repeatedly interrupted by an inability to breathe due to an obstructed upper airway segment. Obstruction of the airway is generally believed to be due, at least in part, to a general relaxation of the muscles which stabilize the upper airway segment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Substituted 4-phenyltetrahydroisoquinolinium salts, process for their preparation, their use as a medicament, and medicament containing them Inventor(s): Bleich, Markus; (Hunfelden-Dauborn, DE), Heinelt, Uwe; (Wiesbaden, DE), Hofmeister, Armin; (Oppenheim, DE), Lang, Hans-Jochen; (Hofheim, DE), Wirth, Klaus; (Kriftel, DE) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20030171580 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to novel compounds of the formula I 1in which R1 to R10 R7 are as defined herein. In one embodiment, these compounds may be used as antihypertensives, for reducing or preventing ischemia-induced damage, as medicaments for surgical intervention for the treatment of ischemias of the nervous system, of stroke and of cerebral edema, of shock, of impaired respiratory drive, for the treatment of snoring, as laxative, as agent against ectoparasites, to prevent the formation of gallstones, as antiatherosclerotics, agents against late complications of diabetes, cancers, fibrotic disorders, endothelial dysfunction, organ hypertrophies and hyperplasias. In another embodiment, the compounds may be inhibitors of the cellular sodium-proton antiporter and influence serum lipoproteins and thus be used for the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of foreign priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 of German patent application no. 10163914.7, filed on Dec. 22, 2001 and the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. This application also claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/353,614, filed Feb. 1, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and the trifluoroacetic acid salts. and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and trifluoroacetates thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Substituted norbornylamino derivatives, processes for their preparation, their use as medicaments or diagnostics, and a medicament comprising them Inventor(s): Heinelt, Uwe; (Wiesbaden, DE), Jansen, Hans-Willi; (Niederhausen, DE), Kleemann, Heinz-Werner; (Bischofsheim, DE), Lang, Hans-Jochen; (Hofheim, DE), Schwark, Jan-Robert; (Kelkheim, DE), Wirth, Klaus; (Kriftel, DE) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,; Garrett And Dunner; Franklin Square BLDG., Suite 700; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20010023257 Date filed: December 12, 2000 Abstract: The application discloses substituted norbornylamino derivatives, processes for their preparation, their use as medicaments or diagnostics and a medicament comprising themSubstituted norbornylamino derivatives having exo-configured nitrogen and an endo-fused five-membered ring of the formula I, or having exoconfigured nitrogen and an exo-fused five-membered ring of the formula I a 1in which R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, A, B, S1, and S2 are as defined in the claims, are highly suitable for use as antihypertensive agents, for reducing or preventing ischemically induced
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damage, for use as medicaments for surgical interventions for the treatment of ischemias of the nervous system, of stroke and cerebral edema, of shock, of impaired respiratory drive, for the treatment of snoring, as laxatives, as agents against ectoparasites, for the prevention of the formation of biliary calculus, as antiatherosclerotics, as agents against late diabetic complications, carcinomatous disorders, fibrotic disorders, endothelial dysfunction, and organ hypertrophies and hyperplasias.They are inhibitors of the cellular sodium/proton antiporter. They have an influence on serum lipoproteins and can therefore be used for the prophylaxis and regression of atherosclerotic changes. Excerpt(s): except for benzyl(octahydro-4,7-methanoinden-5-yl)amine, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts or trifluoroacetates. except for benzyl(octahydro)-4,7methanoinden-5-yl)amine, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts or trifluoroacetates. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Substituted thiophenes: compositions, processes of making, and uses in disease treatment and diagnosis Inventor(s): Bleich, Markus; (Hunfelden-Dauborn, DE), Gekle, Michael; (Wurzburg, DE), Heinelt, Uwe; (Weisbaden, DE), Hofmeister, Armin; (Kriftel, DE), Lang, Hans-Jochen; (Hofheim, DE), Wirth, Klaus; (Kriftel, DE) Correspondence: Ross J. Oehler; Aventis Pharmaceuticals INC.; Route 202-206; Mail Code: D303a; Bridgewater; NJ; 08807; US Patent Application Number: 20040006119 Date filed: May 30, 2003 Abstract: Substituted thiophenes, processes for their preparation, their use as medicament or diagnostic agent. The substituted thiophene derivatives have the following backbone structure: 1Medicaments comprising compounds of this type are of use for preventing or treating various disorders, such as, respiratory disorders and snoring, acute and chronic disorders, disorders induced by ischemic and/or reperfusion events and by proliferative or fibrotic events, disorders of the central nervous system and lipid metabolism, diabetes, blood coagulation and infection by parasites. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/415,788 filed Oct. 3, 2002, and German Application No. 10224892.3, filed Jun. 4, 2002. The invention relates to the substituted thiophene compounds of formula I useful for treating and/or preventing various disorders. More particularly, the invention relates to the substituted thiophene compounds of formula I possessing potent inhibitory properties on the sodium/proton exchanger of subtype 3 ("NHE3"), which makes the compounds useful, in the form of a medicament, for the treatment of respiratory disorders and snoring, for the improving of the respiratory drive, for the treatment of acute and chronic disorders, disorders triggered by ischemic and/or reperfusion events and by proliferative or fibrotic events, and for the treatment or prophylaxis of disorders of the central nervous system and lipid metabolism, and diabetes, blood coagulation and infection by parasites. NHE3 is found in the body of various species, for example, in the gall bladder, the intestine and the kidney (Larry Fliegel et al., Biochem. Cell. Biol. 76: 735-741, 1998), but can also be detected in the brain (E. Ma et al., Neuroscience 79: 591603). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Swallowing system tissue modifier Inventor(s): Brazil, James D.; (Braham, MN), Klein, Dean A.; (North Oaks, MN) Correspondence: Faegre & Benson Llp; 2200 Wells Fargo Center; 90 South 7th Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20040028676 Date filed: August 6, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating disorders of the swallowing system, including injecting a modifier composed of biocompatible particles and a biocompatible carrier into one or more desired tissue sites. The present invention may be injected at a tissue site of a patient's mouth, pharynx, nasal passages, esophagus, trachea or other suitable tissue sites to treat snoring and other tissue disorders. Excerpt(s): The swallowing system is composed of a single tube which widens in an upper region to form a plurality of cavities. The tube divides at a lower end into a feeding tube (i.e. the esophagus) and a breathing tube (i.e. the trachea). Each cavity, formed by the enlargement of a portion of the tube, serves initially either the function of feeding (i.e. oral cavity) or breathing (i.e. nasal passages). The feeding and respiratory systems share a portion of the pharynx between the area behind the tongue and the area at the entrance to the larynx and the entrance to the esophagus. These systems also may share the oral cavity when a person breathes through his or her mouth. Because these two systems, collectively referred to herein as the "swallowing system," share portions of the same tube, valves are used to support the desired activity and to separate the two systems. For example, during breathing, certain valves open to allow air to enter the nose, larynx and trachea, and close to prevent air from entering the esophagus and lower digestive tract. During swallowing, valves move food into the digestive system while preventing movement into the respiratory system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Therapeutic ring Inventor(s): Woodley, John Vivian; (Queensland, AU) Correspondence: Hoffman Wasson & Gitler; 2361 Jefferson Davis Highway; Suite 522; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030032978 Date filed: August 22, 2002 Abstract: A ring (20) for the small finger of the human hand to apply pressure to arterial channels for therapeutic purposes. The pressure is applied to the channel in the finger via projections (21) extending from an inner surface thereof. Among other benefits wearing the ring whilst sleeping has been found to reduce problem snoring. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to rings for therapeutic use. Rings which are said to improve circulation in the fingers and those which accomplish or mimic acupuncture treatments are known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,175 describes a ring which has serpentine connecting portions between parallel plates upon which a plurality of protuberances are formed on the inner sides of the plates the ring is said to promote the circulation of blood by accupressuring randomly selected positions of the fingers by means of the protuberances.
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with snoring, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on snoring. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning snoring. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SNORING Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to snoring. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on snoring include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on snoring: •
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Sourcebook Source: Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc. 1998. 576 p. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics, Inc. Penobscot Building, Detroit, MI 48226. (800) 234-1340. Fax (800) 875-1340. PRICE: $78.00. ISBN: 0780802063. Summary: This reference book provides information about some of the most common disorders of the ears, nose, and throat. The text describes diseases and their accompanying symptoms, as well as treatment options and current research initiatives. The book's 67 chapters are arranged in six parts: introduction, disorders of the inner and outer ear, vestibular disorders, disorders of the nose and sinuses, disorders of the throat, and cancers related to the ears, nose, and throat. Specific disorders and topics include otitis externa, otitis media, allergy, perforated eardrum, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, tinnitus, hyperacusis, ear surgery, dizziness, BPPV (benign paraoxysmal positional vertigo), labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, perilymph fistula, sinusitis, rhinitis,
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antihistamines, nosebleeds, smell and taste problems, sore throats, hoarseness, swallowing disorders, salivary glands, snoring, sleep apnea, spasmodic dysphonia, laryngeal diseases and disorders, smoking cessation, head and neck cancer, cancer of the oral cavity and upper throat, esophageal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer. Simple line drawings illustrate some of the anatomical concepts discussed. The book also includes a glossary of terms and an annotated directory of organizational resources with addresses, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, and web site locations.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “snoring” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “snoring” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “snoring” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Beware of the Snoring Ghost (Peanuts Gang) by Charles M. Schulz; ISBN: 0694010316; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0694010316/icongroupinterna
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Can anti-snoring claims be cause for alarm? (SuDoc FT 1.32/4:2003004247); ISBN: B000115XIC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000115XIC/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Snoring and Sleep Apnea by Jill Eckersley; ISBN: 0859698904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859698904/icongroupinterna
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Five Hundred Things Your Minister Tried to Tell You But the Guy Sitting Next to You Was Snoring. by Jeanie Price; ISBN: 156233087X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156233087X/icongroupinterna
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Good Morning, Who's Snoring: Step Nine (Storysteps); ISBN: 0790120380; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0790120380/icongroupinterna
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How to Overcome Snoring : (With warm Fuzzies in Recovery and Ecstasy) by Ronald Alan Duskis (Author); ISBN: 0595004733; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595004733/icongroupinterna
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How to Stop Snoring by Lois Rosenthal; ISBN: 0898792282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898792282/icongroupinterna
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How to Stop Snoring by Liz Hodgkinson; ISBN: 0722527144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722527144/icongroupinterna
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How to Stop Snoring in Just Two Weeks by Hal Ball; ISBN: 0686057856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0686057856/icongroupinterna
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No More Snoring : A Proven Program for Conquering Snoring and Sleep Apnea by Victor Hoffstein (Author), Shirley Linde (Author); ISBN: 0471243752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471243752/icongroupinterna
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Phantom of the Night: Overcoming Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Snoring-Win You Hidden Struggle to Breathe, Sleep, and Live by T. Scott Johnson, et al; ISBN:
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1882431022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882431022/icongroupinterna •
Phantom of the Night: Overcoming Sleep Apnea Syrdrome and Snoring by T.S. Johnson, Jerry Halberstadt; ISBN: 1882431006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882431006/icongroupinterna
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Restless Nights: Understanding Snoring and Sleep Apnea by Peretz Lavie, Anthony Berris (Translator); ISBN: 0300085443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300085443/icongroupinterna
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Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea by David N. F. Fairbanks (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0781740797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781740797/icongroupinterna
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Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Controversial Issue by J.-P. Guyot (Editor); ISBN: 3805571887; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805571887/icongroupinterna
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Snoring and Sleep Apnea by Sally W. Soest, Ralph A. Pascualy; ISBN: 0963594540; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963594540/icongroupinterna
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Snoring and Sleep Apnea: Personal and Family Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment by Ralph A. Pascualy, Sally W. Soest (Contributor); ISBN: 0781701368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781701368/icongroupinterna
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Snoring and Sleep Apnea: Sleep Well, Feel Better by Ralph, Md Pascualy, et al; ISBN: 1888799293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888799293/icongroupinterna
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Snoring As a Fine Art and Twelve Other Essays by Albert J. Nock; ISBN: 0836920074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836920074/icongroupinterna
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Snoring Can Kill!!: Discover How Sleep Apnea Can Be Ruining Your Life by Joseph L. Goldstein; ISBN: 0966893956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966893956/icongroupinterna
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Snoring From A o Z by Derek, Md Lipman, et al; ISBN: 0965070824; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965070824/icongroupinterna
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Snoring from A to ZZzz: Proven Cures for the Nightªs Worse Nuisance by Derek S. Lipman; ISBN: 0788158678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788158678/icongroupinterna
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Snoring Through Sermons by Michael J. Anton; ISBN: 0895362155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895362155/icongroupinterna
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Snoring: New Answers to an Old Problem by Marcus H. Boulware; ISBN: 0912834021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912834021/icongroupinterna
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Stop Snoring Now! by Dan Carlinsky; ISBN: 0312906129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312906129/icongroupinterna
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Stop the Snoring: At Last End Your Mate's Nocturnal Noise by Ralph Schoenstein (Author); ISBN: 0446604607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446604607/icongroupinterna
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Stop Your Husband from Snoring by Derek S. Lipman; ISBN: 0878578498; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878578498/icongroupinterna
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Stop Your Husband from Snoring: A Medically Proven Program to Cure the Night's Worst Nuisance by Derek S., M.D. Lipman; ISBN: 0831746580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0831746580/icongroupinterna
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The Bickerson's: "John's Snoring Dilemma" (Radio Reruns/Audio Cassette/80394) by Bickersons; ISBN: 0886760577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0886760577/icongroupinterna
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The Case of the Snoring Stegasaurus by Vivian Binnamin, et al; ISBN: 0671688227; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671688227/icongroupinterna
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The Riddle of Snoring by Marcus H. Boulware; ISBN: 0787312231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787312231/icongroupinterna
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The Snoring Cure: Simple Steps to Getting a Good Night's Sleep by Laurence A. Smolley, Debra Fulghum Bruce; ISBN: 0425176398; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425176398/icongroupinterna
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The Snoring Log Mystery: Wilderness Adventures of a Young Naturalist by Todd Lee, Jim Brennan (Illustrator); ISBN: 0919591760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0919591760/icongroupinterna
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The snoring monster by David Lee Harrison; ISBN: 030702010X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030702010X/icongroupinterna
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Til Snoring Doth Us Part: By Penn McLeod; Illustrations by John Burgess; Consultant, Allen Rosen by Penn McLeod, et al; ISBN: 1889923079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889923079/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •
Restless nights: understanding snoring and sleep apnea. Author: Peretz Lavie; translated from the Hebrew by Anthony Berris; Year: 2003
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Selected bibliography on snoring or sonorous breathing. Author: Boulware, Marcus H; Year: 1967
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Snoring: new answers to an old problem. Author: Marcus H. Boulware; Year: 1974
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Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Author: editors, David N.F. Fairbanks, Samuel A. Mickelson, B. Tucker Woodson; Year: 2003
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Chapters on Snoring In order to find chapters that specifically relate to snoring, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and snoring using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on snoring: •
Oral Surgery Source: in Sutton, A.L. Dental Care and Oral Health Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. 2003. p. 295-312. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics. 615 Griswold Street, Detroit, MI 48226. (313) 961-1340. Fax: (313) 961-1383. E-mail:
[email protected]. www.omnigraphics.com. PRICE: $78.00; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 780806344. Summary: The scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery encompasses the diagnosis, surgical and related management of diseases, injuries, and defects that involve both the functional and esthetic aspects of the oral and maxillofacial regions. This includes preventive, reconstructive, or emergency care for the teeth, mouth, jaws, and facial structures. After four years of postgraduate dental education, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon completes four or more years of intensive, postdoctoral, hospital-based surgical residency training. This chapter on oral surgery is from a book that provides information about dental care and oral health at all stages of life. The chapter offers four sections: a description of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon specialty; a description of oral and maxillofacial surgery; corrective jaw surgery; and nutrition after oral surgery. Specific topics include office surgery, dentoalveolar surgery, reconstructive surgery, dental implants, facial infections, facial trauma, facial pain, oral pathology, orofacial deformities, snoring and obstructive sleep apnea, cosmetic maxillofacial surgery, impacted teeth, unequal jaw growth, dentures, and nutritional strategies. The chapter includes nutritious, calorie-dense recipes for food ideas during the convalescence period after oral surgery.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SNORING Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover snoring.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on snoring is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to snoring. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “snoring” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for snoring: •
Commercial snoring treatments not effective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 19, 2003
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Childhood snoring tied to poor school performance Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 02, 2003
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Snoring kids may become hyperactive, study shows Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 08, 2003
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Snoring kids do worse in school, says German study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 13, 2003
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Snoring kids at risk for learning problems Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 19, 2003
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Snoring may be risk factor for chronic daily headache Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 21, 2003
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Snoring linked to chronic daily headache: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 21, 2003
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FDA clears Restore Medical's snoring therapy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 28, 2003
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FDA clears palatal implant to treat snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 28, 2003
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Upper airway narrowing in pregnancy may explain increase in snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 20, 2002
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Breathe Right's snoring couple scores tops with consumers Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 08, 2002
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Snoring without apnea increases stroke risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 16, 2002
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Italian study confirms loud snoring, stroke link Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 16, 2002
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Pediatricians advised to screen children for snoring, sleep apnea Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 04, 2002
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FDA proposes special controls for anti-snoring devices Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 04, 2002
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Doctor should screen kids for snoring, sleep apnea Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 01, 2002
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Snoring is associated with an increased risk of diabetes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 20, 2002
Periodicals and News
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Snoring linked to hyperactivity problems in kids Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 04, 2002
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Snoring linked to diabetes, irrespective of weight Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 04, 2002
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Radiofrequency better tolerated than laser treatment for snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 06, 2002
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Snoring + sleepiness raise death risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 06, 1998
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Radio-frequency treatment helps snoring Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 18, 1998
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Radiofrequency ablation of palate reduces snoring, daytime sleepiness Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 15, 1998
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Snoring May Damage Throat Muscles Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 25, 1998
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Reduced Cerebral Blood Flow Seen During Heavy Snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 09, 1998
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Reduced Brain Blood Flow During Heavy Snoring Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 08, 1998
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FDA Approves Somnoplasty System For Relief Of Habitual Snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 30, 1997
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Snoring Linked to Bed Wetting Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 30, 1997
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Nostril Device Stops Snoring Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 24, 1996
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Snoring Tied To Elder Disease Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 07, 1996
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Range of conditions may explain children's snoring Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 07, 2001
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Injection snoreplasty a safe and effective treatment for snoring Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 10, 2001
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New device helps prevent cause of snoring Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 28, 2001
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Astronaut study yields clues to nighttime snoring Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 20, 2001
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Sleep disorder linked to headaches and snoring Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 06, 2001
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Child's snoring may undermine intellectual growth Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 04, 2001
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"Injection snoreplasty" a safe, effective treatment for primary snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 25, 2001
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Snoring linked to ADHD in young children Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 22, 2001
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Frequent loud snoring a risk factor for ADHD in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 22, 2001
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Snoring relief from laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty may be short-lived Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 18, 2001
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Snoring relief from laser therapy may be short-lived Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 18, 2001
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Companies settle with FTC over anti-snoring product Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 29, 2001
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Mortality not increased after palatal surgery for snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 25, 2000
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Snoring may signal need to get blood pressure checked Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 22, 2000
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Snoring and sleep disordered breathing linked to hypertension Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 14, 2000
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Sequential uvulopalatoplasty an effective surgical treatment for snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 27, 2000
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Radiofrequency tissue reduction may improve snoring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 06, 2000
Periodicals and News
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Radiofrequency treatment helps stop snoring Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 29, 2000
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FDA approves ArthroCare's coblation device for snoring treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 2000
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Snoring women at higher risk for heart disease Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 31, 2000
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “snoring” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to snoring, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “snoring” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on Snoring Find newsletters on snoring using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “snoring.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
Wake-Up Call: The Wellness Letter for Snoring and Apnea Source: Washington, DC: American Sleep Apnea Association. 1994-. Contact: Available from American Sleep Apnea Association, 2025 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 905, Washington, DC 20006. (202) 293-3650, (202) 293-3656 (Fax),
[email protected] (Email), http://
[email protected] (Website). Free with membership fee of $25.00 to persons living in the U.S.; membership fee is $50.00 for persons living outside the U.S. Summary: This newsletter is intended to keep snorers and sufferers of sleep apnea up to date on the treatment and management of these conditions. A typical issue includes articles on treatment and management, medical complications associated with the disorders (e.g., cardiovascular disease), risk factors for apnea, funding for research, patient advocacy, health policy, and public health campaigns; a question-and-answer column written by a sleep disorders specialist; and information on the activities of the AWAKE (Alert, Well and Keeping Energetic) Network, a nationwide network of mutual help and health awareness groups for individuals who suffer from sleep-disordered breathing.
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on snoring: •
What to Do When Your Child Can't Sleep Source: Loose Connections. 16(3): 1,6. Fall 2001.
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Contact: Ehlers-Danlos National Foundation. 6399 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 203, Los Angeles, CA 90048. (323) 651-3038. Summary: This newsletter article for parents discusses sleep problems that children with juvenile arthritis and related conditions may have. Sleeping problems are more common in children, and poor sleep or lack of sleep can exacerbate the pain and fatigue already present in arthritis. Sleep problems are typically of four types: falling asleep, staying asleep, not sleeping soundly, and waking too early. Pain during the day, extreme grogginess, difficulty concentrating, remembering many dreams, snoring, and loose or bunched bed sheets may be signs that a child is not sleeping soundly at night. Falling asleep is usually hardest for children with arthritis. This may be caused by pain or stress associated with the condition. To help these children fall asleep easier, parents should consider giving medications at bedtime to maximize their effects, changing from a mattress to a waterbed, using pillows to support painful joints, using relaxation techniques, and giving doctor-approved herbal remedies. A checklist of dos and don'ts for sleeping better at night is included.
Academic Periodicals covering Snoring Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to snoring. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering snoring that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
10
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 2590 See Details 18 2 4 2614
HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “snoring” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
12
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
13
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
17 Adapted 18
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on snoring can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to snoring. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to snoring. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “snoring”:
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Other guides Health Fraud http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthfraud.html Sleep Apnea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sleepapnea.html Sleep Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sleepdisorders.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to snoring, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews What is Snoring? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00297
•
Treatment Considering Surgery For Snoring? Source: American Sleep Apnea Association http://www.sleepapnea.org/snoring.html Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/snoring/cpap.cfm Laser Assisted Uvula Palatoplasty (LAUP) Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/snoring/laup.cfm
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Can Anti-Snoring Claims Be Cause for Alarm? Source: Federal Trade Commission http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/alerts/snorealrt.htm JAMA Patient Page: Breathing Problems during Sleep Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZWT155MNC &sub_cat=593 Sleep Apnea: A Possible Risk Factor for High Blood Pressure Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HI00017
•
Children Snoring Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/teeth/snoring.html
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Organizations American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/ American Sleep Apnea Association http://www.sleepapnea.org/ National Sleep Foundation http://www.sleepfoundation.org/
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on snoring. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Snoring: Not Funny, Not Hopeless Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2001. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. One Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. TTY: (703) 519-1585. Web site: www.entnet.org. PRICE: Available free online; print brochure is $30.00 for 100 for non- members, plus shipping and handling. Discounted for members. Summary: This brochure explains snoring and obstructive sleep apnea and reviews treatment options as well as self-help tips for the light snorer. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:
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Snoring & Apnea Summary: This consumer health informtion document discusses snoring, obstructive sleep apnea and the advantages of oral appliance therapy to treat sleep apnea. Source: Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4404
•
Test Your Sleep I.Q. Summary: This true-false quiz tests what you know about sleep. Questions cover topics on snoring, narcolepsy, insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and other issues. Source: National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2384 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to snoring. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to snoring. By consulting all of associations listed in this
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chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with snoring. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about snoring. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “snoring” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “snoring”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “snoring” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “snoring” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
20
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
21
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on snoring: •
Basic Guidelines for Snoring Snoring Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003207.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Snoring Apnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003069.htm Difficulty sleeping Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Headaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hypoxia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm
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Nasal congestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003049.htm No breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003069.htm Somnolence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Snoring Sleep studies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003932.htm
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Background Topics for Snoring Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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SNORING DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU]
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Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Airway Resistance: Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable. [NIH]
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Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anthropometric measurements: Measurements of human body height, weight, and size of component parts, including skinfold measurement. Used to study and compare the relative proportions under normal and abnormal conditions. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers,
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and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apnoea: Cessation of breathing. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]
Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auscultation: Act of listening for sounds within the body. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
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Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH]
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Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral infarction), thalami, basal ganglia, brain stem (brain stem infarctions), or cerebellum secondary to an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Brain Stem Infarctions: Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which
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can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and
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vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is
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differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU]
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Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Convalescence: The period of recovery following an illness. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cor pulmonale: Heart disease that results from resistance to the passage of blood through the lungs; it often leads to right heart failure. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a
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myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanoacrylates: A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]
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Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH]
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Dreams: A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. [NIH] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are
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referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flutter: A rapid vibration or pulsation. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored
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in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Glabella: The median elevation which connects the 2 superciliary arches on the frontal bone. [NIH]
Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is
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a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemagglutinins: Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion
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and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperacusis: An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. Cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; facial nerve diseases; stapes surgery; and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypotonia: A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. [EU]
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Hypoventilation: A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli. [NIH] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as
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a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngeal Diseases: General or unspecified disorders of the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH]
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Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU]
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Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh
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frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Mouth Breathing: Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary
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thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nocturia: Excessive urination at night. [EU] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the
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next. [NIH] Office Visits: Visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Outer ear: The pinna and external meatus of the ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]
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Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pendulous: A condition in which the anterior part of the abdominal wall is so relaxed that it hangs down over the pubic region. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH]
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Perilymph: The fluid contained within the space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngeal Muscles: The muscles of the pharynx are the inferior, middle and superior constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH]
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Positive End-Expiratory Pressure: A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lung at the end of expiration, thus keeping the alveoli open and improving gas exchange. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Presbycusis: Progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged. Syn: senile deafness. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Product Packaging: Form in which product is processed or wrapped and labeled. (From Popline Thesaurus, 1991) Product labeling is also available. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to
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recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudorabies: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Alveoli: Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulsation: A throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart. [EU] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,
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alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Rale: An abnormal adventitious sound accompanying the breath sounds heard on auscultation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH]
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Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restless legs: Legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. [EU] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticular Formation: A region extending from the pons & medulla oblongata through the mesencephalon, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerotic: Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye; the sclera; hard, indurated or sclerosed. [NIH]
Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH]
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Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or
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absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Bruxism: A sleep disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth and forceful lateral or protrusive jaw movements. Sleep bruxism may be associated with tooth injuries; temporomandibular joint disorders; sleep disturbances; and other conditions. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of
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deformity. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stapes: One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal ear. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or
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secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermal ablation: A procedure using heat to remove tissue or a part of the body, or destroy its function. For example, to remove the lining of the uterus, a catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, and fluid inside the balloon is heated to destroy the lining of the uterus. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonsil: A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx situated on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate. [NIH] Tooth Injuries: Traumatic or other damage to teeth including fractures (tooth fractures) or displacements (tooth luxation). [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]
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Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheotomy: Surgical incision of the trachea. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Turbinates: The scroll-like bony plates with curved margins on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH]
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Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic)
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nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 16, 147, 158, 172 Ablation, 16, 56, 80, 119, 147 Abrasion, 79, 147 Acceptor, 147, 171 Acoustic, 11, 18, 19, 23, 47, 55, 147, 183 Adhesives, 88, 91, 94, 147 Adjustment, 106, 147 Adrenergic, 147, 149 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 147, 149 Adverse Effect, 95, 147, 178 Affinity, 87, 147, 179 Agglutinins, 147, 163 Agonist, 147, 170 Airway Obstruction, 10, 11, 14, 37, 43, 77, 78, 92, 93, 98, 148 Airway Resistance, 17, 25, 34, 40, 75, 98, 148 Alertness, 89, 148 Algorithms, 9, 148, 151 Alkaloid, 148, 170 Allergen, 148, 178 Allylamine, 148 Alternative medicine, 20, 65, 121, 148 Alveoli, 148, 174, 183 Ameliorating, 75, 148 Amine, 108, 148 Amino Acids, 148, 172, 173, 175 Ammonia, 148 Anaesthesia, 96, 148 Anal, 148, 160, 161, 167 Analysis of Variance, 12, 148 Anatomical, 15, 78, 87, 93, 98, 112, 149, 150, 154, 165 Anesthesia, 98, 148, 149, 157 Angina, 98, 147, 149 Angina Pectoris, 98, 147, 149 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 149 Animal model, 13, 66, 149 Anthropometric measurements, 25, 149 Anthropometry, 11, 149 Antibacterial, 149, 157, 179 Antibiotic, 149, 179 Antibodies, 147, 149, 163 Antibody, 147, 149, 155, 163, 164, 165, 168, 178, 179 Antigen, 147, 149, 155, 164, 165, 168, 178
Antihypertensive, 107, 149 Antihypertensive Agents, 107, 149 Aperture, 84, 150, 175 Aqueous, 86, 89, 150, 159 Arterial, 22, 28, 43, 96, 98, 109, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 164, 175, 181 Arteries, 150, 151, 156, 168, 169, 175 Arteriosus, 150, 175 Articulation, 65, 150 Artifacts, 15, 150 Asphyxia, 73, 150 Astringent, 92, 150 Atmospheric Pressure, 75, 150 Atrial, 150, 156, 182 Atrioventricular, 150, 156 Atrium, 150, 156, 182, 183 Attenuated, 150, 158 Auditory, 150, 159, 164, 168 Auscultation, 150, 176 Autonomic, 23, 150, 162, 173 B Bacteria, 149, 150, 168, 179, 183 Bacterium, 150, 155 Base, 73, 76, 78, 92, 150, 157, 160, 166 Basement Membrane, 150, 160 Benign, 111, 150, 163 Bilateral, 45, 105, 151, 174 Bile, 151, 161, 162, 167 Bile Ducts, 151, 162 Biliary, 108, 151 Bilirubin, 151, 162 Biochemical, 33, 87, 151, 167, 178 Biological Markers, 9, 151 Biomarkers, 11, 151 Biotechnology, 16, 114, 121, 129, 151 Bladder, 108, 151, 161, 174, 182, 183 Blood Coagulation, 108, 151, 152 Blood Coagulation Factors, 151 Blood Platelets, 151, 178 Blood pressure, 10, 11, 13, 14, 20, 21, 43, 99, 106, 120, 149, 151, 153, 162, 164, 169, 175, 179 Blood vessel, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 166, 172, 179, 180, 181, 183 Body Fluids, 151, 159, 179, 182 Body Mass Index, 9, 151, 171 Bolus, 100, 151 Bolus infusion, 151
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Bowel, 148, 152, 158, 166, 167 Bowel Movement, 152, 158 Brain Infarction, 33, 152 Brain Stem, 152, 153 Brain Stem Infarctions, 152 Branch, 143, 152, 168, 172, 175, 179, 181 Breakdown, 99, 152, 158, 162 Bronchi, 81, 152, 182 Bruxism, 85, 152, 179 Buccal, 78, 79, 152 C Calcium, 149, 152, 155 Calcium channel blocker, 149, 152 Calcium Channel Blockers, 149, 152 Cannula, 91, 152 Carbohydrate, 152, 163 Carbon Dioxide, 30, 98, 99, 106, 152, 161, 162, 177, 183 Carcinogenic, 152, 165 Cardiac, 22, 98, 147, 148, 152, 156, 159, 160, 169, 170 Cardiovascular, 10, 13, 14, 86, 122, 152, 153, 178 Cardiovascular disease, 11, 13, 14, 122, 152 Cardiovascular System, 86, 153 Case report, 153 Case series, 4, 153 Caudal, 153, 174 Cell, 108, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 157, 160, 165, 166, 167, 170, 173, 176, 177, 181, 184 Cell Respiration, 153, 177 Central Nervous System, 108, 153, 154, 162, 163, 173, 175, 178 Central Nervous System Infections, 153, 163 Cerebellar, 16, 153 Cerebellum, 16, 152, 153, 173 Cerebral, 107, 108, 119, 152, 153, 175 Cerebral hemispheres, 152, 153 Cerebral Infarction, 152, 153 Cerebrovascular, 152, 153 Cerebrum, 153 Cervical, 23, 72, 153 Cervix, 153, 161, 181 Character, 149, 154 Chin, 66, 72, 73, 154 Cholesteatoma, 111, 154 Cholesterol, 151, 154, 156, 162 Cholinergic, 154, 170
Chronic, 7, 11, 12, 24, 31, 34, 102, 108, 118, 146, 149, 154, 165, 178, 179, 180 Clamp, 83, 154 Clinical trial, 6, 8, 24, 42, 58, 69, 70, 129, 154, 175, 176 Cloning, 151, 154 Coagulation, 151, 154, 164, 166 Cochlear, 154, 164, 181, 183 Cochlear Diseases, 154, 181 Cofactor, 154, 174 Cognition, 7, 154 Cohort Studies, 13, 14, 154, 160 Collagen, 8, 147, 150, 154, 174 Collapse, 10, 77, 78, 80, 93, 100, 105, 152, 155, 178 Competency, 12, 155 Complement, 155, 178 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 68, 155 Complementary medicine, 65, 155 Complete remission, 155, 176 Computational Biology, 129, 155 Confounding, 11, 155 Congestion, 24, 146, 155 Congestive heart failure, 98, 156 Connective Tissue, 154, 156, 162, 167 Consciousness, 98, 156, 158, 159 Constrict, 90, 156 Constriction, 73, 156, 166 Continuum, 10, 156 Contraindications, ii, 156 Conus, 156, 175 Convalescence, 115, 156 Coordination, 153, 156 Cor, 98, 156 Cor pulmonale, 98, 156 Coronary, 13, 149, 152, 156, 168, 169 Coronary Circulation, 149, 156 Coronary heart disease, 13, 152, 156 Coronary Thrombosis, 156, 168, 169, 170 Cranial, 153, 157, 160, 162, 163, 166, 172, 173, 182, 183 Craniocerebral Trauma, 157, 163, 181 Crowns, 157 Cryotherapy, 78, 92, 157 Curare, 157, 169 Curative, 75, 157, 181 Cyanoacrylates, 94, 157 D Data Collection, 11, 13, 14, 157 Databases, Bibliographic, 129, 157 Decision Making, 5, 157
Index 187
Dendrites, 157, 170 Density, 36, 151, 157, 171 Dental Abutments, 157 Dental Care, 115, 157 Dental implant, 115, 157 Dentures, 115, 157 Deprivation, 7, 98, 157 Diabetes Mellitus, 52, 157, 162, 163 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 121, 157 Diaphragm, 16, 158, 177 Diastolic, 158, 164 Diffusion, 158 Digestion, 151, 152, 158, 166, 167, 180 Digestive system, 70, 109, 158 Digestive tract, 109, 158 Dilation, 31, 158 Dilator, 19, 29, 82, 88, 97, 158 Dilution, 82, 158 Dimethyl, 80, 158 Direct, iii, 7, 72, 158, 176 Disease Susceptibility, 12, 158 Dissociation, 147, 158 Distal, 74, 82, 158, 159, 175 Diuretics, Thiazide, 149, 158 Dizziness, 111, 158, 183 Dorsal, 158, 174 Dorsum, 102, 158 Dreams, 123, 159 Drive, ii, vi, 29, 61, 76, 107, 108, 159 Drug Interactions, 159 Duct, 152, 159, 177 Duodenum, 151, 159, 180 Dysphonia, 112, 159 Dyspnea, 31, 159 E Eardrum, 111, 159 Edema, 31, 107, 108, 159, 166 Efficacy, 5, 159 Elasticity, 97, 159 Elastin, 155, 159 Electrode, 15, 79, 159 Electrolyte, 159, 179 Electrons, 150, 159, 166, 171, 175 Emulsion, 159, 161 Endoscopy, 27, 43, 51, 159 Environmental Exposure, 151, 159 Environmental Health, 128, 130, 159 Enzyme, 151, 160, 184 Epidemic, 99, 160 Epidemiologic Studies, 151, 160 Epidemiological, 6, 8, 160 Epithelial, 8, 160
Erythrocytes, 160, 176, 178 Esophageal, 72, 112, 160 Esophagus, 109, 158, 160, 163, 173, 176, 180 Evacuation, 160, 167, 175 Excipients, 89, 160 Excitability, 16, 160 Expiration, 160, 174, 177 Extracellular, 8, 156, 160, 179 Extracellular Matrix, 8, 156, 160 Extracellular Space, 160 F Facial, 4, 31, 91, 105, 115, 160, 164, 168 Facial Nerve, 160, 164 Facial Nerve Diseases, 160, 164 Facial Pain, 115, 160 Family Planning, 129, 161 Fat, 12, 156, 161, 167, 171, 179 Fatigue, 12, 99, 123, 161, 163 Fetus, 161, 183 Fibrin, 151, 161 Filtration, 88, 161 Fistula, 111, 161 Fixation, 77, 79, 100, 161, 178 Flatus, 161, 162 Flavoring Agents, 93, 161 Flexion, 72, 161 Flutter, 37, 80, 94, 161 Fold, 19, 161, 171 Foramen, 154, 161, 168 Forearm, 151, 161 Fossa, 153, 161 Fovea, 161 Friction, 148, 161, 167 Fundus, 87, 161 G Gallbladder, 147, 151, 158, 161, 162 Gallstones, 107, 162 Ganglia, 152, 162, 170, 173 Ganglionic Blockers, 149, 162 Gas, 14, 36, 77, 101, 148, 152, 158, 161, 162, 164, 170, 174, 175, 177, 180, 183 Gas exchange, 14, 162, 174, 175, 177, 183 Gastric, 162, 163 Gastrointestinal, 43, 162, 178, 180, 182 Gastrointestinal tract, 162, 178, 180, 182 Gene, 9, 114, 151, 162, 167 Gene Expression, 9, 162 Genotype, 162, 173 Gestational, 8, 162 Gestures, 162, 178 Glabella, 82, 162
188
Snoring
Gland, 162, 167, 172, 174, 177, 180, 181 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 160, 162 Glucose, 11, 157, 162, 163, 165, 166 Glucose Intolerance, 157, 162 Glucose tolerance, 11, 162 Glucose Tolerance Test, 11, 162, 163 Governing Board, 163, 174 Growth, 33, 75, 104, 115, 120, 149, 163, 170, 173, 181, 182 H Haptens, 147, 163 Headache, 34, 50, 118, 163 Headache Disorders, 163 Health Policy, 122, 163 Heart attack, 153, 163 Heart failure, 149, 156, 163 Heartburn, 72, 163 Hemagglutinins, 86, 163 Hemoglobin, 160, 163, 171 Hemorrhage, 157, 163, 180 Hemostasis, 163, 178 Hepatic, 163, 164 Hereditary, 31, 164 Heredity, 93, 162, 164 Heterogeneity, 147, 164 Hoarseness, 112, 164 Homogeneous, 156, 164 Homologous, 164, 178, 180 Hormone, 151, 164, 165, 168, 181 Hybrid, 86, 164 Hydrogen, 147, 148, 150, 152, 164, 169, 171 Hydroxylysine, 155, 164 Hydroxyproline, 155, 164 Hyperacusis, 111, 160, 164 Hypersensitivity, 148, 164, 178 Hypertension, 13, 14, 15, 33, 49, 55, 86, 98, 120, 147, 149, 152, 153, 164, 166 Hyperthermia, 78, 164 Hypertrophy, 6, 20, 30, 78, 93, 105, 156, 164, 182 Hypothermia, 92, 164 Hypotonia, 101, 164 Hypoventilation, 11, 165 Hypoxemia, 10, 11, 14, 165 Hypoxia, 13, 53, 145, 165 I Id, 63, 67, 80, 100, 134, 136, 142, 144, 165 Illusion, 165, 183 Immune response, 149, 163, 165, 178, 184 Immunization, 165, 178 Immunology, 27, 147, 165 Impairment, 15, 98, 101, 159, 165, 168
In situ, 95, 165 Incision, 165, 166, 182 Indicative, 96, 112, 165, 172, 183 Infancy, 14, 53, 165 Infarction, 153, 165, 176 Infection, 108, 165, 167, 175, 180, 184 Ingestion, 163, 165 Inhalation, 90, 96, 165 Initiator, 94, 165 Inner ear, 154, 165, 166 Inorganic, 165, 169 Insomnia, 136, 165 Instillation, 80, 165 Insulin, 11, 163, 165, 166 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 166 Intercostal, 166, 177 Intermittent, 10, 11, 30, 53, 98, 166 Internal Medicine, 12, 24, 26, 49, 55, 166 Interstitial, 78, 92, 160, 166 Intestinal, 162, 166 Intestine, 108, 151, 152, 159, 164, 166 Intracellular, 152, 165, 166, 168, 176 Intracranial Hypertension, 163, 166, 181 Intrinsic, 34, 147, 150, 166 Invasive, 43, 97, 166, 171 Ions, 150, 158, 159, 164, 166 Ischemia, 86, 107, 166, 176 J Joint, 4, 104, 150, 166, 179, 180 K Kb, 128, 166 L Labyrinth, 165, 166, 171, 173, 183 Labyrinthitis, 111, 166 Large Intestine, 158, 166, 176 Laryngeal, 112, 166 Laryngeal Diseases, 112, 166 Larynx, 25, 78, 101, 102, 109, 166, 182, 184 Laser Surgery, 22, 166 Laser therapy, 58, 120, 167 Latent, 167, 174 Laxative, 107, 167 Lectins, 163, 167 Lesion, 50, 167 Library Services, 142, 167 Ligament, 167, 174 Lip, 83, 85, 103, 167 Lipid, 108, 165, 167 Liposomes, 86, 167 Liver, 147, 151, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164, 167 Localized, 161, 165, 167, 173 Longitudinal study, 65, 167
Index 189
Lubricants, 167 Lubrication, 74, 167 Lumen, 152, 167 Lymph, 153, 167 Lymph node, 153, 167 Lymphatic, 165, 167 Lymphoid, 149, 167, 181 M Malaise, 101, 167 Mandible, 3, 4, 5, 28, 90, 154, 168 Manifest, 9, 13, 168 Maxillary, 75, 90, 168, 172 Meatus, 159, 168, 171 Mechanical ventilation, 168, 174 Medial, 16, 168 Mediate, 16, 168 Mediator, 168, 178 Medicament, 94, 107, 108, 168 MEDLINE, 129, 168 Medullary, 16, 168 Membrane, 147, 155, 159, 160, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 177 Membrane Proteins, 167, 168 Memory, 13, 105, 168 Meninges, 153, 154, 157, 168 Mental Disorders, 70, 168, 175 Mental Health, iv, 6, 70, 128, 130, 168, 175 Metabolite, 158, 168 Methionine, 158, 168 MI, 9, 41, 51, 81, 111, 115, 146, 168 Microorganism, 154, 168, 184 Microwaves, 168, 176 Migration, 100, 169 Modeling, 41, 169 Modification, 34, 169, 175 Molecular, 129, 131, 151, 155, 167, 169, 176 Molecule, 149, 150, 155, 158, 169, 171, 176 Monitor, 103, 169 Motility, 169, 178 Motor nerve, 169 Motor Skills, 169 Mouth Breathing, 83, 84, 169 Mucins, 169, 177 Mucociliary, 169, 178 Mucosa, 169, 170 Mucus, 94, 102, 169 Muscle relaxant, 87, 169 Muscle Relaxation, 97, 152, 169 Muscle tension, 87, 169 Musculature, 16, 169 Mydriatic, 158, 169
Myocardial infarction, 98, 157, 168, 169, 170 Myocardial Ischemia, 149, 169 Myocardium, 149, 168, 169, 170 N Narcolepsy, 136, 170 Nasal Cavity, 75, 170, 172, 182 Nasal Obstruction, 27, 37, 78, 93, 170 Nasal Septum, 102, 170 NCI, 1, 70, 127, 170 Necrosis, 152, 153, 165, 168, 169, 170, 176 Need, 3, 82, 85, 90, 105, 111, 115, 120, 122, 137, 170, 181 Neoplastic, 154, 160, 170 Nerve, 147, 149, 154, 157, 160, 162, 168, 169, 170, 177, 180, 182, 183, 184 Nervous System, 107, 108, 149, 153, 168, 170, 173, 181 Neural, 11, 162, 170 Neuromuscular, 15, 170 Neurons, 16, 157, 162, 169, 170, 177, 180, 183 Nicotine, 19, 62, 170 Nitrogen, 107, 148, 161, 170, 182 Nocturia, 52, 170 Nucleic acid, 170 O Office Visits, 4, 171 Opacity, 157, 171 Ophthalmology, 161, 171 Oral Health, 115, 171 Orofacial, 115, 160, 171 Ossicles, 171, 180 Otitis, 111, 171 Otitis Media, 111, 171 Otosclerosis, 111, 171 Outer ear, 111, 171 Outpatient, 4, 33, 34, 46, 58, 171 Overweight, 11, 62, 171 Oxidation, 101, 147, 171 Oxidation-Reduction, 101, 171 Oximetry, 47, 50, 105, 171 Oxygen Consumption, 171, 177 Oxygenation, 99, 101, 165, 171 P Paediatric, 21, 33, 171 Palliative, 171, 181 Palsy, 19, 172 Pancreas, 147, 151, 158, 165, 172, 182 Paralysis, 45, 157, 172 Paranasal Sinuses, 172, 178 Parasitic, 163, 172
190
Snoring
Paroxysmal, 149, 163, 172 Partial remission, 172, 176 Patch, 92, 156, 172, 182 Pathogenesis, 11, 57, 172 Pathologic, 156, 164, 172 Pathologies, 78, 92, 172 Pathophysiology, 15, 172 Patient Advocacy, 122, 172 Patient Education, 4, 135, 140, 142, 146, 172 Patient Satisfaction, 51, 57, 172 Pelvic, 172, 174 Pendulous, 81, 172 Peptide, 172, 173, 175, 182 Perception, 17, 86, 172 Perforation, 150, 161, 172 Perfusion, 165, 172 Perilymph, 111, 173 Peripheral Nervous System, 172, 173 Phallic, 161, 173 Pharmacologic, 149, 173, 182 Pharyngeal Muscles, 73, 173 Pharynx, 73, 77, 78, 93, 97, 99, 109, 170, 173, 181 Phenotype, 15, 151, 173 Phospholipids, 161, 173 Phototherapy, 8, 173 Physiologic, 8, 11, 66, 78, 93, 147, 173, 176 Physiology, 15, 28, 34, 37, 43, 59, 82, 151, 167, 173 Pilot study, 22, 50, 54, 65, 173 Pitch, 86, 173 Plants, 148, 152, 162, 173, 182 Plasma, 149, 162, 163, 164, 173, 177 Polymers, 89, 94, 173, 175 Polyp, 102, 173 Polypeptide, 154, 173 Pons, 152, 173, 177 Positive End-Expiratory Pressure, 34, 174 Posterior, 73, 80, 81, 93, 99, 101, 148, 150, 153, 158, 162, 171, 172, 174, 177, 181, 183 Postural, 16, 174 Practice Guidelines, 130, 174 Predisposition, 32, 98, 174 Presbycusis, 28, 174 Prevalence, 6, 10, 13, 17, 35, 48, 49, 53, 55, 69, 174 Private Sector, 12, 174 Problem Solving, 12, 174 Product Packaging, 80, 174 Progression, 149, 174 Progressive, 163, 170, 174
Projection, 74, 104, 174 Proline, 155, 164, 174 Prophylaxis, 89, 101, 108, 174 Proportional, 103, 174 Prospective study, 13, 49, 52, 167, 174 Prostate, 78, 92, 93, 151, 174, 182 Prosthesis, 40, 62, 157, 174 Protein S, 114, 151, 174 Proteins, 86, 148, 149, 151, 155, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 182 Protocol, 5, 8, 13, 14, 175 Proximal, 97, 158, 170, 175 Pseudorabies, 16, 175 Psychiatric, 151, 168, 175, 179 Psychiatry, 34, 36, 56, 161, 175, 183 Psychic, 175 Psychomotor, 7, 175 Puberty, 11, 175 Public Health, 6, 15, 122, 130, 175 Public Policy, 129, 175 Pulmonary, 46, 66, 98, 148, 151, 156, 165, 175, 177, 183 Pulmonary Alveoli, 165, 175 Pulmonary Artery, 98, 151, 175, 183 Pulmonary hypertension, 156, 175 Pulmonary Ventilation, 175, 177 Pulsation, 161, 175 Pulse, 15, 47, 99, 105, 169, 171, 175 Pupil, 158, 169, 175 Purgative, 167, 175 Q Quality of Life, 13, 14, 21, 55, 175 R Race, 11, 169, 175 Radiation, 149, 159, 164, 175 Radio Waves, 56, 169, 176 Rale, 81, 176 Randomized, 31, 45, 47, 159, 176 Receptor, 87, 149, 176, 178 Receptors, Serotonin, 176, 178 Rectum, 152, 158, 161, 162, 166, 174, 176 Recur, 106, 176 Red blood cells, 160, 163, 176 Refer, 1, 152, 155, 158, 161, 167, 176, 183 Reflux, 26, 72, 176 Refraction, 176, 179 Regimen, 159, 176 Regurgitation, 163, 176 Relaxant, 176 Relaxation Techniques, 123, 176 Remission, 35, 176 Reperfusion, 108, 176
Index 191
Reperfusion Injury, 176 Research Design, 7, 176 Respiration, 28, 34, 48, 73, 77, 99, 150, 152, 157, 169, 177 Respiratory Muscles, 16, 177 Respiratory Physiology, 22, 25, 31, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44, 48, 53, 177, 183 Respiratory System, 96, 109, 169, 177 Restless legs, 136, 177 Reticular, 16, 177 Reticular Formation, 16, 177 Rhinitis, 31, 111, 177 Rigidity, 74, 173, 177 Risk factor, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 24, 33, 34, 52, 86, 118, 120, 122, 160, 174, 177 Rod, 150, 154, 177 S Saline, 86, 177 Saliva, 72, 84, 177 Salivary, 112, 158, 160, 177, 184 Salivary glands, 112, 158, 160, 177 Salivation, 4, 177 Scatter, 8, 177 Sclera, 156, 177 Sclerotic, 94, 177 Screening, 154, 177 Secretion, 166, 169, 177 Sella, 158, 177 Semen, 174, 177 Senile, 174, 178 Sensibility, 148, 178 Sensitization, 35, 178 Sensor, 7, 75, 84, 85, 103, 105, 178 Serotonin, 87, 176, 178, 182 Serum, 9, 107, 108, 155, 178 Sex Characteristics, 175, 178 Shock, 107, 108, 178, 182 Side effect, 4, 26, 41, 47, 80, 147, 178, 181 Sign Language, 178 Signs and Symptoms, 176, 178 Sinusitis, 111, 178 Skeletal, 154, 157, 164, 178, 179 Skeleton, 166, 178 Skull, 154, 157, 178 Sleep apnea, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 49, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 66, 75, 77, 78, 80, 83, 86, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 112, 114, 115, 118, 122, 135, 136, 178
Sleep Bruxism, 33, 179 Sleep Deprivation, 7, 10, 179 Social Environment, 175, 179 Social Problems, 91, 179 Sodium, 107, 108, 158, 179 Soft tissue, 85, 90, 102, 178, 179 Spasm, 179 Spasmodic, 112, 179 Spatial disorientation, 158, 179 Specialist, 122, 137, 158, 179 Species, 108, 157, 164, 169, 172, 175, 179, 180, 182, 184 Specificity, 87, 147, 179 Spectrum, 11, 55, 105, 168, 176, 179 Sphincter, 166, 179 Spinal cord, 48, 152, 153, 154, 168, 170, 173, 179 Spirometry, 11, 179 Splint, 4, 25, 28, 41, 94, 95, 179 Squamous, 154, 180 Squamous Epithelium, 154, 180 Stabilization, 98, 180 Stapes, 164, 180 Steel, 154, 180 Stent, 105, 180 Stimulus, 159, 180, 181 Stomach, 87, 147, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 173, 176, 180 Stress, 13, 80, 85, 100, 123, 174, 180 Stroke, 10, 13, 14, 34, 70, 98, 107, 108, 118, 128, 153, 180 Subacute, 165, 178, 180 Subarachnoid, 163, 180 Subclinical, 165, 180 Subcutaneous, 159, 180 Subspecies, 179, 180 Suction, 99, 161, 180 Supine, 58, 99, 100, 180 Supine Position, 99, 100, 101, 180 Suppression, 86, 180 Symphysis, 154, 174, 180 Symptomatic, 46, 86, 98, 180 Synaptic, 170, 180 Synaptic Transmission, 170, 180 Systemic, 9, 33, 98, 151, 165, 166, 181, 182 Systolic, 164, 181 T Therapeutics, 181 Thermal, 8, 67, 103, 158, 181 Thermal ablation, 67, 181 Thoracic, 34, 48, 62, 158, 181, 184 Threshold, 77, 106, 160, 164, 181
192
Snoring
Thrombosis, 175, 180, 181 Thyroid, 11, 181 Tinnitus, 111, 171, 181, 184 Tolerance, 163, 181 Tonic, 15, 181 Tonicity, 99, 181 Tonsil, 33, 181 Tooth Injuries, 179, 181 Topical, 150, 181 Toxic, iv, 86, 157, 159, 170, 181, 182 Toxicity, 159, 182 Toxicology, 130, 182 Toxins, 149, 165, 182 Trachea, 73, 81, 109, 152, 166, 173, 181, 182 Tracheotomy, 5, 182 Traction, 154, 182 Transdermal, 19, 62, 92, 182 Transfection, 151, 182 Trauma, 115, 170, 182 Tricuspid Atresia, 156, 182 Trifluoroacetic Acid, 107, 182 Trigeminal, 160, 182 Tryptophan, 155, 178, 182 Tuberculosis, 49, 182 Tumor marker, 151, 182 Turbinates, 78, 93, 182 U Unconscious, 81, 85, 165, 182 Ureters, 182, 183 Urethra, 174, 182, 183 Urinary, 52, 182, 183 Urinary tract, 52, 183 Urine, 9, 13, 151, 182, 183 Uterus, 78, 93, 153, 161, 181, 183 Uvula, 38, 56, 73, 80, 83, 84, 93, 101, 134, 179, 183
V Vaccine, 175, 183 Vaginal, 167, 183 Valves, 109, 183 Vascular, 33, 78, 93, 148, 152, 163, 165, 183 Vasodilator, 150, 183 Venous, 152, 153, 175, 182, 183 Venous blood, 152, 153, 183 Ventilation, 11, 98, 183 Ventricle, 150, 156, 175, 181, 182, 183 Ventricular, 20, 98, 156, 182, 183 Ventricular Dysfunction, 98, 183 Vertebrae, 179, 183 Vertebral, 72, 183 Vertigo, 111, 171, 183, 184 Vestibular, 16, 24, 111, 183 Vestibule, 165, 170, 183 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 164, 181, 183 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 164, 181, 183 Veterinary Medicine, 129, 184 Viral, 163, 184 Virus, 16, 153, 184 Vitro, 8, 184 Vocal cord, 45, 81, 184 W Wakefulness, 15, 59, 81, 98, 184 Weight Gain, 8, 10, 184 White blood cell, 149, 167, 169, 184 Windpipe, 173, 181, 184 Womb, 183, 184 Wound Healing, 8, 184 X Xenograft, 149, 184 Xerostomia, 4, 184 Y Yeasts, 173, 184
Index 193
194
Snoring
Index 195
196
Snoring
