Smithells Light Metals Handbook

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Smithells Light Metals Handbook

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Smithells Light Metals Handbook Edited by

E. A. Brandes CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM and

G. B. Brook DMet(Sheff), FEng, FIM

I~E

1 N

E

M

A

N

N

Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd @A

member of the Reed Elsevier plc group

OXFORD BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI SINGAPORE First published 1998 Transferred to digital printing 2004 9 Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7506 3625 4

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India

Contents

Preface

vii

1 Related specifications Related specifications for wrought aluminium alloys Related specifications for magnesium alloys Titanium and titanium alloys -corresponding grades or specifications

2 General physical properties of light metal alloys and pure light metals 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

General physical properties of pure light metals and their alloys The physical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys The physical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys The physical properties of titanium and titanium alloys

3 Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys 3.1 Mechanical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys Alloy designation system for wrought aluminium Temper designation system for aluminium alloys 3.2 Mechanical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys 3.3 Mechanical properties of titanium and titanium alloys

4 Aluminium and magnesium casting alloys 4.1 Aluminium casting alloys 4.2 Magnesium alloys

5 6 10 13

14 14 14 15 40 55

67 68 80

vi

Contents

5 Equilibrium diagrams 5.1 Index of binary diagrams

6 Metallography of light alloys 6.1 Metallographic methods for aluminium alloys 6.2 Metallographic methods for magnesium alloys 6.3 Metallographic methods for titanium alloys

7 Heat treatment of light alloys 7.1 Aluminium alloys Annealing Stabilizing Hardening 7.2 Magnesium alloys Safety requirements Environment Conditions for heat treatment of magnesium alloys castings

8 Metal finishing 8.1 Cleaning and pickling processes Vapour degreasing Emulsion cleaning 8.2 Anodizing and plating processes 8.3 Plating processes for magnesium alloys Dow process (H. K. Delong) Conditions Electroless plating on magnesium 'Gas plating' of magnesium (vapour plating)

9 Superplasticity of light metal alloys

93 93

163 163 168 171

173 173 173 173 173 176 176 176 176

179 179 179 179 182 185 185 185 185 185

186

10 Light metal-matrix composites

188

Index

193

Preface

The light metals covered by this handbook are only those of industrial importance- aluminium, magnesium and titanium. The values given have been updated to the time of publication. They are intended for all those working with light metals; for research or design purposes Reference to source material may be found in Smithells Metals Reference Book (revised 7th edition). For design purpose values of mechanical prolYerties must be obtained from the relevant specifications. Equilibrium diagrams are taken to be the most suitable for general work. For specialist work on any system, original sources should be consulted. E.A .B . Chalfont St Peter, Bucks

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

1

Related specifications

h)

Table 1.1 RELATED SPECIFICATION9 FOR WROUGHT ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

BS international

Nominal composition old I S 0 No.

Al-

1050A 1080A 1200

99.5

1350 201 1 2014A 2017A 2024

99.5 Cu6BiPb Cu4SiMg Cu4MgSi Cu4Mg 1

2031 2117 26 18A

Cu2NiMgFeSi Cu2Mg Cu2Mg1.5 FelNil Mnl MnMg Si5 Si12 Mgl Mg5 Mg4.5Mn Mg3.5 Mg2 Mg3.6 Mg3Mn MglSiCu MgOSSi SiIMgMn Zn4.5Mg Zn6MgCu

3 103 3 105 4043 4047 5005

5056A 5083 5154A 525 1

5454

5554 6061

6063 6082 7020 7075

99.8 99

co r?.. -

UK former BS designation

France former NF

W. Germany Wk. No.

g

Italy Canada

Sweden

USSR

OldUNI

New UNI

Japan

9001R 900114

A1050 A1080 A1200

P

0;i‘

%

1B 1A 1c

A5 A8 A4

3.0255 3.0285 3.0205

1E FCI HI5

A516 PbBi A-U5 A-U4SG A- UK A-UK1

3.0257 3.1655 3.1255 3.1325 3.1355

A-U2N A-U2G A-U2GN

3.1305

-

2L97,2L98, L109, L110, DTDS l00A HI2 3L86 H16 N3 N3 1 N2 1 N2 N4 I N6 N8 N5 N4 N5 1 N52 H20 H9 H30 HI7 2L95, L160, L161, L162

A-SS A-S12 A-(30.6 A-GSM A-G4.5MC

-

A-G2M A-G2.5MC

-

-

3.0515 3.0505

-

3.3555 3.3547

-

3.3525 3.3537

-

3.3211 -

A-SGM0.7 A-ZSG A-ZSGU

3.2315 3.4335 3.4365

A-GSUC

-

E

-

990

4 007 4004 4010

CB60 CS4IN

AK 8

6 362 3581

900115 m215

4 338

mu3

A2011 A2014

-

D 16

3 583

900214

A2024

A22 17

-

-

-

CG42

-

CG30

-

-

GM41 GR40

-

GM31N GM31P CSIIN GSlO

-

-

zG62

-

4 355

-

-

-

4 507 4 509 3 567

-

900111

-

-

D 18 AK 4-1

3 577 3578

900211 9oou6

4054

AMG3 -

3 568

* ” 9003R

-

-

4106 4140

-

4104 4212 4 425 SM6958

AD3 AD31

-

-

V95

-

-

5 764

-

-

AGO5 A4043

-

7 790 -

900515 -

A5005

-

9005/3

A5454 A5554 A6061 A6063

900511

-

9006R -

3571 7791 3 735

900614 9007/1 9007R

3 574 7 789

6 170

-

A5083

--

A7075

6

6

3

3

8

B

Related specifications Table 1.2

3

RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

Cast alloys

Nominal composition

UK designation

UK BS2970 MAG

RE3Zn2.5 Zr0.6

ZRE1

Zn4.2REI.3 ZrO.7

USA ASTM

USA AMS

France AFNOR

Standard AECMA

W. Germany aircraft

6-TE

EZ33A-T5

4442B

G-TR3Z2

MG-C-91

3.6204

3.5103

RZ5

5-TE

ZE41A-T5

4439A

G-Z4TR

MG-C-43

3.6104

3.5101

Th3Zn2.2 Zr0.7

ZTI

8-TE

HZ32A-T5

4447B

G-Th3Z2

MG-C-81

3.6254

3.5105

Zn5.5Thl.8 ZrO.7

TZ6

9-TE

ZH62A-T5

4438B

-

MG-C-41

3.5114

3.5102

AIgZn0.5 Mn0,3

A8

1-M

AZ81A-F

-

G-A9

MG-C-61

-

3.5812

AI9.5Zn0.5 Mn0.3

AZ91

3-7B

AZ91 C-T4

-

G-A9Z 1

AI7.5D.5 Zn0.3/1.5 Mn0.15min

C

7-M

.

.

.

.

-

W. Germany DIN 1729

3.5194

.

3.5912

1.4.2 Wrought alloys Zn3Zr0.6

ZW3

E- 151M

-

-

-

MG-P-43

Al6ZnlMn0.3

AZM

E-121M

AZ61A-F

4350H

G-A6ZI

MG-P-63

W.3510

3.5612

Al8.5Zn0.5 Mn0.12min

AZ80

-

AZ80A

4360D

-

MG-P-61

W.3515

3.5812

Al3ZnlMn0.3

AZ31

S-1110

AZ31B-0

4375F

MG-P-62

W.3504

3.5312

Table 1.3

IMI designation

G-A2ZI

TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS. CORRESPONDING GRADES OR SPECIFICATIONS

tlK British Standards (Aerospace series) and Min. olDer DTD series*

France AIR-9182, 9183, 9184

Germany BWB seriest

AECMA recom. mendations

[MI 115

BS TA 1, DTD 5013

T-35

3.7024

Ti-POI

IMI 125

BS TA 2,3,4,5

T-40

3.7034

Ti-PO2

IMI 130

DTD 5023, 5273, 5283, 5293 BS TA 6 BS TA 7,8,9 BS TA 21, 22, 23, 24, BS TA 52-55, 58 DTD 5043 BS TA 14, 15, 16, 17 BS TA 10, I I, 12, 13, 28, 56

T-50

IMI 155 IMI 160 IMI 230

IMI 315 IMI 317 IMI 318 IMI 318 ELI (extra low

interstitial)

-

T-60

3.7064

Tt-PO4

T-U2.

3.7124

Ti-Pl i

T-A5E T-A6V

T-A6VELI

Ti-P65 3.7164

I"i-I'63

USA AMS series:~

USA ASTM series ASTM grade I

AMS 4902, 4941, 4942, 4951

ASTM grade 2

AMS 49O0

ASTM grade 3

AMS 4901 AMS 4921

ASTM grade 4

AMS 4909, 4910, 4926, 4924, 4953, 4966 AMS 4911, 4928, 4934, 4935, 4954, 4965, 4967

AMS 4907, 4930, 4931

ASTM grade 5

ASTM grade 3, F. 136.

continued overleaf

4


Table 1.3

(continued) UK British Standards (Aerospace series) and Min. of Def

France

DTD series*

AIR-9182, 9183, 9184

Germany BWB seriest

IMI 325

-

T-A3V2.5

3.7194

IMI 550 IMI 551 IMI 624

BS TA 45-51, 57 BS TA 39-42

T-A4DE

3.7184

T-A6Zr4 DE

3.7144

IMI designation

IMI 646 IMI 662

IMI 679 IMI680 IMI 685 IMISII IMI 834

AECMA recommendations

AMS 4943 4944

-

T-EIlDA T-A6ZD T-A8DV

3.7154

USA ASTM series ASTM grade 9

Ti-P68 AMS 4919, 4975, 4976 AMS 4981 AMS 4918, 4971, 4978, 4979 AMS 4974

3.7174

BS TA 18-20, 25-27 DTD5213 BS TA 43,44

USA AMS series~i

Ti-P67 AMS 4915, 4916

T-A6E Zr4Nb

*UK BS 3531 Part I (Metal Implants in Bone Surgery), and Draft British Standard for Lining of Vessels and Equipment for Chemical Processes, Part 9, also refer. tGermany DIN 17850, 17860, 17862, 17863, 17864 (3.7025/35/55/65), and TUV 230-1-68 Group I, II, III and IV also refer. ~USA MIL-T-9011, 9046, 9047, 14577, 46038, 46077, 05-10737 and ASTM B265-69, B338-65, B348-59T, B367-61T. B381-61T, B382-61T also refer.

2

General physical properties of light metal alloys and pure light metals

2.1

General physical properties of pure light metals and their alloys

Table 2.1

PHYSICALPROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM, MAGNESIUM AND TITANIUM

Property

Aluminium

Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atomic weight C = 12 Atomic number Density (g cm - l ) liquid at 660 ~ AI, 651 ~ Mg, 1685 ~ Ti Melting point ~ Boiling point ~ Thermal conductivity W m - I K - I at ~

26.98154 13 2.70 2.385 660.323 (fixed pt ITS-90) 2520

0-100 2OO 4OO 6OO 8OO

238 238 238

20 0-100 200 30O 40O 600 800 Coefficient of expansion 10-6K - I at ~ 0-100 100 200 3OO 400 600 800 Electrical resistivity ~t$2 at ~ 20 100 200 300 400

900 917 984 1030 1076

24.305 12 1.74

1.590 649 1090 155.5 167 130

m

Titanium .

.

.

.

47.88 22 4.5 4.11 1667 3285 16 15 14 13 (13)

Specific heat J k g - I K -1 at ~

Temp. coefficient of resistivity 0 - 1 0 0 ~

-

1022 1038 1110 1197 -

23.5 23.9 24.3 25.3 26.49 -

26.0 26.1 27.0 28.9 -

2.67 3.55 4.78 5.99 7.30

4.2 5.6 7.2 12.1

600

--

--

800 10-3K - I

-

-

4.5

4.25

Note: For surface tension and viscosity of liquid metals see Metal Reference Book 7th ed. pp. 14-7 to 14-8

519 528 569 619 636 682

8.9 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.7 9.9 54 70 88 119 152 165 3.8

6


2.2

The physical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys

Table 2.2

THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES

sand cast

Density

%

Material AI AI-Cu

A1-Mg

Al - Si AI-Si-Cu

AI-Si-Cu-Mg*

AI-Cu-Mg-Ni (Yalloy) Al - Cu - Fe - Mg

AI-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni (Lo-Ex)

*Die cast.

Coefficient of expansion

Nominal composition

AI AI Cu Cu Cu Mg Mg Mg Si Si Si Cu Si Cu Si Cu Mg Cu Mg Ni Cu Fe Mg Si Cu Mg Ni Si Cu Mg Ni

99.5 99.0 4.5 8 12 3.75 5 10 5 11.5 10 1.5 4.5 3 17 4.5 0.5 4 1.5 2 10 1.25 0.25 12 1 1 2 23 1 1 1

Thermal conductivity 100 ~C W m - I K -1

Resistivity

Modulus of elasticity

gem -3

2 0 - 1 0 0 *C 10 - 6 K -1

i.tflm

MPa x 103

2.70 2.70 2.75 2.83 2.93 2.66 2.65 2.57 2.67 2.65 2.74

24.0 24.0 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.0 23.0 25.0 21.0 20.0 20.0

218 209 180 138 130 134 130 88 159 142 100

3.0 3.1 3.6 4.7 4.9 5. l 5.6 8.6 4. l 4.6 6.6

69 71 71 71 7l

2.76

21.0

134

4.9

71

2.73

18.0

134

8.6

88

2.78

22.5

126

5.2

71

2.88

22.0

138

4.7

71

2.71

19.0

121

5.3

71

2.65

16.5

107

-

88

Table 23 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM AUOYS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES wmuglu ~

~~

Coeflcient

of

9%

1199

1080A 105OA

I200 2014A

2024

Al Al

Al Al

3103

99

Extruded Sheet

gg

0.1

Mn

cu Li

hill

Sheet

995

4.4

Mn cu

Extruded Extruded shect

cu

Mg

2090

99.8

Sheet

Extruded

0.8 0.15 45 15

0.6 2.1 2.3 0.12 2. I 2.0 1.50 0.1

1.25

shect

Extruded

Modvlvr of elasticity MPa x l d

g cm-3

10-6 K-'

HI11 HI8

2.70

235

HI11 H18

2.70

23.5

HI11 H18

2.71

23.5

HI11 H18

2.11

23.5

T4 T6

2.8 2.8

22 22

239 234 239 234 230 230 230 230 226 226 226 226 142 I59

n

T6

2.11 2.n

23 23

151

5.1 5.1

13 73

T8

259

23.6

88.2

9.59

76

T8

258

23.9

84

9.59

15

Hlll H12 H14 HI6 H18

2.14

23.0

180

3.9

0.0030

69

151

4.8

O.oM4

-

Condition*

99.992

Temp. of resistance 20- 100°C

Density

composition Speczjication

Thermal conductivity 100-c Wm-1 K-I

expansion 20-100"c

NoI~~MI

Resistivity PO

2.68 2.10 2.68 2.14 2.76 2.19 2.80 2.82 2.85 2.81 2.89 2.86 5.3

c *

0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0041 0.0041 0.0041 O.Oo40 O.OO40

69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

O.Oo40

69

14

45

continued overleaf

4

Table 23

(continued) WlUUghI

Spec$cation

5083 525 I

5154A 5454 A1-Li Al-Mg-Li

Al-Li-Mg 6061

6063 6063A 6082 6082

Nominal composition 96

4.5 0.7 0.15 2.0 0.3 3.5 2.7 0.75 0.12 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.o 0.6 0.2 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.o 1.o 0.7 1.o

1.o

Density gm-3

Condition* sheet

Hlll H12 H14 Hlll H13 H16

2.67

Co&cient of expansion 20- I00"C

K-' 24.5

a.

Thermal conductivity 100°C

Wm-' K-' 109

Temp.

Resistivity PQ

6. I

c o g . of resistance 20- 100°C

Moddwof elasticity MPaxld

p

0.0019

71

2

155

4.7

0.0025

2.67

23.5

2.68

24

4.9 5.3 5.4 5.7 5. I

0.0023 0.0021 0.0021 0.0019

Sheet Sheet

HI11 H22 H24 T6 T6

147 142 138 134 147

Sheet

T6

2.46

-

-

-

BiU

Hlll T4 T6

2.7 2.7 2.7

23.6 23.6 23.6

I80 154 167

2.70

23.0

2.7 2.7 2.7

24 24 24 23 23

193 201 197 209 201 172 184

3.5 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.3 4.1 3.7

0.003 1 0.003 1

2.69

23.0

188 193

3.6 3.4

0.0033 0.0035

Extruded Sheet Extruded Sheet

Hlll H14

Extruded

T4 T6 BiU T4 T5 T6 Bar/Extruded T4 T6 Sheet

T4 T6

L?

E

24

Sheet

5 1 6

2.69

2.56 2.52

70

-

70

-

70 71 79 84

68.9 68.9 68.9 0.0033 0.0035

71

-

69 69 69 69 69 69

-

6463 Al-Cu-Mg-Si (--)

Mi! Si cu Mg

(Lo-&)

Al-Zn-Mg

Sheet

Mg Ni

1.0 1.o 1

Ms Si

Al-Si-Cu-Mg

4.0

Mg Ni Si

Si

Mn

(YdOY)

Bar

0.6 0.4 0.6 4.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 4.0 1.5 2.0 12.0

cu Al-Cu-Mg-Ni

0.65 0.4

Mn

cu

cu

.o 1.o

zn

10.0

Mn

0.7 0.4 5.7 2.6 1.6 0.25 25 1.3 0.95

cu

8090

147

5.0

0.oOU

225

147 159

5.2 4.5

0.0022

73

2.78

22.5

151

4.9

0.0023

72

2.66

19.5

151

4.9

0.oOU

79

Forgings

2.91

23.5

151

4.9

0.oOU

-

Extrusion T6

2.80

23.5

130

5.1

O.oO20

72

Platc

2.55

21.4

935

959

2.71 2.71 2.80

225

Sheet

T4 T6

2.81

Forgings

T6

Forgings

T6

0.1 H l l l =Aorrr*d

H122 =Quarter hard HI424 = Half hard HI626 = l l n u z q w had. HI828 =Hard

3.I 3.3

69 69 73

T5 T6 T6

T4 = Solutioa htaIedand ".nosily agca T6 = Solution fmcd and oti6cially &

23.4 23.4

209

mi

0.0026

-

n

2 3 The physical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys

F,

Table 2.4 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURE ~

Material

Pure Mag Mg-Mn Mg-A1 Mg-Al-Zn

Mg-Zn-Mn Mg-Zn-Zr

Nominal composition? 96

Mg 99.97

Condition

TI

(MN70)Mn (AM503)Mn AL8OAl

0.75 approx. TI 1.5 T1 0.75 approx. T1 Be 0.005 TI (AZ31)AI 3 Z n 1 AC (A8)AI 8 AC T4 zn 0.5 AC (AZ91)AI 9.5 AC T4 Zn 0.5 AC T6 (AZM)Al 6 TI a l l T1 (AZ855)Al 8

Zn

0.5

(ZM21)B 2 M n l (ZW1)Zn 1.3 Zr 0.6 (ZW3)Zn 3 Zr 0.6 (U2)Zn 4.5 Zr 0.7 (ZW6)Zn 5.5 Zr 0.6

Density at 20°C g~m-~

Melting point "C Sol. Liq.

Coefl of thermal expansion 20-200°C K-'

Thermal conductivity Wrn-'K-'

650

27.0

167

3.9

1050

A

1.74

Electrical resistivity pncm

Specific heat 20-200" C Jkg-'K-'

Weldabiliry by argon arc

Relative damping

process$

capacity5

6.50 650 630

651 651 640

26.9 26.9 26.5

146

5

142

5.0

I 050 1050

117

6

1050

A A A

1.78

575

630

26.0

(84)

10.0

1050

A

475'

600

84

C

595

A

C

510

610

14.3

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 14000

A

470'

84 84 84 84 79

13.4

1.83 1.83 1.83 1.80

27.2 27.2 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.3

A

1.80

47s

600

27.2

79

14.3

1000

A

1.81

-

14.1

-

TI

1.78

27.0

T1

1.80

625

645

27.0

134

5.3

1000

A

TI

1.80

600

635

27.0

125

5.5

960

C

AC T6

1.81

560

640

27.3

113

6.6

960

C

T5

1.83

530

630

26.0

I17

6.0

1050

C

3

I .

2

$

5ii

t;

1.75 1.76 1.75

1.81

-gr

C

A A

a 8

Mg-Y-RE-Zr

AC T6

I .84

550

640

26.7

51

14.8

966

A

AC T6

1.85

550

640

24.6

52

17.3

960

A

AC T5

1.80

545

640

26.8

100

7.3

I050

A

M Zr

4.0 3.4 0.6 5.1 3.0 0.6 2.7 2.2 0.7

(Ru)Zn

4.0

AC T5

1.84

510

640

27.1

I13

6.8

960

B

AC T6

1.87

515

630

21.0

109

5.6

960

A

TI

1.76

600

645

26.4

121

6.3

960

A

AC T5

1.83

550

647

26.7

105

7.2

960

A

AC T5

1.87

500

630

27.6

113

6.6

960

B

AC T6

1.82

550

640

26.7

113

6.85

lo00

A

AC T6

1.81

540

640

26.6

113

6.85

lo00

A

(WE43)Y RE(A)

Zr

W 4 ) Y RE(A)

Zr

Mg-RE-Zn-Zr

(ZRE1)RE

RE

Zr

(m3)Zn

RE

Zr

Mg-Th-Zn-ZT

(2TY)Th

Zn Zr

(2Tl)Th

zn

Zr

1.2 0.7 6 2.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.6 3.0 2.2 0.7

5.5 1.8 Zr 0.7 (QE22)Ag 25 RE@)2.0 Zr 0.6

cIz6)zn Th

Mg-Ag-RE-Zr

(EQWRE(D) Ag cu

zr

2.2 I5 0.07 0.1

continued overleaf

Table 2.4

I

(com'wdJ

h)

condition

Density at2O"C gcm-3

AC T6

.87

465

600

T6

.87

465

AC T6

1.82

AC

1.75

Nominal compositiont Material

%

Mg-Zn-Cu-Mn

MG-Ag-RE-** Th-zr

Mg-n

(ZC63)Zn Cu Mn (ZC71)Zn Cu Mn

(QH21)Ag 2.5 FE(D) 1.0 Th 1.0 zr 0.7 (ZA)Zr 0.6

AC Sand cast. T4 Solution heat treated.

T5 hipitation heat mated. T6 Fully heat mated.

t

6.0 2.7 0.5 6.5 1.3 0.8

Mg-AI type alloys normally contain 0.2-0.4% Mn to improve nxmsim resistance. ** Thorium containing alloys arc being replaced by allcmative Mg alloys.

Melting point "C SOL Liq.

Thermal conductivity

Specifrc heat 20-200°C Jkg-' K-'

wrn-'~-I

Electrical resistivity pS2 cm

26.0

122

5.4

962

B

600

26.0

122

5.4

62

B

540

640

26.7

113

6.85

1005

A

-

650

651

27.0

(146)

(4.5)

1050

A

A

TI Extruded. rolled or forged. RE Cerium mischmctal containing appmx. 50% Ce. Non-equilibrium solidus 420'C. () Estimated value. RQD) Mischmetal enriched in necdynium.

=(A) Neodynium + Heavy R a n EanhS.

CoeE of thermal expansion 20-200°C K-I

*

Weldobility by argon arc process*

Weldability rating: A Fully weldable.

5 Damping capacity rating:

B Weldable. C Not recommended where fusion welding is involved.

B Equivalent to cast iron.

Relative dnmping capacity5

A Outstanding.

C Inferior to cast iron but better than Al-base cast alloys.

.E

B

General physical properties of light metal alloys and pure light metals

13

2.4 The physical properties of titanium and titanium alloys Table 2.S

Material 11141 designation

PHYSICALPROPERTIESOF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYSAT NORMALTEMPERATURES

Coefficient of expansion

Temp. Thermal coefficient conof ductivity Resistivity resistivity

Nominal composition Density 20-100*C 20-100*C %

gcm -3 10- 6 K -1 W m -1 K -1

CP Titanium Commercially 4.51 pure IMI 230 Cu 2.5 4.56 IMI 260/261 Pd 0.2 4.52 IMI 315 AI 2.0 4.51 Mn 2.0 IMI 317 AI 5.0 4.46 Sn 2.5 IMI 318 AI 6.0 4.42 V 4.0 IMI 550 AI 4.0 4.60 Mo 4.0 Sn 2.0 Si 0.5 IMI 551 AI 4.0 4.62 Mo 4.0 Sn 4.0 Si O.5 IMI 679 Sn 11.0 4.84 Zr 5.0 AI 2.25 Mo 1.0 Si 0.2 IMI 680 11.0 4.86 Sn Mo 4.0 AI 2.25 Si 0.2 IMI 685 AI 6.0 4.45 Zr 5.0 Mo 0.5 Si 0.25 IMI 829 AI 5.5 4.53 Sn 3.5 Zr 3.0 Nb 1.0 Mo 0.3 Si 0.3 IMI 834 AI 5.8 4.55 Sn 4.0 Zr 3.5 Nb 0.7 Mo 0.5 Si 0.35 C 0.06

20 *C ttflcrn

Specific heat

Magnetic suscept.

10-6 20-100 *C 50 *C cgs units g-I ttflcmK - I Jkg - 1 K -1

7.6

16

48.2

0.0022

528

+3.4

9.0 7.6 6.7

13 16 8.4

70 48.2 101.5

0.0026 0.0022 0.0003

528 460,

+4.1

7.9

6.3

163

0.0006

470

+3.2

8.0

5.8

168

0.0004

610

+3.3

8.8

7.9

159

0.0004

-

8.4

5.7

170

0.0003

400

8.0

7.1

163

0.0O04

-

8.9

7.5

165

0.0003

-

9.8

4.8

167

0.0004

-

9.45

7.8

10.6

530

+3.1

3

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys

The following tables summarize the mechanical properties of the more important industrial light metals and alloys. In the tables of tensile properties at normal temperature the nominal composition of the alloys is given, followed by the appropriate British and other specification numbers. Most specifications permit considerable latitude in both composition and properties, but the data given in these tables represent typical average values which would be expected from materials of the nominal composition quoted, unless otherwise stated. For design purposes it is essential to consult the appropriate specifications to obtain minimum and maximum values and special conditions where these apply. The data in the tables referring to properties at elevated and at sub-normal temperatures, and for creep, fatigue and impact strength have been obtained from a more limited number of tests and sometimes from a single example. In these cases the data refer to the particular specimens tested and cannot be relied upon as so generally applicable to other samples of material of the same nominal composition.

3.1

Mechanical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys

The compositional specifications for wrought aluminium alloys are now internationally agreed throughout Europe, Australia, Japan and the USA. The system involves a four-digit description of the alloy and is now specified in the UK as BS EN 573, 1995. Registration of wrought alloys is administered by the Aluminum Association in Washington, DC. International agreement on temper designations has been achieved, and the standards agreed for the European Union, the Euro-Norms, are replacing the former British Standards. Thus BS EN 515. 1995 specifies in more detail the temper designations to be used for wrought alloys in the UK. At present, there is no Euro-Norm for cast alloys and the old temper designations are still used for cast alloys. In the following tables the four-digit system is used, wherever possible, for wrought materials.

3.1.1 Alloy designation system for wrought aluminium The first of the four digits in the designation indicates the alloy group according to the major alloying elements, as follow: 1XXX 2XXX 3XXX 4XXX 5XXX 6XXX 7XXX 8XXX 9XXX

aluminium of 99.0% minimum purity and higher copper manganese silicon magnesium magnesium and silicon zinc other element, incl. lithium unused

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys

15

I XXX Group:

In this group the last two digits indicate the minimum aluminium percentage. Thus 1099 indicates aluminium with a minimum purity of 99.99%. The second digit indicates modifications in impurity or alloying element limits. 0 signifies unalloyed aluminium and integers 1 to 9 are allocated to specific additions. 2XXX-8XXX Groups: In these groups the last two digits are simply used to identify the different alloys in the groups and have no special significance. The second digit indicates alloy modifications, zero being allotted to the original alloy.

National variations of existing compositions are indicated by a letter after the numerical designation, allotted in alphabetical sequence, starting with A for the first national variation registered. The specifications and properties for Cast Aluminium Alloys are tabulated in Chapter 4.

3.1.2 Temperdesignation system for aluminium alloys The following tables use the internationally agreed temper designations for wrought alloys, (BS EN 515. 1995) and the more frequently used ones are listed below. The old ones still used for existing BS specifications e.g. BS 1490. 1989 for castings are compared with the new ones at the end of this section.

U.K.

Meaning

F HIll

As manufactured or fabricated Fully soft annealed condition

Strain-hardened alloys .

H Hlx H2x H3x H12,H22,H32 HI4,H24,H34 HI6,H26,H36 HI8,H28,H38 Heat-treatable alloys TI T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 TI0

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

L

Strain hardened non-heat-treatable material Strain hardened only Strain hardened only and partially annealed to achieve required temper Strain hardened only and stabilized by low temperature heat treatment to achieve required temper Quarter hard, equivalent to about 20-25% cold reduction Half hard. equivalent to about 35% cold reduction Three-quarter hard, equivalent to 50-55% cold reduction Fully hard, equivalent to about 75% cold reduction Cooled from an Elevated Temperature Shaping Process and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition Cooled from an Elevated Temperature Shaping Process, cold worked and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition Solution heat-treated, cold worked and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition Solution heat-treated and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition Cooled from an Elevated Temperature Shaping Process and then artificially aged Solution heat-treated and then artificially aged Solution heat-treated and then stabilized (over-aged) Solution heat-treated, cold worked and then artificially aged Solution heat-treated, artificially aged and then cold worked Cooled from an Elevated Temperature Shaping Process, artificially aged and then cold worked

A large number of variants in these tempers has been introduced by adding additional digits to the above designations. For example, the addition of the digit 5 after T1-9 signifies that a stress relieving treatment by stretching has been applied after solution heat-treatment.

16


A full list is given in BS EN 515. 1995 but some of the more common ones used in the following tables are given below. T351

Solution heat-treated, stress-relieved by stretching a controlled amount (usually 1-3% permanent set) and then naturally aged. There is no further straightening after stretching. This applies to sheet, plate, rolled rod and bar and ring forging. T3510 The same as T351 but applied to extruded rod, bar, shapes and tubes. T3511 As T3510, except that minor straightening is allowed to meet tolerances. T352 Solution heat-treated, stress-relieved by compressing (1-5% permanent set) and then naturally aged. T651 Solution heat-treated, stress-relieved by stretching a controlled amount (usually 1-3% permanent set) and then artificially aged. There is no further straightening after stretching. This applies to sheet, plate, rolled rod and bar and ring forging. T6510 The same as T651 but applied to extruded rod, bar, shapes and tubes. T6511 As T6510, except that minor straightening is allowed to meet tolerances. T73 Solution heat-treated and then artificially overaged to improve corrosion resistance. T7651 Solution heat-treated, stress-relieved by stretching a controlled amount (Again about 1-3% permanent set) and then artificially over-aged in order to obtain a good resistance to exfoliation corrosion. There is no further straightening after stretching. This applies to sheet, plate, rolled rod and bar and to ring forging. T76510 As T7651 but applied to extruded rod, bar, shapes and tubes. T76511 As T7510, except that minor straightening is allowed to meet tolerances. In some specifications, the old system is still being applied. The equivalents between old and new are as follows. BS EN 515 BS1470D0 Pre-1969 BS F M Hill 0 0 T3 TD WD T4 TB W T5 TE P T6 TF WP T8 TH WDP TH7 is as TH and then stabilised. F/M is as manufactured or fabricated.

lhbk 3.2 ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALulysMEcHAMcAL PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Wrought Alloys

02%

Proof

Naminol composition

Speci&mrion 1199

1080A

IOSOA

1350

stress

Form

%

Al99.99 Al99.8

Al99.5

Al995

Condition

pa

Elong. % Tensile m50 mm Shear strength (22.6 mm) strength pa a5.656 m a

HI11 m 55 60 85 H14 HI8 85 110 Sh&t Hlll 25 10 HI4 95 100 HI8 125 135 W U C Hlll 10 HI4 90 105 HI8 110-140 130-160 shar Hlll 35 80 H 14 105 I10 HI8 130 I45 Bars and sections as extruded 50 75 140 125 Rivetstock HI5 lulcs Hlll 75 120 125 HI8 < 7 5 mm HI8 z 75 mm 110 115 Wm Hlll 42 75 HI4 la0 1I5 HI8 115-170 140-195

sheet

wm

Hlll HI4 H18

97

83 110

165

186

28

55

m

12

50

17 11

-

47 15

10

38

-

-

-

-

-

-

50

60 10

60

Brinfll hardness

(~=502) 15 23

28

19

10 70

29 29

60

19

10

30

-

35-41

65

21

15 85 65

30 40 z2

65 75

21

-

-

Fa.gue smngth (unnotched) Impacy Fracture 500 M H z engery toughness pa I (warn'/*)

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

38-48

--

55

-

-

10 65 75

69 103

21

30

-

48

-

-

-

--

Remarks

Highcstquality reflators

Domestictrim, chrmicalplant

%

Generalpurpose

formnble alloy

-

3. a 2

3. 2

- .

*

-u

-

-

rn n

.o,

=

ElecaiCal COnduCtOrS

9 2a

i ;

continued overleaf

Table 3.2

w

(continued)

00

Wrought Alloys

Nominal composition Specification

1200

2011 2014

2014A

2024

Form

%

A1 99.0

c u 5.5 Bi 0.5 Pb 0.5

cu 4.4

Mg 0.7 Si 0.8 Mn 0.75 c u 4.4 Mg 0.7 Si 0.8 Mn 0.75

c u 4.5

Mg 1.5

Mn 0.6

Condition

35

s.

Remark

-.. s

General purpose, slightly higher strength than lO5A

g c a B

90 105 120 135 160 85 90 131 124 340 370 365 425 485 490

43 20 12 11 9 38 40 6 6 14 16

70 75 80 90 95 70 70 100 95 240 240

-

-

-

Free machining alloy

100

22 10 8

260 290

108 139

140 125

450 480 425

20 10 22

115 135

IN*

440 465 500

10

260 295 250 260

445 465

15

T4 T6

270 430 250 385 315 465 310 415 340 425 340 425

Heavy duty applications in m s port and aerospace, e.g. large parts, wings Aircraft applications (cladding when used 1070A)

460

T3 T35 1

345 325

485 470

Sheet

Hlll HI3 H14 HI6 H18 Bars and sections as extruded Tubes Hlll H > 75 m m H -= 75 m m T325 mm Extrudedbar T6 50-75 m m T3~lOmm wm Plate T45 1 T65 1 Barltube T6510 Sheet

T4 T6 Clad sheet T4 T6 Bars and sections T4 T6 Tubes T4 T6 wire T4 River stock Bolt and screw stock Plate

0.2% Elong. 45 Proof Tensile on 50 mm stress strength (22.6 mm) MPa MPa or5.65,&

cr,

Fatigue strength Shear Brine11 (unnotched) Impacy Fracture strength hardness 500 MHz engery toughness MPa (P=5d) MPa J (MPam'I2)

T6

35 95 1 I5 125 145 40

-

128 120 295 260 350 290 415 440

425 480 450

-

-

-

22 31 35 38 42 23 21 34 32 95

-

-

40 50 60 60 45*

130* 95' 95' 140 124

115 135

-

--

-

-

18 19

285 285

120 120

140 140

17 10 12 9

-

115 135 115 135

-

%

-

-

8

0

-

Structural applications, especially transport and aerospace.

2024 21 17 2090 2091

cu 4.5

Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6 Cu 2.5 Si 0.6 Mg 0.4 Cu 2.7 Li 2.7 Zr 0.12 cu 2.1 Li 2.0 Mg 1.50

zr 0.1

PIate/sheet extrusions

Cu 6 Mn 0.3

v 0.1 2004

Aircraft

165

20 20 10 24

Pfate T81 Plate (12.5 nun) T81

517 535

550 565

8 11

High strength, low density -alloy

Plate (12 nun) Plate(4Onun) Extrusion (10 m) Extrusion (30 m) Plate(12 nun) Plate (38 nun)

T8 x 51

T8x51 T851

310 310 505

420 430 580

14 6 7

Medium sangth, low density acm-alloy in damage-tolerant

T85 1

465

520

11

T851 T851 Ts

460 430 390

525 495 495

10

Hlll 1-4 T6

75 185 290

360

170

18 20

sheet

2031 Mg 0.9 Si 0.9 Fe 0.9 2618A

plate/sheet/

forEings

Cu 6

Sheet

Cu 2 3 N l 1.0

Forginss

Zr 0.4

cu 2.0

Mg 1.5 Si 0.9 Fe 0.9 Ni 1.0

75 325 395

185 470 475 295

Sheet 2219

Hlll T4 T6 T4

HI11 T6 T4

T6

150

415

230

300 235 340

420 355 420

70 330

170 430

SINCnUCS

Vehicle body shea

15 12 22

Medium strmgth. low density -alloy Medium strengrh, low density -alloy Weldable, creep mistant, hightelnpemture aerospace applications Superplastically deformable sheet Aerwngines, missile

15

tills

20 8

Aircraft engines

8

10

10

f?.

continued overlt-4

2

8

Table 3.2 (continued) Wrought Alloys

Nominal composition Specification 3103

%

Mn 1.25

Form Sheet

Wire

Mn 0.35 Mg 0.6

Sheet

3004

Mn 1.2 Mg 1.0

Sheet

3008

Mn 1.6

Sheet

3105

Fe 0.7 Zr 0.3 3003 Mn 1.2 clad with 4343 Si 7.5

Mn 1.2 3003 clad with 4004 Si 1.0 Mg 1.5

Sheet

Sheet

Condition HI11 H12 HI4 HI6 HI8 Hlll H14 H18 HI11 HI4 HI8 HI11 HI4 H18 Hlll H18

0.2% Pmof stress MF'a 65 125 140 160

Tensile strength Mpa 110 130 155 180 200

185 60 115 135 155 170-200 205-245 115 55 150 170 195 215 180 70 200 240 250 285 120 50 270 280

Hlll 40 HI2 125 HI4 145 HI6 170 Physical propemes

Elong.% on 50 nun (22.6 nun) or5.65,&

40 17 11 8 7

-

24 5 3 20 9 5 23 4

110 30 10 130 150 8 I75 5 as for 3003 clad with 4343

Shear Brine11 strength hardness MF'a (P=5$) 80

90

30 40

-

47 51 30 45 55-65

95 105 110

85 105 115 110 125 145

-

75 85 95 105

44

-

-

Fatigue strength (unnotched) Impacy Fracture 500 MHz energy toughness MPa J (Warn'/*)

Bz

Remarks General purpose, holloware, building sheet

Building cladding sheet Sheet metal work, storage tanks

-

Thermally reistant alloy. Vitreous enamelling

-

Flux brazing sheet

-

s

sc

a B

?%!

45 63 77

s6 t: B

Vacuum brazing sheet

4032

4043A 4047A 5657 5005 5251 525I

Si 12.0 cu 1.0 Mg 1.0 Ni 1.0 Si 5.0 Si 12.0

Forginss

T6

Rolled wire Wm

F

Mg 0.8

ShCCt

Mg 0.8

sheet

Mg 2.25 Mn 0.25

Skt

Mg 2.0 Mn 0.3

Bar Sheet

Hlll HI4 HI8 Hlll H14 HI8 HI11 HI4 HI8

F

40 150 195 95 230 275

5

130

20 8 25 12 7 25

225 110

160 195 125 160 200 I85 245 285 170

60 60 I30

H28

175 215

250 270

95 100 230 255 95 260-290

185

Bars and sections as extruded (F)

Wm

75 189 40 140 165

325

HI11 H22

H24

Tubes

240

HI11

HI4 HI8 Hlll HI8

180

220

200 250

270 200 280-310

6

4 22

1 2 16

20 8 5

-

75 95 105 75 95 110 12.5 145 I75

5

aim

Sheet metal work

-

Marineandtransport applications; good workability combined with good corrosion resistance and high fatigue resistance

139

125

-

Architcaural him. commercial vehicle

125 132

20

-

Pistons

Welding filler wire Brazing rod High base purity, bright him alloy

-

-

6

I10

-

4

20

I I5

45

958

48

-

-

75-85

-

sr n

2. B

b

G

.o, continued overled

=

"",

Table 3 3 (continued)

h) h)

WroughtAlloys

Nominal composition Specificorion 5 154A

5454

5083 5083 5556A 5056A

%

Form

Condition

0.2% Proof stress MPa

24 10 9 25 20 7

200 225

240 295 310 230 225 280 240 295 355 250 290 250 277 297

170 290

310 370

HI11 H22 H24 Bars and sections as extruded (F) Tubes Hlll HI4 Wirc Hill HI4 HI8 Rivet stock HI 11 HI2 Sheet HI11 H22 H24

125 245 275 125 125 220 125 265 310 125

Mg 4.5 Mn 0.7 Cr 0.15 Mg 4.5 Mn 0.7 Cr 0.15

Sheet

Mg 5

HI4 Hlll HI4 HI8 Rivet stock HI11 HI2 Bolt and screw HI4 stock

Mg 3.5 Mn 0.5

Mg 2.7 Mn 0.75 Cr 0.12

Mg 5.0

Mn 0.5

Sheet

HI11 H24 Bars and sections as extruded (F) Tube HI11 H14 Wirc

Wirc

-

105

180

315

180 300

320 375

250 140 300 340-400 140

330 300 340 400-450 300 350

300

340

-

-

55 80 95 55 55

Remarks

Welded structures, storage tanks,salt water service

-

90 100

22 7

65

5

85

21 9 19 20 7

72 110 77 77

77

Higher strength alloy for marine and transport, pressure vessels and welded structures Marine applications, cryogenics, welded pressure vessels.

-

-

65 95

110- 120

65

-

-

g P s 58

c

$$! a

-

12

-

2.

55

-

-

m

Fatigue Elong.% strength Tensile on 50 mm Shear Brine11 (unnotched) Impacy Fracture strength (22.6 nun) strength hardness 500 MHz energy toughness MPa or5.65& MPa ( P = 5 d ) MPa J (MParn'l2)

Weld filler wire Rivets, bolts, screws

6060

6063

Mg 0.5 Si 0.4

Mg 0.5 Si 0.5

Bar

6061

Bars, sections and forgings

6082

Mg 1.0 Si 05

M g 1.0 Si 0.6 Cr 0.25 cu 0.2

Mg 1.0 Si 1.0 Mn 0.7

Mg

1.0

Si 1.0 Mn 05

n

T6

Wm 6063A

T4

B m and seaions W i r c

Bia Bolt aod scrcw stock Barlextrusion

Plate

F

T4 T6 Hlll T4 T6 T65 10 T5 T6

90 130 190

85 115 210

-

I15

195 280 160

210

T4 145 T6 280 T856 310-400 T8 (6-10 m) 295-385 T6510 280 T8 290

Medium strength exmion alloy for doon, windows, pipes. architectural use; weldable and

150

175 220

I55 180 245 I t5 180 230 310 200 240

30 30 20

--

35 52 75

100 130 160

-

-

5

0 70 50 65 78

22 12 12

129 117 152

230 310 385-430 380-415 310 340

20 13

200

60 90

13

205

100

15

185

85

T5 T65 10 T45 1 T65 I T6 T4

260 285 150 289 285 160

3cQ

T6 T4 T6

285 160 285

310 245 325

315 240 315 315 240

-

-

11

19 12 12 25 13 20

ia

160

-

-

-

-

205 180 215

-

Transport, windows, fumiturc, doors and architeaurrl uses, pipes (irxigation)

-

-

mmi-stilllt Architcetural extrusions (fast extnding)

-

6

8

I04 100

65

100 65 95

s 4

E 3

m ij h'

n

Table 3.2

(conrinurd)

!i2 Wrought Alloys

Specification

6463

6009

7020 7075

7050

7475

7016 7021

Nominal composition

Form

%

Mg 0.55 Si 0.4 Si 0.8 Mg 0.6 Mn 0.5 Cu 0.4 zn 4.5 Mg 1.2 Zr 0.15 Zn 5.6 Mg 2.5 Cu 1.6 Cr 0.25 Zn 6.2 Mg 2.2 Cu 2.3 zr 0.12 zn 5.7 Mg 2.2 cu 1.5 Cr 0.2 zn 4.5 Mg 1.1 Cu 0.75 zn 5.5 Mg 1.5 cu 0.25 zr 0.12

Condition

0.2% Proof stress MPa

Tensile strength Mp

Fatigue Elong.% strength on 50 mm Shear Brine11 (unnotched) Impacy Fracture (22.6 mm) strength hardness 500 MHz energy toughness or5.65& MPa ( P = 5 d ) MPa J (MPam'/2)

-

h

t.

g P-

Remarks

180

T4 T6

215 130 325

240 235 345

16 12 24 12

Bars and sections T4 T6

225 310

340 370

18 I5

Transportable bridging

T4

T6 Sheet

130

Sheet/plate/ forgings/ extrusion

Hlll T4 m3

105 505 435

230 570 505

17 11 13

Ainraft

Thick section plate/ forgings

I736

455

515

11

Low quench sensitivity, high stress corrosion resistance. Aimraft struchves

Sheet/plate/ forgings

T6 I T7351

525

Exausions

T6

315

360

12

Extrusion

HI11 T6

115 395

235 435

16

-

13

ShUCtUES

High base purity. High fracture toughness. Aircraft structures Bright anodized vehicle bumpers Bumper backing bars

6' f

8079

8090

Fe 0.7 Li25 Cu 13 Mg0.95

zro.1

Foii Plate

T8nl

Exbusion Extrusion (10 =) Exbush

(30 =) Plate(12 mm)

Li 2.4 cu 1.2 Mg 0.50

Forging

Li25 cu 1.2

Forging

Zr 0.14

8091

Mg 0.66 Zr 0.12 Li 24

Cu 1.9 MP0.85

35 160

483

Plate(38/65 nun) T8151

Shea

8090

Hlll HI8

387 483

95 175 518

26 2 4.3

--

--

--

-

-

-

476

65

-

518

43

-

11

-

-

-

Domcsticfoil

-

-

42

As2090butlowci

425 42 42

T81

360

420

T6 T8

373 436

472 503

75

T81551

440

510

45

T82551 T85 1

460 515

515 580

30

T85 I

460

520

40

T851 T651

455 468

500

517

33 28.1

T651

400

453

36-7

420

499

-

-

-

-

39

711

-

-

16.98

as c

Table 3.2 (continued)

N

ch

Wrought Alloys

". h

2.

Fatigue

Nominal composition

96

Specification 8091

8091

Form

Li 2.4 cu 2.0 Mg 0.70 Zr 0.08

Plate (40 mm)

Li 2.3 Cu 1.7 Mg 0.64 210.13

Forging

Al99.0

Sand cast Chill cast Sand cast chill cast Sand cast Chill cast Sand cast chill Cast Sand cast

0.2% Elong.% strength Proof Tensile on 50 nun Shear Brinell (unnotched) Impacy Fracture stress strength (22.6 nun) strength hardness 500 MHz energy toughness Condition MPa MPa or 5 . 6 5 6 MPa (P= 5s) MPa J (MParn'12)

460 408 408

-

436

503

30 30 100

80 80 160 215 295 340 125

8.2

-

164

-

-

158

-

-

-

-

-

20.72

55 55

25 25

30*

-

60 65 85

I59

-

R F 6

Remarks Peak-aged(696 stretch, 32 h at 170°C Peak aged (no stretch, 100 h at 170°C) Duplex-aged (ditto, 24 h at RT. 48 h at 170°C) soh. M.530°C.WQ, aged 20 h at 170°C

Cast alloys

Al

(LMO)

Al-MI

(LM5)

Mg5.0

Mn 0.5

(LMlO) Mg 10.0 Al-Si

Al-Si-Mg

(LM18) Si 5.0

(2L99)

Si 7 Mg 0.4

F

F

F

F

100

T4 T4

180

F

F F

60 70 65

chill cast

F

Sand cast chill cast

T6 T6

190

30 40 6 10 12 18 5

170

6 8

75

21s

195 210

240 290

15s

-

230 230 90 120

30.

45

95 55

95

-

40

55

110

50 55

85 45*

10

130

60

60*

3 6

-

90

56 90

High conductivity, high ductility Very high corrosion resistance Stnngth + corrosion resistance Intricate castings

Very similar alloys,

excellent casting characteristics and COIm i o n resistance. LM6 has slightly supperior cormsion mistance. Good strength in fairly difficult castings. Cast vehicle wheels

9

s

c $

3-

Al-Cu-Si

6154) Cu4.2 (L155)

Al-Cu-Si

(LM24)

(LM4)

(LM22)

W) Al-Cu-Mg

AI-cu AI-Zn-Mg Al-Cu-Si-Zn A1-Si-Cu-Mg

Si 12

cu35 Si 8.0 Cu 3.0 Si 5.0

Cu 3.0 Si 5.0 Mn 0.5

cuIJ

Si 10.0 (LM12) c u 10.0 Mg 0.25 (L119) Cu 5.0 Ni 1.5 (DTn

zn 5.3

Mg 0.6 Cr 0.5 (LM27) c u 2.0 Si 7.0

5008B

(LM30) Si 17.0

cu 45

Mg 0.6

(LM16) Si 5.0

c u 1.0 Mg 0.5

Sandcast T4 Chillcast T4 Sandcast T6 Chillcast T6 Chillcast F Dieeast F Sandcast F Chillcast F Sandcast T6 Chillcast T6 Chillcast T4

170 175 215 215 110 I50 90

Sandcast F Chillcast F Chillcast F Chillcast T6 Sandcast T6

85 95

100 230

260 I15

225

280 295 320 200 320 155 170

260 330 260

8 15 5 10 3 2 3 3 1 3 9

85 90 85 85 70 80 105

110 75

285 200

185 185 310 225

-

2

70 80 85 130 90

Sandcast T4

-

220

5

-

Sandcast F

85

I55

2

75

F F F 0

100 160

240 265

180 180 275 295

3 0.5 1

80 110 120

Sandcast T4 Chillcast T4

130 130

210 245

3 6

80 85


245

255

1

100 110

Chillcast Chillcast Diecast Diecast

155

275

140

310

1 2 1

I

2

Aircraft castings

-

Y

Table 3.2 (conrinwd)

W N

Cast Alloys

$

. s

Nominal composition Specifrcotion Al-Si-Mg-Mn

%

(LM9)

Si 12.0 Mg 0.4 Mn 0.5

(LM25) Si 7.0 Mg 0.3

Al-Cu-Mg-Ni (YAlloy) Al-Si-CuMg-Zn Al-Si-CuMg-Ni

(L35)

Cu 4.0

Mg 1.5 Ni 2.0 (LM21) Si 6.0 Cu 4.0 Mg 0.2 zn 1.0 Si 23.0 cu 1.0 (LM29) Mg 1.0 Ni 1.0

Form

Fatigue 0.2% Elong.96 strength Proof Tensile on 50 mm Shear Brine11 (unnotched) Impacy stress strength (22.6 mm) strength hardness 500 M H z energy Condition MPa Mpa or5.65& Mpa ( P = 5 d ) MPa J


120 160

185 255

2 2.5

70 80

235 275 90 90 135 165 95 100 225 240 220 240

255

Sandcast F Chillcast F

I30 130

180 200

1 2

85


120 170

I30 210

0.3 0.3

120 120


120 170

130 210

0.3 0.3

120 120

Sandcast Chillcast Sandcast Chillcast Sandcast Chiicast Sandcast Chillcast Sandcast Chillcast Sandcast Chillcast

T6 T6

F F

TS T5

I7

n

T6 T6 T6 T6

310 140 180 165 220 170 230 255 310 235 290

1

1

2.5 4 I .5

2.5 3 8 1

3

1

2

100 110 60 60 75 85

65 70 105 105 115 115

90

55*

70* 70*

z

6

Fracture toughness

t:

Remarh Fluidity, corrosion resistance and high sangth. Extensive use fa low-pressure castings The most widely used general purpose, highsangth casting alloy

-

75 60 95 80*

I10*

-

-

-

. . I

3 6

L;

3

& g. g

85*

55 -

9

Highly sassed cornponents operating at elevated temperaGeneral engineering applications, particular crankcases Pistons for high performance internal combustion engines High performance piston alloy

(LM28)

Si 19.0

Cu 15

Mg 1.0 Ni 1.0 Si 11.0

cu 1.0

(LM13) Mg 1.0 Ni 1.0

Lo-Ex

Chillcast T5

170


lu)

Chillcast

T5

Sandcast

T6

Chillcast T6

T7 T7 Chillcast T5 sandcast Chillfast

(LM26) Si 9.0

Cu 3.0

170

-

190

0.5

-

120

130

05

120 120 105

I I

190 -

200

220

0.5 1

Al-Cu-SiMg-Fe-Ni

(3L52)

Al-Cu-SiFe-Ni-Mg

(3L51)

Cu 2.0

Si 15 Mg 1.0 Fe 1.0 Ni 1.25 Cu 15 Si 2.0

Fe 1.0

305

285 335

Sandcast

T5 T5

135 I50

170 210

Chillcast

1A

--

120

80

-

-

Aimaftengine castingsforelevated tempenuure smrice

-

70

-

-

-

Aimaftenginecastings

1

260

1

2.5

3.5

Ni 1.4 Mg 0.15

Limit faSO x M = s manufxnmd

4

i t 9 cyc*s.

H111=anaeakd t12 intmncdiantempns.

H6 H8 = fully hprd tanper.

alloy

-

-

T6 T6

-

Low expansion piston

105

1

Sandcast Chillcast

-

-

-

05

Mg 1.0 Ni 0.7

-

1.4 -

190 200 280290 140 I50 200 210 180 230

1

-

115 125

75 75

125

75

858 100.

-

-

-

-

-

Pistonalloy

-G

a

( I ) specirl t e m p for maximum sfnu camSim ~sistance(US designation 773). (2) Special heat ueafmcnt for cmnbinatimof pmpcrtia (UScksignation l736). (3) Special heat fRarmmt f a canbination of plopcfiics (USdnignation T61).

(4) Special heat maoumt for combinntion of poprties (USdaignation77351).

P a 2

30


Table 3.3

ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ELEVATEDTEMPERATURES

Nominal composition %

Condition

AI (1095)

AI 99.95

Rolled rod

(1200)

A1 99

Material (specification)

Temp.

Time at temp.

Proof stress

Tensile strength

Elong. % on 50 mm or

*C

h

MPa

MPa

5.65vr~

-

55 45 25 12 5

61 63 80 105 131

0.2%

WroughtAlloys

AI-Mn (3103)

Mn 1.25

Hill

24 93 203 316 427

-

Hill

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

35 35 30 25 14 11 6

90 75 60 40 30 17 14

45 45 55 65 75 80 85

HI4

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

115 105 85 50 17 11 6

125 110 90 65 30 17 14

20 20 22 25 75 80 85

HI8

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

150 125 95 30 14 11 6

165 150 125 40 30 17 14

15 15 20 65 75 80 85

Hill

24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

40 37 34 30 25 17 14 145 130 ll0 60 30 17 14 185 110 60 30 17 14

110 90 75 60 40 30 20 150 145 125 95 50 30 20 200 155 95 50 30 20

40 43 47 60 65 70 70 16 16 16 20 60 70 70 10 11 18 60 70 70

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

55 55 55 50 40 30 20

145 145 130 95 60 40 30

-

HI4

HI8

AI-Mg (5050)

Mg 1.4

Hill

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys Table 3.3



AI-Mg (cont.)

AI-Mg-Cr (5052)

(5154)

31

(continued)

Mg 2.25 Cr 0.25

Mg 3.5 Cr 0.25

Time at temp.

Proof stress

Tensile strength

EIong. % on 50 mm or

~

h

MPa

MPa

5.65V~

HI4

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

165 165 150 50 40 35 20

195 195 165 95 60 4O 30

-

HI8

24 160 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10600 10000 10000 10600 10600

200 200 175 60 40 35 20

220 215 180 95 60 40 30

-

Hill

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10060 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

90 90 90 75 5O 35 20

195 190 165 125 80 50 35

30 35 50 65 80 100 130

HI4

24 100 148 203 26O 316 317

10000 10000 10000 10000 10O60 10000 10000

215 205 185 105 50 35 20

260 260 215 155 8O 50 35

14 16 25 40 8O 100 130

H18

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10060 10000

255 255 200 105 50 35 20

290 285 235 155 80 50 35

8 9 20 40 80 100 130

Hill

24 160 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

125 125 125 95 60 40 30

240 240 195 145 110 70 40

25 30 40 55 70 100 130

HI4

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10060 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

225 220 195 110 60 40 30

290 285 235 175 110 70 40

12 16 25 35 70 100 130

HI8

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10000 10600 10000 10000 10060 10060 10000

270 255 220 105 60 40 30

330 310 270 155 110 70 40

8 13 20 35 70 100 130

Temp. Condition

0.2%

continued overleaf

32


Table 3.3

(continued) T~me



AI-Mg-Mn (5056A)

Mg 5.0 Mn 0.3

AI-Mg-Si

(6O63)

Mg 0.7 Si 0.4

1"6

(6082)

Mg 0.6 Si 1.0 Cr 0.25

T6

(6o61)

Mg 1.0 Si 0.6 Cu 0.25 Cr 0.25

T6

AI-Cu-Mn (2219)

Cu 6.0 Mn 0.25

Condition As extruded

Forgings

F

T6

AI-Cu-Pb-Bi (2011)

Cu 5.5 Pb 0.5 Bi 0.5

T4

AI-Cu-Mg-Mn

Cu 4.0 Mg 0.5 Mn 0.5

T4

Cu 4.5 Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6

T4

(2o17)

(2024)

Elong. % on 50 mm

Temp.

at temp.

0.2% Proof stress

Tensile strength

*C

h

MPa

MPa

5.65,/~

2O 50 100 150 200 25O 300 350 24 100 148 203 26O 316 371 24 10O 148 203 206 316 371 24 10O 148 2O3 260 316 371 2O 10O 150 200 25O 30O 35O 4OO 24 10O 148 2O3 260 316 371 24 10O 148 203 26O 316 371 24 10O 148 2O3 260 316 371

100O 1000 10130 10t30 10O0 10O0 1 0O0 1 0O0 100O0 100O0 100o0 1000O 10000 100o0 100O0 100O0 100O0 10000 100O0 100o0 100O0 100O0 1000o 10000 10000 100o0 1000o 100O0 100O0 100 10O 10O 100 10O 10O 10O 10O 100O0 10000 100O0 1000O 100o0 1000O 100O0 100O0 100O0 10000 100O0 10000 100O0 100O0 100o0 10 0O0 10000 10000 100O0 I0000 10000

145 145 145 135 111 75 50 20 215 195 135 45 25 17 14 230 270 175 65 35 30 25 275 260 213 105 35 17 14 230 220 185 135 110 45 20 295 235 130 75 30 14 11 275 255 205 115 65 35 25 340 305 245 145 65 35 25

300 300 300 245 215 130 95 60 240 215 145 60 30 20 17 330 290 185 80 45 35 30 310 290 235 130 50 30 20 385 365 325 280 205 145 70 30 375 320 195 110 45 25 17 430 385 274 150 80 45 30 470 422 295 180 95 50 35

25 27 32 45 56 77 10O 140 18 15 2O 4O 75 80 105 17 19 22 4O 50 50 50 17 18 2O 28 6O 85 95 8

or

m

D

15 16 25 35 45 90 125 22 18 16 28 45 95 10O 19 17 17 22 45 75 10O

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys Table 3.3 (continued)

Material (specqication) Wrought alloys AI-Cu-Mg-SiMn (2014)

AI-Cu-M8-Ni (2618)


,

Temp. Condition

Cu 2.2

~

T6

Cu 4.4 Mg 0.4 Si O.8 Mn 0.8

'Mg 1.5

,

Forgings

T6

Forgings

T6

Ni 1.2

Fe 1.0

(2031)

Cu 2.2 Mg 1.5 Ni 1.2 Fe 1.0 Si O.8

Forgings

T6

AI-Si-Cu-MgNi (4032)

Si 12.2 Cu 0.9 MS 1.1 Ni 0.9

Forgings

T6

(4032)

AI-Zn-Mg-Cu (7075)

Zn 5.6

AI-Mg (LM 5)

Mg 5.0 Mn 0.5

Sand cast

F

(LM I0)

Mg 10.0

Sand cast

T4

AI-Si (LM 18)

Si 5.0

Pressure die cast

F

T6

Cu 1.6 Mg 2.5 Cr 0.3

24 100 148 203 260 316 371 20 100 150 200 25O 3OO 350 20 150 20O 250 3OO 35O 40O 20 100 200 250 3OO 35O

24

100 148 2O3 26O 316 371 24 100 148 203 26O 316 371

,,

,,

,,

33

,

,

Time Elong. % at 0.2% Tensile on 50 mm temp. Proof stress strength or h

MPa

MPa

5.65~

10O00 10000 10000 1OO00 10000 10O00 1000O 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1O000 1OO00 10000 10000 1OO00 1OO00 10000 10 000 10000 10000 10O00 10000 10000 10000

415 385 275 80 60 35 25 415" 410 400 260 85 45 35 325* 340 260 170 70 30 20 325* 310 255 110 45 30 32O 3O5 225 60 35 2O 14 505 430 145 80 60 45 30

485 455 325 125 75 45 30 480 465 430 295 110 70 50 430 440 300 210 115 50 30 430 400 310 155 75 40 38O 345 255 90 55 35 25 570 455 175 95 75 60 45

13 14 15 35 45 64 20 10 8 13 9 9 9 30 5O 70 90 11 15 30 6O 65 80 65

1 000 1000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1000 1 00O 1 000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

95 100 95 55 15 180 205 154 105 4O 11 110 I10 103 80 40

160 160 13O 95 30 340 350 270 185 9O 45 205 175 135 110 55

4 3 3 4 4 16 10 0 42 85 100 9 9 10 17 23

Cast alloys

,

,,

,,,,

20 100 2OO 30O 4O0 20 100 150 2OO 3OO 400 24 100 148 2O3 260 , ,

continued 'overleaf

34


Table 3.3

(continued)

*C

h

24 100 148 206 260

Proof stress

Elong. % on 50mm or

MPa

MPa

5.65vc$~

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

145 145 125 105 40

270 225 185 150 75

20 100 200 300 400 20 100 200 300 400

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

95* 140 110 40 20 270* 255 60 25 12

155 180 135 60 30 325 290 90 40 25

20

1000

200*

275

I

Mg 1.5

100

1000

255

325

I

Ni 2.0

200 300 400

1000 1000 1000

150 30 15

135 55 40

T6

20

1000

275*

285

1 1

T6

Material (specification) (LM 6)

Si 1 2 . 0

Condition Pressure die cast

F

AI-Si-Cu (LM 4)

Si 5.0 Cu 3.0 Mn 0.5

Sand cast

F

AI-Si-Mg (LM 25)

Si 5.0 Mg 0.5

Chill cast

T6

AI-Cu-Mg-Ni

Cu 4.0

Sand cast

T6

(4L 35)

Temp.

Time at temp.

Tensile strength


Chill cast

0.2%

AI-Si-Ni-Cu-Mg

Si 12.0

(LM 13)

Ni 2.5

100

1000

280

320

Cu 1.0 Mg 1.0

200 300 400 20 100 200 300 400

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

110 30 15 200* 195 110 35 15

165 60 35 275 250 170 60 35

Chill cast Special

2

289 3 7 13 2 2 2 12 27 2 2 25 65 65

1

32 60

1

15 25 1 1

3 15 50

*0.1% Proof stress. Table 3.4

ALUMINIUMAND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS- MECHANICALPROPERTIES AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Material (speci1ication)

Nominal composi tion %

AI (1200)

AI 9.0

0.2%

Condition Rolled and drawn rod

Hill

HI8

AI-Mn (3103)

Mn 1.25

Rolled and drawn rod

Hill

Temp.

Proof stress

Tensile strength

*C

MPa

MPa

Elong. % on 50 mm or 50 mm

24 -28 -80 -196 24 -28 -80 -196 24 -28 -80 -196

34 34 37 43 140 144 147 165 40 40 50 60

90 95 100 170 155 155 165 225 110 115 130 220

42.5 43.0 47.5 56 16 152 18.0 35.2 43.0 44.0 45.0 48.8

Reduction in area

Fracture toughness

%

MPa m I/2

76.4 76.4 77.0 74.4 59.8 59.4 65.3 67.0 80.6 80.6 79.9 71.2


(continued)

Material (speci~cation)

Nominal composi tion %

AI-Mg (5052)

(5154)

Mg 2.5 Cr 0.25

Mg 3.5 Cr 0.25

0.2%

Temp. ~

Condition

Tensile Elon8.% strength on 50 mm MPa or 50 mm

MPa

Reduction in area

Fracture toughness

%

MPa m l / 2

24 28 -80 -196

180 185 195 220

195 205 215 290

15.0 15.0 16.5 32.0

63.5 64.4 66.5 62.3

-

24 -28 -80 -196

97 99 97 115

199 201 210 330

33.2 35.8 40.8 50.0

72.0 74.2 76.4 69.0

-

HI8

24 -28 -80 -196

235 230 236 275

275 280 290 400

16.6 18.3 20.6 30.9

59.1 63.2 64.5 57.4

-

Hill

26 -28 -80 -196

115 115 115 135

240 240 250 350

28 32 35 42

66 72 73 60

-

HI8

26 -80 -196 -253

275 280 325 370

33O 340 455 645

9 14 30 35

-

-


HI8


Hill

Sheet

Proof stress

35

(5056A)

Mg 5.0 Mn 0.2

Plate

Hill

20 -75 -196

130 130 145

290 290 420

30.5 38.2 50.0

32.0 48.2 36.2

-

AI-MgSi (6O63)

Mg 0.7 Si 0.4

Extrusion

T4

26 -28 -80 -196

90 105 115 115

175 190 200 260

32 33 36 42

78 75 75 73

-

Extrusion

T6

26 -28 -80 -196

215 220 225 250

240 250 260 330

16 16 17 21

36 36 38 40

-

24 -28 -80 -196

300 310 305 330

320 352 330 385

15.2 12.0 14.9 18.3

38.8 34.0 38.7 34.7

-

24 -28 -80 -196

270 280 290 315

315 330 345 425

21.8 21.5 22.5 26.5

56.4 52.5 53.7 46.5

-

24 -28 -80 -196

300 305 320 400

480 500 510 615

23.3 24.4 25.3 26.7

31.8 33.1 30.8 26.3

-

24 -28 -80 -196

400 405 415 460

500 502 514 605

14.5 12.7 13.3 14.0

25.8 21.5 22.0 19.7

-

26 -28 -80 -196 26 -28 -80 -196

290 290 302 380 415 415 420 470

430 440 440 545 485 485 495 565

20 22 22 20 13 13 14 14

28 28 26 20 31 29 28 26

-

AI-MgSi-Cr (6151)

Mg 0.7 Si 1.0 Cr 0.25

Forging

T6

AI-MgSi-CuCr (6061 )

Mg 1.0 Si 0.6 Cu 0.25 Cr 0.25


T6

AI-CuMg-Mn (2024)

Cu 4.5 Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6


T4


T8

Rod

T4

AI-CuSi-MgMn (2014)

Cu 4.5 Si 0.8 Mg 0.5 Mn 0.8

Rod

T6

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

continued overleaf

36


Table 3.4

(continued)



(2090)

(2091)

AI-ZnM g - Cu (7075)

0.2%

Reduction in area

Fracture toughness

%

MPa ml/2

Temp.

Proof stress

Tensile strength

Condition

*C

MPa

MPa

Elong. % on 50 mm or 50 mm

Forging T6

26 -80 - 196 -253

410 460 530 590

465 510 610 715

12 14 11 7

27 -196 -269

535 600 615

565 715 820

11 13.5 17.5

-

34 57 72

27 -73 - 196 -269

440 460 495 550

480 495 565 630

6 7 10 7

-

24 32 32 32

24 -28 -80 - 196

485 490 505 570

560 570 590 670

15.0 15.3 15.3 16.0

29.1 26.2 23.6 20.1

-

Cu 2.7 Li 2.3 Zr 0.12

Plate (12.5mm)

TSI

Cu 2.1 Li 2.0 Mg 1.50 Zr 0.1

Plate (38 ram)

T8

Zn 5.6 Mg 2.5 Cu 1.6


T6

24 24 22 22

-

HI 11 = Annealed. HI8 = Fully hard temper. I " 4 - Solution treated and naturally aged. "i"6= Solution treated and precipitation treated.

Table 3.5

ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - CREEP DATA

Temp.

Stress

Minimum creep rate % per

*C

MPa

1000 h

1000 h

20 20 80 80 250 250 250 250

24.1 27.6 7.0 8.3 1.4 2.1 2.8 4.1

0.005 0.045 0.005 0.01 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.055

0.39 1.28 0.045 0.065 0.047 0.047 0.052 0.152

45

0.005

0.085

110 115 125 30 45 60 3.90 7.7 15

0.055 0.17 0.21 0.08 0.20 0.62 0.045 0.12 0.35

0.33 0.57 1.19 0.21 0.39 0.92 0.10 0.25 0.60

100 100 100 150 150 200 200

40 55 75 7.5 15 7.5 15

0.013 0.022 0.046 0.126 0.147 0.107 0.273

0.126 0.107 0.174 0.413 0.647 0.341 0.658

205 205 205

17 34 51

0.04 0.09 0.14

-


Condition

A! (1080)

99.8

Sheet

HI 11

AI-Mg (5052) (LM 5)

Mg

Sheet

Hill

Mg 5.6

Cast

100 100 100 200 200 200 300 300 300

(LM 10)

Mg 10

Cast

AI-Cu

Cu 4

Cast


80

Total extension % in

-


37

(continued)



Stress

Minimum creep rate % per

~

MPa

1000 h

205 315 315

70 8.90 13.1

0.69 0.13 0.29

-

Temp. Condition

Total extension % in 1000 h

Cu 10

Cast

205 205 315 315 315

34 68 8.90 13.1 17

0.01 O. ! 1 0.12 0.43 0.99

-

(LM 13)

Si 13 Ni 1.7 Mg 1.3

Sandcast (modified)

AI-Mn

Mn 1.25

Extruded rod

100 100 200 200 200 300 300 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300

45 60 15 23 30 3.8 7.7 15 15 31 34.8 38.6 42.5 46 54 7.5 15

0.016 0.06 0.016 0.054 0.14 0.013 0.047 0.223 0.001 0.022 0.040 0.060 O. 13 0.15 0.73 0.007 0.39

0.190 0.675 0.096 0.179 0.432 0.026 0.098 0.428 -

Cu 4 Si 0.8

Extruded T4

AI -Cu - M g - Mn

Cu 4.5

Clad sheet T4

(2024)

Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6

0.340 0.395 0.722 0.107 0.204 0.700 0.156 0.176 -

AI-Si

(3103)

AI-Cu-Si (2025)

AI-Cu-Mg-Ni (2218)

Cu 4 Mg 1.5 Ni 2.2

150 150 150 200 200 200 250 250 250 35 100 100 150 150 190 190

90 125 155 30 45 60 15 23 30 415 344 385 276 327 140 200

0.03 0.045 0.325 0.035 O. 1 0.040 0.02 0.07 2.36 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0

Clad sheet T6

35 35 100 100 150 150 190 190

424 430 347 363 242 289 117 193

1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0

Forged T4

100 100 100 200 200 300 300 400

193 232 270 77 108 7 15 1.5

-

0.01 0.02 0.04 0.028 0.16 0.037 0.5 0.05

0.394 0.440 0.835 0.173 0.345 0.078 0.640 O. I I 0

continued overleaf

38

Smitheils Light Metals Handbook

Table 3.5

(continued)


AI-Cu-Mg--Zn (7075)

AI- M g - S i - Mn (6351)


Zn 5.6 Cu 1.6 Mg 2.5

Mg 0.7 Si 1.0 Mn 0.6

Temp. ~

Condition

Stress MPa

Cast T4

200 200 300 300 4O0

77 116 7 15

Clad sheet T6

35 35 35 100 100 100 150 150 150 190 190 190

430 480 495 295 355 370 70 170 245 45 75 125

100 100 100 100 150 150 150 200 200 200 200

193 201 232 255 93 108 154 31 46 62 77

Extruded rod

Minimum creep rate % per 1000 h

Total extension % in 1000 h

0.01 0.08 0.018 0.08 0.06

0.153 0.287 0.072 0.151 0.132

1.50

0.1 1.0 10.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 0.1 1.0 10.0

m

0.007 0.010 0.11 1.6 0.0087 0.023 0.22 0.011 0.040 0.13 0.28

m

w

H I 11 -- Annealed. T4 = Solution treated and naturally aged, will respond to precipitation treatment. "1"6= Solution treated and artificially aged.

Table 3.6

ALUMINIUMALLOYS- FATIGUESTRENGTH AT VARIOUSTEMPERATURES



Condition

Temp. *C

Endurance (unnotched) MPa

MHz

Remarks

Mg 5.0

Extruded

-65 -35 +20

184 164 133

20

Rotating beam

Mg 7.0

Extruded rod

-65 -35 +20

182 178 173

20

Rotating beam

(LM 10)

Mg 10.0

Sand cast (oil quenched)

20 150 200

93 77 40

30

Rotating beam

AI-Si (LM 6)

Si 12.0

Sand cast (modified)

20 100 200 300

51 43 35 25

50

Rotating beam, 24 h at temp.

AI- Cu (2219)

Cu 6.0

Forged T6

20 150 200 250 300 350

117 65 62 46 39 23

120

AI - Mg (5056)

Reverse bending stresses


39

(continued)



Endurance Temp. Condition

(unnotched) ~

MPa

MHz

Remarks

AI-Si-Cu (LM 22)

Si 4.6 Cu 2.8

Sand cast

20 100 200 300

62 54 60 42

50

Rotatingbeam

AI-Cu-Si-Mn (2014)

Cu 4.5 Si 0.8 Mn 0.8

Forgings T6

148 203 260

65 45 25

100

Rotatingbeam

AI-Cu-Mn-Mg (2014)

Cu 4.0 Mn 0.5 Mg 0.5

Extruded T4 rod

25 148 2O3 260

103 93 65 31

500

Rotatingbeam, I00 days at temp.

Al-Cu-Mg-Si-Mn (2014)

Cu 4.4 Mg 0.7 Si O.8 Mn 0.8

Forgings T4

20 150 20O 250 3OO

119 90 62 54 39

120

Reversedbending

Forgings T6

20 150 200 250 3OO

130 79 57 39 39

120

Reversedbending

Forged

20 148 2O3 260

117 103 65 45

500 100 100 100

Rotatingbeam after prolongedheating

Chill cast T6

20 100 200 300

50

Rotatingbeam, 24 h at temp.

20 150 2OO 25O 300 35O 20 100 200 300

100 105 108 80

113 82 7O 59 39 39 97 107 97 54

120

24 149 2O4 260

151 83 59 48

500

AI-Cu-Mg-Ni (2218)

Cu 4.0 M g 1.5 Ni 2.0

AI-Ni-Cu

Ni 2.5 Cu 2.2

Forged T6

AI-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni (LM 13)

Si 12.0 Cu 1.0 M g 1.0

Chill cast (Lo-Ex)

AI - Z n (7075)

Zn 5.6

Plate T6

Mg - Cu

Mg 2.5 Cu 1.6 Cr 0.2

T4 = Solution treated and naturally aged, will respond to precipitation treatment. T6 -- Solution treated and artificiallyaged.

50

Reversedbending

Rotatingbeam, 24 h at temp.

Reversedbending

3.2 Mechanical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys Table 3.7

MAGNESIUM AND h4AGNESlUM ALLOYS (WROUGHT) -TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

h

-a

Speci&ations

DTD

Nominal+ composition Materid

Mg 99.9

Mg-Mn

Mn 1.5

Mg-4-2

43.0 zn 1.0 Mn 0.3 Al 6.0

zn 1.0

Mn 0.3 Al 8.0 Zn 0.5 Mg-Zn-Mn Mg-2-Zr

Form

5%

Mg

Mn 0.3 2112.0 Mn 1.0

Tension

sheet annealed Bar, extruded Sheet Extruded bar (I in dim.) Extruded tube Sheet. annealed half hard Extruded bar and sections Fwgings Extruded bar and sections

Extruded tube Forgings

Zo1.0 Zr 0.6

sheet,annealed half breed Extruded bar sections sheet Extruded bar and sections

Zo 3.0

sheet

E x w tube

or BS (Air)

BS (Gem Eng.)

ASTM

Eiekbvn

-

-

I18C 142B 737A

2L513 21512 2L503 88C 5091 5101

-

2L514 2L508 21509 21504

3370-MAG-S-101M 3373-MAG-E-10I M 3373-MAG-€- lOlM 3370-MAG-S-1I10 3370-MAG-S-I 1 IM 3373-MAG-E-lllM 3372-MAG-F-I2 IM 3373-MAG-E-121N 3373-MAG-E-121M

-

3370-MAG-S-13 10 3370-MAG-S-131M 3373-MAG-E-131M 3370-MAG-S-141M 3373-MAG-E-141M 3373-MAG-E-141M 3370-MAG-S-151M

MIA-F. B107 MIA, B107 AZ31.B90 AZ31, B90 AZ31, B107 AZ61,B91 AZ61, B107 AZ61. B107 AZ80A.B91

AM503

UTS MPa

Elong.

4 6 6 7

131 170 162 183 183 170 208

185 232 232 263 247 232 263 255 293 293 278 293

131 170 162 178 208 193 185

232 263 255 263 293 278 270

69 100 100 162 154

A231 AZM

AZ855 zM21

-

Proof stress 0.2% MPa

ZWI zw3

Compression

%

6

13 10 11

8 8 8 8


-

124 100

93 147 147 147 185

Hardness

VPN Mkg - __ 30-35 35-45 35-45 45-55 45-55 50-60 55-70 50-60 60-70 55-70 60-70 65-75

13 10 11 10

13 7 8

154 177

-

55-70 60-75 60-75

154

60-70

2

%

3

$

5 5

Zr 0.6

3372-NAG-F- I5 1M 3373-MAG-E-l51M

zn 5.5 Zr 0.6 Mg-ZO-CU-Mn

Mg-Th-Zo-ZS. (crrcprcsistant)

zno.5

Mg-Th-Mn**

(Creepmistant)

Zr 0.6

Th20 MnO.75 Th 3.0 h b 1.2

2.24 239

309 309

8 18

I93 213

60-80 65-75

270

340

10

255

60-80

ZC7l

340

360

6

-

-

m

147

263

18

50-70

147

232

13

-

3373-MAG-E-161TE ZK60A-T5, B107-70 ZW6

Zn 6.5

Cu 1.3 Mn 0.8 Tb 0.8

-

Extrudedbarandsections 5111

Forgings 5111

Extrudedbarandsections

ZC7I-T6, B107

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

50-70

-

HM21-T8, BW

-

I65

247

9

179

-

-

HM31-TS

-

227

287

8

185

-

Table 3.8 MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (CAST) TYPICAL MECHANICAL. PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Specifications

Tension

Compression ~

Material Mg-Zr Mg-Al-Zo

Nominap composition 9b

Zr 0.6 Al 6.0 Zn 3.0 Al 8.0 Zn 0.4 Al 9.5

Zn 0.4 A1 9.0 zn 2.0

Mg-Zn-Zr

Mg-Zn-RE-Zr

Mg-RE-Zn-Zr (Creep resistant) to 250°C) Mg-Th-Zn-Zr** (Creep resistant to 350°C) Mg-Zn-Th-Zr**

zn 4.5

Zr 0.7 Zn 4.0

RE 1.2 Zr 0.7 Zn 6.0 RE 2.5 Zr 0.7 RE 2.7 zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 Th 3.0 zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 zn 5.5 n 1.8 Zr 0.7

DTD

Condition

AC AC TB TF AC TB AC TB TF Die cast AC TB TF TE

or BS (Air)

BS (Gen. Eng.)

-

ASTM

KIA, B80 AZ63A-F, 880 AZ63A-T4, B80 AZ63A-T6, B80

Elektron

ZA


UTS MPa

%

185 199 275 275 158 247 154 232 239 216 165 275 275 263

2.0 5 10

Elong.


~~

~

Brine11 hardnesst VPN3Okg

2L127

2970 MAG 4-TE

ZK51A-T5, B80

Z5Z

51 97 97 131 86 82 93 90 127 111 97 97 145 161

TE

21128

2970 MAG 5-TE

ZE41A-T5, 880

Rz5

150

216

5

139

55-75

TFP

5045

zF.63

190

295

7

190

70-80

TE

2L 126

2970 MAG 6-TE

EZ33A-T5, B80

ZREl

95

162

4.5

93

50-60

TE

5005A

2970 MAG 8-TE

HZ32A-T5, B80

ZT1

93

216

7

93

50-60

TE

50 15A

2970 MAG 9-TE

W62A-T5, B80

TZ6

167

270

8

162

65-75

-

3L122

-

3L 124 3L125

-

2970 MAG 2970 MAG 2970 MAG 2970 MAG 2970 MAG

-

1-M 1-TB 3-M 3-TB 3-TF

AZ81A-T4, B80 AZ91C-F, B80 AZlC-T4, B80 AZ91C-T6, B80 AZ91B-F, B94 AZ92A, B80

-

-

A8 AZ9 1

-

4 11 2 6 2 3 2 8 2 6

54 97 97 131 86 82 93 90 124 108 97 97 145 162

65-75

5

40-50 50 55

73 50-60

50-60 55-65 55-65 75-85 60-70 65 63 84

Mg-Th-Zru Mg- Ag-RE*-%

Th 3.0 Zr 0.7

TF

Ag 2 5

TF

RE 2d

Zr 0.6

Mg-RE(D)-AgZr-CU Mg-Ag-Th-RE*ZP

Mg-Y-RE(A)-Zr

Mg-Zn-CU-Mn

Ag 2 5 RE 2 . d Zr 0.6 RE(D)2.2 Ag 1 5 Zr 0.6 cu 0.07 Ag 2 5 RE l.O* Th 1.0 Y 4.0

Zr 0.1

RE(A)3.4 Zr 0.6 Y 5.1 RE(A)3.0 Zr 0.6 Zn 6.0 cu 2.1 Mn 0 5

5WA 5035A

-

HK31A-T6,880

2970 MAG 12-TF

MTZ

93

208

5

93

50-60

MSR-A MSR-B

187 204

241

5

260

3

178 I93

65-80 65 -80

195

65-80

TF

5055

-

QE22A-T6, BSO

QE22

200

2 6 0 4

TF

5055

2910 MAG 13-TF

EQ21A-T6, B80

EQ21

195

261

4

-

75-90

TF

-

-

QH21A-T6, BSO

QHZlA

210

no

4

200

65-80

TF

-

-

wE43-T6, 880

WE13

185

265

7

-

15-90

5

TF

-

2970MAGlQTF

WE54-T6,B80

WE54

205

280

4

-

75-90

5

55-65

2g.

TF

-

500 kgon 10 nnn ball far30 s. *FncDimntcd nrc eartb mnals: MSR-A contains 1.7%; MSR-B conedins 25%. ~ S o l u t a Oha flcsicd in an ammsphm ofhydrogm AC= S d cut TE = Rsipitatkm ha treated TB =Solution ha acamL IF= Fully ha mcatcd "Thoriumaedining aUoys am being r e p W by alrmutive Mg alloys. DcIlE with

9

x

-

ZC63-T6, BSO

ZC63

158

242

4.5

-

2

B =:

'Ir is upual to Ad 02-0.4% Mn to a b y s containing aluminium to impmve cormaim resisuna. RE = Cerium mishmcralcontaining appox. 50% cerium.RE(A) =Neodymium plus Heavy Ran Eum tBrincll

82.

RUD) = Neodymium enriched mkhnecal.

P 3

s

tb

s'

: %

2

44


Table 3.9 MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (excluding high temperature alloys for which see table 3.10) - TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

"Short-time' tension t

Material

Nominal composition* %

Form and condition

Mg

Mg 99.95

Forged

Mg-AI-Zn

Mg-Zn-Zr

Mg-Zn-RE-Zr

Test temp. *C

Young' s modulus

proof stress

UTS

Elong.

GPa

MPa

MPa

%

20 100 150 200

45

-

170

5

-

-

128

8

-

-

93 54

16 43

Sand cast

20 100 150 200 250

45 34 32 25 -

86 76 65 62 -

158 154 145 100 75

4 5 11 20 27

Sand cast and solution treated

20 100 150 200 250

45 34 33 28 -

82 73 65 62 -

247 202 154 116 85

11 16 21 25 21

(AZ855)

Forged

20 150 200

45 -

221 153 102

309 216 154

8 25 28

AI 9.5 Zn 0.4 (AZ91)

Sand cast

20 100 150 200 250

45 -

93 -

154 131 122 108 77

Sand cast and solution treated

20 100 150 200

45 -

90 -

232 222 196 139

6 12 16 20

Sand east and fully heat treated

20 100 150 200 250

45 40 37 28 19

127 91 77 62 46

239 232 185 133 103

2 6 25 34 30

Zn 4.5 Zr 0.7 (Z5Z)

Sand east and heat treated

20 100 150 200 250

45 34 28 22 19

161 124 102 79 57

263 185 145 113 85

6 14 20 23 20

Zn 3.0 Zr 0.6 (ZW3)

Extruded

20 100 200 250

45 40 22 12

255 162 46 11

309 182 127 100

18 33 56 71

Sheet

20 100 150 200 250

45 40 33 -

195 120 74 -

270 165 116 76 49

10 33 42 51 59

Sand east Sand cast treated

20 20 150 200 250

45 41 40 38 33

150 134 120 99 74

216 195 167 131 99

4 6 19 29 35

AI 8.0 Zn 0.4 (AS)

Zn 4.0 Re 1.2 Zr 0.7 (RZ5)

0.2%

2 2

6 25 34


45

(continued)

'Short-time' tension t

Material


Form and condition

Test temp. ~

Young' s modulus

proof stress

UTS

Elong.

GPa

MPa

MPa

%

0.2%

Mg-Zn-Th-Zr**

Zn 5.5 Th 1.8 Zr 0.7 (TZ 6)

Sand cast and heat treated

20 100 150 200 250

45 34 31 28 26

161 134 110 82 52

270 224 178 130 91

9 22 26 26 25

Mg-AgRE-Zr (D)

Ag 2.5 RE(D)2.0 Zr 0.6 (QE22)

Sand cast and fully heat treated

20 100 150 200 250 300

45 41 40 38 34 31

201 185 171 154 102 68

259 232 210 185 142 88

4 12 16 20 27 59

Mg-RE(D)Ag-Zr-Cu

Re(D)2.2 Ag 1.5 Zr 0.6 Cu 0.07 (EQ21)


20 100 150 200 250 300

45 43 42 41 39 35

195 189 180 170 152 117

261 230 211 191 169 132

4 10 16 16 15 10

Mg-Ag-Re(D)** h-Zr

Ag 2.6 RE(D)I.0 Th 1.0 Zr 0.6 (OH21)


20 100 150 200 250 300

45 41 40 38 37 33

210 199 190 183 167 120

270 242 224 205 185 131

4 17 20 18 19 20

Mg-Y-RE(A)-Zr

Y 4.0 RE(A)3.4 Zr 0.6 (WE43)


20 150 200 250 300

45 42 39 37 35

185 175 170 160 120

265 250 245 220 160

7 6 11 18 40

Y 5.1 RE(A)3.0 Zr 0.6 (WE54)


Zn 6.0 Cu 2.7 Mn 0.5 (Zc63)


20 100 150 200 250 300 20 100 150 200

45 43 42 41 39 36 45

205 197 195 183 175 117 158 141 134 118

280 260 255 241 230 184 242 215 179 142

4 4.5 5 6.5 9 14.5 4.5 9 14 11

Zn 6.5 Cu 1.3 Mn 0.8 (Zc71)

Extruded and fully heat treated

20 100 200

45 40 32

325 206 115

350 259 163

6 16 14

Mg-Zn-Cu-Mn

*It is usual to add 0.2-0.4% Mn to alloys containing alumlnium to improve corrosion resistance. ?In accordance with B51094: 1943; I h at temperature and strain rate 0.1-0.25 in In-I rain-I. tTested according to BS4A4. RE = Cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce. RE(D) = Neodymium enriched mischmetal. RE(A) = Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earth metals. **Thorium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

46


Table 3.10

HIGHTEMPERATURE MAGNESIUM ALLOYS - TENSILE PROPERTIES AT ELEVATEDTEMPERATURE

"Short-time' tension t

Material


Form and condition

Test temp.

Young's modulus

proof stress

UTS

Elong.

~C

GPa

MPa

MPa

%

0.2%

Mg-RE-Zn

RE 2.7 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZREI)


20 100 150 200 25O 300 350

45 40 38 36 33 28 21

93 79 76 74 65 48 26

162 150 139 125 107 85 56

4.5 11 19 26 35 51 90

Mg-Th-Zr**

Th 3.0 Zr 0.7 (HK31) (MTZ)


20 100 150 200 250 300 350

45 40 38 38 36 34 29

93 88 86 85 83 73 56

208 188 174 162 150 136 103

4 10 13 17 20 22 23

Mg-Th-Zn-Zr**

Th 3.0 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZTI)

Sand cast. and heat treated

20 100 150 200 250 300 350

45 36 34 33 33 31 28

93 88 79 65 56 49 45

216 159 131 108 9O 76 63

9 23 27 33 38 41 34

Th 0.8 Zn 0.5 Zr 0.6 (ZTY)

Sheet

20 100 150 200 250 300 350

45 41 41 40 40 34 29

181 179 176 165 124 73 17

266 224 201 171 134 96 56

10 10 11 15 20 27 38

Mg-AgRE(D)-Zr

Ag 2.5 RE(D)2.0 Zr 0.6 (QE22)


Mg-RE(D)Ag-Zr-Cu

RE(D)2.2 Ag 1.5 Zr 0.6 Cu 0.07 (EQ21)


Mg-Ag-RE(D)Th-Zr**

Ag 2.5 RE(D)I.0 Th 1.0 Zr 0.6 (QH21)


Mg-Y-RE(A)-Zr

Y 4.0 RE(A)3.4 (WFA3)

Sand cast and fully treated

Y 5.1 RE(A)3.0 Zr 0.6 (WE54)

Sand cast and fully eat treated

High strength cast alloys with good elevated temperature properties - for which see Table 3.9

*It is usual to add 0.2-0.4% Mn to alloys containing aluminium to improve corrosion resistance. tln accordance with BS 1094: 1943; I h at temperature; strain rate 0.I-0.25 in in-I min-t . RE - Cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce. RE(D) -- neodymium-enrichedmischmetal. RE(A) -----.Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earths. **Thorium containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.


47

HIGH-TEMPERATURE MAGNESIUM ALLOYS - LONG-TERM CREEP RESISTANCE

Stress to produce specijfed creep strains% Nominal composition

Formand

%

Condition

~C

h


200

Ma~r~i Mg-RE-Zn-Zr

RE 2.7 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 CZRE l )

Zn 4.0 RE 1.2 Zr 0.7 (RZS)

Mg-Th-Zr**

Mg-Th-Zn-Zr**

Mg-Th-Zn-Zr*


Temp. Timet

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

MPa

MPa

MPa

MPa

1.0 MPa

100 500 1 000

52 41 36

66 54 47

71 65 58

-

-

250

100 500 1 000

23 11 -

28 19 14

32 24 20

36 30 26

34 30

315

100 50O 1 000

5.6 -

-

-

100

100 500 1 000

-

97 -

111 106 103

117 117 116

-

150

100 500 1 000

77 -

86 75 70

97 88 83

101 96 91

107 100 97

200

100 500 1 000

29 22 20

43 28 23

52 37 31

67 52 43

73 64 53

250

100 500 1 000

12 6.2 5.4

19 8.6 6.9

32 15 12

39 19 15

7.4 5.2 4.3

6.2 4.3 3.9

8 6.5 5.6

-

Th 3.0 Zr 0.7 (HK31) (M'I2)


200

315

100

Th Zn

Sheet

250

100

Zr 0.6 (ZTY) Th 3.0

Sand cast

250

Zn

and heat

100 500 1 000

42 35 31

300

100 500 1000 100 500 1000

23 19 17 14 12 10

28 21 19 19 13 12

35 25 21 24 16 13

46 36 32 29 21 15

52 41 36 36 25 20

350

100 500 1000

10 -

12 9 8

18 10 8

21 12 9

23 14 10

375

100 500 1000

.

8 -

II .

12

13

8

9

150

100 500 1000

51 36 26

66 56 51

82 69 63

96 85 80

102 94 90

200

100 500 1 000

26 15 11

32 22 17

45 26 20

56 40 31

62 49 40

0.8 0.5

2.2

Zr 0.7 (ZTI)

260

treated

325

Zn Th Zr

(TZ6)

5.5 1.8 0.7


31"

45*

-

-

63* 62*

97* 100'

111'

1 100

100

100 1 000

-

28* -

43* 29*

65* 45*

-

14'

19'

27*

32*

9.3*

Stress of 46 MPa produced 0.03% Stress of 46 MPa produced 0.03% 5O 56 43 51 39 48

.

.

-

(3 tonf in - 2 ) creep strain (3 tonf in - 2 ) creep strain 66 63 63 58 61 56

8

48


Table 3.11

(continued) Stress to produce specified creep strains%

Material Mg-Ag-

RE(D)-Zr

Nominal composition % Ag RE(D) Zr (QE22)

2.5 2.0 0.6

Form and Condition Sand cast and fully heat treated

Temp. Time? oC

h

0.05 MPa

200

100 500

55 -

1000

250

100 500 1000

Mg-RE(D)-AgZr-Cu

RE(D) Ag Zr Cu (EQ21)

2.2 1.5 0.6 0.07


200

100 500 1000

250

Mg-Y-RE(A)-Zr

Ag

RE(D) Th Zr (QH21) Y RE(A) Zr

(WE43)

2.5 1.0 1.0 0.6


250

4.0 3.4 0.6


200

(WE54)

Mg-Zn-Cu-Mn

Zn Cu Mn (ZC63)

5.1 3.0 0.6

6.0 2.7 0.5



-

-

100

-

-

100

500 1000

-

22 -

0.2 MPa

0.5 MPa

1.0 MPa

74 54 46

88 65 56

82 73

89 79

26 15 10

33 22 16

28 22

31 26

78 57 48

95 71 62

116 88 76

29 18 14

36 22 19

42 30 24

32 20

39 26 21

32 26

-

161 115

173 148

-

96

-

100 500 1000

148

100 500 1000

44 -

61 46 39

200

100 500 1000

160 120 120

165 140 132

250

100 500 1000

47 43 16

61 40 32

81 58 48

150

100 500 1000

94 82 74

99 92 89

104 98 95

200

100 500 1000

60 51 42

63 55 49

67 61 55

250

Y RE(A) Zr

18 -

500 1000

Mg-Ag-RE(D)Th-Zr**

-

0.1 MPa

*Total strains. t 4 - 6 h heating to test temperature followed by 16 h soaking at test temperature. RE -- Cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce. RE(D) = Neodymium-enrichedmischmetal. RE(A) = Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earth metals. **Tlumum-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

-

139

-

-

36 30

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys Table 3,12

49

HIGH-TEMPERATUREMAGNESIUM ALLOYS - SHORT-TERM CREEP RESISTANCE

Stress to produce speciJied creep strains% Material

Nominal composition Form and Temp. Timet % condition ~ s .

Mg-RE-. Z n - Zr

.

'Re 2.7 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZREI)

.

.


.

.

200

Mg-Th-Zr*

Th 3.0 Zr 0.7 (HK31)


(MTZ)

Th Zn Zr

(ZTY)

0.8 0.5 0.6

Sheet

Th 3.0 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZTI)


(I26)


134 129

30 60 600 30 60 60O 30 60 600

76 74 73 52 51 42 100 99 86

84 83 82 59 58 49 107 105 99

92 91 89 73 69 56 116 114 103

111 I10 108 80 76 62 127 124 114

123 120 114 85 83 68 -

130 129 125 90 88 73 136 134 125

250

30 60 600

86 83 71

90 88 76

94 91 81

99 96 86

-

116 113 93

315

30 60 600 30 60 600

62 59 48 96 95 94

69 66 53 103 103 102

76 73 59 119 118 117

79 76 64 138 137 137

83 79 67 -

86 82 69 145 145 144

30 60 600 30 60 600

80 78 74 -

88 86 82 -

103 102 96 110 95 -

117 116 107 159 157 145

163 160 149

128 127 120 165 162 151

30 60 60O 30 60 600

20 18 -

32 28 15 -

48 40 20 -

80 67 31 100 96 85

93 82 42 118 114 103

102 98 66 125 123 114

30 60 600 30 60 600 30 60 600

58 57 56 55 53 50 96 93 63

65 64 63 60 59 59 113 109 90

71 69 68 64 63 61 120 117 102

84 81 74 73 72 71 128 124 110

102 99 86 76 76 74 137 133 114

111 107 98 82 80 77 144 137 119

30 60 600 30 60 600

70 65 56 54 52 44

77 74 60 59 57 49

85 80 66 64 62 53

96 90 74 70 66 56

99 94 77 74 70 58

107 99 82 76 73 59

200

250

250

200

200

250

315

.....

,

,

,,

,

,

MPa

,

130 128 125

315

5.5 1.8 0.7

Stress to fracture

1i8 117 116

250

Zn Th Zr

10.0 MPa

98 97 96

350

Mg-ThZn-Zr*

.

5.0 MPa

-

315

Mg-ThZn-Zr*

.

2.0 MPa

-

315


.

1.0 MPa

30 60 600

250

Zn 4.0 RE 1.2 Zr 0.7 (RZ3)

.

0.05 MPa

,

.

.

.

1'I h heatlnll to test temperature followed by 1 h soaking at test temperature. RE = cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce, *Therium-containing alloys me being replaced by alternative MB alloys.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Tpbk 3.13

MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

tJl

0

- FATIGUE AND W A C 3 STRENGTHS Fatigue strength? at specifred cycles

*

Nomiqf

composition

9 i

Material

Mg-Mn Mg-Al-Zn

Mn

1.5

16

5x 1 6

lo6

5 x lo6

lo7

5 x lo7

Test temp.

Unnotched

Notched

Mpa

MPa

MPa

MPa

"C

J

J

88

86 51 125 91

85

20

12-14

4-4.5

124 94

83 48 120 91

20

34-43

1-9.5

88 65 90 73 57 36 86 66 93 79

20

3-5

1.5-2

20

18-27

4.5-7

48 89 74 93 80

88 66 91 74 59 38 88 68 93 79

-1% 20

1.5 1.5-2.0

1-1.5

20

1-9.5

3-4

20

3-4

1-1.5

20

23-31

9.5-12

State

"C

MF'a

MF'a

U N

20

Exmded

U N

20

107 76 161 127

90 90 139 110

Sand cast

U N U N

20

108

93 80 102 86

Condition

(AM503 Al 6.0 zn 1.0

temp.

Extruded

Impoct strength0 for single blow fracture

54

133 103

50

(AZM)

A l 8 Zn 0.4 ('48)

Sand cast and solution heated

9.5 Zn 0.4 ~ 9 1 )

Al

Sand cast Sand cast and solution treated

Mg-Zn-Zr

Zn ZJ (zw3)

U U N U N

U

N U N

150 200 20 20 20 20

107 124 108 93 71

69

86 63 90 69 57 31 85 63

110 124 103

52 91 83 93 82

117 93 151 124

90 66 137 99

80 66 134 93

79 65 128 91

77 65 127 90

76 65 124 88

114

-

77

4.5 0.7


U N

20

111 90

86 86

85 85

82 82

80 80

77 77

20 -1%

7-12 0.8

3-4

RE

Sand cast and heat tnxtcd

20

97 91 80 69 80 54

97 88 73 62 79 52

94 83 65 54 74 51

1-2


99 93 85 14 82 59

4-5.5 0.7

2.2 2.7

124 108 91 93 100 77

20 -1%

zn

U N U U U N

%

1.2

20

6-7.5

1-2

Zn

21

Mg-Zn-RE-ZI

3.0 0.6

Sand cast and fully heat treated Extruded

U

20

90 73 97 82 66

(UZ) Zn 4.0

ZJ 0.1 (M) RE

150 200 20

86 69 59 77 52

c

s

t

L 3 M-

B

0

g

0.7

6 2.5 0.6 2.5 25 0.6

U

U U U sand cast

U

Sadurstad

U

20

EM&** N fuuy heat

N N

U

200 250 20

U

250

Sand cast and heatemted

U

20

sand cast and %heat

U N

kealui

U

2.5 1.o I .o

0.6 Mg-Zn-Th-ZP

55

1.8 0.7

3.0 0.7

150

200 250 300 20

sand Cast ad fully heat

trcatcd

N

N

U U

69 68 59 49 144 99

60 59 48 39 131 83

59 56 45 37 127 79

57 52 43 37 121 73

57 51 43 36 119 72

57 51 42 -1% 34 117 20 71

119

103 65

103

103

102 62

100 62

n

68

n -

135 86 108

im

100

20 200 250

80

-

63

-

62 90 57 109 64 56

108

63 55

n

83 76

82 76

65 36 60

63 34 59 52

62 32 58 51

111

86 86

85 80

83

74 48 74 63

68 40 68 59

12.9-17.6

23-2.7

8-11

15-3

86

51 108 62 52

1 I4 72 76

69 65

88 54

05

-1%

20

05

s n 5

t.

54

a

d 0'

B

3.

continued overlraf

'

.o,

m e

Table 3.U

u l

(continued)

h)

Fatigue strength? at specfied cycles Nominqp composition 5%

Material

Mg-Th-Zn-Zr***

Th 7h

zr

Th

zn zr

0.7 0.5 0.6 3.0 2.2 0.7

Condition Extruded

Sandcastand heat mated

RE(D)

zr-cu

Ag

Mg-Y-RE(A)-YZr

cu Y WA)

zr

zr Y

=(A)

Mg-Zn-Cu-Mn

zr 7h cu

Mn

2.2 1.5 0.6 0.07 4.0 3.4 0.6 5.9 3.0 0.6 6.0 2.7 0.5

Sandcastand

fuuy heat

temp.

106

5 x 106

10'

5 x lo7

"C

MPa

MPa

Mpa

MPa

MPa

MPa

U N

20

100 73

86 52 74 63 82 59 60 51

83 51

76 48 59 52 71 49 52 42 34

74

U U N

U U

U U

200 250 20 200 250 325 20

-

-

43

79 49 60 54 14 51 54 43 37

103

94

93

92

91

90

114 107 107 113 118 115

101 97 81 104

98 94 74 102 90 78 0 0 62

94 87 65 100 84 67 9 4 57

93 85

91 83 62

-

80 97 76 71 66

68

59 79 56 59

46

h

Test temp. "C

2

Unnotched

Notched

J

J

46

68 48 51 39 29

Sandcastand

fully heat mated

Sandcastand

fully heat mated

Sandcastand

fully heat

U

U U

U U U U N

20

150 250 20 200 250 20

-

96 84 - 1

-

64 99

97

83 66 9 2 56

82 65 9 0 55

20

-1%

7-8

1.5-3

0.8

treated

'*Solution h a mami in an atmosphm of hydrogen. Wohler rotating bcam twts at 2960 c.p.m. u = unnotctmi. N = Notched. Semi-circular notch of 0.12 cm (0.047 in) radius. Smss correnmtion factor 1.8.

0 Hounsfield b a l d impaa test nached bar vnlues are equivalent to lzod values. = Neodymium enriched misctunetai. um-containing alloys am being rCpraccd by alternative Mg alloys. RFXA) = Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Eanhs.

..*% RE@)

2.

s

c Q

-. s a'

Do a-

6

57 51

treated

'11 is usual 10 add 0.2-0.4% Mn 10 alloys m ~ a i n i n galuminium to impmvc Oormsion resistance.

*

5 x 16

Stute

u

m-1)

Mg-RE(D)-h-

*

16

Impact strengths for single blow fracture

g% Q


HEATTREATMENTOF MAGNESIUMALLOYCASTINGS

Heat treatment conditions for magnesium sand castings can be varied depending on the particular components and specific properties required. The following are examples of the conditions used for each alloy which will give properties meeting current national and international specifications. --

.

.

.

.

.

,

,

...o

Material Mg-AI-Zn

,

,

Nominal* composition % (AZ80) (AZ91)

AI Zn AI Zn

8.0 0.4 9.5 0.4

(AZ91)

Mg-Zn-Zr

(ZSZ)

Mg-Zn-RE-Zr

(RZS)

(ZREI)

Mg-Th-Zrt

(HK31)

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Time h

Temperature

TB

12-24

400-420

TB

16-24

400-420

TF

16-24

TE

8-16 10-20

400-420 Air cool 180-210 170-200

WE

2-4

TE

10- 20 10-20

2-4

Condition

Zn Zr Zn RE Zr RE Zn Zr

4.5 0.7 4.0 1.2 0.7 2.7 2.2 0.7

Th Zr

3.0 0.7

TF

Zn Th Zr Th Zn Zr Ag RE(D) Zr RE(D) Ag Zr Cu

5.5 1.8 0.7 3.0 2.2 0.7 2.5 2.0 0.6 2.2 1.5 0.6 0.07

TE

2-4

WE

10-20 10-20

Ag RE(D) Th Zr

2.5 1.0 1.0 0.6

10-20

Mg- Zn-Th-Zrt

(TZ6)

(ZTI)

Mg-Ag-RE(D)Zr

(QE22)

Mg-RE(D)-AgZr-Cu

(EQ21)

Mg-Ag-RE(D)Th-Zr

(QH21) t

~

320-340 Air cool 170- 200 170-200

560-570 Air cool 195-205 320-340 Air cool 170-200 310-320

TF

4-12 520-53O Water/Oil Quench 8-16 195-205

TF

4-12 515-525 Water/Oil Quench 12-16 195-205

'IF

4-12 520- 530 Water/Oil Quench 12-20 195-205

53

54


Table 3.14

(continued) Nominal* composition %

Material Mg-Y-RE(A)-Zr

M g - Z n - C u - Mn

Condition

Time h

Temperature ~C

(WE43)

Y RE(A) Zr

4.0 3.4 0.6

TF

4-12 520-530 Water/Oil Quench 12-20 245-255

(WE54)

Y RE(A) Zr

5.1 3.0 0.6

TF

4.12 520-530 Water/Oil Quench/Air Cool 12-20 245 -255

(ZC63)

Zn Cu Mn

6.0 2.7 0.5

TF

4-12 435-445 Water Quench 16-24 180-200

Note:- Above 350 ~ furnace atmospheres must be inhibited to prevent oxidation of magnesium alloys. This can be achieved either by: (i) adding I/2-1%SOI gas to the furnace atmosphere; or (ii) carrying out the heat treatment in an atmosphere of 100% dry CO2. *It is usual to add 0.2-0.4% Mn to alloys containing aluminium to improve corrosion resistance. RE = Cerium mischmetal containing approximately 50% cerium. TB = Solution heat treated. RE(D) = Neodymium-enriched mischmetai. TE = Precipitation heat treated. RE(A) = Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earth metals. "iF = Fully heat treated. tThorium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

Mechanical properties at subnormal temperatures At temperatures down to - 2 0 0 ~ tensile properties have approximately linear temperature coefficients: proof stress and UTS increase by 0 . 1 - 0 . 2 % of the RT value per ~ fall in temperature, and elongation falls at the same rate: modulus of elasticity rises approximately 19 MPa (2800 lbf in - 2 ) per ~ over the range 0 ~ to - 1 0 0 ~ No brittle-ductile transitions have been found. Tests at - 7 0 ~ have suggested that the magnesium-zinc-zirconium alloys show the best retention of ductility and notched impact resistance at this temperature.

3 3 Mechanical properties of titanium and titanium alloys Tnbk 3.U

PURE llTANIlJM, TYF'ICAL MECHANICAL PROpFRlTEs AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

0.2% proofstress Designation*

Grade

Codition

MPa 103 255 220

340 305 325 420 360 540 500

Elongation %

Ensile strength

MPa 241 310 370 390 460 460 480 540 540 550 700

640 610

690

on

50 mm

55 33 38 30 35 25 24

on5D

Red. in area %

Specijication b e d radius 180"bmd

c1.83 mm

-=3.25 mm

It

2t

it

a

2t+

24t

2 it

31

80 40

10

28

57

I

24

48

Mod. of rigidity GPa

%

R 105

38

I $. Et

115

-0

24 24

Mod. of elasticity GF'a

23

46

a

-0

3

2

Table 3.16 TlTANNM ALLOYS TYPICAL MECHANICAL F'ROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE ~

NomiMI composition Designation* IMIW)

% Cu

6.0

Condition Annealed sheet Aged sheet Annealedrod Aged rod

0.2% proof stress MPa 520 670 500 580

Tensile strength

MPa 620

770 630

Annealed rod

590

720

IMI 317

Al

5.0 2.5

Annealed sheet

820

860

Sn

930

Al V

6.0 4.0

1070

loo0 1160 1050 1 140 1410 1200

1140

1300

IMI 550

Al 4.0 Mo 4.0 Sn 2.0

Si

0.5

IMI 551

Al

4.0

Sn

4.0

Mo 4.0

Si

1050

Hard-drawnwire Eh.t. rod

F.h.trod

990

15

4

rigidity GPa

37

5. $

* !?

-5

q.,

si;

[

4t(t2 mm) 44t(5 3 mm)

16

10

Mod.of

125

120

2.0

Annealed rod Aged rod (fastener stock)

2t(typical) 2t(0.5-3 mm)

50

Al

1110

%

21

w

IMI 315

Annealed sheet

24 20

onSD

Mod.of eIarticiry GPa

125

S i l i a r to commercially Pun Titanium 115 S i l i a r to commercially Rue Titanium 125

Annealed rod

on50 nun

Specifrcnrion bemi radius 180"

740

0.2 0.2

IMI 318

Red. in area

45 41

Pd

Mn 2.0

Elongation %

27 22

IMI 260 IMI 261

VI

~~~~

$(. 120

St(5 3.25 mm)

15 15

40 40

14

42

116

12

40

113

106

46

43

0.5

continued overleaf

IMI 679

IMI680

IMI 685

Sn 11.0 Al 2.25 Mo 1.0 Si 02 Sn 11.0 Mo 4.0 Al 2.25 Si 0.2 Al

40

10%

12

37

14

47

II

22

124

115

Al

5.5

F h t md

848

965

12

22

im

5.8

F.h.t md

931

1067

13

22

im

sa Nb Mo Si Al

0.25 3.5 3.0 1.0 0.3 0.3

zr

4.0 3.5

Si

0.7 0.5 0.35 0.06

Sa

Nb Mo

c

46

45

Mo

Zr

IMI 834

I3

6.0 5.0 0.5

zr Si

IMI 829

11

47

a

h 2

'IMI

Nanmluurr.

s. 2

58


Table 3.17 COMMERCIALLYPURE TITANIUM SHEET, TYPICAL VARIATION OF PROPERTIES WITH TEMPERATURE

Temperature

proof stress

Tensile strength

Elongation on 50 mm

*C

MPa

MPa

%

IMI 115

- 196 -100 20 100 200 300 400 450

442 306 207 168 99 53 42 36

641 444 337 296 218 167 131 120

34 34 40 43 38 47 52 49

IMI 125

20 100 200 300 400 450

334 250 184 142 127 119

479 397 300 232 190 175

31 32 40 45 38 35

IMI 130

- 196 -100 20 100 200 300 400 450 500 20 100 200 300 400 450

730 590 394 315 205 139 102 93

855 737 547 462 331 247 199 182.:

28 28 28 29 37 40 34 28

460 372 219 151 110 96

625 537 386 281 221 202

25 26 32 36 33 26

0.2%

Designation*

IMI 155

*IMI nomenclature.

Mod. of elasticity GPa

Transformation temperature *C

~/~ + t~ 865

108 99 91 83 65

46

915

Table 3.18

TITANIUM ALLOYS, TYPICAL VARIATION OF PROPERllEs WlTH TEMPERATURE

Nominal

composition Designatwn

IMI 230

%

Cu 2.5

Condition S.ht (mans.)

Proof stress

'C

MPa

20

100

200 300 400 500 Aged shea (mans.)

20 100

m

300 400 500 20 100

200

300 400 500

IMI 260 IMI262 IMI 315

IMI 317

Pd 0.2 Pd 0.2 Al 2.0 Mn 2.0

Al 5.0 Sn 25

0.2%

Temperature

500 410 310 270

Tensile strength MPa

605 540

4% 415 361

450 410 380 380 761 704 635 607 573 468 795 76I 687 658 592 491

618 510 386 293 278 201 822 692 494 415 374 346

757 649 525 432 417 340 919 798 638 576 522 485

250 220 622 553 471 457 429 357 638 601 507

Elongation 9%

on50 m m

on 5D

Redin area

Md:qf elasticity

Tmnsfom'on

46

GPa

"C

tenqxranue

a h +B

24 29 33 31 30 33 24 23 26 23 19 21

790

a +N

895

* B10

5=

22 21 23 20 21 27

40 39 45 50 53 57

107 100

18 21 22 19 18 22 18 19 18 19

41 46 48 50 56 72 39 40 44 42 41 57

1 LO

a + B/B

I07

915 f 20

92 85

r)

1

1

8

78

71

Similar to IMI 115 Similar to IMI 125 AMcalcdrod

20 100

Annealed rod

200 300 400 500 20 100

200 300

400 500

18

21

97 86

76 62 I I2 109 105

89 84

81

a b +B 950 a + BIB 1025f20

2

3 5 ia-!

i ; D

1 B $ W u

Table 3.18

8

(continued)

Nominal composition Designation

IMI 318

%

A1 6.0 V 4.0

Temperature Condition Annealed rod

Heat-treated rod (fastener stock)

IMI 550

Al 4.0

F.h.t. rod

IMI 551

Al

4.0 Mo 4.0 Sn 4.0 Si 0.5

F.h.t rod

IMI 679

Mo 4.0 Sn 2.0 Si 0.5

11.0 zr 5.0 Al 2.25 Mo 1.0 Si 0.2 Sn

'C

- 1% - 100

20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 20 100 200 300 400 500 20 100 200 300 400 500

600

20 100 200 300

400 Quenched and aged rod

500 600 20 100 200 300 400 450

0.2% Proof stress MPa 1560 1165 970 825 710 645 580 450 125

40

1035 925 805 710 635 540 1081 965 805 700 655 585 310 1250 1125 925 815 745 670 460

1050

940 820 740 710 680


1675 1265 I040 920 815 750 700 605 265 135 1145 1035 925 850 805 695 1220 1130 960 900 835 780 585 1390 1300 1145 1045 970 920 755 1230 1145 1020 990

940 910

Elongation %

on50 nun

on 5D

6 12 15 17 18 18 18 26 58 127 14 I5 16 16 18 25 15 15 16 16 17 19 26 10 11 14 15 14 18 27 10 11 12 11 11 11

Redin area %

29 33 38 43 49 56 63 72 85 94

49 49 60 55 60 68 83 27 29 38 38 41 55 65 37 43 45 46 46 46

Mod: of

elasticity GPa

Transformation temperature "C u

+ BIB

1OOOflS

106

ir. 9 k -

rp. g 5

102 96 90 85 79

116 112 106 101 95 90 85 113 108 103 98 93 88 81

~

Q

+ B/B

980 f 10

+ B/B

1050 f 15

+ B/B

950 f 10

Air-cmkdand aged rod

20 100

SO

si

IMI 685

Al

zr

Mn Si

11.0 4.0 2.25 0.2

6.0 5.0 0.5 0.25

Qumchcdand aged rod

no

m

600

20 100

200 300 400 450

FumafecOOlCd and aged rod

-1%

F.h.1. rod

-1%

-100 20 -100 20 100

200

300

400 500

IMI 829

Al Sm

zr

Nb Mo Si

IMI 834

Al

Sn

zr

Nb Mo Si

C

5.5

F.ht md

3.5 3.0

1 180 1 a20 905 835 805 725

1630 1280 1030 1480

1140 890 800 720 650 595 535

995

900 865

850 795 1 330 1190 1 105 1075 1020 975

1730 1380 1130 1 560 1270 1030

935 850 800 750 695

14 16 16 14 14 I5 12 14

15 15 14 13

84 10

I5 6 10 12 13 15 16 18 19

1 a28

lo+

192 665 653 634

142 15 16 14

200 300 400

931 840 746 700 662

1 067 962 885 832

500

609

13 13 14 14 14 15 16

600 Fh.t rod

695 665

1 095

895 622 501 487 457

20 200 500 540

I .o

0.3 0.3 5.8 4.0 3.5 0.7 05 0.35 0.06

895

200 300

400 Mo Al

lOz0

20 100

600

505

790

764 656

41 47 49 49 48 48 43 49 53 56 57

10% 103

99 94 90 85 106 100 %

54

94 90 88

36 43 49 13 18 22 22 24

I24 120 I14

n

la2 95

22 28 36 42 38

119 I10 93 91 88

22 23

I20 116 112 106

32 36 42 50

a + B/B 1a20f 10

108

31 37

n

a + B/B

945 i 15

102 % 92

a+BB

1015 f I5

I045

62


Table

3.19

COMMERCIALLY PURE TITANIUM

Stress IMI designation

-

TYPICAL CREEP PROPERTIES

MPa

to produce O.1% plastic strain in

Temperature ~

1000 h

10000 h

100000 h

I M I 130

20 50 100 150 200 250 300

288 243 179 140 113 96 87

270 221 165 133 116 101 83

207 165 119 96 77 66 55

I M I 155

20 50 100 150 200 250 300

309 252 188 145 116 102 93

278 232 170 131 108 97 90

260 213 157 122 104 94 86

T a b l e 3.20

TITANIUM ALLOYS - TYPICAL CREEP PROPERTIES

IMI designation


IMI 230

Cu

2.5

Stress M P a to produce O.1% total plastic strain in Temperature Condition A g e d sheet

A n n e a l e d sheet

*C

100h

300h

500h

1000h

200 300 400 450 20 100 200 300 400

435 375 220 109 360 279 235 202 125

-

-

-

I M I 317

AI Sn

5.0 2.5

A n n e a l e d rod

20 100 200 300 400 500

633 474 370 359 337 162

608 463 119

-

593 458 370 359 337 88

I M I 318

A! V

60 4.0

A n n e a l e d rod

20 100 200 300 400 500

832 704 638 576 287 32

818 680 636 568 144 18

-

788 676 635 102 -

IMI 550

AI Mo Sn Si

4.0 4.0 2.0 0.5

F u l l y heattreated b a r

300 400 450 500

724 551 254 82

718 516 174 51

-

710 471 101 31

I M I 551

AI Mo Sn

4.0 4.0 4.0

Fully heattreated rod

400 450

621 307

575 217

540 -

501 -

I M I 679

Sn Zr AI Mo

11.0 5.0 2.25 1.0 O.2

A i r - c o o l e d and a g e d rod

20 150 300 400 450 500

896 703 664 579 448 131

880 695 664 571 386 93

-

880 672 649 526 247 62

Si

-

Mechanical properties o f light metals a n d alloys

Table 3.20

IMI designation

(continued) Nominal composition %

Stress MPa to produce O. 1% total plastic strain in Condition

Temperature ~ .

IMI 680

Sn Mo AI Si

11.0 4.0 2.25 0.2

Quenched and aged rod

IMI 829

IMI 834

Table 3.21

AI Zr

6.0 5.0

Mo Si

0.5 0.25

AI Sn Zr Nb Mo Si AI Sn Zr Nb Mo Si C

5.5 3.5 3.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 5.8 4.0 3.5 O.7 0.5 O.35

.

.

.

300

loo h .

.

.

.

h

500 h .

.

.

.

1000 h .

1112 942 856 788

40O 45O 500 300 350 400

555 298 88 570 540 490

540 2O9 51 -

-

-

-

-

Heat -treated forgings

200 300 400 450 500

599 551 497 461 408

-

592 541 480 431 340

589 535 462 426 -

Fully heat treated rod

450 500 55O 6OO

478 420 3OO 130

-

-

-

Heat-treated forgings

500 550 600

461

-

339 205

-

-

-

-

0.06

TITANIUM AND TITANIUM


ALLOYS - TYPICAL FATIGUE PROPERTIES

Condition


Commercial purity

Annealed rod

Room

354 354

I M I 125

Commercial purity

A n n e a l e d rod

Room

417 417

IMI 130

Commercial purity

Annealed rod

Room

550 550 550

IMI 115

.

1127 945 862 804

Temperature ~C

IM! designation

.

20 150 200 300

Furnace-cooled and aged rod

IMI 685

63

550 550 550 550 589 589 589 589

Details of test Rotating bend Smooth Kt - 1 Notched Kt ffi 3 Rotating bend Smooth Kt = 1 Notched Kt - 3 Rotating bend Smooth Kt -- 1 Notched Kt - 2 Notched Kt - 3.3 Direct stress (Zero mean) Smooth K t = 1

Kt = 1,5 Kt -- 2 Kt = 3.3 Smooth Kt - 1 Notched Kt -- 2 Notched Kt = 3 Notched Kt - 4 Notched Notched Notched

Endurance limit for 107 cycles stated) MPa

4- 193 4- 123 4- 232 4- 154 4- 270 4- 170 4- 170

4. 4:t: 4:k

263 247 170 116 278

4- 147 4- 123 4- 116

continued overleaf

64


Table 3.21

IM! designation

IMI 160 IMI 230

(continued)


Commercial purity Cu 2.5

IMI 260

Pd

0.2

IMI 262

Pd

0.2

Temperature

Condition

~

Tensile strength

MPa

Details o f test

Direct stress (Zero mean) Smooth Kt

Annealed rod

Room

674

Annealed sheet Aged sheet

Room room

564 772

Aged sheet

room

761

Annealed rod

room 4OO

598

Annealed

Room

638

Aged rod

Room 4OO

7OO

Aged rod

Room

792

Reversed bend Reversed bend Direct stress (zero minimum) Smooth Kt - 1 Rotating bend Smooth Kt = 1 Smooth Kt = I Direct stress (zero mean) Smooth Kt = I Rotating bend Smooth Kt = I Smooth Kt = 1 Direct stress (Zero mean) Smooth Kt = 1 Notched K t = 3.3

IMI 318

AI Sn

A! V

5.0 2.5

6.0 4.0

Annealed rod

Annealed rod

Room

Room

960 96O

1015 1015

IMI 550

IM1551

AI Mo Sn Si

AI Mo Sn Si

4.0 4.0 2.0 0.5

4.0 4.0 4.0 0.5

MPa

4- 376 4- 390 4- 490

0--,560 4- 370 4- 150

+ 280 4- 450 4- 290

4- 470 4- 200

Similar to IMI 115 Similar to IMI 125 Rotating bend

IMI 317

Endurance limit f o r 107 cycles stated)



Room

Room

1180 1180

Smooth Kt -- 1.0 Notched Kt = 2.0 Notched K t - 3.3 Direct stress (Zero mean) Smooth Kt = 1.0 Notched Kt -- 1.5 Notched Kt - 2.0 Notched Kt = 3.3 Rotating bend Smooth Kt = 1 Notched Kt = 2.7 Direct stress (Zero minimum) Smooth Kt -- 1 Notched Kt = 1 Direct stress (Zero minimum) Smooth Kt = I Notched Kt = 3

Rotating bend Rotating bend Smooth Kt = 1 Notched Kt -- 2.4 Rotating bend Smooth Kt -- 1 Notched Kt = 3.2

Limits for this alloy 108 cycles -4- 371 4- 263 + 239

4- 433 4- 278 4- 201 4- 154 4- 470 4- 230

0--*750 0-~ 325

0--,850 0--,350

4- 587 4- 394 4- 750 4- 430

Mechanical properties o f light metals and alloys

65

Table 3.21 (continued) . . . . . . .

IMI designation

IMI 679

,

,


Sn Zr AI Mo Si

11.0 5.0 2.25 1.0 0.2

Temperature

Tensile strength

Condition

*C

MPa

Air-cooled and aged rod

Room 200 400 450 500

-

Endurance limit for 107 cycles stated)

Details of test Rotating bend Smooth Kt Smooth Kt -Smooth Kt = Smooth Kt -Smooth Kt =

MPa

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Rotating bend IMI 680

Sn Mo AI Si

11.0 4.0 2.25 0.2

Quenched and aged rod

Room

Room

1272 1272 1272

Smooth K~ = 1 Notched Kt = 2 Notched Kt = 3.3

(Limits for 2 x 107 cycles) 4- 710 4- 340 4- 293

1272

Direct stress (Zero mean Smooth Kt -- 1 Notched Kt = 2 Notched Kt = 3.3

(Limits for 2 x 107 cycles) 4- 695 4- 371 4- 232

Rotating bend

Furnace-cooled rod

IMI 685

AI Zr Mo Si

6.0 5.0 0.5 0.25


Fully heattreated forging

IMI 829

IMI 834

AI Sn Zr Nb Mo Si AI Sn Zr Nb Mo Si C

*Limits for IO8 cycles.

5.5 3.5 3.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 5.8

4.0 3.5 0.7 0.5 0.35 0.06



4- 495 4- 479

1100

Direct stress (Zero Smooth Kt --" 1

4- 680

-

Direct stress (Zero mean) Smooth K t = 1 Smooth Kt = 1 Smooth Kt -- 1

4- 440 4- 300 4- 260

-

Room

450 520

-

Room Room 475 475

-

Room

Room

(Limits for 108 cycles)

Smooth Kt = 1 Smooth Kt -- 1 Smooth Kt --. 1

Room 200 400

20 450 520

4-641' 4-510" 4-510' -4- 556 4- 495

-

-

Direct stress (Zero minimum) Smooth Kt --" I Smooth Kt = 1 Direct stress (Zero minimum) Smooth Kt = 1 Notched Kt -- 3.5 Smooth Kt -- 1 Notched Kt -- 3.5

d: 648

0--,475 0--,425

0--,640 0---,220 0-*460 0-.210

Direct stress (Zero minimum) Smooth Kt --. 1 Notched Kt - 3

0-,260

Direct stress (Zero minimum) Smooth Kt - 1 Notched Kt --.-2

0--.,577 0--, 363

0-,550

66

SmitheUs Light Metals Handbook

Table 3.22

IZOD IMPACT PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS

1ft/11 designation

Nominal composition % Condition - 196~

IMI 130t IMI 317 IMI 318 IMI 550

IMI designation IMI 551

IMI 679

IMI 680

IMI 685

Commercially pure Sn 5.0 AI 2.5 AI 6.0 V 4.0 AI 4.0 Mo 4.0 Sn 2.0 Si 0.5

Annealed rod Annealed rod Annealed rod Fully heattreated rod

17.6 (13) 13.5 (10) -

Nominal composition % Condition - 1 9 6 ~ Ai Mo Sn Si Sn Zr AI Mo Si Sn Mo AI Si AI Zr Mo Si

4.0 Fully heat4.0 treated rod 4.0 0.5 11.0 Air-cooled 5.0 and aged 2.25 1.0 0.2 11.0 Quenched 4.0 and aged 2.25 rod 0.2 6.0 Fully heat5.0 treated rod 0.5 0.25

lzod value Joules (ft lbf)* -78~ 62.4 (46) 20.3 (15) 14.9 (11) -

20~ 61.0 (45) 27.1 (20) 20.3 (15) 19.0 (14)

IO0~

200"C

62.4 (46) 35.2 (26) 25.7 (19) .

72 (53) 52.8 (39) 40.6 (30) .

.

300"C 82 (60 89 63.7 (47) 65.0 (48) . .

400~

500"C

84 (62) 70.5 (52) 83.5 (63)

82 (60 89 71.8 (53) 92.0 (68)

Charpy value Joules (ft lbf) -78~

200C

100*C

200~

13.5 (I0)

19 (14)

20.3 (15)

21.7 (16)

24.4 (18)

10.8 (8)

13.5 (10)

14.9 (11)

16.3 (12)

8.1 (6)

8.8 (6 89

10.8 (8)

12.2 (9)

31.2 (23)

39.3 (29)

43.4 (32)

.

.

300~

400~

500~

26.5 (19 89

28.5 (21)

31.2 (23)

19 (14 89

25 (18 89

30 (22)

33.9 (25)

14.9 (11)

17.6 (13)

20.3 (15)

25.7 (19)

.

.

.

*BSS 131 (1) 0.45 in diameter straight notched test pieces, tlzod values of commercial purity titanium are appreciably affected by variation in hydrogen content within commercial limits (0.008% maximum) in Ti ! 30 rod.

4 Aluminium and magnesium casting alloys

4.1 Aluminium casting alloys

$ co

Table 4.1 ALUMlNRIM-SILICONALLOYS Specification BS 1490: 1988 Related British SpecifFcations

LM6M(Ge)

BS L33

3

3-

LM20M(Ge)

Composition (%) (single figure indicates maximum)

Copper Magnesium Silicon Iron Manganese Nickel Zinc Lead

Tin

Titanium Other Properties of material Suitability for: Sand casting Chill casting (gravity die) Die casting (press die) Strength at elevated temperature Corrosion resistance F’ressurc tightness Fluidity Resistance to hot shortness Machinability Melting range, C Casting temperature range, C Specific gravity

565-575 710-740 2.65

LM13TE(SP)

LM13TF(SP)

0.1 0.2

E*

G

G P G

G* G

G G

E E E E E E F

LM9TE(SP)

0.7-1.5 0.8-1.5 10.0- 12.0 1.o 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2

0.4 0.2-0.6 10.0- 13.0 1.o 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1

G P

LM9TE(SP) 0.i 0.2 10.0-13.0 0.6 0.3-0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.2

0.1 0.1 10.0-13.0 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.2

-

LM9M(SP)

-

E

E E

E F

565- 575 680-740 2.68

-

E

E

G G E F 550-575 690-740 2.68

-

F*

E

G

F

G

E

F 525 560 680-760 2.70

LM13TF7(SP)

%

Heat treatnutu

-

solution t e m m , "C

Solution time, h Quench

Precipitation temperature, "C Precipitation time. h Stabilization temperame, 'C Stabilkation time. h Special properties

-

520-535 2-8

-

Cold water

-

150-170 16 (minimum)

150- 170 16 (minimum)

160-180 4- 16

-

Suitablefor thin and inmcate castings,

Pressure fasting alloy

-

-

Suitable for low-pressure cassting High strength and hardness

515-525 8 (minimum)

w-.

70-80'C 160- 180 4-16

-

515-525 8 (minimum) Water,

70-80°C

For pistons:

200-250 4-6**

Low coefficient of expansion

Good bearing properties Piston alloy

Radiy

welded

Mechanical properties - sand cast Tensile s t m s min, Mpa (tonf in-2) Elongation min.% Expected 02%proof stress,

m (tonf i n 3

SI units (Imperialunits in brackets) 1W10.4) 5 60-70 (3.9-4.5)

Mechanical properties - chill cast Tensile s w s min., MPa (tonf i n-')

Elongation, min. % Expected 02% proof sfress, m a (tmf in-2)

SFully hut-trrand

1W12.3) 7 70-80 (4.5-5.2)

f a g a i n rcfinnona the0

-

170(11.0) 1.5 110-130 (7.1-8.4)

2W15.5)

230(14.9) 2 150- 170 (9.7-11.0)

295(19.1) 0- 1 270-280 (17.5-18.1)

0- I 220-250

-

190(123) 5 70-80 (4.5-5.2)

1% 12.3)

3 75-85 (4.9-5.5)

HB 100-150

oRcfinc with phosphorus subjea to examinvion under rnierorap. -Or f a such time O I give required BHN.

Association of Light Alloy Refinm and Smelun Onding:

1q9.1) 1 13q8.4) HB 65-85 b

2 lo(13.6) 1

28q 18.1) 1 270-300

ZOO(12.9)

HB90-120

(17.5-19.4) HB 100-150

HB 65-85

-

Notes ?, 0.05%.

17q11.0) 0.5 160-190

(10.4-12.3)

(14.2-16.2)

- SI units (imperialunits in brackets)

*Na mrmnlly used in this f m .

t ~ am l is~

-

I

F

2.

1W12.3)

= ? P

3

Do (b 3

E - Excellmt. F

4,.

(Ge

E: 9

- Fair, 0 - Cooq P - Poa. U - Unsuitable. - Grrral pupoae alloy; SP - special plrpme alloy as per BS 14W1988).

i

s

Table 4.1

4 0

(continued)

Specijkation BS 1490: 1988 Reluted British Specifications

LMl 8M(SP)

LM25M(Ge)

LM25TE(Ge)

Composirion % (Single figure indicates maximum) Copper Magnesium Silicon Iron Manganese Nickel Zinc Lead Tin Titanium Other

Properties of material Suitability for: Sand casting Chill casting (gravity die) Die casting (press die) Strength at elevated temperature Corrosion resistance Pressure tightness Fluidity Resistance to hot shomess Machinability Melting range, C Casting temperature range, C Specific gravity

0.1 0.1 4.5-6.0 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.2

0.20 0.20-0.60 6.5 -7.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.2t

G G G* P E

G

-

E

G E

F 565-625 700-740 2.69

-

E

G* GS

E

G G G F 550-615 680-740 2.68

LM25TB7(Ge)

LM25TF(Ge)

LMZrn(SP)

.

LM29TF(SP)

g8 F

0.8-1.3 0.8-1.3 22-25 0.7 0.6 0.8- 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 Cr 0.6; Co 0.5, Pl P F U G G

F

F E P 520-770 At least 830 2.65

P

c’

Heat meat men^ Solution plpamc. "C Solution tune, h Qucach

-

Stabi!iitrmpraturr,"C Stabilization time, h

-

Special pmpem.es

Readily welded

pnCipitationtcmprraturc,"C

Rezipitation time, h

-

-

-

-

3 55-W3.6-3.9)

250 2-4

525-545 4-12 Water,70-80°C 155-175 8-12

-

-

eenela! purpose high-strmgth casting auoy

-

Elongation min. % Expected 02% pmof StTcSs,

-

155-175 8-12

Mechanical propem'es - sand cast SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile shrss min., MPa 12q7.8) 13018.4) ( t d in-q

525-545 4-12 Water,70-80°C

2 80-1OO(5.2-6.5)

m a (tonf in-2) MechunicalpropcnicS - chill cast - SI units (lmperia! units in brackets) Tensile stress min., MPa 140(9.1) 160(10.4) (tonf i n 3 ElongaIim min. % 4 3 60-7q3.9-45) SO-!OO(5.2-65) Expected 0.2%proof stress,

185

*Fully heat-matd 5 Refine with phosphorus-subject to eurninatim undn microscope: "Or for & rime to give m imi BHN.

(Ge

Air blast 185

TopFoduceHB

8

Rquirement

-

-

-

More suited to chiU ( p v . die) casting Piston alloy

160(10.4)

'23q149)

12q7.8)

lZO(7.8)

1 120-150 (7.8-9.7)

2.5

0-2 200-250 (12.9- 162)

03 12q7.8)

0.3 12q7.8)

HB 100-140

HB 100-140

80-110 (5.2-6.5)

19q12.3)

23q14.9)

280(18.I )

190(12.3)

190( 12.3)

2

5 90-11q5.8-7.1)

2 220-260 (14.2-16.8)

0.3 17q11.0)

0.3 170-190 (11.0- 12.3) HB100-140

130-

ZOO(S.4- 12.9)

HB100-140 Note

4

15q9.7)

m a (tonf in-2) *Nanonoplly lucd in this fam. TETE alon~is u ~ fagrain d twinmat then TE + 0.05%.

495 -505

E - E x c c I I n F - Fair. G

- Good P - pmr. U - Unsuitable.

- General plrposc alloy: SP - Special purpose alloy as pa BS: 1490: 1988).

ec

s.

$ %3

32

f'

a

9

6

%

$.

72

Smithells L i g h t M e t a l s H a n d b o o k

Table 4.2

ALUMINIUM-SILICON-COPPERALLOYS

Specification BS 1490; 1988 Related British Specifications

LM2M(Ge)

LMI6TF LMI6TB (SP) (SP) 3L78

LM4MTF LM4M(Ge) (Ge)

LM21M(SP)

Composition % (Single figures indicate maximum)

Copper Magnesium Silicon iron Manganese Nickel Zinc Lead Tin Titanium

0 . 7 - 2.5 0.30 9.0-11.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.3 0.2 0.2

2.0:410 0.15 4.0-6.0 0.8 0.2-0.6 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2

Properties of material Suitability for: Sand casting Chill casting (gravity die) Die casting (press die) Strength at elevated temp. Corrosion resistance Pressure tightness Fluidity Resistance to hot shortness Machinability Melting range, ~ Casting temperature range, ~ Specific gravity

Gt Gt E G~ G G G E F 525-570 2.74

G G G

Ft

Gt

G G G G G G 525 - 625 700-760 2.73

G G G G G G 550- 620 690-760 2.70

G G G G G G 5 2 0 - 615 680-760 2.81

Heat treatment Solution temperature, ~ Solution time, h Quench

Precipitation temperature, ~ Precipitation time, h Special properties

Alloy for pressure die castings

-

-

505-520 6-16 Water at 70-80~ 150-170

-

6 - 1 8

"

"

i.0-1.5 0.4-0.6 4.5-5.5 0.6 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.2*

3.0-5.0 0.1-0.3 5.0-7.0 1.0 0.2-0.6 0.3 2.0 0.2 0.1 0.2

G G

G G

520-530 520-530 12 (rain) 12 (rain) Water at Water at 70-80 ~ 70-80~ 160-170 -

8-10

engineering alloy Pressure tight. High Can tolerate relatively strength alloy in "IF high static loading in condition TF condition General

Mechanical properties - sand cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile stress rain. MPa (tonf in - 2 ) 140(9.1) 230(14.9) Elongation rain. % 2 Expected 0.2% proof stress, MPa (tonf in -2) 70-110 200-250 (4.5-7.1) (12.9-16.2) Mechanical properties - chill cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile strength rain. MPa (tonf in - 2 ) 150(9.7) 160(10.4) 280(18.1) Elongation min. % 1 2 1 Expected 0.2% proof stress, MPa (tonf in - 2 ) 90-130 80-110 200-300 (5.8-8.4) (5.2-7.1) (12.9-19.4)

*0.05% min. if Ti alone used for grain refinement. t Not normally used in this form. ~The use of die castings is usually restricted to only moderately elevated temperatures.

170(11.0) 230(14.9) 2 -

-

Equally suited to all casting processes

150(9.7) 1

120-140 220-280 80-140 (7.8-9.1) (14.2-18.1) (5.2-9.1)

230(14.9) 280(18.1) 3 -

170(11.0) 1

140-150 250-300 80-140 (9.1-9.7) (16.2-19.4) (5.2-9.1)

Aluminium a n d magnesium casting alloys

73

Table 4.2 (continued) LM22TB Specification BS 1 4 9 0 : 1 9 8 8 Related British Specifications (SP)

LM24M (Ge)

LM26TE (SP)

LM27M (Ge)

2.0-4.0 0.5-1.5 8.5-1o.5 1.2 0.5 1.0

1.5-2.5 0.3 6.0-8.0 0.8 0.2-0.6 0.3

LM30M (SP)

LM30TS (SP)

,

Composition % (Single figures indicate maximum) I

Copper Magnesium Silicon Iron Manganese Nickel Zinc Lead Tin Titanium

2.8-3.8 0.05 4.0-6.0 O.6

3.0-4.0 0.1 7.5 -9.5 1.3

0.15 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.2

0.5 3.0 0.3 0.2 0.2

0.2 -0.6

Properties of material Suitability for: gt Sand casting Chill casting (gravity die) G Gt Die casting (press die) Strength at elevated temp. o Corrosion resistance G Pressure tightness G Fluidity O Resistance to hot shortness G Machinability G Melting range, ~ 525 - 625 Casting temperature range, ~ 700-740 Specific gravity 2.77 Heat treatment Solution temperature, ~ 515-530 Solution time, h 6-9 Quench Water at 70-80 ~ Precipitation temperature, ~ Precipitation time, h

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.2 0.1 0.2

0.2 0.1 0.2

4.0~-5.0 0.4-0.7 16-18 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Ft

O

g

U

Ft E

G Ft

E Gt

F G

ot

E

O

O

G

G

G

G

G

G F

G

F F

G G G

F P

520- 580 2.79

520- 580 670-740 2.76

525- 605 680-740 2.75

505- 650 Well above 650~ 2.73

O

F

G

F

G

-

200-210 7-9 Special properties Chili casting Alloy for Piston alloy, Excellent alloy (gray. pressure retains castability die) die castings strength and hardness at elevated temps. Mechanical properties - sand cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile stress ,in., MPa (tonf in -2) 140(9.1) Elongation min. % 1 Expected 0.2% proof stress, MPa (tonf in- 2) _ _ _ 80-90

-

Stress relief 175-225 8(minimum)

Alloy for pressure die casting automobile engine cylinder blocks

--

--

(5.2-5.8) Mechanicalproperties - chill cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) HB = 9 0 - 1 2 0 Tensile strength ,in., MPa (tonf in -2) 245(15.9) 180(11.7) 210(13.6) Elongation min. % 8 1.5 1 Expected 0.2% proof stress, MPa (tonf in -2) 110-120 100-120 160-190 (7.1-7.8) (6.7-7.7) (10.4-12.3) Note:

E - Excellent. F - Fair. (3 - Good. P - Poor. U - Unsuitable. (Ge - General purpose alloy; Sp-Special purpose alloy as per B$1490; 1988).

160(10.4) 150(9.7) 160(10.4) 2 0.5 0.5 90-110 150-200 160-200 (5.8-7.1) (9.7-12.9) (10.4-12.9)

Table 4 3 ALUMINIUM-COPPER ALLOYS Specifrcation BS 1490, 1988 Aerospace BSL series DTD series

A !4 .

LMl2M(SP)

LM12TF(SP)*

&M14-WF'lt

[LMIl-Wl

[LMI 1-WF']

-

-

-

4135

2L91

2L92

-

-

-

-

-

361B

741A h

Composition I (Single figures indicate. maximum) 9.0- 11.0 Copper Magnesium 0.2-0.4 Silicon 2.5 Iron 1.o Manganese 0.6 Nickel 0.5 zinc 0.8 Lead 0.1 Tin 0.1 Titanium 0.2

Other Properties of material Suitability for: Sand casting Chill casting (gravity die) Die casting (press die) Strength at elevated temperature Corrosion resistance Pressure tightness Fluidity Resistance to hot shortness Machinability Melting range, C Casting temperature range, C Specific gravity

3.5-4.5 1.2-1.7 0.6$ 0.6$ 0.6 1.8-2.3 0.1 0.05 0.05

0.25

4.0-5.0

0.10

0.25 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05

0.05 0.25

F

G

G

G

P

G

F

G

E 525-625 700-760 2.94

0.05 ~

~~

0.05 Ti+Nb 0.05 -0.30

3.5-4.5 1.2-2.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05

-

CO0.5-1.0

Nb 0.05-0.3

F U

4.0-5.0 0.10 0.25 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.10

U

E F E

G G G 530-640 700-750 2.82

F P

U F

F P F P

G 545-640 680-700 2.80

F P U

-

F P F P

G 540-650 675-750 2.80

F G

-

F F

G G G 530-640 7 10-725 2.80

5ii

G-

2x %

Heat rreatment

-

solution temp., 'C Solution time,h Quench Recipitatiw tempetame, "C Precipitation time,h SpeciaI properties

515-520 6

500-520 6

525-545 12-16

Water at

Boiling water

water at

70-80°C 175-180 2 (minimum) Piston alloy, now supmeded by LM13 and LM26. Excellent machinabiity

95-1035 2" Excellent props. at elevated trmperanrres Grav. die alloy

495 -505

525-545 12- 16

525-545

Water at

Water or oil

10 (minirnum)tt oil at 80-90°C

160-70 8-16

195- 205 4-5

70-80°C 120-140 1-2 Good shock resistance

70-80°C 120- 170 12- 14

16(minimUm)

High strength alloy

Mechanical properties - sand cast - SI (Impzral units in brackets) Tensile stress min., MPa (tonf i n 3

22N14.2)

22q 14.2)

28q18.1)

324(21.O)

Elongation % Expected 0.2% proof mia, MPa

210-240

-

7 165-200

4 200-240

31q20.1)

m16.2)

(13.6-15.5)

(10.7-12.9)

(12.9-155)

280(18.1)

265( 17.1)

31q20.1)

m(26.0)

W22.0)

13 165-200

9 200-240

4

(10.7-12.9)

(12.5- 15.5)

strcsp,

-

-

-

(tonf h-2)

Mechanical pmpem.es - chill cusr - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile s h s s min., MPa 170 278(18.0) (tonf i n 3

Elongation 7% Expected 0.2% pmof stnss, min., MF'a (tonfin-2)

*Nakludcd in BS

-

140- 170

-

139- 170

230-260

(9.0- 11.0) HB 100-150

(14.9-16.8) HB 100-130

3W23.3)

-

-

260(16.8)

8: 3

1490: 1988.

+I I signik ~ b m ~ spsiticatioo. ee *Si FC 1.0IMX. *or5daysagcingatmrmmnp. -can substitute slaMziog malmcnt at 200-250'C if used fapistons -Allow to cool to 480-C befm qumch.

+

-

-

263(17.0)

s.

3

Norr:

G2

(Gc

$.

E

- Excellent F - Fair. G - Gmd P - Poor. U - Unsuitable. - General purpose alloy: SP - S p s i a l pvpose alloy s pm BS 1490: 1988).

B

9 3 0,

76


Table 4.4

MISCELLANEOUS ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

Specification BS 1400; 1988 Aerospace BSL series DTD series

4L53

L99

0.2 7.4-7.9 0.25 0.35 0.1-0.3 0.1 0.9-1.4 0.05 0.05 0.25

0.1 9.5-11.0 0.25 0.35 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.O5

0.1 0.20-0.45 6.5 -7.5 0.20 0.10 0.I0 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.20

F F

G E F~

680-720 2.64

F F F~ F E P F G G 450-620 680-720 2.57

425 -435 w 8 Oil at 160*C** or boiling water

425 -435 8 Oil at no more t t than 1600C

535-545 12 Water at 65 oC min

5018A

Composition % (Single figures indicate maximum) Copper 0. I Magnesium 3.0-6.0 Silicon 0.3 Iron 0.6 Manganese 0.3-0.7 Nickel 0.1 Zinc 0.1 Lead 0.05 Tin 0.1 Titanium 0.2 Other Properties of material Suitability for: Sand casting Chill casting (gravity die) Die casting (press die) Strength at elevated temp. Corrosion resistance Pressure tightness Fluidity Resistance to hot shortness Machinability Melting range, ~ Casting temperature range, ~ Specific gravity

LMIOTB(SP)

LM5M(SP)

F F F ~: F E P F F G 580-642 680-740 2.65

Heat treatment Solution temperature, ~ Solution time, h Quench

F E P F G G

0.2?

150-160 4

Precipitation temp., "C Precipitation time, h Special properties

E G G G F 550-615 680-740 2.67

Good corrosion resistance in marine atmospheres

-

Mechanical properties- Sand cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile stress rain, MPa (tonf in -2) 140(9.1 ) 278 Elongation % 3 3 Expected 0.2% proof stress, rain MPa (tonf in -2) 90-110(5.8-7.1) 170(11.0) Mechanical properties - chill cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile stress rain, MPa (tonf in -2) 170( 11.0) 309(20.0) Elongation % 5 I0 Expected 0.2% proof stress, 90-120(5.8-7.8) 170(I 1.0) min MPa (tonf in -2)

Good shock resistance and high corrosion resistance ***

Excellent castability with good mech. props.

280(18.0) 8

230(14.9) 2

170-190 (11.0-12.3)

185(12.0)

310(20.1) 12 170-200 (11.0-12.9)

28o(18.1) 5 20o(12.9)

*[ ] obsolete. t0.05% min. if Ti alone used for grain refinement. t t N o t normally used in this form. w 8 h at 435-445 C then raise to 490-500 C for further 8 h and quench as in table. **Do not retain castings in oil for more than 1 h. ***Not generally recommended since occasional brittleness can develop over long periods.

A l u m i n i u m a n d m a g n e s i u m casting a l l o y s Table 4.4 i

77

(continued)

i

,, ,, ,,

,,,

,

,,,,

Speci:cation BS 1400:1988 LM28TE(SP) Aerospace

[LM23P]*

[LMI5WP]*

3L51 -

3L52 -

1.3-1.8 0.8- 1.5 17-20 0.7 0.6 0.8-1.5 0.2 O. 1 0.1 0.2 Cr 0.6 Co 0.5

0.8-2.0 0.05 -0.2 1.5-2.8 0.8-1.4 0.1 0.8-1.7 0.1 0.05 0.05 0,25 -

1.3-3.0 0.5-1.7 0.6-2.0 0.8-1.4 0.1 0.5-2.0 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.25 -

P F

G G

F G

LM28TF(SP)

BSL series DTD series

-

5008B

Composition % (Single figures indicate maximum) Copper Magnesium Silicon Iron Manganese Nickel Zinc Lead Tin Titanium Other

0.1 0.5-0.75 0.25 0.5 0.1 0.1 4.8-5.7 0. I 0.05 0.15-0.25 Cr 0.4-0.6

Properties of material Suitability for: Sand casting Chill casting (gravity die) Die casting (press die) Strength at elevated temp. Corrosion resistance Pressure tightness Fluidity Resistance to hot shortness Machinability Melting range, ~ Casting temp. range, ~ Specific gravity

F

P

-

O~

U

U~

F O F F

G O O F

E O F F

F E F F

G

O

O

P 520-675 ~735 2.68

O 545 -635 680 - 750 2.77

O 600-645 685 - 755 2.75

P

O 572-615 730- 770 2.81

Heat treatment

Solution temperature, ~

Solution time, h Quench

-

495 -505 4 Air blast

-

520-540 4 Water at 80-100 ~ Oil or air blast

Precipitation temp, ~

185

185

150-175

Precipitation time, h

To produce required HB

8

8 - 24

150-180 (195 -205) 8 - 24(2 - 5)

175-185~:~ (at least 24 h after cast) 10(at least 24 h after cast)

High mechanical props, at elevated temps.

Good strength without heat treatment. See ~

Piston alloy

Special properties

Aircraft engine castings

Mechanical properties- sand cast- SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile stress rain, MPa (tonf in-2) Elongation % Expected 0.2% proof stress, min MPa (tonf in -2 )

-

-

120(7.8) -

160(10.4) 2

280(18.1 ) -

216(14.0) 4

HBI00-140

125(8. I )

245(15.9)

150(9.7)

Mechanical properties - chill cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile stress min, MPa (tonf in -2) Elongation % Expected 0.2% proof stress mtn, MPa (tonf in -2)

170(I 1.0) -

HB 90-130

190(12.3) -

200(13.0) 3

325(21.0) -

232(15.0) 5

160-190 (10.4-12.3) HB 100-140

140(19.1)

295(19.1)

180(I 1.7)

?i'Can be furnace cooled to 385-395~ before quench. Do not retain in oil for more than I h, Further quench in water or air. ~Alternative-room temp. age-harden for 3 weeks.

Note: E - Excellent. F - Fair. G - Good. P - Poor. U - Unsuitable. (Ge - General purpose alloy; SP - Special purpose alloy as per BS 1490: 1988).

Table 4 5 HIGH STRENGTH CAST AL ALLOYS BASED ON AL4.5 CU c

KO1

European

3

A-Lr5GT

F?: 0 R

Designation A1 Assoc (USA) designation

cu

Mg

Si Fe

Mn Ni

zn Sn li

Ag Others each Others total

201.0 4.0-5.2 0.15-0.55 0.10 0.15 0.20-0.50

-

0.15-0.35 0.40-1.0 0.05 0.10

201.2 4.0-5.2 0.20-0.55

A201.0 4.0 -5.0 0.15-0.35 0.05 0.10 0.20-0.40

-

-

A201.2 4.0-5.0 0.20-0.35 0.05 0.07 0.20-0.40

0.15-0.35 0.40-1.0 0.05 0.10

0.15-0.35 0.40-1.0 0.03 0.10

0.15-0.35 0.40-1.0 0.03 0.10

0.10

0.10 0.20-0.50

-

-

204.0 4.2-5.0 0.15-0.35 0.20 0.35 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.15-0.30

-

0.05 0.15

204.2 4.2-4.9 0.20-0.35 0.15 0.10-0.20 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.15-0.25

-

0.05 0.15

206.0 4.2- 5.0 0.15-0.35 0.10 0.15 0.20-0.50 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.15-0.3

-

0.05 0.15

206.2 4.2 -5.0 0.20-0.35 0.10 0.10 0.20-0.50 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.15-0.25

-

0.05 0.15

A206.0 4.2 -5.0 0.15-0.35 0.05 0.10 0.20-0.50 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.15-0.30

-

0.05 0.15

A206.2 4.2-5.0 0.20-0.35 0.05 0.07 0.20-0.50 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.15-0.25

-

0.05 0.15

Aluminium and magnesium casting alloys Table 4.6

79

MINIMUMREQUIREMENTS FOR SEPARATELYCAST TEST BARS

Alloy

Sand~Die

Treatment*

UTS MPa

201.0

Sand Sand Sand Die

T6 T7 T4 T4

414 414 311 331

204.0

0.2 PS MPa

El% in 50 mm or 4 x diam

345 345 194 220

5.0 3.0 6.0 8.0

Typical HB 500 kgf 10 mm 110-140 130 95

*For temper designations see Table 7.3.

Table 4.7 .

TYPICALPROPERTIES OF SEPARATELYCAST TEST BARS .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Alloy

Sand~Die Treatment*

201.0

Sand Sand Sand

T4 T43 T6 T7 T7

.

.

.

.

Sand

T4 I"7

*Elevated temperature properties.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

UTS MPa

0.2 PS MPa 215 255 380-435 415 360 345 275

17,1% in 50 mm or 4 x diam

Room 150C*

Temp. 0.5- I00 h 1 000 h 10000 h

365 414 448 -485 460-469 380 36O 315

205C

0.5 h 100 h 1000 h ,10000 h

325 285 250 185

310 270 230 150

9 10 9 14

260C

0.5 h 100 h 1000 h 0.5 h 100 h 1000 h 10000 h

195 150 125 140 85 70 60

185 140 110 130 75 60 55

14 17 18 12 3O 39 43

20C 120C 175C

436 384 333

347 316 302

11.7 14.0 17.7

315C

A206.0

.

20 17 7-8 4.5 -5.5 6-8.5 8 7

Typical lib 500 kgf 10 mm 95 135 130

118HV 137HV

m

0

4.2 Magnesium alloys Table 4.8 ZIRCOMUM-FREEMAGNESIUM ALLOYS Grain refined (0.05-0.2 m m chill cast) when superheated ro 850-900 "C or suitably treated with carbon (as huachlorethane)

A8 AZ81

Elektron designation ASTM designation

SpecificafionsBS 2970 1989

MAGlM' (GP)?

Equivalent DTD

-

BSS L series

-

MAGITB* (GP) 3L. 112

-

h

og

s

A8 (High purity) Az8 1

3

MAGZM(SP)t

MAGZTB(SP)

684A

690A

-

-

3

B h

Composition % (Single figures indicate maximum) Aluminium 7.5-9.0 Zinc 0.3-1.0 Manganese 0.15 -0.4 Copper 0.15 Silicon 0.3 Iron 0.05 0.01 Nickel Cu+Si+Fe+Ni 0.40 Matertal pmperties Founding Good Characteristics Sand and permanents mould Tendency to hot tearing Little Tendency to micro-porosity Appmiable Castability8 A Weldability (Ar-Arc process) Good Relative damping capacity! C Snength at elevated ttmperaNE** C Corrosion resistance Moderate 1.81 Density, g 600 Liquids, "C Solidus, 'C 475 Non-equilibritun solidus, "C 420 Casting temperature range, "C 680-800

7.5-9.0 0.3-1.0 0.15 -0.7 0.005 0.01 0.003 0.001

Good Special melting technique required Little Appreciable A

Good C

c

Moderate 1.81

600

475 420 680- 800

Heat trwancnt

Solution:

12 (min) 435 (max)** Air, oil 01 watcr

Ti.h

Tanpaaturr. ' C

cooling

SprciJscotins BS 2970: 1989

--

Equivalent DTD ~

Composition 96 (Single figures indicate maximum)

= Ima

NiekCl Cu Si

+ + Fe + Ni

C alloy

MAG3TB(GP)

MAG3M(GP)

Bss L series

Wganese

--

AZ91 AZ9 I

Elektron &signmion ASTM designation

Alumini\rum zinc

-

MAG3TF(GP)

3L.124

3L.125

-

~

_

-

_

_

MAG7M(GP)

-

MAG7l"f(GP)

-

-

~

9.0- 10.5 0.3- 1.0 0.15-0.4 0.15 0.3 0.05 0.01 0.40

7.5-9.5 0.3-15 0.15-0.8 035 0.40 0.05 0.02 0.75

Material properties Founding

Good

ChnracteriJtiCs Tmcemy to hot tming Tcndency to miav-porasity

Lit&

Little

CaSabilityQ Weldability (Ar-Arc puccss)

A

A Good, but some difficulty with die

castings

CaStingS

C

C

Modrraa 1.83 595 470 420

Moderate

~ e ~ a t i &ping ve capacity1 Strmgm at ekvatcd mqmanue'* C-ionmistance Density, g cm-3 Liquidus. ' C Solidus, "C Non-equilibrium solidus, "C Casting tempcrannr range, "C

Sand, permanent mould and die (pressure)

Lw than MAGI Good, but some difficulty with die C

680-800

Good Sand,permanent mould and die (pressure)

Less man MAG1

E:3 z 2

3 0 z 3

C

B r)

1.82

600

g

680-800

$

n

475 420

continued overleaf

z

Table 4 8

m

(confinued)

Heat treatment Solution: lime, h Temperature, "C Cooling

CJ

-

16 (min) 435 (Inax)** Air, oil or water

-

-

16 (min) 435 (max)SS Air, oil or water

-

-

R%

s

ts G.

5

Elektmn designation ASTM designation

AZ91E

Sperifrcntions BS 2970: 1989 BSS L series Equivalent DTD Composition % (Single figures indicate maximum) Aluminium Zinc Manganese Copper Silicon Iron Nickel Cu + Si Fe Ni Material properties Founding Sand and permamnt mould Good characteristics Tendency to hot tearing Little Less than MAGI Tendency to micro-porosity Castability5 A Weldability (Ar-Arcprocess) Good Relative damping capacity1 C Strength at elevated temperature** C Corrosion resistance Excellent 1.83 Density, g 595 Liquidus. "C Solidus, "C 410 Non-equilibrium solidus. "C 420 Casting temperature range, "C 680-800

+ +

,4291 (HP)

AZ91D

MAGI1 (GP)

-

Little Little A Difficult C C Excellent

1.83 595 470 420 620-680

-

z P

5.5-6.5 0.25-0.75 2.4-3.0 0.20 0.05 0.01

-

Good

%

-

8.5-9.5 0.45-0.9 0.15-0.40 0.015 0.020 0.005 0.0010 High pressure die

ZC63 ZC63

-

Sand, permanent and high pressure die Good Little Little

B

Good C

B

Moderate

1.84 635 465

-

700-810

ilc

8

B

Heat treatment TI, h

T a w , “C COOling

16 (min) 435 (max) Air, oil or watcr

Noc suitable

A8

Elekwon designation ASTM designation

A8 (Highpurity) -1

A281 ~~

Speci&atiom BS 2970: 1989 BSS L series Eqw’valemDTD Hem trromvm - continued Precipitation:

Ti,h

Temperature, “C shss relief:

The,h

Tmpcratm, ‘C

MAGlW (GP)?

-

2-4 250-330

MAGITB* (GP) 3L.122

-

-

-

Mechanical pmpejiies - sand cast - (SI units GrS& Imperial units following in brackets) Tensile seength (min), MPa (tonfin-2) 140 (9.1) 200 (13.0) 0.2% proof s h s s (min). Mpa (tonf h-2) 85 ( 5 5 ) 80 (5.2) Elongation % (min) ( 5 . 6 5 6 ) 2 6 Mechanical propemirs - chill cast - (SI units first, Imperial units following in brackets) Tcasile strength (min), MPa (tonf in-2) 185 (12.0) 230 (14.9) 0.2% proof stress (min), MPa (tonf h- 2) 85 (5.5) 80 (5-2) Elongation % (min) ( 5 . 6 5 6 ) 4 10 Applicahons Automobile road wheels Good ductility and shock resisranee

MAGZM(SP)f

MAGZTLQP)

684A

690A

-

2-4 250-330

-

-

-

1 4 0 (9.1) 85 (5.5) 2

200 (13.0) 80 (5.2) 6

185 (12.0) 85 (5.5) 4

230 (14.9) 80 (5.2) 10

High-purity alloy

- offers good corrosion resistance continued overleaf

z: 3

B

a I 5

Do

$

3-

m w

00

P

ro

3. h

Table 4.8

z. Q

(continued)

Az9 1

EIekhvn designation ASTM designation

3 5

C alloy ~

Specifications BS 2970 1989 BSS L series Equivalent DTD

MAG3M(GP)

-

MAG3TB(GP) 3L.124

-

MAG3TF(GP) 3L.125

-

Precipitation: Time,h 8(min) Temperature, "C 2lqrnax) Stnss rclief: 2-4 Time, h 250-330 Temperature, "C Mechanical propenies - sand casf - (SIunits first, Imperial units following in brackets) 125 (8.1) 200 (13.0) 200 (13.0) Tensile strength (min), MPa (tonf 0.2% proof stress (min), MPa (tonf in-2) 95 (6.2) 85 (5.5) 130 (8.4) Elongation 46 (min) (5.65&) 4 Mechanical properties - chill cast - (SI units first, Imperial units following in brackets) 170 (11.0) 215 (13.9) 215 (13.9) Tensile strength (min), MPa (tonf in-2) 0.2% proof stress (min), m a (tonf in-2) 100 (6.5) 85 (5.5) 130 (8.4) Elongation % (min) (5.66&) 2 5 2 Applications For pressure tight applications Increased p f stress after full heat treatment

hfAG7M(GP)

-

MAG7TB(GP)

MAG7TF(GP)

-

-

-

-

8(min) 2lqmax) 2-4 250-330

-

-

125 (8.1) 85 (5.5)

185 (12.0) 80 (5.2)

185 (12.0) 110 (7.1)

-

170 (11.0) 85 (5.5)

2

4

215 (13.9)

-

215 (13.9) 110 (7.1) 2 Principal alloy for commercial usage 80 (5.2) 5

$ %

F

_______

~~

~~

~~

E l e h n designation ASTM designation Specifiakms BS 2970: 1989 BSS L series Equivalent DTD

ZC63

-

MAGI I(GP)

-

pncipitation: TI, h

-

Not suitable

8 (h)

Tcmpcratur,"C

210 (max)

stress relief:

-

-

Ti,h T e m m , "C

-

-

Mechanical propzrties - sund cast (SI units first, Imperial units following in brackets) T ~ S ~ I strength C (min). ma (tonf in-2) 200 0.2% proof stress (min), ma ( t d in-2) 130 Elongation % (min) ( 5 . 6 5 6 ) 2

16 (min) 200 (nw

-

Qpical high

210

pressure diecast propmies

3

125

- chill rust -

(SI units fuss Imprial units following in brackets) n 3 215 200 0.2%proof stp*Lp (min). Mpa (tonf in-2) I30 150 Elongation % (min) (5.65&) 2 1 High purity alloy offm exccucnt COrrodMn rtsisrance. Applicaionr Max. temp. 120°C Mechnical properties

ZC63

AZ91D

TCIIS~IC ~trmgth (min). ma (tonf i

-

*M-asc l s t

Ts-sass rckved only.

TE-Precipitation mated only. TB-solution trcatcd only. TF-Sol~tionand pneipitation~FZUCYL TGP General pupose alloy. SP special purpose alloy. *RmuuKnt moUld=glarity die casting. SAbility to fill mould easily. A. B. C. indicate decreasing castabiiity.

210 125

3 Better foundability than AZ91 with superior elevated ternpahue propertics

bamping capacity ratings. A=Outstanding.beacrthangnycastira . B=Equivalent to cast-iron C=Infmior to cast-iron but better Al-base cast alloys. **A=Particularly recommcndcd. Bduitable but not especially recommended CsNot recommnded where sacngth at elev. temps is likely to be an impoaant considcratioa ~l MPa=I Hm-2=006475tonfin-2. $#S@ a C R .

E:3 k 3

2

1-p

E' L

00

g u

Q)

Table 4.9 MAGNESNM-ZIRCOMUMALLOYS f&rcnrlyfw

00 o\

grained (0.015-0.035 mm chill cast)

z5z

E l e b n designation ASTM designation Specifications BS 2970 1989 BSS L series Equivalent DTD

Composition % (Single figures indicate maximum) Zinc Silver Rare earth metals Thorium

Zirconium

Copper Nickel Iron Silicon Manganese Material properties Founding characteristics Tendency to hot tearing Tendency to micnporosity Castability1 Weldability (&-Arc Process) Relative damping capacity** strength at elevated temperaturett Resistance to creep at elevated temperam Corrosion resistance Density, g cm-3 ( 2 0 0 ~ ) Liquidus, "C Solidus, "C Casting temperature range, 'C

ZK51

ZE41

Rz5

ZREl Ew3

MAG4TE8 (GP)? 2L. 127

MAGSTE(SP) 2L.-128

MAG6'IE(SP) 2L.-126

-

3.5-5.5

0.4-1.0 0.03 0.005

-

3.5-5.5

0.75 - 1.75

0.4-1.0 0.03

-

0.005

Good in sand and permanent moulds5 Marked Very appreciable B Not recommended BIC C

Poor Moderate 1.81

640 560 720-810

-

0.8-3.0 2.5-4.0 0.4-1.0 0.03 0.005

-

-

Good in sand and permanent moulds Some Vutually none

Excellent in sand and permanent moulds Little None

A Moderate BIC B Moderate Moderate 1.84

A

Good up to 250°C Moderate 1.80

510 720-810

720-810

640

very good B A

640 545

2 "L

g s

9 3

sE; z 2 8

B

Heat treatment solution: TI,h

Tem~vmamt,"C Gmhg hipitation: Xme, h Temperahrrr,"C

Post - weld stmss relid: Tie, h

16 180 Air Cool

2 followed by 16 330 180 Air cool after each

" L

Rccipitation trtamvnt atfords *lief

mmax Air cool

200 (13.0) 135 (8.7) 3

140 (9.1) 95 (6.2) 3

215 (13.9) 135 (8.7)

155 (10.0) 110 (7.1)

330 to precede precipitation

8 200

Air cool 10

trcatmmt

Mechanical properties - sand cost - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile Sacngm min, MPa (tonfinw2) 230 (14.9) 0.2% proof strcss min, MPa (tonf in-2) 145 (9.4) Elongation. 46 (5.65fi) min 5 Mechanical properties - chill cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tmsik smngth min, MPa (tonf in-2) 245 (15.9) a296 poor stnss mio, MPa (tonf h-2) 145 (9.4) Elongation 46 ( 5 . 6 5 4 ) min 7 Applications

High strmgth plus good ductility. Not suitable for spidery complex shapn

4

3

$

For high-strength pressure-tight

High degree of pressure tighmcls at luom and elevated temperatures

fn

applications

continued overleaf

3.

t.

i%

8

8 2

%'

'hble 49 (continued)

W

Elektron designation

ASTM &signation Specifrcations BS 2970: 1989 BSS L series Equivalent DTD Composition 46 (Single figures indicate maximum) Zinc Silver Rare earth metals Thorium ZircOniUm

copper Nickel iron Silicon Manganese Material properties Founding characteristics Tendency to hot tearing Tendency to micro-porosity Castability1 Weldability (Ar-Arc process) Relative damping capacity** Strength at elevated temperamitt Resistance to creep at elevated temperahue Corrosion resistance knsity, g cm-3 (20') Liquidus, "C Solidus, "C Casting temperature range, "C

ZTW

WSSS

m 2

ZH62

zE63 ZE63

MAGITE(SP)

MAG9TE(SP)

-

5005A

5015A

5045

1.7-2.5 0.10 2.5 -4.0 0.4- 1.0 0.03 0.005 0.01 0.01

-

5.0-6.0 0.20 1.5-2.3 0.4-1.0 0.03 0.005 0.01 0.01

0.15

0.15

As per MAG7 but more sluggish Little

Similar to MAG5 Very little

None C vety

B

A

Good up to 350'C Modcratc 1.85

645

550 720 810

-

LOW

B Fair B

Fair Moderate 1.87 630 720

5.5-6.0 2.0-3.0

-

0.4-1.0 0.03 0.005

0.01

0.01

0.15

Good

Negligible V i l y none A

C

520

-

- 810

very good*** B/C C

Poor

Moderate 1.87 625 516 720 - 810

-

B

g %.

P

9 3s c

E8 B

Hcormotmrnr

30 f a 12 mm scm. 70fa25mmscm. 48otAir blaa a water spray

Solutioa:

Ti,h

Tempcratmt."C

coding

Recipitatioo:

Ti.h

Tempcratmt. "C postwcldstrrsrreM

Ti,h

. c T

"C

16 315

Air cool

2 followed 16 330 by 180 Aircoolaftereach

48 a 72 138 in

255 (16.5) 155 (10.0) 5

275 ( I 7.8)

255 (165) 155 (10.0) 5

sand

Aircod

2 350

Air cool Mechanical pmpcrtes - sand cast - SI units (Imperial units in bnckts) Tcnsik strength min. MPa (tonf in-2) 185 (12.0) 0.2% poof stras min. MPa (tonf in-2) 85 (55) Elmpuios % (5.6545) mia 5 Mechanical propcmes - chill cast - SI units (Imperial units in bnckcts) T d SIIUI@ mip MPa (tmf in-2) 185 (12.0) 0.2%pmof stress min, MPa 85 (5.5) Elmgatios % (5.6545) min 5 creep nsiswt auoy Applications

~ ~ V Y d u t y - U w F

170(11.0) 5

cast

High sangth with good ductility and cxccumt fatigue

r F 3.

rsistaaa. StnrnnalEUtSaircrafsCtC.

3

MOY

continued overleaf

2. c

2 4 2

E'

Table 4.9

8

(continued)

EIeknon designation ASTM Specifications BS 2910 1912 BSS L series Equivalent DTD

MSR-A

-

MAG12TF(SP)

-

5025A

5035A

5055

Composition % (Single figures indicate maximum) Zinc 0.2 Silver 2.0-3.0 Rare earth metals 1.2-2.0* ThOflUm 0.4-1.0 Zirconium 0.03 copper 0.005 Nickel 0.01 Iron Silicon 0.01 Manganese 0.15 Ymium

-

0.2 2.0-3.0 1.8-2.5$

0.4-1.0 0.03 0.005 0.01 0.01

0.4- 1.0

0.15

0.03

0.005

0.0 I 0.01

-

0.3

-

0.15

-

EQ21 EQ2 1

WE54 WE54

WE43

MAG13TF(SP)

MAG14TF(SP)

-

HK31

-

0.2 2.0-3.0 2.0 -3.0$

-

rn$$*

MSR QE2

MSR-B

0.1 2.5-4.0 0.4-1.0 Q.03 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.15

-

-

0.2 1.3-1.7 1.5-3.0t

0.4-1.0 0.05-0.10

-

0.005 0.01 0.01 0.15

-

0.2

-

2.4-4.4fff

0.4- 1.0 0.03

0.4- 1.O 0.03 0.005 0.01 0.01

-

0.01 0.01 0.15 4.15-5.5

-

0.15

3.1-4.3

h

s. h E; 5

s

P

s

a"

2.0-4.0~fi

0.005

-

-

-

0.2

-

WE43

E;

s: B

k%

E l e b n designation

MSR-A

MSR-B

MSR QE22

m*** MK31

EQ21 EQ2 1

WE54 WE54

WE43 WE43

Sp~~ifrcmionr BS 2970 1989

-

MAGIZTF

-

-

MAG13TF(SP)

MAG14TF(SP)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

LesseaSyto found than MSR types Very little Negligible C very good

Good Little Slight

Good Very little

Good Very little

A

A

Good up to 350°C for short time applications

Good up to

ASTM designahon

-

-

(SP)

-

BSS L series Equipment DTD

5025A

5035A

5055

Material pmperties Founding characteristia

Good

Goal

Good

Little slight B very good BK

Little Slight B

Little Slight B very good BK A

Tendency to hot tearing

Tendency to micro-porosity

cqswity1 Weldability (Ar-Arc process) Relative damping capacity" Strength at ekviaed

tempnanneff

A

Resistance to cnep at elevated temperarure

Good up to

Corrosion Rsistance Density, g m - 3 ( 2 0 " ~ ) Liquidus, 'C Solidus, "C casting tempmuure range, "C Heat treatment solution:

Modcrate

200°C 1.81

640

very good

BK A

-upto 200°C

Good up to

Mode* 1.82

Moderate 1.81

640

ZOOT

640

550 720-810

550

720-810

550 720-810

Ti,b

8

Tempcrahlrc. 'C

525**

8 525**

8 525**

16 200

200

cooliog Precipitation: Ti,b

Temprraturc, "C

Water or oil

16

m

Air cool

water or oil Air cool

water or oil 16

Air cool

-

BK

Moderate 1.84 645 590

720- 810

B very good B/C

Ux)T

M&tC 1.81

640

545 720-810 8

52d*

water or oil

16 200

Air cool

slight B

very good BK A

slight

B very good

BK

A

very good up to 250°C

very good up to 250°C

Excellmt 1.85

Excellent

640

640

550 720-810

550 720-810

8 525** Aircod

8 525**

16

16 250 Air Cool

250 Air cool

1.85

water or oil

continued overleaf

2

Tpble 4.9 (conrinued) Elektmn designation ASTM designation Specifiations BS 2970: 1989 BSS L series Equipment DTD

MSR-A

--

5025A

MSR-B

-

MSR QE22

rnsss MK31

MAGIZTF(SP)

-

-

-

5035A

5055

Post-weld stnss relief: Time, h Temperature, 'C

1 5 10 followed by above quench and age Mechunical properties - sand c a r - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile strength min, MPa (tonf i n 3 240 (15.5) 240 (15.5) 0.2% proof stress min. MPa (to& in-2) 170 (11.0) 185 (12.0) Elongation, % (5.65&) min 4 2 Mechunicul pmperries - chill cast - SI units (Imperial units in brackets) Tensile strength min, MPa (tonf in-2) 240 (15.5) 240 (15.5) 0.2% p f stress min, MPa (tonf i n 3 170 (11.0) 185 (12.1) Elongation, % (5.65&) min 4 2 Applicntionr High strength in thick and thin section castings. Good elevated tempem(UP to 250°C) short time tensile and fatigue - -m s- .

Repeat above cycle

WE54

WE43 WE43

co

MAG13TF(SP)

MAGI4TF(SP)

-

rp, 2

-

WE54

-

1 505 followed by above quench and age

510 followed by above aircool and apt

1 510 followed by above quench and age

1

240 (15.5)

200 (13.0)

240

250

250

175 (11.3) 2

93 (6.0) 5

170 2

175 2

L

240

250

250

170 cast Similar to MSR alloys but leu but less

175 2 Excellent strength up to 300'C for short time applications. Excellent corrosion resistance

240 (15.5) 175 (11.3) 2 Similar to

MSRA-B

Usually sand 2 Superior short time tensile and creep resistance at temperatuns around 300°C

foawcc to W k 4.1. ?See tootnae to Tabk 4.1.

**sq or co2 atmoophcn.

*Neodymium-rich IM Mllhc (others Ce-rich).

11Castings to tc loded into fuma~cat operating tempcraturr.

1See foomote to Table 4.1. -See footnote 10Table 4.1. %See tootnae to Table 4.1.

tttJn hydrogen at annospherie p n s u ~ .

'See

8 EQ2l EQ21

??See fawnOD to Table 4.1.

***But only before hydridmg heamKnL ***Thorium containing alloys M being replaced by alccrnative magnesium based alloys.

111Neodymium and h v y rare uuths.

165

165 L

Excellent strength up to 250 "C for long time applications. Excellent corrosion resistance

a

5

e

P

-5 -.

3

it

8 %

5 Equilibrium diagrams 5.1 Index of binary diagrams Ag-AI Ag-Mg Ag-Ti AI-As AI-Au AI-B AI-Ba AI-Be AI-Bi AI-Ca AI-Cd AI-Ce AI-Co AI-Cr AI-Cs AI-Cu AI-Dy AI-Er AI-Fe AI-Ga AI-Gd AI-Ge AI-Hf Al - Hg AI-Ho AI - In AI-K AI-La AI-Li AI-Mg l-Mn AI-Mo AI- Na AI-Nb AI - Nd AI-Ni AI-Pb AI- Pd Al-Pr AI-Pt AI-Pu AI-Re AI-Ru AI-Sb AI-Sc AI-Se AI-Si AI-Sm AI-Sn AI-Sr

94 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 100 101 102 102 103 103 104 105 105 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 109 110 I10 111 111 112 112 112 113 113 114 115 116 116 117 117 118 118 118 119 119

AI-Ta AI-Te AI-Th AI-Ti AI-Tl AI-U AI-V AI-W AI-Y AI-Yb AI-Zn AI-Zr Au-Mg Au-Ti B-Ti

120 120 120 121 121 122 122 123 123 124 124 125 126 126 127

Ba-Mg Be-Ti Bi-Mg Bi-Ti

127 128 128 129

C-Ti Ca-Mg Ca- Ti Cd-Mg Cd- Ti Ce-Mg Ce-Ti Co-Mg Co-Ti Cr-Ti Cu - Mg Cu- Ti Er-Ti Fe-Mg Fe - Ti

129 130 130 131 13 l 131 132 132 133 133 134 134 135 135 136

Ga-Mg Gd-Mg Gd-Ti Ge-Ti H-Ti

136 137 137 138 138

Hf-Ti Hg-Mg ln-Mg In-Ti Ir-Ti

139 139 140 140 141

K-Mg La-Mg Li-Mg Mg-Mn Mg-Na Mg-Ni Mg-Pb Mg-Pr Mg-Pu Mg-Sb Mg-Se Mg-Si Mg-Sn Mg-Sr Mg-Th Mg-Ti Mg-TI Mg-U Mg-Y Mg-Zn Mg-Zr Mn-Ti Mo-Ti N-Ti Nb-Ti Nd-Ti Ni-Ti O-Ti Os-Ti Pb-Ti Pd-Ti Pt-Ti Pu-Ti Sc-Ti Si-Ti Sn-Ti Ta-Ti Th-Ti Ti-U Ti-V Ti-W Ti-Y Ti-Zn Ti-Zr

141 142 142 143 143 144 144 144 145 145 146 146 147 147 148 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 152 152 153 153 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 158 159 159 160 160 161 161 161 162

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