Smithells Light Metals Handbook

Smithells Light Metals Handbook Smithells Light Metals Handbook Edited by E. A. Brandes CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM an...

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Smithells Light Metals Handbook

Smithells Light Metals Handbook Edited by

E. A. Brandes CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM and

G. B. Brook DMet(Sheff), FEng, FIM

Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd

OXFORD BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI SINGAPORE

First published 1998  Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7506 3625 4 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Hartnolls Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall

Contents

Preface

vii

1 Related specifications Related specifications for wrought aluminium alloys Related specifications for magnesium alloys Titanium and titanium alloys corresponding grades or specifications

2 General physical properties of light metal alloys and pure light metals 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

General physical properties of pure light metals and their alloys The physical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys The physical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys The physical properties of titanium and titanium alloys

3 Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys 3.1 Mechanical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys Alloy designation system for wrought aluminium Temper designation system for aluminium alloys 3.2 Mechanical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys 3.3 Mechanical properties of titanium and titanium alloys

4 Aluminium and magnesium casting alloys 4.1 Aluminium casting alloys 4.2 Magnesium alloys

1 2 3 3

5

5 6 10 13

14 14 14 15 40 55

67 68 80

vi

Contents

5 Equilibrium diagrams

93

5.1 Index of binary diagrams

93

6 Metallography of light alloys 6.1 Metallographic methods for aluminium alloys 6.2 Metallographic methods for magnesium alloys 6.3 Metallographic methods for titanium alloys

7 Heat treatment of light alloys 7.1 Aluminium alloys Annealing Stabilizing Hardening 7.2 Magnesium alloys Safety requirements Environment Conditions for heat treatment of magnesium alloys castings

8 Metal finishing

163 163 168 171

173 173 173 173 173 176 176 176 176

179

8.1 Cleaning and pickling processes Vapour degreasing Emulsion cleaning 8.2 Anodizing and plating processes 8.3 Plating processes for magnesium alloys Dow process (H. K. Delong) Conditions Electroless plating on magnesium ‘Gas plating’ of magnesium (vapour plating)

179 179 179 182 185 185 185 185 185

9 Superplasticity of light metal alloys

186

10 Light metal-matrix composites

188

Index

193

Preface

The light metals covered by this handbook are only those of industrial importance aluminium, magnesium and titanium. The values given have been updated to the time of publication. They are intended for all those working with light metals; for research or design purposes Reference to source material may be found in Smithells Metals Reference Book (revised 7th edition). For design purpose values of mechanical properties must be obtained from the relevant specifications. Equilibrium diagrams are taken to be the most suitable for general work. For specialist work on any system, original sources should be consulted. E.A.B. Chalfont St Peter, Bucks

1

Related specifications

2

RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR WROUGHT ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

BS international

Nominal composition old ISO No. Al

1050A 1080A 1200 1350 2011 2014A 2017A 2024

99.5 99.8 99 99.5 Cu6BiPb Cu4SiMg Cu4MgSi Cu4Mg1

2031 2117 2618A

Cu2NiMgFeSi Cu2Mg Cu2Mg1.5 Fe1Ni1 Mn1 MnMg Si5 Si12 Mg1 Mg5 Mg4.5Mn Mg3.5 Mg2 Mg3.6 Mg3Mn Mg1SiCu Mg0.5Si Si1MgMn Zn4.5Mg Zn6MgCu

3103 3105 4043 4047 5005 5056A 5083 5154A 5251 5454 5554 6061 6063 6082 7020 7075

UK former BS designation 1B 1A 1C 1E FC1 H15 2L97, 2L98, L109, L110, DTD5100A H12 3L86 H16 N3 N31 N21 N2 N41 N6 N8 N5 N4 N51 N52 H20 H9 H30 H17 2L95, L160, L161, L162

France former NF

W. Germany Wk. No.

A5 A8 A4 A5/6 A U5 PbBi A U4SG A U4G A U4G1

3.0255 3.0285 3.0205 3.0257 3.1655 3.1255 3.1325 3.1355

A U2N A U2G A U2GN

3.1305

Italy Canada

Sweden

990

4 007 4 004 4 010

CB60 CS41N

4 355 4 338

S5 S12 G0.6 G5M G4.5MC

A G2M A G2.5MC

3.3525 3.3537

A GSUC

3.3211

A SGM0.7 A Z5G A Z5GU

3.2315 3.4335 3.4365

New UNI

Japan

4 507 4 509 3 567

A1050 A1080 A1200

AK 8

6 362 3 581

CG42

D 16

3 583

9002/4

A2024

CG30

D 18 AK 4-1

3 577 3 578

9002/1 9002/6

A2217

3 568

9003/3 9003/5

4054

4106 3.3555 3.3547

Old UNI

9001/2 9001/4 9001/1 9001/5 9002/5 9002/3

3.0515 3.0505 A A A A A

USSR

GM41 GR40 GM31N GM31P GS11N GS10 ZG62

4140

A2011 A2014

A3105 A4043

5 764

9005/1

A5005

7 790

9005/5

A5083

3 574 7 789

9005/3

6 170

9006/2

A5454 A5554 A6061 A6063

3 571 7 791 3 735

9006/4 9007/1 9007/2

AMG3

4104 4 212 4 425 SM6958

AD3 AD31 V95

A7075


Table 1.1

Related specifications

3

Table 1.2 RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR MAGNESIUM ALLOYS Cast alloys Nominal composition

UK designation

UK BS2970 MAG

RE3Zn2.5 Zr0.6

ZRE1

6-TE

EZ33A-T5

4442B G-TR3Z2 MG-C-91 3.6204

3.5103

Zn4.2RE1.3 Zr0.7

RZ5

5-TE

ZE41A-T5

4439A G-Z4TR

MG-C-43 3.6104

3.5101

Th3Zn2.2 Zr0.7

ZT1

8-TE

HZ32A-T5 4447B G-Th3Z2

MG-C-81 3.6254

3.5105

Zn5.5Th1.8 Zr0.7

TZ6

9-TE

ZH62A-T5 4438B

MG-C-41 3.5114

3.5102

Al8Zn0.5 Mn0.3

A8

1-M

AZ81A-F

G-A9

MG-C-61

3.5812

Al9.5Zn0.5 Mn0.3

AZ91

3-7B

AZ91C-T4

G-A9Z1

Al7.5/9.5 Zn0.3/1.5 Mn0.15min

C

7-M

USA ASTM

USA AMS

France AFNOR

Standard AECMA

W. Germany W. Germany aircraft DIN 1729

3.5194 3.5912

1.4.2 Wrought alloys Zn3Zr0.6

ZW3

Al6Zn1Mn0.3 AZM Al8.5Zn0.5 Mn0.12min

E-151M

AZ80

Al3Zn1Mn0.3 AZ31

MG-P-43

E-121M AZ61A-F

S-1110

4350H G-A6Z1

MG-P-63

W.3510

3.5612

AZ80A

4360D

MG-P-61

W.3515

3.5812

AZ31B-0

4375F

MG-P-62

W.3504

3.5312

G-A2Z1

Table 1.3 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS. CORRESPONDING GRADES OR SPECIFICATIONS

IMI designation

UK British Standards (Aerospace series) and Min. of Def. DTD seriesŁ

France AIR-9182, 9183, 9184

Germany BWB series†

AECMA recommendations

IMI 115

BS TA 1, DTD 5013

T-35

3.7024

Ti-POI

IMI 125

BS TA 2,3,4,5

T-40

3.7034

Ti-PO2

IMI 130

DTD 5023, 5273, 5283, 5293

T-50

IMI 155

BS TA 6

IMI 160 IMI 230

BS TA 7,8,9 BS TA 21, 22, 23, 24, BS TA 52 55, 58 DTD 5043 BS TA 14, 15, 16, 17 BS TA 10, 11, 12, 13, 28, 56

IMI 315 IMI 317 IMI 318 IMI 318 ELI (extra low interstitial)

USA AMS series‡

ASTM grade 1

(

T-60

3.7064

Ti-PO4

T-U2.

3.7124

Ti-P11

T-A5E T-A6V

T-A6VELI

Ti-P65 3.7164

Ti-P63

USA ASTM series

AMS 4902, 4941, 4942, 4951

ASTM grade 2

AMS 4900

ASTM grade 3

AMS 4901 AMS 4921

AMS 4909, 4910, 4926, 4924, 4953, 4966 AMS 4911, 4928, 4934, 4935, 4954, 4965, 4967

AMS 4907, 4930, 4931

ASTM grade 4

ASTM grade 5

ASTM grade 3, F. 136. continued overleaf

4


Table 1.3 (continued )

IMI designation

UK British Standards (Aerospace series) and Min. of Def. DTD seriesŁ

IMI 325 IMI 550 IMI 551 IMI 624

BS TA 45 51, 57 BS TA 39 42

France AIR-9182, 9183, 9184

Germany BWB series†

T-A3V2.5

3.7194

T-A4DE

3.7184

T-A6Zr4 DE

3.7144

IMI 646 IMI 662

IMI 679 IMI 680 IMI 685 IMI 811 IMI 834

AECMA recommendations

T-E11DA T-A6ZD T-A8DV

3.7154

USA ASTM series

AMS 4943 4944

ASTM grade 9

Ti-P68 AMS 4919, 4975, 4976 AMS 4981 AMS 4918, 4971, 4978, 4979 AMS 4974

3.7174

BS TA 18 20, 25-27 DTD 5213 BS TA 43, 44

USA AMS series‡

Ti-P67 AMS 4915, 4916

T-A6E Zr4Nb

Ł UK BS 3531 Part 1 (Metal Implants in Bone Surgery), and Draft British Standard for Lining of Vessels and Equipment for Chemical Processes, Part 9, also refer. † Germany DIN 17850, 17860, 17862, 17863, 17864 (3.7025/35/55/65), and TUV 230-1-68 Group I, II, III and IV also refer. ‡ USA MIL-T-9011, 9046, 9047, 14577, 46038, 46077, 05-10737 and ASTM B265-69, B338-65, B348-59T, B367-61T. B381-61T, B382-61T also refer.

2

General physical properties of light metal alloys and pure light metals

2.1

General physical properties of pure light metals and their alloys

Table 2.1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM, MAGNESIUM AND TITANIUM

Property Atomic weight C D 12 Atomic number Density (g cm 1 ) liquid at 660 ° C Al, 651 ° C Mg, 1685 ° C Ti Melting point ° C Boiling point ° C Thermal conductivity Wm 1 K 1 at ° C 0 100 200 400 600 800 1 1 Specific heat Jkg K at ° C 20 0 100 200 300 400 600 800 6 1 Coefficient of expansion 10 K at ° C 0 100 100 200 300 400 600 800 Electrical resistivity at ° C 20 100 200 300 400 600 800 Temp. coefficient of resistivity 0 100 ° C 10 3 K 1

Aluminium

Magnesium

Titanium

26.98154 13 2.70 2.385 660.323 (fixed pt ITS-90) 2520

24.305 12 1.74 1.590 649

47.88 22 4.5 4.11 1667

238 238 238

900 917 984 1030 1076

23.5 23.9 24.3 25.3 26.49

2.67 3.55 4.78 5.99 7.30

4.5

1090 155.5 167 130

3285 16 15 14 13 (13)

1022 1038 1110

519 528 569

1197

619 636 682

26.0 26.1 27.0

8.9 8.8 9.1

28.9

9.4 9.7 9.9

4.2 5.6 7.2

54 70 88

12.1

119 152 165

4.25

Note: For surface tension and viscosity of liquid metals see Metal Reference Book 7th ed. pp. 14 7 to 14 8

3.8

6


2.2

The physical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys

Table 2.2 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES sand cast

Material Al Al Cu Al Mg Al Si Al Si Cu

Al Si Cu MgŁ Al Cu Mg Ni (Yalloy) Al Cu Fe Mg Al Si Cu Mg Ni (Lo Ex)

Ł Die cast.

Nominal composition % Al Al Cu Cu Cu Mg Mg Mg Si Si Si Cu Si Cu Si Cu Mg Cu Mg Ni Cu Fe Mg Si Cu Mg Ni Si Cu Mg Ni

99.5 99.0 4.5 8 12 3.75 5 10 5 11.5 10 1.5 4.5 3 17 4.5 0.5 4 1.5 2 10 1.25 0.25 12 1 1 2 23 1 1 1

Density g cm 3

Coefficient of expansion 20 100 ° C 10 6 K 1

Thermal conductivity 100 ° C Wm 1 K 1

Resistivity µ m

2.70 2.70 2.75 2.83 2.93 2.66 2.65 2.57 2.67 2.65 2.74

24.0 24.0 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.0 23.0 25.0 21.0 20.0 20.0

218 209 180 138 130 134 130 88 159 142 100

3.0 3.1 3.6 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.6 8.6 4.1 4.6 6.6

69

2.76

21.0

134

4.9

71

2.73

18.0

134

8.6

88

2.78

22.5

126

5.2

71

2.88

22.0

138

4.7

71

2.71

19.0

121

5.3

71

2.65

16.5

107

Modulus of elasticity MPa ð103

71

71 71 71

88

Table 2.3 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES wrought

Specification 1199

1050A 1200

Al Al Al Al

99.992

Density g cm 3


H111 H18

2.70

23.5

H111 H18

2.70

23.5

H111 H18

2.71

23.5

H111 H18

2.71

23.5

T4 T6

2.8 2.8

22 22

239 234 239 234 230 230 230 230 226 226 226 226 142 159

T3 T6

2.77 2.77

23 23

151

5.7 5.7

73 73

T8

2.59

23.6

88.2

9.59

76

T8

2.58

23.9

84

9.59

75

H111 H12 H14 H16 H18

2.74

23.0

180

3.9

0.0030

151

4.8

0.0024

ConditionŁ Sheet

99.8

Extruded Sheet

99.5

Extruded Sheet

99

Extruded Sheet Extruded

2014A

2024 2090 2091

3103

Cu Mg Si Mn Cu Mg Mn Cu Li Zr Cu Li Mg Zr Mn

4.4 0.7 0.8 0.75 4.5 1.5 0.6 2.7 2.3 0.12 2.1 2.0 1.50 0.1 1.25

Sheet

Extruded


Resistivity µ cm 2.68 2.70 2.68 2.74 2.76 2.79 2.80 2.82 2.85 2.87 2.89 2.86 5.3 4.5

Temp. coeff. of resistance 20 100 ° C 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0041 0.0041 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040

Modulus of elasticity MPa ð103 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 74

69


1080A

Nominal composition %

continued overleaf

7

8

Table 2.3 (continued) wrought

5083 5251

5154A

Mg Mn Cr Mg Mn

4.5 0.7 0.15 2.0 0.3

Mg

3.5

5454

Mg Mn Cr

2.7 0.75 0.12

Al Li Al Mg Li

Li Mg Li Li Mg Mg Si Cu Cr Mg Si Mg Si

2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Mg Si Mn Mg Si

1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0

Al Li Mg 6061

6063 6063A 6082 6082

Density g cm 3



2.67

24.5

2.69

Resistivity µ cm

Temp. coeff. of resistance 20 100 ° C

Modulus of elasticity MPa ð103

109

6.1

0.0019

71

24

155

4.7

0.0025

70

2.67

23.5

2.68

24

4.9 5.3 5.4 5.7 5.1

0.0023 0.0021 0.0021 0.0019

H111 H22 H24

147 142 138 134 147

Sheet Sheet

T6 T6

2.56 2.52

77 79

Sheet

T6

2.46

84

Bar

H111 T4 T6

2.7 2.7 2.7

23.6 23.6 23.6

180 154 167

2.70

23.0

2.7 2.7

24 24 24 23 23

3.5 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.3 4.1 3.7

0.0033 0.0035

2.7

193 201 197 209 201 172 184

2.69

23.0

188 193

3.6 3.4

0.0033 0.0035

ConditionŁ Sheet Sheet Extruded Sheet Extruded Sheet

H111 H12 H14 H111 H13 H16 H111 H14

Extruded

T4 T6 Bar T4 T5 T6 Bar/Extruded T4 T6 Sheet

T4 T6

70 70

68.9 68.9 68.9

0.0031 0.0031

71 69 69 69 69 69 69


Specification


6463 Al Cu Mg Si (Duralumin)

Al Si Cu Mg (Lo Ex) Al Zn Mg

7075

8090

H111 D Annealed. H12,22 D Quarter hard. H14,24 D Half hard. H16,26 D Three-quarters hard. H18,28 D Hard.

0.65 0.4 4.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 4.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 4.0 1.5 2.0 12.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 0.7 0.4 5.7 2.6 1.6 0.25 2.5 1.3 0.95 0.1

Bar

T5 T6 T6

2.71 2.71 2.80

23.4 23.4 22.5

209 201 147

3.1 3.3 5.0

0.0023

Sheet

T4 T6

2.81

22.5

147 159

5.2 4.5

0.0022 0.0026

73

Forgings

T6

2.78

22.5

151

4.9

0.0023

72

Forgings

T6

2.66

19.5

151

4.9

0.0023

79

Forgings

2.91

23.5

151

4.9

0.0023

Extrusion T6

2.80

23.5

130

5.7

0.0020

Plate

2.55

21.4

93.5

9.59

Sheet

T4 D Solution treated and naturally aged. T6 D Solution treated and artificially aged.

69 69 73

72

77


Al Cu Mg Ni (Yalloy)

Mg Si Cu Mg Si Mn Cu Mg Si Mn Cu Mg Ni Si Cu Mg Ni Zn Cu Mn Mg Zn Mg Cu Cr Li Cu Mg Zr

9

The physical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURE

Material Pure Mag Mg Mn

Nominal composition† % Mg 99.97 (MN70)Mn (AM503)Mn

Mg Al Mg Al Zn

Mg Zn Mn Mg Zn Zr

AL80Al Be (AZ31)Al Zn

Condition

Density at 20 ° C g cm 3

T1

1.74

0.75 approx.

T1

1.75

Melting point °C Sol. Liq. 650 650

651

Coeff. of thermal expansion 20 200 ° C 10 6 K 1

Thermal conductivity Wm 1 K 1

Electrical resistivity µ cm

Specific heat 20 200 ° C J kg 1 K 1

Weldability by argon arc process‡

27.0

167

3.9

1 050

A

26.9

146

5

1 050

A

1.5

T1

1.76

650

651

26.9

142

5.0

1 050

A

0.75 approx. 0.005

T1

1.75

630

640

26.5

117

6

1 050

A

3 1

T1

1.78

575

630

26.0

(84)

10.0

1 050

A

Relative damping capacity§

C

(A8)Al Zn

8 0.5

AC AC T4

1.81 1.81

475Ł

600

27.2 27.2

84 84

13.4

1 000 1 000

A

C

(AZ91)Al Zn

9.5 0.5

AC AC T4 AC T6

1.83 1.83 1.83

470Ł

595

27.0 27.0 27.0

84 84 84

14.1

1 000 1 000 1 000

A

C

(AZM)Al Zn

6 1

T1

1.80

510

610

27.3

79

14.3

14 000

A

(AZ855)Al Zn (ZM21)Zn Mn

8 0.5 2 1

T1

1.80

475Ł

600

27.2

79

14.3

1 000

A

T1

1.78

(ZW1)Zn Zr

1.3 0.6

T1

1.80

625

645

27.0

134

5.3

1 000

A

(ZW3)Zn Zr (Z5Z)Zn Zr

3 0.6 4.5 0.7

T1

1.80

600

635

27.0

125

5.5

960

C

AC T6

1.81

560

640

27.3

113

6.6

960

C

(ZW6)Zn Zr

5.5 0.6

T5

1.83

530

630

26.0

117

6.0

1050

C

27.0

A A


Table 2.4

10

2.3

Mg Y RE Zr

Mg RE Zn Zr

Mg Ag RE Zr

4.0 3.4 0.6

AC T6

1.84

550

640

26.7

51

14.8

966

A

(WE54)Y RE() Zr

5.1 3.0 0.6

AC T6

1.85

550

640

24.6

52

17.3

960

A

(ZRE1)RE ZN Zr

2.7 2.2 0.7

AC T5

1.80

545

640

26.8

100

7.3

1 050

A

(RZ5)Zn RE Zr (ZE63)Zn RE Zr

4.0 1.2 0.7 6 2.5 0.7

AC T5

1.84

510

640

27.1

113

6.8

960

B

AC T6

1.87

515

630

27.0

109

5.6

960

A

(ZTY)Th Zn Zr (ZT1)Th Zn Zr

0.8 0.5 0.6 3.0 2.2 0.7

T1

1.76

600

645

26.4

121

6.3

960

A

AC T5

1.83

550

647

26.7

105

7.2

960

A

(TZ6)Zn Th Zr

5.5 1.8 0.7

AC T5

1.87

500

630

27.6

113

6.6

960

B

(QE22)Ag 2.5 RE(D) 2.0 Zr 0.6

AC T6

1.82

550

640

26.7

113

6.85

1000

A

AC T6

1.81

540

640

26.6

113

6.85

1000

A

(EQ21)RE(D) Ag Cu Zr

2.2 1.5 0.07 0.7

B

(B)

continued overleaf


Mg Th Zn ZrŁŁ

(WE43)Y RE() Zr

11

(continued)

Mg Zn Cu Mn

MG Ag RE ŁŁ Th Zr

(ZC63)Zn Cu Mn (ZC71)Zn Cu Mn

6.0 2.7 0.5 6.5 1.3 0.8

(QH21)Ag RE(D) Th Zr (ZA)Zr

2.5 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.6

AC Sand cast. T4 Solution heat treated. T5 Precipitation heat treated. T6 Fully heat treated. † Mg Al type alloys normally contain 0.2 0.4% Mn to improve corrosion resistance. ŁŁ Thorium containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

Melting point °C Sol. Liq.

Coeff. of thermal expansion 20 200 ° C 10 6 K 1

Thermal conductivity Wm 1 K 1

Electrical resistivity µ cm

Condition

Density at 20 ° C g cm 3

AC T6

1.87

465

600

26.0

122

5.4

962

B

T6

1.87

465

600

26.0

122

5.4

62

B

AC T6

1.82

540

640

26.7

113

6.85

1005

A

AC

1.75

650

651

27.0

(146)

(4.5)

1050

A

T1 Extruded, rolled or forged. RE Cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce. Ł Non-equilibrium solidus 420 ° C. () Estimated value. RE(D) Mischmetal enriched in neodynium. RE() Neodynium + Heavy Rare Earths.

Specific heat 20 200 ° C J kg 1 K 1

Weldability by argon arc process‡

‡ Weldability rating: A Fully weldable.

§ Damping capacity rating: A Outstanding.

B Weldable. C Not recommended where fusion welding is involved.

B Equivalent to cast iron.

Relative damping capacity§

A

C Inferior to cast iron but better than Al-base cast alloys.


Nominal composition† %

Material

Mg Zr

12

Table 2.4


2.4

13

The physical properties of titanium and titanium alloys

Table 2.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES

Material IMI designation

Temp. Coefficient Thermal coefficient Magnetic of conof Specific suscept. Nominal expansion ductivity Resistivity resistivity heat 10 6 composition Density 20 100 ° C 20 100 ° C 20 ° C 20 100 ° C 50 ° C cgs units g 1 % g cm 3 10 6 K 1 W m 1 K 1 µ cm µ cm K 1 J kg 1 K 1

CP Titanium Commercially pure IMI 230 Cu 2.5 IMI 260/261 Pd 0.2 IMI 315 Al 2.0 Mn 2.0 IMI 317 Al 5.0 Sn 2.5 IMI 318 Al 6.0 V 4.0 IMI 550 Al 4.0 Mo 4.0 Sn 2.0 Si 0.5 IMI 551 Al 4.0 Mo 4.0 Sn 4.0 Si 0.5 IMI 679 Sn 11.0 Zr 5.0 Al 2.25 Mo 1.0 Si 0.2 IMI 680 Sn 11.0 Mo 4.0 Al 2.25 Si 0.2 IMI 685 Al 6.0 Zr 5.0 Mo 0.5 Si 0.25 IMI 829 Al 5.5 Sn 3.5 Zr 3.0 Nb 1.0 Mo 0.3 Si 0.3 IMI 834 Al 5.8 Sn 4.0 Zr 3.5 Nb 0.7 Mo 0.5 Si 0.35 C 0.06

4.51

7.6

16

48.2

0.0022

528

C3.4

4.56 4.52 4.51

9.0 7.6 6.7

13 16 8.4

70 48.2 101.5

0.0026 0.0022 0.0003

528 460

C4.1

4.46

7.9

6.3

163

0.0006

470

C3.2

4.42

8.0

5.8

168

0.0004

610

C3.3

4.60

8.8

7.9

159

0.0004

4.62

8.4

5.7

170

0.0003

400

C3.1

4.84

8.0

7.1

163

0.0004

4.86

8.9

7.5

165

0.0003

4.45

9.8

4.8

167

0.0004

4.53

9.45

7.8

4.55

10.6

530

3

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys

The following tables summarize the mechanical properties of the more important industrial light metals and alloys. In the tables of tensile properties at normal temperature the nominal composition of the alloys is given, followed by the appropriate British and other specification numbers. Most specifications permit considerable latitude in both composition and properties, but the data given in these tables represent typical average values which would be expected from materials of the nominal composition quoted, unless otherwise stated. For design purposes it is essential to consult the appropriate specifications to obtain minimum and maximum values and special conditions where these apply. The data in the tables referring to properties at elevated and at sub-normal temperatures, and for creep, fatigue and impact strength have been obtained from a more limited number of tests and sometimes from a single example. In these cases the data refer to the particular specimens tested and cannot be relied upon as so generally applicable to other samples of material of the same nominal composition.

3.1

Mechanical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys

The compositional specifications for wrought aluminium alloys are now internationally agreed throughout Europe, Australia, Japan and the USA. The system involves a four-digit description of the alloy and is now specified in the UK as BS EN 573, 1995. Registration of wrought alloys is administered by the Aluminum Association in Washington, DC. International agreement on temper designations has been achieved, and the standards agreed for the European Union, the Euro-Norms, are replacing the former British Standards. Thus BS EN 515. 1995 specifies in more detail the temper designations to be used for wrought alloys in the UK. At present, there is no Euro-Norm for cast alloys and the old temper designations are still used for cast alloys. In the following tables the four-digit system is used, wherever possible, for wrought materials. 3.1.1

Alloy designation system for wrought aluminium

The first of the four digits in the designation indicates the alloy group according to the major alloying elements, as follow: 1XXX 2XXX 3XXX 4XXX 5XXX 6XXX 7XXX 8XXX 9XXX

aluminium of 99.0% minimum purity and higher copper manganese silicon magnesium magnesium and silicon zinc other element, incl. lithium unused


15

1XXX Group:

In this group the last two digits indicate the minimum aluminium percentage. Thus 1099 indicates aluminium with a minimum purity of 99.99%. The second digit indicates modifications in impurity or alloying element limits. 0 signifies unalloyed aluminium and integers 1 to 9 are allocated to specific additions. 2XXX-8XXX Groups: In these groups the last two digits are simply used to identify the different alloys in the groups and have no special significance. The second digit indicates alloy modifications, zero being allotted to the original alloy.

National variations of existing compositions are indicated by a letter after the numerical designation, allotted in alphabetical sequence, starting with A for the first national variation registered. The specifications and properties for Cast Aluminium Alloys are tabulated in Chapter 4. 3.1.2

Temper designation system for aluminium alloys

The following tables use the internationally agreed temper designations for wrought alloys, (BS EN 515. 1995) and the more frequently used ones are listed below. The old ones still used for existing BS specifications e.g. BS 1490. 1989 for castings are compared with the new ones at the end of this section.

U.K.

Meaning

F H111

As manufactured or fabricated Fully soft annealed condition

Strain-hardened alloys H H1x H2x H3x H12,H22,H32 H14,H24,H34 H16,H26,H36 H18,H28,H38 Heat-treatable alloys T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

Strain hardened non-heat-treatable material Strain hardened only Strain hardened only and partially annealed to achieve required temper Strain hardened only and stabilized by low temperature heat treatment to achieve required temper Quarter hard, equivalent to about 20 25% cold reduction Half hard, equivalent to about 35% cold reduction Three-quarter hard, equivalent to 50 55% cold reduction Fully hard, equivalent to about 75% cold reduction Cooled from an Elevated Temperature Shaping Process and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition Cooled from an Elevated Temperature Shaping Process, cold worked and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition Solution heat-treated, cold worked and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition Solution heat-treated and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition Cooled from an Elevated Temperature Shaping Process and then artificially aged Solution heat-treated and then artificially aged Solution heat-treated and then stabilized (over-aged) Solution heat-treated, cold worked and then artificially aged Solution heat-treated, artificially aged and then cold worked Cooled from an Elevated Temperature Shaping Process, artificially aged and then cold worked

A large number of variants in these tempers has been introduced by adding additional digits to the above designations. For example, the addition of the digit 5 after T1-9 signifies that a stress relieving treatment by stretching has been applied after solution heat-treatment.

16


A full list is given in BS EN 515. 1995 but some of the more common ones used in the following tables are given below. T351 T3510 T3511 T352 T651 T6510 T6511 T73 T7651

T76510 T76511

Solution heat-treated, stress-relieved by stretching a controlled amount (usually 1 3% permanent set) and then naturally aged. There is no further straightening after stretching. This applies to sheet, plate, rolled rod and bar and ring forging. The same as T351 but applied to extruded rod, bar, shapes and tubes. As T3510, except that minor straightening is allowed to meet tolerances. Solution heat-treated, stress-relieved by compressing (1 5% permanent set) and then naturally aged. Solution heat-treated, stress-relieved by stretching a controlled amount (usually 1 3% permanent set) and then artificially aged. There is no further straightening after stretching. This applies to sheet, plate, rolled rod and bar and ring forging. The same as T651 but applied to extruded rod, bar, shapes and tubes. As T6510, except that minor straightening is allowed to meet tolerances. Solution heat-treated and then artificially overaged to improve corrosion resistance. Solution heat-treated, stress-relieved by stretching a controlled amount (Again about 1 3% permanent set) and then artificially over-aged in order to obtain a good resistance to exfoliation corrosion. There is no further straightening after stretching. This applies to sheet, plate, rolled rod and bar and to ring forging. As T7651 but applied to extruded rod, bar, shapes and tubes. As T7510, except that minor straightening is allowed to meet tolerances.

In some specifications, the old system is still being applied. The equivalents between old and new are as follows. BS EN 515 BS1470/90 Pre-1969 BS F M H111 0 0 T3 TD WD T4 TB W T5 TE P T6 TF WP T8 TH WDP TH7 is as TH and then stabilised. F/M is as manufactured or fabricated.

Table 3.2

ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Wrought Alloys

Nominal composition Specification %

Form

Condition

0.2% Proof stress MPa

Tensile strength MPa

Fatigue Elong. % strength on 50 mm Shear Brinell (unnotched) Impacy Fracture (½2.6 mm) strength hardness 500 MHz engery toughness p MPa (P D 5D2 ) MPa J (MPa m1/2 ) or 5.65 S0

Remarks

Al 99.99

Sheet

H111 H14 H18

20 60 85

55 85 110

55 20 12

50 60 70

15 23 28

Highest quality reflectors

1080A

Al 99.8

Sheet

H111 H14 H18

25 95 125

70 100 135

50 17 11

60 70 70

19 29 29

Domestic trim, chemical plant

Wire

H111 H14 H18

60 70

19 30 35 41

65 75 85 65

21 30 40 22

65 75 70 65 75

21

1050A

1350

Al 99.5

Al 99.5

Sheet

H111 H14 H18 Bars and sections as extruded Rivet stock H15 Tubes H111 H18 < 75 mm H18 > 75 mm Wire H111 H14 H18

Wire

H111 H14 H18

70 90 105 110 140 130 160 35 105 130 50 125

80 110 145 75 140 75 120 125 110 115 42 75 100 115 115 170 140 195 28 97 165

83 110 186

47 15 10 38

55 69 103

General purpose formable alloy

21 30 38 48 Electrical conductors 48 continued overleaf


1199

17

18

Table 3.2 (continued ) Wrought Alloys

1200

Al 99,0

2011

2014

2014A

Cu 5.5 Bi 0.5 Pb 0.5 Cu 4.4 Mg 0.7 Si 0.8 Mn 0.75 Cu 4.4 Mg 0.7 Si 0.8 Mn 0.75

Form Sheet

H111 H13 H14 H16 H18 Bars and sections as extruded Tubes H111 H > 75 mm H < 75 mm Extruded bar T3 25 mm T6 50 75 mm Wire T3 10 mm Plate T451 T651 Bar/tube T6510 Sheet Clad sheet Bars and sections Tubes Wire

2024

Cu 4.5 Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6

Condition

River stock Bolt and screw stock Plate

35 95 115 125 145 40


Fatigue strength (unnotched) 500 MHz MPa

Elong. % on 50 mm (½2.6 mm) p or 5.65 S0

Shear strength MPa

Brinell hardness (P D 5D2 )

43 20 12 11 9 38 40 6 6 14 16

70 75 80 90 95 70 70 100 95 240 240

22 31 35 38 42 23 21 34 32 95 100

35 40 50 60 60 45Ł

22 10 8

260 290

108 139

140 125

115 135

130Ł 130Ł 95Ł 95Ł 140 124

128 120 295 260 350 290 415 440

90 105 120 135 160 85 90 131 124 340 370 365 425 485 490

T4 T6 T4 T6 T4 T6 T4 T6 T4 T6 T4 T6

270 430 250 385 315 465 310 415 340 425 340 425

450 480 425 440 465 500 425 480 445 465 450 460

20 10 22 10 17 10 12 9 15

260 295 250 260

T3 T351

345 325

485 470

18 19

285 285

115 135 115 135 115 135

120 120

Impacy engery J

Fracture toughness (MPa m1/2 )

Remarks

27 31

General purpose, slightly higher strength than 105A

26 27

Free machining alloy

140 140

Heavy duty applications in transport and aerospace, e.g. large parts, wings Aircraft applications (cladding when used 1070A) 22 8

Structural applications, especially transport and aerospace


Specification



2024

Cu 4.5 Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6

Plate/sheet extrusions

H111 T4 T6

75 325 395

185 470 475

20 20 10

125 285

47 120

90 140

2117

Cu 2.5 Si 0.6 Mg 0.4

Sheet

T4

165

295

24

195

70

95

2090

Cu 2.7 Li 2.7 Zr 0.12

Plate Plate (12.5 mm)

T81 T81

517 535

550 565

8 11

2091

Cu 2.1 Li 2.0 Mg 1.50 Zr 0.1

Plate (12 mm) Plate (40 mm) Extrusion (10 mm) Extrusion (30 mm) Plate (12 mm) Plate (38 mm) Sheet

T8 ð 51 T8 ð 51 T851

310 310 505

420 430 580

14 6 7

T851

465

520

11

35

T851 T851 T8

460 430 390

525 495 495

10 8 10

43 38 38

Cu 6 Mn 0.3 V 0.1

Plate/sheet/ forgings

H111 T4 T6

75 185 290

170 360 415

18 20 10

105

2004

Cu 6 Zr 0.4

Sheet

H111 T6

150 300

230 420

15 12

100Ł 150Ł

2031

Cu 2.3 Ni 1.0

Forgings

T4 T6

235 340

355 420

22 15

201 201

95 95

Cu 2.0 Mg 1.5 Si 0.9 Fe 0.9 Ni 1.0

Forgings

H111 T6

70 330

170 430

20 8

295

45 130

Mg 0.9 Si 0.9 Fe 0.9 2618A

Vehicle body sheet 71 34

High strength, low density aero-alloy Medium strength, low density aero-alloy in damage-tolerant temper Medium strength, low density aero-alloy Medium strength, low density aero-alloy Weldable, creep resistant, hightemperature aerospace applications Superplastically deformable sheet Aero-engines, missile fins

85Ł 170Ł

Aircraft engines

continued overleaf


2219

Aircraft structures

19

20

Table 3.2

(continued )

Wrought Alloys

3103

Mn 1.25

Form Sheet

Wire

Condition H111 H12 H14 H16 H18 H111 H14 H18

Tensile strength Mpa

65 110 125 130 140 155 160 180 185 200 60 115 135 155 170 200 205 245

Elong.% on 50 mm (½2.6 mm) p or 5.65 S0

Fatigue strength Shear Brinell (unnotched) Impacy Fracture strength hardness 500 MHz energy toughness MPa (P D 5D2 ) MPa J (MPa m1/2 )

40 17 11 8 7

80 90 95 105 110

3105

Mn 0.35 Mg 0.6

Sheet

H111 H14 H18

55 150 195

115 170 215

24 5 3

85 105 115

3004

Mn 1.2 Mg 1.0

Sheet

H111 H14 H18

70 200 250

180 240 285

20 9 5

110 125 145

3008

Mn 1.6 Fe 0.7 Zr 0.3

Sheet

H111 H18

50 270

120 280

23 4

3003 Mn 1.2 clad with 4343 Si 7.5

Sheet

H111 H12 H14 H16

40 125 145 170

110 130 150 175

30 10 8 5

3003 Mn 1.2 clad with 4004 Si 1.0 Mg 1.5

Sheet

Physical properties

as for 3003 clad with 4343

30 40 44 47 51 30 45 55 65

50 55 60 70 70

34 29

Remarks General purpose, holloware, building sheet

20

Building cladding sheet

45 63 77

95 105 110

Sheet metal work, storage tanks Thermally reistant alloy. Vitreous enamelling

75 85 95 105

Flux brazing sheet

Vacuum brazing sheet


Specification



4032

4043A

Si 12.0 Cu 1.0 Mg 1.0 Ni 1.0 Si 5.0

Forgings

T6

240

325

5

Rolled wire

4047A

Si 12.0

5657

75

130

20

Wire

F

189

225

8

Mg 0.8

Sheet

H111 H14 H18

40 140 165

110 160 195

25 12 7

75 95 105

28 40 50

High base purity, bright trim alloy

5005

Mg 0.8

Sheet

H111 H14 H18

40 150 195

125 160 200

25 6 4

75 95 110

28

Architectural trim, commercial vehicle trim

5251

Mg 2.25 Mn 0.25

Sheet

22 7 2 16 20 8 5 4

110 125 140

Bar Sheet

185 245 285 170 180 220 250 270

45 70 80

Mg 2.0 Mn 0.3

95 230 275 60 60 130 175 215

125 145 175

5251

H111 H14 H18 F H111 H22 H24 H28

125 132 139

47 65 74

92 124

95 100 230 255

185 200 250 270

20 20 6 5

125

45

95Ł

95 260 290

200 280 310

Wire

H111 H18

110

Pistons

Welding filler wire Brazing rod

50 29

Sheet metal work Marine and transport applications; good workability combined with good corrosion resistance and high fatigue resistance

49

48 75 85 continued overleaf


Bars and sections as extruded (F) Tubes H111 H14 H18

115

21

22


Mg 3.5 Mn 0.5

H111 H22 H24 Bars and sections as extruded (F) Tubes H111 H14

125 245 275 125 125 220

240 295 310 230 225 280

Wire

H111 H14 H18

125 265 310

240 295 355

Rivet stock

H111 H12 H111 H22 H24

125 105 200 225

250 290 250 277 297

22 7 5

159 165 179

65 77 85

170 210 180

72 110 77

Form

Condition

Sheet

24 10 9 25 20 7

Mg 2.7 Mn 0.75 Cr 0.12

Sheet

5083

Mg 4.5 Mn 0.7 Cr 0.15

Sheet

H111 H24 Bars and sections as extruded (F)

170 290 180

310 370 315

21 9 19

5083

Mg 4.5 Mn 0.7 Cr 0.15

Tube

180 300

320 375

20 7

250

330

12

5556A

Mg 5

Wire

H14

5056A

Mg 5.0 Mn 0.5

Wire

H111 H14 H18

Rivet stock

H111 H12 Bolt and screw H14 stock

140 300 300 340 340 400 400 450 140 300

300 350 340

55 80 95 55 55

115 125 130 140Ł

Welded structures, storage tanks, salt water service 48

55 90 100

5454

H111 H14

155 175 175 145

Remarks

115 125 130

Higher strength alloy for marine and transport, pressure vessels and welded structures Marine applications, cryogenics, welded pressure vessels.

77

Weld filler wire 65 95 110 120 65

Rivets, bolts, screws



Nominal composition Specification % 5154A

Fatigue Elong.% strength on 50 mm Shear Brinell (unnotched) Impacy Fracture (½2.6 mm) strength hardness 500 MHz energy toughness p MPa (P D 5D2 ) MPa J (MPa m1/2 ) or 5.65 S0


6060

Mg 0.5 Si 0.4

Bar

T4 T5 T6

90 130 190

150 175 220

20 13 13

6063

Mg 0.5 Si 0.5

Bars, sections and forgings

F T4 T6

85 115 210

155 180 245

30 30 20

Wire

H111 T4 T6

115 195

115 180 230

280 160 210

310 200 240

Mg 1.0 Si 0.5

Bar

T6510 T5 T6

6061

Mg 1.0 Si 0.6 Cr 0.25 Cu 0.2

Bars and sections Wire

T4 T6 T8 6 mm T8 (6 10 mm)

Bar Bolt and screw stock

T6510 T8

280 290

Mg 1.0 Si 1.0 Mn 0.7

Bar/extrusion

Mg 1.0

Bars, sections and forgings

T5 T6510 T451 T651 T6 T4 T6 T4 T6

6082

Si 1.0 Mn 0.5

Plate

Tubes

100 130 160

35 52 75

43 31

Architectural extrusions (fast extruding)

50 70 22 12 12

129 117 152

50 65 78

20 13

160 200

60 90

310 340

13

205

100

260 285 150 289 285 160

300 315 240 315 315 240

15 11 19 12 12 25

185

85

205 180

68 104 100 65

285 160 285

310 245 325

13 20 10

215

145 230 280 310 310 400 385 430 295 385 380 415

60 70

100 65 95

79 69 85

Transport, windows, furniture, doors and architectural uses, pipes (irrigation) 34 27

Intermediate strength extrusion alloy

95

41 34

continued overleaf


6063A

Medium strength extrusion alloy for doors, windows, pipes, architectural use; weldable and corrosion-resistant

23

24

Table 3.2

(continued )

Wrought Alloys

6463

Tensile strength Mpa

T4 T6

130 215

180 240

16 12

150 205 150

Form

Condition

55 79

70 70

60

97 115

Remarks

Mg 0.55 Si 0.4

Bar

6009

Si 0.8 Mg 0.6 Mn 0.5 Cu 0.4

Sheet

T4 T6

130 325

235 345

24 12

7020

Zn 4.5 Mg 1.2 Zr 0.15

Bars and sections T4 T6

225 310

340 370

18 15

7075

Zn 5.6 Mg 2.5 Cu 1.6 Cr 0.25

Sheet/plate/ forgings/ extrusion

H111 T4 T73

105 505 435

230 570 505

17 11 13

7050

Zn 6.2 Mg 2.2 Cu 2.3 Zr 0.12

Thick section plate/ forgings

T736

455

515

11

7475

Zn 5.7 Mg 2.2 Cu 1.5 Cr 0.2

Sheet/plate/ forgings

T61 T7351

525

460

12

7016

Zn 4.5 Mg 1.1 Cu 0.75

Extrusions

T6

315

360

12

Bright anodized vehicle bumpers

7021

Zn 5.5 Mg 1.5 Cu 0.25 Zr 0.12

Extrusion

H111 T6

115 395

235 435

16 13

Bumper backing bars

Vehicle body sheet

100 126 150 330

60 150

Transportable bridging

160

220

270

220

7

Aircraft structures

Low quench sensitivity, high stress corrosion resistance. Aircraft structures High base purity. High fracture toughness. Aircraft structures


Nominal composition Specification %

Fatigue Elong.% strength on 50 mm Shear Brinell (unnotched) Impacy Fracture (½2.6 mm) strength hardness 500 MHz energy toughness p MPa (P D 5D2 ) MPa J (MPa m1/2 ) or 5.65 S0


8079

Fe 0.7

Foil

8090

Li 2.5 Cu 1.3 Mg 0.95 Zr 0.1

Plate Plate (38/65 mm)

Sheet

Extrusion

8090

8091

35 160

95 175

26 2

483

518

4.3

42

T8151

387

476

6.5

42.5

T8771

483

518

4.3

42

T81

360

420

T6 T8

373 436

472 503

5.7 5

75

T81551

440

510

4

45

T82551 T851

460 515

515 580

4.2 5

39 30 40

11

Domestic foil

42

Extrusion (10 mm) Extrusion (30 mm) Plate (12 mm)

T851

460

520

9

T851

455

500

7

33

Li 2.4 Cu 1.2 Mg 0.50 Zr 0.14

Forging

T651

468

517

7

28.1

T651

400

453

7

36.7

Li 2.5 Cu 1.2 Mg 0.66 Zr 0.12 Li 2.4 Cu 1.9 Mg 0.85 Zr 0.1

Forging

420

499

7.8

16.98

As 2090 but lower density Under-aged, damagetolerant condition Peak-aged, medium strength condition Under-aged, damagetolerant condition with a recrystallized grain structure Peak-aged, medium strength condition Damage-tolerant condition Peak-aged, medium strength condition

Peak-aged (32 h at 170 ° C. (Shrimpton) Under-aged (20 h at 150 ° C). (Shrimpton) Soln. trt, 530 ° C, WQ, aged 30 h at 170 ° C

continued overleaf


8090

H111 H18

25

26


Specification 8091

Li 2.4 Cu 2.0 Mg 0.70 Zr 0.08

8091

Form Plate (40 mm)

Li 2.3 Cu 1.7 Mg 0.64 Zr 0.13

Forging

460

164

408

159

408

158

436

503

8.2

20.72

Remarks Peak-aged (6% stretch, 32 h at 170 ° C Peak aged (no stretch, 100 h at 170 ° C) Duplex-aged (ditto, 24 h at RT, 48 h at 170 ° C) soln. trt. 530 ° C, WQ, aged 20 h at 170 ° C

Cast alloys 25 25

30Ł 30Ł

19 19

High conductivity, high ductility

60 65

45 95

8 12

Very high corrosion resistance

230 230

85 95

55

15

Strength + corrosion resistance

5 6

90 120

40 50

55 85

170

8

110

55

75

215

10

130

195 210

240 290

3 6

Al

(LMO)

Al 99.0

Sand cast Chill cast

F F

30 30

80 80

30 40

Al Mg

(LM5)

Mg 5.0 Mn 0.5


F F

100 100

160 215

6 10

(LM10) Mg 10.0


T4 T4

180 190

295 340

12 18

(LM18) Si 5.0


F F

60 70

125 155

(LM6) Si 11.5 (LM20) (LM6)

Sand cast

F

65

Chill cast

F

Si 7 Mg 0.4


T6 T6

Al Si

Al Si Mg (2L99)

55 55

1.5 2.5

Intricate castings

45Ł

4

60

60Ł

9.5

Very similar alloys, excellent casting characteristics and corrosion resistance. LM6 has slightly supperior corrosion resistance

90

56 90

Good strength in fairly difficult castings. Cast vehicle wheels



Fatigue 0.2% Elong.% strength Proof Tensile on 50 mm Shear Brinell (unnotched) Impacy Fracture stress strength (½2.6 mm) strength hardness 500 MHz energy toughness p MPa (P D 5D2 ) MPa J (MPa m1/2 ) Condition MPa MPa or 5.65 S0

Al Cu Si

(L154)

Cu 4.2 Si 1.2

(L155) Al Cu Si

(LM24) (LM4)

(LM22)

(LM2) Al Cu Mg

(LM12)

Cu 3.5 Si 8.0 Cu 3.0 Si 5.0

Al Cu

(L119)

Al Zn Mg

(DTT) 5008B

Al Cu Si Zn

(LM27)

Al Si Cu Mg

(LM30)

Si 17.0 Cu 4.5 Mg 0.6

(LM16)

Si 5.0 Cu 1.0 Mg 0.5

Zn 5.3 Mg 0.6 Cr 0.5 Cu 2.0 Si 7.0

T4 T4 T6 T6 F F F F T6 T6 T4

170 175 215 215 110 150 90 100 230 260 115

225 280 295 320 200 320 155 170 260 330 260

8 15 5 10 3 2 3 3 1 3 9

Aircraft castings

Sand Chill Chill Chill Sand

cast cast cast cast cast

F F F T6 T6

85 95 155 285 200

140 185 185 310 225

1 2 1

Sand cast

T4

220

5

Sand cast

F

85

155

2

Chill cast Chill cast Die cast Die cast

F F F O

100 160 240 265

180 180 275 295

3 0.5 1 1


T4 T4

130 130

210 245

3 6

200 210

80 85

70 85

1.5 2.5


T6 T6

245 275

255 310

1 2

215 225

100 110

60 70

1 1.5

85 90 85 85 70 80 105 110 75

70 80 85 130 90

2

70Ł 75Ł

0.7 0.7

4.5

55 60 0.9 60

75

Excellent die casting alloy General engineering, particularly sand and permanent mould castings Good combination of impact resistance and strength General purpose die casting alloy Castings to withstand high hydraulic pressure Sand castings for elevated temperature service Colour anodizing alloy

Versatile general purpose alloy

80 110 120

Die castings with high wear resistance, especially automobile cylinder blocks Water-cooled cylinder heads and applications requiring leak-proof castings


Cu 3.0 Si 5.0 Mn 0.5 Cu 1.5 Si 10.0 Cu 10.0 Mg 0.25 Cu 5.0 Ni 1.5

Sand cast Chill cast Sand cast Chill cast Chill cast Die cast Sand cast Chill cast Sand cast Chill cast Chill cast

continued overleaf

27

28

Table 3.2 (continued ) Cast Alloys

Specification

Form

Sand cast T5 Chill cast T5

120 160

185 255

2 2.5

120 160

70 80

55Ł 70Ł

1.5 2.5


235 275

255 310

1 1

200 230

100 110

70Ł 85Ł

0.7 1.5

Al Cu Mg Ni (L35) (Y Alloy)

Sand Chill Sand Chill Sand Chill Sand Chill Sand Chill

90 90 135 165 95 100 225 240 220 240

140 180 165 220 170 230 255 310 235 290

2.5 4 1.5 2.5 3 8 1 3 1 2

Al Si Cu Mg Zn

Sand cast F Chill cast F

130 130

180 200

1 2


120 170

130 210

0.3 0.3

120 120


120 170

130 210

0.3 0.3

120 120

Al Si Mg Mn (LM9)

Si 12.0 Mg 0.4 Mn 0.5

(LM25) Si 7.0 Mg 0.3

Al Si Cu Mg Ni

Cu 4.0 Mg 1.5 Ni 2.0 (LM21) Si 6.0 Cu 4.0 Mg 0.2 Zn 1.0 Si 23.0 Cu 1.0

(LM29) Mg 1.0 Ni 1.0

cast cast cast cast cast cast cast cast cast cast

F F T5 T5 T7 T7 T6 T6 T6 T6

60 60 75 85 65 70 105 105 115 115 85 90

Fluidity, corrosion resistance and high strength. Extensive use for low-pressure castings

The most widely used general purpose, highstrength casting alloy

55 75 60 95 80Ł 110Ł

Remarks

1.5 4.5

Highly stressed components operating at elevated temperatures General engineering applications, particular crankcases Pistons for high performance internal combustion engines High performance piston alloy



Fatigue 0.2% Elong.% strength Proof Tensile on 50 mm Shear Brinell (unnotched) Impacy Fracture stress strength (½2.6 mm) strength hardness 500 MHz energy toughness p MPa (P D 5D2 ) MPa J (MPa m1/2 ) Condition MPa MPa or 5.65 S0

(LM28)

(LM13)

Si 19.0 Cu 1.5 Mg 1.0 Ni 1.0 Si 11.0 Cu 1.0 Mg 1.0 Ni 1.0

Chill cast

T5

170

190

0.5

120

Sand cast Chill cast Chill cast

T6 T6 T5

120 170

130 200 220

0.5 0.5 1

120 120 105

Sand Chill Sand Chill

Lo Ex

cast cast cast cast

T6 T6 T7 T7

190 280 140 200

200 290 150 210

0.5 1 1 1

190

115 125 75 75

Si 9.0 Cu 3.0 Mg 1.0 Ni 0.7

Chill cast

T5

180

230

1

105

Al Cu Si Mg Fe Ni

(3L52)

Cu 2.0 Si 1.5 Mg 1.0 Fe 1.0 Ni 1.25


T6 T6

260 305

285 335

1 1

120 125

Al Cu Si Fe Ni Mg

(3L51)

Cu 1.5 Si 2.0 Fe 1.0 Ni 1.4 Mg 0.15


T5 T5

135 150

170 210

2.5 3.5

Ł Fatigue Limit for 50 ð 106 cycles. M D as manufactured. H111 D annealed.  H2    H4 intermediate tempers.  H5   H6 H8 D fully hard temper.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Special Special Special Special

temper for maximum stress corrosion resistance (US designation T73). heat treatment for combination of properties (US designation T736). heat treatment for combination of properties (US designation T61). heat treatment for combination of properties (US designation T7351).

70 75

Low expansion piston alloy 1.4

1.4

80

Piston alloy

Aircraft engine castings for elevated temperature service

Aircraft engine castings


(LM26)

85Ł 100Ł

29

30


Table 3.3 ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS


Condition

Al (1095)

Al 99.95

Rolled rod

(1200)

Al 99

Material (specification)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

Temp. °C

Time at temp. h



35 35 30 25 14 11 6 115 105 85 50 17 11 6 150 125 95 30 14 11 6 40 37 34 30 25 17 14 145 130 110 60 30 17 14 185 110 60 30 17 14 55 55 55 50 40 30 20

55 45 25 12 5 90 75 60 40 30 17 14 125 110 90 65 30 17 14 165 150 125 40 30 17 14 110 90 75 60 40 30 20 150 145 125 95 50 30 20 200 155 95 50 30 20 145 145 130 95 60 40 30

Elong. % on 50 mm or p 5.65 S0

Wrought Alloys H111

H111

H14

H18

Al Mn (3103)

Mn 1.25

H111

H14

H18

Al Mg (5050)

Mg 1.4

H111

24 93 203 316 427 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

61 63 80 105 131 45 45 55 65 75 80 85 20 20 22 25 75 80 85 15 15 20 65 75 80 85 40 43 47 60 65 70 70 16 16 16 20 60 70 70 10 11 18 60 70 70


31




Al Mg (cont.)

Al Mg Cr (5052)

(5154)

Mg 2.25 Cr 0.25

Mg 3.5 Cr 0.25

Temp. °C

Time at temp. h



H14

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

165 165 150 50 40 35 20

195 195 165 95 60 40 30

H18

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

200 200 175 60 40 35 20

220 215 180 95 60 40 30

H111

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

90 90 90 75 50 35 20

195 190 165 125 80 50 35

30 35 50 65 80 100 130

H14

24 100 148 203 260 316 317

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

215 205 185 105 50 35 20

260 260 215 155 80 50 35

14 16 25 40 80 100 130

H18

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

255 255 200 105 50 35 20

290 285 235 155 80 50 35

8 9 20 40 80 100 130

H111

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

125 125 125 95 60 40 30

240 240 195 145 110 70 40

25 30 40 55 70 100 130

H14

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

225 220 195 110 60 40 30

290 285 235 175 110 70 40

12 16 25 35 70 100 130

H18

24 100 148 203 260 316 371

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

270 255 220 105 60 40 30

330 310 270 155 110 70 40

8 13 20 35 70 100 130

Condition


continued overleaf

32





Al Mg Mn (5056A)

Mg 5.0 Mn 0.3

Al Mg Si (6063)

Mg 0.7 Si 0.4

T6

(6082)

Mg 0.6 Si 1.0 Cr 0.25

T6

(6061)

Mg 1.0 Si 0.6 Cu 0.25 Cr 0.25

T6

Al Cu Mn (2219)

Cu 6.0 Mn 0.25

Condition As extruded

Forgings

F

T6

Al Cu Pb Bi (2011)

Cu 5.5 Pb 0.5 Bi 0.5

T4

Al Cu Mg Mn (2017)

Cu 4.0 Mg 0.5 Mn 0.5

T4

(2024)

Cu 4.5 Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6

T4

Temp. °C

Time at temp. h

20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 206 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 20 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 24 100 148 203 260 316 371

1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000



145 145 145 135 111 75 50 20 215 195 135 45 25 17 14 230 270 175 65 35 30 25 275 260 213 105 35 17 14 230

300 300 300 245 215 130 95 60 240 215 145 60 30 20 17 330 290 185 80 45 35 30 310 290 235 130 50 30 20 385 365 325 280 205 145 70 30 375 320 195 110 45 25 17 430 385 274 150 80 45 30 470 422 295 180 95 50 35

220 185 135 110 45 20 295 235 130 75 30 14 11 275 255 205 115 65 35 25 340 305 245 145 65 35 25

Elong. % on 50 mm or p 5.65 S0 25 27 32 45 56 77 100 140 18 15 20 40 75 80 105 17 19 22 40 50 50 50 17 18 20 28 60 85 95 8

15 16 25 35 45 90 125 22 18 16 28 45 95 100 19 17 17 22 45 75 100


33


Material (specification) Wrought alloys Al Cu Mg Si Mn (2014)


Cu 4.4 Mg 0.4 Si 0.8 Mn 0.8

Al Cu Mg Ni (2618)

Cu 2.2 Mg 1.5 Ni 1.2 Fe 1.0

(2031)

Cu 2.2 Mg 1.5 Ni 1.2 Fe 1.0 Si 0.8

Al Si Cu Mg Ni (4032)

Si 12.2 Cu 0.9 Mg 1.1 Ni 0.9

(4032) Al Zn Mg Cu (7075)

Zn 5.6 Cu 1.6 Mg 2.5 Cr 0.3

Al Mg (LM 5)

Mg 5.0 Mn 0.5

(LM 10)

Mg 10.0

Al Si (LM 18)

Si 5.0

Temp. °C

Condition

T6

24 100 148 203 260 316 371 Forgings T6 20 100 150 200 250 300 350 Forgings T6 20 150 200 250 300 350 400 Forgings T6 20 100 200 250 300 350 Forgings T6 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 T6 24 100 148 203 260 316 371 Cast alloys Sand cast F 20 100 200 300 400 Sand cast T4 20 100 150 200 300 400 Pressure die F 24 cast 100 148 203 260

Time at temp. h




10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

415 385 275 80 60 35 25 415Ł 410 400 260 85 45 35 325Ł 340 260 170 70 30 20 325Ł 310 255 110 45 30 320 305 225 60 35 20 14 505 430 145 80 60 45 30

485 455 325 125 75 45 30 480 465 430 295 110 70 50 430 440 300 210 115 50 30 430 400 310 155 75 40 380 345 255 90 55 35 25 570 455 175 95 75 60 45

13 14 15 35 45 64 20 10

1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000

95 100 95 55 15 180 205 154 105 40 11 110 110 103 80 40

160 160 130 95 30 340 350 270 185 90 45 205 175 135 110 55

4 3 3 4 4 16 10 0 42 85 100 9 9 10 17 23

8

13

9 9 9 30 50 70 90 11 15 30 60 65 80 65

continued overleaf

34


Table 3.3

(continued )

Temp. °C

Time at temp. h




24 100 148 206 260 20 100 200 300 400 20 100 200 300 400

10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

145 145 125 105 40 95Ł 140 110 40 20 270Ł 255 60 25 12

270 225 185 150 75 155 180 135 60 30 325 290 90 40 25

2 2 21 3 7 13 2 2 2 12 27 2 2 25 65 65

20

1000

200Ł

275

1 2 1 2 1 2



(LM 6)

Si 12.0

Pressure die cast

F

Al Si Cu (LM 4)

Si 5.0 Cu 3.0 Mn 0.5

Sand cast

F

Al Si Mg (LM 25)

Si 5.0 Mg 0.5

Chill cast

T6

Al Cu Mg Ni

Cu 4.0

Sand cast

T6

(4L 35)

Mg 1.5

100

1000

255

325

Ni 2.0

200 300 400

1000 1000 1000

150 30 15

135 55 40

Condition

Al Si Ni Cu Mg

Si 12.0

20

1000

275Ł

285

(LM 13)

Ni 2.5

100

1000

280

320

Cu 1.0 Mg 1.0

200 300 400 20 100 200 300 400

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

110 30 15 200Ł 195 110 35 15

165 60 35 275 250 170 60 35

Chill cast

T6

Chill cast Special

T6

32 60 1 2 1 2 1 2

15 25 1 1 3 15 50

Ł 0.1% Proof stress.

Table 3.4 ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Material (specification)

Nominal composi tion %

Al (1200)

Al 9.0

Condition Rolled and drawn rod

H111

H18

Al Mn (3103)

Mn 1.25

Rolled and drawn rod

H111

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Temp. °C



Elong.% on 50 mm or 50 mm

Reduction in area %

24 28 80 196 24 28 80 196 24 28 80 196

34 34 37 43 140 144 147 165 40 40 50 60

90 95 100 170 155 155 165 225 110 115 130 220

42.5 43.0 47.5 56 16 152 18.0 35.2 43.0 44.0 45.0 48.8

76.4 76.4 77.0 74.4 59.8 59.4 65.3 67.0 80.6 80.6 79.9 71.2

Fracture toughness MPa m1/2


35

Table 3.4 (continued ) Material (specification)

Al Mg (5052)

(5154)

Nominal composi tion %

Mg 2.5 Cr 0.25

Mg 3.5 Cr 0.25

Temp. °C




Reduction in area %

24 28 80 196

180 185 195 220

195 205 215 290

15.0 15.0 16.5 32.0

63.5 64.4 66.5 62.3

24 28 80 196

97 99 97 115

199 201 210 330

33.2 35.8 40.8 50.0

72.0 74.2 76.4 69.0

H18

24 28 80 196

235 230 236 275

275 280 290 400

16.6 18.3 20.6 30.9

59.1 63.2 64.5 57.4

H111

26 28 80 196

115 115 115 135

240 240 250 350

28 32 35 42

66 72 73 60

H18

26 80 196 253

275 280 325 370

330 340 455 645

9 14 30 35

Condition Rolled and drawn rod

H18


H111

Sheet

(5056A)

Mg 5.0 Mn 0.2

Plate

H111

20 75 196

130 130 145

290 290 420

30.5 38.2 50.0

32.0 48.2 36.2

Al Mg Si (6063)

Mg 0.7 Si 0.4

Extrusion

T4

26 28 80 196

90 105 115 115

175 190 200 260

32 33 36 42

78 75 75 73

Extrusion

T6

26 28 80 196

215 220 225 250

240 250 260 330

16 16 17 21

36 36 38 40

24 28 80 196

300 310 305 330

320 352 330 385

15.2 12.0 14.9 18.3

38.8 34.0 38.7 34.7

24 28 80 196

270 280 290 315

315 330 345 425

21.8 21.5 22.5 26.5

56.4 52.5 53.7 46.5

24 28 80 196

300 305 320 400

480 500 510 615

23.3 24.4 25.3 26.7

31.8 33.1 30.8 26.3

24 28 80 196

400 405 415 460

500 502 514 605

14.5 12.7 13.3 14.0

25.8 21.5 22.0 19.7

26 28 80 196 26 28 80 196

290 290 302 380 415 415 420 470

430 440 440 545 485 485 495 565

20 22 22 20 13 13 14 14

28 28 26 20 31 29 28 26

Al Mg Si-Cr (6151)

Mg 0.7 Si 1.0 Cr 0.25

Forging

T6

Al Mg Si Cu Cr (6061)

Mg 1.0 Si 0.6 Cu 0.25 Cr 0.25


T6

Al Cu Mg Mn (2024)

Cu 4.5 Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6


T4


T8

Rod

T4

Al Cu Si Mg Mn (2014)

Cu 4.5 Si 0.8 Mg 0.5 Mn 0.8

Rod

T6


continued overleaf

36


Table 3.4 (continued ) Material (specification)


Condition

Temp. °C




26 80 196 253 27 196 269 27 73 196 269 24 28 80 196

410 460 530 590 535 600 615 440 460 495 550 485 490 505 570

465 510 610 715 565 715 820 480 495 565 630 560 570 590 670

12 14 11 7 11 13.5 17.5 6 7 10 7 15.0 15.3 15.3 16.0

Forging T6

(2090)

(2091)

Al Zn Mg Cu (7075)

Cu 2.7 Li 2.3 Zr 0.12 Cu 2.1 Li 2.0 Mg 1.50 Zr 0.1 Zn 5.6 Mg 2.5 Cu 1.6

Plate (12.5 mm)

T81

Plate (38 mm)

T8


T6

Reduction in area %


24 24 22 22 34 57 72 24 32 32 32 29.1 26.2 23.6 20.1

H111 D Annealed. H18 D Fully hard temper. T4 D Solution treated and naturally aged. T6 D Solution treated and precipitation treated.

Table 3.5 ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

CREEP DATA

Temp. °C

Stress MPa

Minimum creep rate % per 1000 h

H111

20 20 80 80 250 250 250 250

24.1 27.6 7.0 8.3 1.4 2.1 2.8 4.1

0.005 0.045 0.005 0.01 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.055

0.39 1.28 0.045 0.065 0.047 0.047 0.052 0.152

H111

80

45

0.005

0.085

110 115 125 30 45 60 3.90 7.7 15

0.055 0.17 0.21 0.08 0.20 0.62 0.045 0.12 0.35

0.33 0.57 1.19 0.21 0.39 0.92 0.10 0.25 0.60

100 100 100 150 150 200 200

40 55 75 7.5 15 7.5 15

0.013 0.022 0.046 0.126 0.147 0.107 0.273

0.126 0.107 0.174 0.413 0.647 0.341 0.658

205 205 205

17 34 51

0.04 0.09 0.14


Condition

Al (1080)

99.8

Sheet

Al Mg (5052) (LM 5)

Mg

Sheet

Mg 5.6

Cast

100 100 100 200 200 200 300 300 300

(LM 10)

Mg 10

Cast

Al Cu

Cu 4

Cast


Total extension % in 1000 h


37




Condition

Cu 10

Cast

Al Si (LM 13)

Si 13 Ni 1.7 Mg 1.3

Sandcast (modified)

Al Mn (3103)

Mn 1.25

Extruded rod

Al Cu Si (2025)

Cu 4 Si 0.8

Extruded T4

Al Cu Mg Mn (2024)

Cu 4.5 Mg 1.5 Mn 0.6

Clad sheet T4

Clad sheet T6

Al Cu Mg Ni (2218)

Cu 4 Mg 1.5 Ni 2.2

Forged T4

Temp. °C

Stress MPa


205 315 315 205 205 315 315 315 100 100 200 200 200 300 300 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 150 150 150 200 200 200 250 250 250 35 100 100 150 150 190 190 35 35 100 100 150 150 190 190 100 100 100 200 200 300 300 400

70 8.90 13.1 34 68 8.90 13.1 17 45 60 15 23 30 3.8 7.7 15 15 31 34.8 38.6 42.5 46 54 7.5 15 90 125 155 30 45 60 15 23 30 415 344 385 276 327 140 200 424 430 347 363 242 289 117 193 193 232 270 77 108 7 15 1.5

0.69 0.13 0.29 0.01 0.11 0.12 0.43 0.99 0.016 0.06 0.016 0.054 0.14 0.013 0.047 0.223 0.001 0.022 0.040 0.060 0.13 0.15 0.73 0.007 0.39 0.03 0.045 0.325 0.035 0.1 0.040 0.02 0.07 2.36 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.028 0.16 0.037 0.5 0.05

Total extension % in 1000 h

0.190 0.675 0.096 0.179 0.432 0.026 0.098 0.428

0.340 0.395 0.722 0.107 0.204 0.700 0.156 0.176

0.394 0.440 0.835 0.173 0.345 0.078 0.640 0.110

continued overleaf

38





Temp. °C

Stress MPa


Cast T4

200 200 300 300 400

77 116 7 15 1.50

0.01 0.08 0.018 0.08 0.06

Condition

Al Cu Mg Zn (7075)

Zn 5.6 Cu 1.6 Mg 2.5

Clad sheet T6

35 35 35 100 100 100 150 150 150 190 190 190

430 480 495 295 355 370 70 170 245 45 75 125

Al Mg Si Mn (6351)

Mg 0.7 Si 1.0 Mn 0.6

Extruded rod

100 100 100 100 150 150 150 200 200 200 200

193 201 232 255 93 108 154 31 46 62 77

Total extension % in 1000 h 0.153 0.287 0.072 0.151 0.132

0.1 1.0 10.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 0.007 0.010 0.11 1.6 0.0087 0.023 0.22 0.011 0.040 0.13 0.28

H111 D Annealed. T4 D Solution treated and naturally aged, will respond to precipitation treatment. T6 D Solution treated and artificially aged.

Table 3.6 ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

Material (specification) Al Mg (5056)


FATIGUE STRENGTH AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

Condition

Temp. °C

Endurance (unnotched) MPa

MHz

Remarks

Mg 5.0

Extruded

65 35 C20

184 164 133

20

Rotating beam

Mg 7.0

Extruded rod

65 35 C20

182 178 173

20

Rotating beam

(LM 10)

Mg 10.0

Sand cast (oil quenched)

20 150 200

93 77 40

30

Rotating beam

Al Si (LM 6)

Si 12.0

Sand cast (modified)

20 100 200 300

51 43 35 25

50

Rotating beam, 24 h at temp.

Al Cu (2219)

Cu 6.0

Forged T6

20 150 200 250 300 350

117 65 62 46 39 23

120

Reverse bending stresses

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys Table 3.6

39

(continued )



Al Si Cu (LM 22)

Si 4.6 Cu 2.8

Al Cu Si Mn (2014)

Endurance (unnotched) °C

MPa

MHz

Remarks

Sand cast

20 100 200 300

62 54 60 42

50

Rotating beam

Cu 4.5 Si 0.8 Mn 0.8

Forgings T6

148 203 260

65 45 25

100

Rotating beam

Al Cu Mn Mg (2014)

Cu 4.0 Mn 0.5 Mg 0.5

Extruded T4 rod

25 148 203 260

103 93 65 31

500

Rotating beam, 100 days at temp.

Al Cu Mg Si Mn (2014)

Cu 4.4 Mg 0.7 Si 0.8 Mn 0.8

Forgings T4

20 150 200 250 300

119 90 62 54 39

120

Reversed bending

Forgings T6

20 150 200 250 300

130 79 57 39 39

120

Reversed bending

Forged

20 148 203 260

117 103 65 45

500 100 100 100

Rotating beam after prolonged heating

Chill cast T6

20 100 200 300

100 105 108 80

50


20 150 200 250 300 350 20 100 200 300

113 82 70 59 39 39 97 107 97 54

120

24 149 204 260

151 83 59 48

500

Al Cu Mg Ni (2218)

Cu 4.0 Mg 1.5 Ni 2.0

Temp. Condition

Al Ni Cu

Ni 2.5 Cu 2.2

Forged T6

Al Si Cu Mg Ni (LM 13)

Si 12.0 Cu 1.0 Mg 1.0

Chill cast (Lo-Ex)

Al Zn Mg Cu (7075)

Zn 5.6 Mg 2.5 Cu 1.6 Cr 0.2

Plate T6

T4 D Solution treated and naturally aged, will respond to precipitation treatment. T6 D Solution treated and artificially aged.

50

Reversed bending


Reversed bending

40

Mechanical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys

Table 3.7 MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (WROUGHT)

TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Specifications

Material

NominalŁ composition %

Mg

Mg 99.9

Sheet, annealed Bar, extruded

Mg Mn

Mn 1.5

Sheet Extruded bar (1 in diam.) Extruded tube

Mg Al Zn

Form

DTD or BS (Air)

118C 142B 737A

BS (Gen. Eng.)

Tension

ASTM

Elektron

AM503

Compression

Proof stress 0.2% MPa

UTS MPa

Elong. %


Hardness VPN 30 kg

69 100

185 232

4 6

100 162 154

232 263 247

6 7 6

131 170 162

232 263 255

13 10 11

100 93

50 60 55 70 50 60

30 35 35 45

3370-MAG-S-101M 3373-MAG-E-101M 3373-MAG-E-101M

M1A-F, B107 M1A, B107

3370-MAG-S-1110 3370-MAG-S-111M 3373-MAG-E-111M

AZ31, B90 AZ31, B90 AZ31, B107

AZ31

3372-MAG-F-121M 3373-MAG-E-121N 3373-MAG-E-121M

AZ61, B91 AZ61, B107 AZ61, B107

AZM

183 183 170

293 293 278

8 8 8

147 147 147

60 70 55 70 60 70

AZ80A, B91

AZ855

208

293

8

185

65 75

124

35 45 45 55 45 55

Al 3.0 Zn 1.0 Mn 0.3

Sheet, annealed half hard Extruded bar and sections

Al 6.0 Zn 1.0 Mn 0.3

Forgings Extruded bar and sections Extruded tube

2L513 2L512 2L503

Al 8.0 Zn 0.5 Mn 0.3

Forgings

88C

Mg Zn Mn

Zn 2.0 Mn 1.0

Sheet, annealed half breed Extruded bar sections

5091 5101

3370-MAG-S-1310 3370-MAG-S-131M 3373-MAG-E-131M

ZM21

131 170 162

232 263 255

13 10 11

Mg Zn Zr

Zn 1.0 Zr 0.6

Sheet Extruded bar and sections Extruded tube

2L514 2L508 2L509

3370-MAG-S-141M 3373-MAG-E-141M 3373-MAG-E-141M

ZW1

178 208 193

263 293 278

10 13 7

154 177

55 70 60 75 60 75

Zn 3.0

Sheet

2L504

3370-MAG-S-151M

ZW3

185

270

8

154

60 70


3.2

Zr 0.6 Zn 5.5 Zr 0.6 Mg Zn Cu Mn

Forgings 2L514 Extruded bar and sections 2L505 (1 in diam.) Bars and sections Heat treated 5041A

Zn 6.5 Cu 1.3 Mn 0.8

Bars and sections Heat treated

Mg Th Zn ZrŁŁ

Th 0.8

(Creep resistant)

Zn 0.5 Zr 0.6

Extruded bar and sections 5111 Forgings 5111

Mg Th MnŁŁ (Creep resistant)

3372-NAG-F-151M 3373-MAG-E-151M

224 239

309 309

8 18

193 213

60 80 65 75

3373-MAG-E-161TE ZK60A-T5, B107-70 ZW6

270

340

10

255

60 80

ZC71

340

360

6

ZTy

147

263

18

50 70

147

232

13

50 70

ZC71-T6, B107

Th 2.0 Mn 0.75

Sheet

HM21-T8, B90

165

247

9

179

Th 3.0 Mn 1.2

Extruded bar and sections

HM31-T5

227

287

8

185


Nuclear alloys: Two wrought magnesium alloys (Magnox AL80; Mg0.75Al-0.005 Be and MN70; Mg0.75 Mn) of interest only for their nuclear and high-temperature properties have room-temperature tensile properties similar to those of AM503. Ł It is usual to add 0.2 0.4% Mn to alloys containing aluminium to improve corrosion resistance. M D As manufactured. O D Fully annealed. TE D Precipitation treated. ŁŁ Thorium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

41

Material Mg Zr Mg Al Zn

composition % Zr 0.6 Al 6.0 Zn 3.0 Al 8.0 Zn 0.4 Al 9.5 Zn 0.4 Al 9.0 Zn 2.0

Mg Zn Zr Mg Zn RE Zr

Mg RE Zn Zr (Creep resistant) to 250 ° C) Mg Th Zn ZrŁŁ (Creep resistant to 350 ° C) Mg Zn Th ZrŁŁ

Zn 4.5 Zr 0.7 Zn 4.0 RE 1.2 Zr 0.7 Zn 6.0 RE 2.5 Zr 0.7 RE 2.7 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 Th 3.0 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 Zn 5.5 Th 1.8 Zr 0.7

Condition AC AC TB TF AC TB AC TB TF Die cast AC TB TF TE

DTD or BS (Air)

BS (Gen. Eng.)

Tension

ASTM KIA, B80 AZ63A-F, B80 AZ63A-T4, B80 AZ63A-T6, B80

Elektron


UTS MPa

Elong. %


Brinell hardnesst VPN 30 kg

185 199 275 275 158 247 154 232 239 216 165 275 275 263

2.0 5 10 5 4 11 2 6 2 3 2 8 2 6

54 97 97 131 86 82 93 90 124 108 97 97 145 162

40 50 50 55 73 50 60 50 60 55 65 55 65 75 85 60 70 65 63 84 65 75

3L124 3L125

2970 2970 2970 2970 2970

2L127

2970 MAG 4-TE

ZK51A-T5, B80

Z5Z

51 97 97 131 86 82 93 90 127 111 97 97 145 161

TE

2L128

2970 MAG 5-TE

ZE41A-T5, B80

RZ5

150

216

5

139

55 75

TF§

5045

ZE63

190

295

7

190

70 80

TE

2L126

2970 MAG 6-TE

EZ33A-T5, B80

ZRE1

95

162

4.5

93

50 60

TE

5005A

2970 MAG 8-TE

HZ32A-T5, B80

ZT1

93

216

7

93

50 60

TE

5015A

2970 MAG 9-TE

ZH62A-T5, B80

TZ6

167

270

8

162

65 75

3L122

MAG MAG MAG MAG MAG

1-M 1-TB 3-M 3-TB 3-TF

ZA

Compression

A8 AZ81A-T4, B80 AZ91C-F, B80 AZ1C-T4, B80 AZ91C-T6, B80 AZ91B-F, B94 AZ92A, B80

AZ91


Specifications NominalŁ

42

Table 3.8 MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (CAST) TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Mg Th ZrŁŁ

Th 3.0 Zr 0.7

TF

Mg Ag RE‡ -Zr

Ag 2.5 RE 2.0‡ Zr 0.6 Ag 2.5 RE 2.0‡ Zr 0.6 RE(D)2.2 Ag 1.5 Zr 0.6 Cu 0.07

TF

Mg RE(D) Ag Zr-Cu

Mg Ag Th RE‡ ZrŁŁ

Mg Zn Cu Mn

93

208

5

93

50 60

MSR-A MSR-B

187 204

247 260

5 3

178 193

65 80 65 80

QE22A-T6, B80

QE22

200

260

4

195

65 80

EQ21A-T6, B80

EQ21

195

261

4

TF

QH21A-T6, B80

QH21A

210

270

4

TF

WE43-T6, B80

WE43

185

265

7

75 90

WE54-T6, B80

WE54

205

280

4

75 90

ZC63-T6, B80

ZC63

158

242

4.5

55 65

5025A 5035A

TF

5055

TF

5055

TF

TF

2970 MAG 12-TF

2970 MAG 13-TF

2970 MAG 14-TF

MTZ

75 90

200

65 80

Ł It is usual to add 0.2 0.4% Mn to alloys containing aluminium to improve corrosion resistance. RE D Cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% cerium. RE./ D Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earth metals. † Brinell tests with 500 kg on 10 mm ball for 30 s. RE(D) D Neodymium enriched mischmetal. ‡ Fractionated rare earth metals: MSR-A contains 1.7%; MSR-B contains 2.5%. § Solution heat treated in an atmosphere of hydrogen.

AC D Sand cast. TE D Precipitation heat treated. TB D Solution heat treated. TF D Fully heat treated. ŁŁ Thorium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.


Mg Y RE() Zr

Ag 2.5 RE 1.0‡ Th 1.0 Y 4.0 Zr 0.7 RE()3.4 Zr 0.6 Y 5.1 RE()3.0 Zr 0.6 Zn 6.0 Cu 2.7 Mn 0.5

HK31A-T6, B80

43

44


Table 3.9

MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (excluding high temperature alloys for which see table 3.10) TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

‘Short-time’ tension†

Material

Nominal compositionŁ %

Form and condition

Mg

Mg 99.95

Mg Al Zn

Al 8.0 Zn 0.4 (A8)

Mg Zn Zr

Mg Zn RE Zr

Test temp. °C

Young’s modulus GPa

Forged

20 100 150 200

45

Sand cast

20 100 150 200 250

45 34 32 25

Sand cast and solution treated

20 100 150 200 250

(AZ855)

Forged

Al 9.5 Zn 0.4 (AZ91)

0.2% proof stress MPa

UTS MPa

Elong. %

170 128 93 54

5 8 16 43

86 76 65 62

158 154 145 100 75

4 5 11 20 27

45 34 33 28

82 73 65 62

247 202 154 116 85

11 16 21 25 21

20 150 200

45

221 153 102

309 216 154

8 25 28

Sand cast

20 100 150 200 250

45

93

154 131 122 108 77

2 2 6 25 34

Sand cast and solution treated

20 100 150 200

45

90

232 222 196 139

6 12 16 20

Sand cast and fully heat treated

20 100 150 200 250

45 40 37 28 19

127 91 77 62 46

239 232 185 133 103

2 6 25 34 30

Zn 4.5 Zr 0.7 (Z5Z)

Sand cast and heat treated

20 100 150 200 250

45 34 28 22 19

161 124 102 79 57

263 185 145 113 85

6 14 20 23 20

Zn 3.0 Zr 0.6 (ZW3)

Extruded

20 100 200 250

45 40 22 12

255 162 46 11

309 182 127 100

18 33 56 71

Sheet

20 100 150 200 250

45 40 33

195 120 74

270 165 116 76 49

10 33 42 51 59

Sand cast Sand cast treated

20 20 150 200 250

45 41 40 38 33

150 134 120 99 74

216 195 167 131 99

4 6 19 29 35

Zn 4.0 Re 1.2 Zr 0.7 (RZ5)


45

Table 3.9 (continued ) ‘Short-time’ tension†

Material


Form and condition

Test temp. °C



UTS MPa

Elong. %

Mg Zn Th ZrŁŁ

Zn 5.5 Th 1.8 Zr 0.7 (TZ 6)


20 100 150 200 250

45 34 31 28 26

161 134 110 82 52

270 224 178 130 91

9 22 26 26 25

Mg Ag RE Zr (D)

Ag 2.5 RE(D)2.0 Zr 0.6 (QE22)


20 100 150 200 250 300

45 41 40 38 34 31

201 185 171 154 102 68

259 232 210 185 142 88

4 12 16 20 27 59

Mg RE(D) Ag Zr Cu

Re(D)2.2 Ag 1.5 Zr 0.6 Cu 0.07 (EQ21)


20 100 150 200 250 300

45 43 42 41 39 35

195 189 180 170 152 117

261 230 211 191 169 132

4 10 16 16 15 10

Mg Ag Re(D)ŁŁ Th Zr ‡

Ag 2.6 RE(D)1.0 Th 1.0 Zr 0.6 (OH21)


20 100 150 200 250 300

45 41 40 38 37 33

210 199 190 183 167 120

270 242 224 205 185 131

4 17 20 18 19 20

Mg Y RE() Zr

Y 4.0 RE()3.4 Zr 0.6 (WE43)


20 150 200 250 300

45 42 39 37 35

185 175 170 160 120

265 250 245 220 160

7 6 11 18 40

Y 5.1 RE()3.0 Zr 0.6 (WE54)


20 100 150 200 250 300

45 43 42 41 39 36

205 197 195 183 175 117

280 260 255 241 230 184

4 4.5 5 6.5 9 14.5

Zn 6.0 Cu 2.7 Mn 0.5 (Zc63)


20 100 150 200

45

158 141 134 118

242 215 179 142

4.5 9 14 11

Zn 6.5 Cu 1.3 Mn 0.8 (Zc71)

Extruded and fully heat treated

20 100 200

45 40 32

325 206 115

350 259 163

6 16 14

Mg Zn Cu Mn

Ł It is usual to add 0.2 0.4% Mn to alloys containing aluminium to improve corrosion resistance. † In accordance with BS1094: 1943; 1 h at temperature and strain rate 0.1 0.25 in in 1 min 1 . ‡ Tested according to BS4A4. RE D Cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce. RE(D) D Neodymium enriched mischmetal. RE./ D Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earth metals. ŁŁ Thorium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

46


Table 3.10 HIGH TEMPERATURE MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

TENSILE PROPERTIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

‘Short-time’ tension†

Material


Form and condition

Test temp. °C



UTS MPa

Elong. %

Mg RE Zn

RE 2.7 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZRE1)


20 100 150 200 250 300 350

45 40 38 36 33 28 21

93 79 76 74 65 48 26

162 150 139 125 107 85 56

4.5 11 19 26 35 51 90

Mg Th ZrŁŁ

Th 3.0 Zr 0.7 (HK31) (MTZ)


20 100 150 200 250 300 350

45 40 38 38 36 34 29

93 88 86 85 83 73 56

208 188 174 162 150 136 103

4 10 13 17 20 22 23

Mg Th Zn ZrŁŁ

Th 3.0 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZT1)


20 100 150 200 250 300 350

45 36 34 33 33 31 28

93 88 79 65 56 49 45

216 159 131 108 90 76 63

9 23 27 33 38 41 34

Th 0.8 Zn 0.5 Zr 0.6 (ZTY)

Sheet

20 100 150 200 250 300 350

45 41 41 40 40 34 29

181 179 176 165 124 73 17

266 224 201 171 134 96 56

10 10 11 15 20 27 38

Mg Ag RE(D) Zr

Ag 2.5 RE(D)2.0 Zr 0.6 (QE22)

Mg RE(D) Ag Zr Cu

RE(D)2.2 Ag 1.5 Zr 0.6 Cu 0.07 (EQ21)

Mg Ag RE(D) Th ZrŁŁ

Ag 2.5 RE(D)1.0 Th 1.0 Zr 0.6 (QH21)

Mg Y RE() Zr

Y 4.0 RE()3.4 (WE43) Y 5.1 RE()3.0 Zr 0.6 (WE54)

 Sand cast    and fully      heat    treated      Sand cast     and fully      heat    treated          Sand cast  and fully   heat     treated         Sand cast     and fully      treated     Sand cast     and fully      eat   treated

High strength cast alloys with good elevated temperature properties for which see Table 3.9

Ł It is usual to add 0.2 0.4% Mn to alloys containing aluminium to improve corrosion resistance. † In accordance with BS 1094: 1943; 1 h at temperature; strain rate 0.1 0.25 in in 1 min 1 . RE D Cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce. RE(D) D neodymium-enriched mischmetal. RE./ D Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earths. ŁŁ Thorium containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys Table 3.11 HIGH-TEMPERATURE MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

47

LONG-TERM CREEP RESISTANCE

Stress to produce specified creep strains%

Material Mg RE Zn Zr

Nominal composition % RE 2.7 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZRE1)

Form and Condition

Temp. °C

Time† h

0.05 MPa

0.1 MPa


200

100 500 1 000

52 41 36

66 54 47

250

100 500 1 000 100 500 1 000 100 500 1 000

23 11

28 19 14 7.4 5.2 4.3 97

32 24 20 8 6.5 5.6 111 106 103

117 117 116

100 500 000 100 500 000 100 500 000 100 100

77

86 75 70 43 28 23 12 6.2 5.4 45Ł

97 88 83 52 37 31 19 8.6 6.9 63Ł 62Ł

101 96 91 67 52 43 32 15 12 97Ł 100Ł

28Ł

43Ł 29Ł 19Ł

65Ł 45Ł 27Ł

315

Zn 4.0 RE 1.2 Zr 0.7 (RZ5)


100

150 1 200 1 250 1 Mg Th ZrŁŁ

Th 3.0 Zr 0.7 (HK31) (MTZ)


200 1 260 315

Mg Th Zn ZrŁŁ

Mg Th Zn ZrŁ

Th 0.8 Zn 0.5 Zr 0.6 (ZTY) Th 3.0 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZT1)

Sheet


100 1 000 100

250

9.3Ł

14Ł

0.5 MPa

1.0 MPa

36 30 26

34 30

71 65 58

107 100 97 73 64 53 39 19 15 111Ł

32Ł

Stress of 46 MPa (3 tonf in 2 ) produced 0.03% creep strain Stress of 46 MPa (3 tonf in 2 ) produced 0.03% creep strain 50 56 63 66 43 51 58 63 39 48 56 61

250

100 500 1 000

42 35 31

300

100 500 000 100 500 000 100 500 000 100 500 000 100 500 000

23 19 17 14 12 10 10

28 21 19 19 13 12 12 9 8 8

35 25 21 24 16 13 18 10 8 11

46 36 32 29 21 15 21 12 9 12 8

51 36 26

66 56 51

82 69 63

96 85 80

52 41 36 36 25 20 23 14 10 13 9 8 102 94 90

100 500 1 000

26 15 11

32 22 17

45 26 20

56 40 31

62 49 40

1

1 350 1 375 1 Sand cast and heat treated

29 22 20 6.2 4.3 3.9 31Ł

100

325

Zn 5.5 Th 1.8 Zr 0.7 (TZ6)

5.6

0.2 MPa

150 1 200

48


Table 3.11 (continued ) Stress to produce specified creep strains%

Material Mg Ag RE(D) Zr

Nominal composition % Ag RE(D) Zr (QE22)

2.5 2.0 0.6

Form and Condition

Temp. °C

Time† h

0.05 MPa


200

100 500 1 000

55

100 500 1 000

18

250

Mg RE(D) Ag Zr Cu

RE(D) Ag Zr Cu (EQ21)

2.2 1.5 0.6 0.07


0.1 MPa

0.2 MPa

0.5 MPa

1.0 MPa

74 54 46

88 65 56

82 73

89 79

26 15 10

33 22 16

28 22

31 26

200

100 500 1 000

78 57 48

95 71 62

116 88 76

250

100 500 1 000

29 18 14

36 22 19

42 30 24

100 500 1 000

32 20

39 26 21

32 26

173 148 139

Mg Ag RE(D) Th ZrŁŁ

Ag RE(D) Th Zr (QH21)

2.5 1.0 1.0 0.6


250

Mg Y RE() Zr

Y 4.0 RE() 3.4 Zr 0.6 (WE43)


200

100 500 1 000

148

161 115 96

250

100 500 1 000

44

61 46 39

200

100 500 1 000

160 120 120

165 140 132

250

100 500 1 000

47 43 16

61 40 32

81 58 48

150

100 500 1 000

94 82 74

99 92 89

104 98 95

200

100 500 1 000

60 51 42

63 55 49

67 61 55

Y 5.1 RE() 3.0 Zr 0.6 (WE54)

Mg Zn Cu Mn

Zn Cu Mn (ZC63)

6.0 2.7 0.5



Ł Total strains. † 4 6 h heating to test temperature followed by 16 h soaking at test temperature. RE D Cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce. RE(D) D Neodymium-enriched mischmetal. RE./ D Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earth metals. ŁŁ Thorium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

22

36 30

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys Table 3.12 HIGH-TEMPERATURE MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

49

SHORT-TERM CREEP RESISTANCE

Stress to produce specified creep strains%

Material Mg RE Zn Zr

Nominal composition % Re 2.7 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZRE1)

Th 0.8 Zn 0.5 Zr 0.6 (ZTY)

Th 3.0 Zn 2.2 Zr 0.7 (ZT1)

130 128 125

136 134 129

84 83 82 59 58 49 107 105 99

92 91 89 73 69 56 116 114 103

111 110 108 80 76 62 127 124 114

123 120 114 85 83 68

130 129 125 90 88 73 136 134 125

86 83 71 62 59 48 96 95 94

90 88 76 69 66 53 103 103 102

94 91 81 76 73 59 119 118 117

99 96 86 79 76 64 138 137 137

30 60 600 30 60 600

80 78 74

88 86 82

103 102 96 110 95

117 116 107 159 157 145

163 160 149

128 127 120 165 162 151

30 60 600 30 60 600

20 18

32 28 15

48 40 20

80 67 31 100 96 85

93 82 42 118 114 103

102 98 66 125 123 114

30 60 600 30 60 600 30 60 600

58 57 56 55 53 50 96 93 63

65 64 63 60 59 59 113 109 90

71 69 68 64 63 61 120 117 102

84 81 74 73 72 71 128 124 110

102 99 86 76 76 74 137 133 114

111 107 98 82 80 77 144 137 119

30 60 600 30 60 600

70 65 56 54 52 44

77 74 60 59 57 49

85 80 66 64 62 53

96 90 74 70 66 56

99 94 77 74 70 58

107 99 82 76 73 59

250

30 60 600 30 60 600 30 60 600

76 74 73 52 51 42 100 99 86

30 60 600 30 60 600 30 60 600


200


250

Sheet

250


200

250

315

Zn 5.5 Th 1.8 Zr 0.7 (TZ6)

118 117 116

30 60 600

350

Mg Th Zn ZrŁ

98 97 96

200

315

Mg Th Zn ZrŁ

Stress to fracture MPa


315

Th 3.0 Zr 0.7 (HK31) (MTZ)

10.0 MPa

Time† s

250

Mg Th ZrŁ

5.0 MPa

Temp. °C

315

Zn 4.0 RE 1.2 Zr 0.7 (RZ5)

2.0 MPa

Form and condition


200

250

315

0.05 MPa

† 1 h heating to test temperature followed by 1 h soaking at test temperature. RE D cerium mischmetal containing approx. 50% Ce. Ł Therium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

1.0 MPa

83 79 67

116 113 93 86 82 69 145 145 144

50

Table 3.13 MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

FATIGUE AND IMPACT STRENGTHS

Material Mg Mn Mg Al Zn

NominalŁ composition % Mn 1.5 (AM503) Al 6.0 Zn 1.0 (AZM) Al 8 Zn 0.4 (A8)

Al 9.5 Zn 0.4 (AZ91)

Mg Zn Zr

Mg Zn RE Zr

Zn Zr (ZW3) Zn Zr (Z5Z) Zn RE Zr (RZ5) Zn RE

3.0 0.6

‡ Condition Extruded Extruded

Sand cast Sand cast and solution treated Sand cast Sand cast and solution treated Sand cast and fully heat treated Extruded

State

temp. °C

U N U N

20

U N U N U U U N U N

20

20

20 150 200 20 20

U N U N

20 20

Impact strength§ for single blow fracture

105

5 ð 105

106

5 ð 106

107

5 ð 107

MPa

MPa

Mpa

MPa

MPa

MPa

107 76 161 127

90 90 139 110

88 54 133 103

86 51 125 97

85 50 124 94

83 48 120 91

108 107 124 108 93 71 114 110 124 103

93 80 102 86 69 52 91 83 93 82

90 73 97 82 66 48 89 74 93 80

88 66 91 74 59 38 88 68 93 79

88 65 90 73 57 36 86 66 93 79

86 63 90 69 57 31 85 63

117 93 151 124

90 66 137 99

80 66 134 93

79 65 128 91

77 65 127 90

Test temp. °C

Unnotched

Notched

J

J

20

12 14

4 4.5

20

34 43

7 9.5

20

3 5

1.5 2

20

18 27

4.5 7

196 20

1.5 1.5 2.0

1 1.5

20

7 9.5

3 4

76 65 124 88

20

3 4

1 1.5

20

23 31

9.5 12

77

4.5 0.7


U N

20

111 90

86 86

85 85

82 82

80 80

77 77

20 196

7 12 0.8

3 4

4.0 1.2 0.7


20

99 93 85 74 82 59

97 91 80 69 80 54

97 88 73 62 79 52

96 86 69 59 77 52

94 83 65 54 74 51

4 5.5 0.7

1 2


124 108 97 93 100 77

20 196

2.2 2.7

U N U U U N

20

6 7.5

1 2

150 200 20


Fatigue strength† at specified cycles

Zr (ZRE1)

0.7

U U U U

150 200 250 300

69 68 59 49

60 59 48 39

59 56 45 37

57 52 43 37

57 51 43 36

57 51 42 34

6 2.5 0.6

Sand cast and fully heat treatedŁŁ

U N

20

144 99

131 83

127 79

121 73

119 72

117 71

Ag RE(D) Zr (MSR B)

2.5 2.5 0.6


U N N U

20

119 77

103 65

103 63

77

68

103 62 90 57

102 62 88 54

100 62 86 51

Ag Re(D) Th Zr (QH21)

2.5 1.0 1.0 0.6


U N U

135 86 108

114 72 76

111 69 65

109 64 56

108 63 55

108 62 52

Mg Zn Th ZrŁŁ

Zn Th Zr (TZ6)

5.5 1.8 0.7


U N

20

120 100

86 86

85 80

83 77

83 76

82 76

Mg Th ZrŁŁ

Th Zr (MTZ)

3.0 0.7


U N U U

20 80

74 48 74 63

68 40 68 59

65 36 60 54

63 34 59 52

62 32 58 51

Mg Ag RE(D) Zr

Mg Ag RE(D)Th ZrŁŁ

200 250 20 250

200 250

0.5

20

12.9 17.6

2.3 2.7

20 196

8 11 0.5

1.5 3

continued overleaf


Zn RE Zr (ZE63)

196

51

52


NominalŁ composition %

Material Mg Th Zn ZrŁŁŁ

Th Zn Zr (ZTY) Th Zn Zr (ZT1)

‡ Condition

0.7 0.5 0.6

Extruded

3.0 2.2 0.7


State U N U U U N U U U

temp. °C 20 200 250 20 200 250 325

Impact strength§ for single blow fracture

105

5 ð 105

106

5 ð 106

107

5 ð 107

MPa

MPa

Mpa

MPa

MPa

MPa

100 73 80 97 76 71 66

86 52 74 63 82 59 60 51

83 51 68 59 79 56 59 46 43

79 49 60 54 74 51 54 43 37

76 48 59 52 71 49 52 42 34

74 46 57 51 68 48 51 39 29

Mg RE(D) As Zr Cu

RE(D) Ag Zr Cu

2.2 1.5 0.6 0.07


U

20

103

94

93

92

91

90

Mg Y RE() YZr

Y RE() Zr

4.0 3.4 0.6


U U U

20 150 250

114 107 107

101 97 81

98 94 74

94 87 65

93 85 64

91 83 62

Y RE() Zr

5.9 3.0 0.6


U U U

20 200 250

113 118 115

104 96 84

102 90 78

100 84 67

99 83 66

97 82 65

Zn Cu Mn

6.0 2.7 0.5


U N

20

100 62

94 57

92 56

90 55

Mg Zn Cu Mn

Ł It is usual to add 0.2 0.4% Mn to alloys containing aluminium to improve corrosion resistance. ŁŁ Solution heat treated in an atmosphere of hydrogen.

† Wohler rotating beam tests at 2960 c.p.m. ‡ U D Unnotched. N D Notched. Semi-circular notch of 0.12 cm (0.047 in) radius. Stress concentration factor 1.8.

Test temp. °C

Unnotched

Notched

J

J

20

7 8

1.5 3

196

0.8

§ Hounsfield balanced impact test, notched bar values are equivalent to Izod values. RE(D) D Neodymium enriched mischmetal. ŁŁŁ Thorium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys. RE./ D Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earths.


Fatigue strength† at specified cycles

Mechanical properties of light metals and alloys Table 3.14 HEAT TREATMENT OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS Heat treatment conditions for magnesium sand castings can be varied depending on the particular components and specific properties required. The following are examples of the conditions used for each alloy which will give properties meeting current national and international specifications. NominalŁ composition %

Material Mg Al Zn

Condition

Time h

Temperature °C

(AZ80)

Al Zn

8.0 0.4

TB

12 24

400 420

(AZ91)

Al Zn

9.5 0.4

TB

16 24

400 420

TF

16 24

(AZ91)

8 16

400 420 Air cool 180 210

Mg Zn Zr

(Z5Z)

Zn Zr

4.5 0.7

TE

10 20

170 200

Mg Zn RE Zr

(RZ5)

Zn RE Zr

4.0 1.2 0.7

TE

2 4 10 20

320 340 Air cool 170 200

(ZRE1)

RE Zn Zr

2.7 2.2 0.7

TE

10 20

170 200

(HK31)

Th Zr

3.0 0.7

TF

2 4

(TZ6)

Zn Th Zr

5.5 1.8 0.7

TE

2 4 10 20

320 340 Air cool 170 200

(ZT1)

Th Zn Zr

3.0 2.2 0.7

TE

10 20

310 320

Mg Th Zr†

10 20 Mg Zn Th Zr†

560 570 Air cool 195 205

Mg Ag RE(D)Zr

(QE22)

Ag RE(D) Zr

2.5 2.0 0.6

TF

4 12 520 530 Water/Oil Quench 195 205 8 16

Mg RE(D) Ag Zr Cu

(EQ21)

RE(D) Ag Zr Cu

2.2 1.5 0.6 0.07

TF

4 12 515 525 Water/Oil Quench 195 205 12 16

Mg Ag RE(D) Th Zr

(QH21)†

Ag RE(D) Th Zr

2.5 1.0 1.0 0.6

TF

4 12 520 530 Water/Oil Quench 12 20 195 205

53

54


Table 3.14 (continued ) NominalŁ composition %

Material Mg Y RE() Zr

Mg Zn Cu Mn

Condition

Time h

Temperature °C

(WE43)

Y RE() Zr

4.0 3.4 0.6

TF

4 12 520 530 Water/Oil Quench 245 255 12 20

(WE54)

Y RE() Zr

5.1 3.0 0.6

TF

4.12 520 530 Water/Oil Quench/Air Cool 245 255 12 20

(ZC63)

Zn Cu Mn

6.0 2.7 0.5

TF

4 12 435 445 Water Quench 180 200 16 24

Note:- Above 350 ° C, furnace atmospheres must be inhibited to prevent oxidation of magnesium alloys. This can be achieved either by: (i) adding 1/2 1%SO1 gas to the furnace atmosphere; or (ii) carrying out the heat treatment in an atmosphere of 100% dry CO2 . Ł It is usual to add 0.2 0.4% Mn to alloys containing aluminium to improve corrosion resistance. RE D Cerium mischmetal containing approximately 50% cerium. TB D Solution heat treated. RE(D) D Neodymium-enriched mischmetal. TE D Precipitation heat treated. RE./ D Neodymium plus Heavy Rare Earth metals. TF D Fully heat treated. † Thorium-containing alloys are being replaced by alternative Mg alloys.

Mechanical properties at subnormal temperatures At temperatures down to 200 ° C tensile properties have approximately linear temperature coefficients: proof stress and UTS increase by 0.1 0.2% of the RT value per ° C fall in temperature, and

elongation falls at the same rate: modulus of elasticity rises approximately 19 MPa (2800 lbf in 2 ) per ° C over the range 0° to 100 ° C. No brittle-ductile transitions have been found. Tests at 70 ° C have suggested that the magnesium-zinc-zirconium alloys show the best retention of ductility and notched impact resistance at this temperature.

3.3

Mechanical properties of titanium and titanium alloys

Table 3.15 PURE TITANIUM, TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE Elongation % DesignationŁ Iodide IMI 115

IMI 125

IMI 155 IMI 160

Ł IMI Nomenclature.

Pure, 60 HV Commercially pure

Commercially pure

Commercially pure

Commercially pure Commercially pure

† Up to 16.3 mm.

Condition

Annealed sheet Annealed rod Annealed wire † Annealed sheet Annealed rod Annealed tube Annealed sheet Annealed rod Annealed wire Hard-drawn wire Annealed sheet Annealed rod Annealed wire


103 255 220

241 370 370 390 460 460 480 540 540 550 700 640 670 690

340 305 325 420 360

540 500

on 50 mm

on 5D

55 33

Red. in area %

1 000 97

Al 5.70Zn 2.30Mg 1.50Cu 0.22Cr(7475)

¾530

1 300

350 400 180

Mg 9Li Mg 9Li

Alloy system Al 2.4Li 1.2Cu 0.60Mg 0.12Zr(8090) Al Al Al Al Al

Mg 33Al Mg 9Li

Mg Mg Mg Mg Ti Ti Ti Ti

4.3Al 3Zn 0.5Mn 30.7Cd 5.5Zn 0.5Zr 0.5Zr

(commercial) 4Al 0.2502 5Al 2.5Sn 6Al 4V

Ti 6Al 5Zr 4Mo 1Cu 0.25Si Ti 8Mn Ti 15Mo Ti 11Sn 5Zr 2.25Al 1Mo 0.25Si

TI BA 480 Optimum 520 ° C at 1.6 ð10 2

0.43

Elong% 310% at 5.25 MPa hydrostatic pressure Optimum 530 ° C at 2.8 ð10 4

2 100 460

0.8 0.52

200

445

0.47

250

310

0.44

Eutectic At 3 ð10 4 ; 6.1 micron grain size At 1 ð10 3 ; 7.1 micron grain size At 1 ð10 4 ; 14.2 micron grain size Russian MA 15

450 270 310 500

250 1 000 150

0.6 0.3

ZK 60

900 950 1 050 900 1 100 750 1 000

RC 70

450 1 000

0.8 0.6 0.72 0.85

800 580 900 580 900 800

300 140 450 500

Commercial alloy used throughout world IMI 700

0.95 0.6 IMI 679

10

Light metal-matrix composites

Metal-matrix composites are engineered materials comprising reinforceants of high elastic modulus and high strength in a matrix of a more ductile and tougher metal of lower elastic modulus and strength. The metal-matrix composite has a better combination of properties than can be achieved by either component material by itself. The objective of adding the reinforceant is to transfer the load from the matrix to the reinforceant so that the strength and elastic modulus of the composite are increased in proportion to the strength, modulus and volume fraction of the added material. The reinforcement can take one of several forms. The least expensive and most readily available on the market are the particulates. These can be round but are usually irregular particles of ceramics, of which SiC and Al2 O3 are most frequently used. Composites reinforced by particulates are isotropic in properties but do not make best use of the reinforceant. Fine fibres are much more effective though usually more costly to use. Most effective in load transfer are long parallel continuous fibres. Somewhat less effective are short parallel fibres. Long fibres give high axial strength and stiffness, low coefficients of thermal expansion and, in appropriate matrices, high creep strength. These properties are very anisotropic and the composites can be weak and brittle in directions normal to that of the fibres. Where high two-dimensional properties are needed, cross-ply or interwoven fibres can be used. Short or long randomly oriented fibres provide lower efficiencies in strengthening (but are still more effective than particulates). These are most frequently available as SiC whiskers or as short random alumina (‘Saffil’) fibres or alumino-silicate matts. Long continuous fibres include drawn metallic wires, mono-filaments deposited by CVD or multifilaments made by pyrolysis of polymers. The properties of some typical fibres are compared in Table 10.1. The relative prices are given as a very approximate guide. Because most composites are engineered materials, the matrix and the reinforceant are not in thermodynamic equilibrium and so at a high enough temperature, reaction will occur between them which can degrade the properties of the fibre in particular and reduce strength and more especially fatigue resistance. As many composites are manufactured by infiltration of the liquid metal matrix into the pack of fibres, reaction may occur at this stage. Some typical examples of interaction are listed in Table 10.2. In order to obtain load transfer in service, it is essential to ensure that the reinforceant is fully wetted by the matrix during manufacture. In many cases, this requires that the fibre is coated with a thin interlayer which is compatible with both fibre and matrix. In many cases, this also has the advantage of preventing deleterious inter-diffusion between the two component materials. The data on most coatings are proprietary knowledge. However, it is well known that silicon carbide is used as an interlayer on boron and on carbon fibres to aid wetting by aluminium alloys. The routes for manufacturing composites are still being developed but the most successful and lowest cost so far is by mixing particulates in molten metal and casting to either foundry ingot or as billets for extrusion or rolling. This is applied commercially to aluminium alloy composites. Another practicable route is co-spraying in which SiC particles are injected into an atomized stream of aluminium alloy and both are collected on a substrate as a co-deposited billet which can then be processed conventionally. This is a development of the Osprey process and can be applied more widely to aluminium and other alloys. Other routes involve the infiltration of molten metal into fibre pre-forms of the required shape often contained within a mould to ensure the correct final shape. This can be done by squeeze casting or by infiltrating semi-solid alloys to minimize interaction between the fibre and metal. Fibres can also be drawn through a melt to coat them and then be consolidated by hot-pressing.

Table 10.1 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCING FIBRES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Fibre

Preparation route

Cont. mono-filament Cont. multi-filament Whisker (random, short) Multi-filament Random short fibres Cont. multi-filament Cont. multi-filament

Chemical vapour depos. Polymer fibre pyrolysis Polymer fibre pyrolysis Oxide/salt fibre pyrolysis Polymer fibre pyrolysis Polymer fibre pyrolysis

150 10 15 0.1 2.0 15 25 2 4 10 8

Density g cm 3 3.4 2.6 3.2 3.9 3.5 2.0 1.9

3 800 2 500 10 000 1 500 2 000 3 000 4 200

Elastic modulus GPa

Coefficient of thermal expansion K 1 ð 106

Price relative to glass fibre

450 200 700 380 300 600 300

4.5 4.5 4.5 7.0 7.0 0 0

500 100 150 100 25 1 000 100


SiC SiC SiC ¾Al2 O3 ¾Al2 O3 C(high modulus) C(med. strength)

Form

Diameter µm

Fracture stress MPa

189

190


Table 10.2 TYPICAL INTERACTIONS IN SOME FIBRE-MATRIX SYSTEMS

System

Potential interaction

Al C

Formation of Al4 C3 at interface. Degradation of C fibre properties.

Al Al2 O3

No significant reaction at normal fabrication temperatures

Al oxide (Al2 O3 SiO3 B2 O3 )

B2 O3 reacts with Al to form borides.

Al B

Boride formation; interlayer of SiC needed.

Al/Li Al2 O3

Interfacial layer of LiAl5 O8 on liquid infiltration.

Al SiC

No significant reaction below melting point. Al4 C3 and Si can form in liquid Al.

Al steel

Formation of iron aluminides.

Mg(AZ91) C

No significant reaction at m.p. of alloy provided O and N avoided during infiltration.

Ti B

Formation of TiB2 . Formation of TiC, TiSi2 and Ti5 Si3 .

Ti SiC

Temperature of significant interaction ° C 550 ¾495

770 500 ¾650 m.p. 660 >700 500

750 700

Table 10.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY COMPOSITES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Form

Heat treatment

% particulate


1.0 0.6 0.2 0.25

Extrusion

T6

4.4 0.7 0.8 0.75

Extrusion

T6

Nil 10% Al2 O3 15% Al2 O3 20% Al2 O3 13% SiC 20% SiC 30% SiC Nil 10% Al2 O3 15% Al2 O3 20% Al2 O3 10% SiC

276 297 317 359 317 440 570 414 483 476 483 457

310 338 359 379 356 585 795 483 517 503 503 508

20.0 7.6 5.4 2.1 4.9 4.0 2.0 13.0 3.3 2.3 0.9 1.8

69.9 81.4 87.6 98.6 89.5 120.0 140.0 73.1 84.1 91.7 101.4 91.2

Sheet Extrusion

T6 T6

8.2% SiC Nil 15% Al2 O3 20% Al2 O3

448 290 359 359

516 414 428 421

4.5 10.0 3.8 3.1

82.5 73.1 88.3 91.7

Base Alloy

Nominal composition

6061

Mg Si Cu Cr

2014A

Cu Mg Si Mn

Tensile stress MPa

Elongation %

Elastic modulus GPa

Fracture toughness MPa m 1/2 29.7 24.1 22 21.5 17.9

2.71 2.81 2.86 2.94

25.3 18.0 18.8

2.80 2.92 2.97 2.98

Cu Mn V

6.0 0.3 0.1

2618

Cu Mg Si Fe Ni

2.0 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.0

Sheet Extrusion Extrusion

T6 T6 T6

¾10% SiC Nil 13% SiC

396 320 333

468 400 450

3.3 6.0

93.6 75.0 89.0

Zn Mg Cu Cr Li Cu Mg Zr

5.6 2.2 1.5 0.2 2.5 1.3 0.95 0.1

Extrusion

T6

Nil 12% SiC

617 597

659 646

11.3 2.6

71.1 92.2

Extrusion (18 mm)

T6 T6

Nil 12% SiC

480 486

550 529

5.0 2.6

79.5 100.1

7075

8090

17.7

28.9


2219

Density g cm 3

191

192


Table 10.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY COMPOSITES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

Base Alloy

Nominal composition

6061

Mg Si Cu Cr

1.0 0.6 0.2 0.25

2014A

Cu Mg Si Mn

4.4 0.7 0.8 0.75

Temperature °C



Heat treatment

% particulate

Extrusion

T6

15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15%

Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3

22 93 150 204 260 316 371

317 290 269 241 172 110 62

359 331 303 262 179 117 69

Extrusion

T6

15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15%

Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3 Al2 O3

22 93 150 204 260 316 371

476(413) 455(393) 407(352) 317(283) 200(159) 103(62) 55(35)

503(483) 490(434) 434(379) 338(310) 214(172) 110(76) 55(41)

Form

Figures in parentheses are for basic alloy without particulate.

Table 10.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY COMPOSITES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Base Alloy ZK60A

Nominal composition


Elongation %

Elastic modulus GPa

260

325

15.0

44

330 370 450 405

420 455 570 490

4.7 3.9 2.0 2.0

68 74 83 83

80

8.0

12% Al2 O3 (fibre)

200

3.5

24% Al2 O3 (fibre)

280

2.0

75

10.0

45

338

0.8

112

% reinforcement

Form

Mg 5.5Zn 0.5Zr

Extruded rod

Nil 15% 20% 15% 20%

Mg 12Li

Squeeze infiltration Squeeze infiltration Squeeze infiltration Extruded rod Extruded rod


SiC(partic.) SiC(partic.) SiC(whisker) B4 C(partic.)

Nil

Nil 20% SiC(whisker)

Table 10.6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOY COMPOSITES

Base Alloy Ti-6Al-4V

Form Forging

% particulate

Temperature °C

10% TiC 10% TiC 10% TiC 10% TiC 10% B4 C

21 427 538 649 21

Figures in parentheses are for basic alloy without particulate.

0.2% proof stress MPa 800 476(393) 414(359) 369(221)

Tensile strength MPa 806 524(510) 455(441) 317(310) 1055(890)

Elongation % 1.13 1.70(11.6) 2.40(8.5) 2.90(4.2)

Elastic modulus GPa 106 120

205

Index

Alkaline cleaning solutions, 179 80 Alloy designation systems, 14 15 Aluminium: anodizing processes, 182 3 mechanical properties, 17, 30, 34 physical properties, 5, 6, 7 Aluminium alloy composites, mechanical properties, 191, 192 Aluminium alloys: creep data, 36 8 etching, 164 7 fatigue strength, 38 9 heat treatment, 173 6 mechanical properties, 30 34, 34 6 metallographic methods, 163 7 microconstituents, 164 miscellaneous, 76 8 physical properties, 6, 7 9 stabilizing treatment, 173 superplasticity properties, 186 7 temper designation systems, 15 16, 175 see also cast and wrought aluminium alloys Aluminium copper alloys, 74 6 Aluminium silicon alloys, 68 71 Aluminium silicon-copper alloys, 72 3 Annealing treatment, aluminium alloys, 173 Anodizing processes: aluminium, 182 3 magnesium alloys, 184 Binary diagrams, index, 93 4 Cast aluminium alloys: high strength, 78, 79 mechanical properties, 26 9, 33 4 Cleaning solutions, alkaline, 179 80 Delong, H.K. see Dow (plating) process Dow (plating) process, 185 Electroless plating process, magnesium, 185 Emulsion cleaning process, 179 Etching process: aluminium alloys, 164 7 electrolytic, 169 70

magnesium alloys, 168 71 titanium alloys, 172 Fibre-matrix systems, 188, 190 Finishing processes, 179 85 Gas plating process, magnesium, 185 Grain-colour etch, 167 8 Hardening treatment, aluminium alloys, 173 Heat treatment: aluminium alloys, 173 6 magnesium alloys, 173 6 Magnesium: electroless plating process, 185 gas plating process, 185 mechanical properties, 40, 44 physical properties, 5, 10 12 Magnesium alloy composites, mechanical properties, 192 Magnesium alloys: anodizing processes, 184 etching, 168 71 fatigue and impact strengths, 50 52 heat treatment of castings, 53, 176 8 heat treatment of wrought alloys, 177 8 high temperature, 46 9 long-term creep resistance, 47 8 mechanical properties, 40 41, 42 3, 44 5 metallographic methods, 168 71 microconstituents, 170 non-metallic inclusions, 170 71 physical properties, 10 12 plating processes, 185 safety requirements, 176 short-term creep resistance, 49 specifications, 3 stress relief treatments, 178 superplasticity properties, 187 zirconium-free, 80 85 Magnesium-zirconium alloys, 86 92 Metal-matrix composites, 188 Metallography, techniques available, 163

194

Index

Pickling solutions, 180 81 Plating processes, magnesium alloys, 185 Reinforcing fibres, properties, 189 Stabilising treatment, aluminium alloys, 173 Superplasticity properties, 186 7 Temper designation systems, 15 16, 175 Test bar properties, high strength cast aluminium alloys, 79 Titanium: creep properties, 62 fatigue properties, 63 4 Izod impact properties, 66 mechanical properties, 55 physical properties, 5, 13 specifications, 3 Titanium alloy composites, mechanical properties, 192 Titanium alloys: Charpy values, 66 creep properties, 62 3

etching, 172 fatigue properties, 64 5 Izod impact properties, 66 mechanical properties, 56 7 metallographic methods, 171 2 physical properties, 13 specifications, 3 4 superplasticity properties, 187 temperature effect on properties, 59 61 Titanium sheet, temperature effect on properties, 58 Vapour degreasing process, 179 Vapour plating see gas plating process Wrought aluminium alloys: compositional specifications, 14 designation system, 14 15 mechanical properties, 17 26, 30 32, 34 6 physical properties, 7 9 specifications, 2

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