Scoliosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SCOLIOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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SCOLIOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Scoliosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84300-7 1. Scoliosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on scoliosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SCOLIOSIS .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Scoliosis......................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SCOLIOSIS ........................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Scoliosis ....................................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SCOLIOSIS .................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 71 General References ....................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SCOLIOSIS .................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Dissertations on Scoliosis ............................................................................................................ 73 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON SCOLIOSIS .............................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patents on Scoliosis...................................................................................................................... 75 Patent Applications on Scoliosis ................................................................................................ 105 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SCOLIOSIS ................................................................................................ 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 111 Chapters on Scoliosis ................................................................................................................. 114 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SCOLIOSIS .................................................................. 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 117 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 119 Academic Periodicals covering Scoliosis .................................................................................... 120 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 125 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 127 The Genome Project and Scoliosis.............................................................................................. 127 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 133 Associations and Scoliosis.......................................................................................................... 139 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 140 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 143 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 143 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 143

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 149 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 150 SCOLIOSIS DICTIONARY ......................................................................................................... 152 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 191

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with scoliosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about scoliosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to scoliosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on scoliosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to scoliosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on scoliosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SCOLIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on scoliosis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and scoliosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

If Your Child Has Scoliosis Source: American Family Physician. 53(7):2335. May 15, 1996. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article for parents of children with scoliosis provides an overview of scoliosis. A question-and-answer format is used to define scoliosis , offer guidelines for detecting scoliosis , identify problems caused by scoliosis , highlight methods of treating scoliosis , and discuss the possible need for surgery to correct the spinal curvature.

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Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Review and Current Concepts Source: American Family Physician. 64(1): 111-116. July 1, 2001. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the classification, prevalence, natural history, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis is defined as a lateral curvature of the spine greater than 10 degrees as measured using the Cobb method on a standing radiograph. Idiopathic scoliosis is classified based on the age of the patient when it is first identified. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is present in 2 to 4 percent of children between 10 and 16 years of age. Idiopathic scoliosis is thought to be a multigene dominant condition with variable phenotypic expression. Scoliosis can be identified by the Adam's forward bend test during physical examination. Once a diagnosis has been made, the primary concerns are whether there is an underlying cause and whether the curve will progress. Severe pain, a left thoracic curve, or an abnormal neurologic examination are red flags that point to a secondary cause for spinal deformity. If any of these red flags is present, specialty consultation and magnetic resonance imaging are needed. Only 10 percent of the adolescents diagnosed with scoliosis have curves that progress and require medical intervention. The main determinants of progression are female gender, future growth potential, and the magnitude of the curve at the time of diagnosis. The likelihood of progression can be estimated by measuring the magnitude using the Cobb method on radiographs and by assessing skeletal growth potential using Tanner staging and Risse grading. Treatment options range from the unproven or harmful to the beneficial. Physical therapy, chiropractic care, biofeedback, and electric stimulation have not been shown to alter the natural history of scoliosis. In contrast, bracing and spinal surgery are proven methods of altering the natural history of curve progression. 3 figures, 3 tables, and 22 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Scoliosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to scoliosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to scoliosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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animals or simulated models to explore scoliosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for scoliosis: •

Project Title: ANALYSIS FOR SPINAL COLUMN FOR CORRECTION OF DEFORMITIES IN IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ke, Jyuhn H.; Mellon Pitts Corporation (Mpc Corp) Pittsburgh, Pa 152133890 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BRACING IN ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (BRAIST) Principal Investigator & Institution: Weinstein, Stuart L.; Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Several studies have examined the effect of thoracolumbosacral orthoses on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), however, neither the positive nor the negative studies meet current standards for scientific evidence. This lack of evidence was highlighted by the United States Preventive Services Task Force, when they concluded there is not sufficient evidence for bracing to endorse mandatory screening for AIS. A randomized, prospective, controlled study is proposed to quantify the risk associated with TLSO use relative to observation alone. If results of this study show that bracing has no benefit over watchful waiting, the public health impact will be enormous. States will need to re-evaluate the usefulness of screening for AIS and physicians will need to re-evaluate their treatment practices. The resources spent on AIS could be used for other evidence-based initiatives. If the results of this study show an improvement of outcome with bracing in AIS, it will provide additional impetus to endorse screening programs across the nation. The results of this study will also provide physicians and patients with definitive information about the improvement that can be expected with bracing, and for whom bracing will provide the most benefit. Despite the growing realization within the healthcare community that we do our patients and our profession a disservice by continuing to practice based on tradition, personal experience and anecdotal accounts, many barriers still exist to the critical review of current practice. This grant will serve to address several of these barriers, including the extensive planning, review and organizational logistics of a multicenter trial. This proposal seeks resources to plan and initiate the first prospective, randomized controlled trial of bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. To this end, the aims of our proposed planning grant are to further refine and operationalize aspects of the trial. Major areas of activity include: developing the organizational structure of the trial, establishing major work centers, estimating sample sizes through simulated patient recruitment, mapping the model of psychosocial reaction to the condition and its treatment, modeling psychological models of treatment adherence and the development of objective measures of adherence, validating radiographic measurement software, establishing quality control standards and reporting mechanisms, and completing the Manual of Operations and Procedures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DYNAMICS OF CALCIUM & COLLAGEN ACCRETION IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING ORTHOPEDIC SURGER Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Gordon L.; Professor of Pediatrics; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We previously found that in children recovering from burns of >40% TBSA, disturbances in bone metabolism result in long-term deficits in bone mineral density (BMD) which result in decreased peak bone mass and increase the risks of later fracture. Measurements we made of indirect indices of bone turnover suggest disturbances in bone protein and mineral anabolism and re-modeling, all important processes in bone growth. However, no direct kinetic measurements of these processes have been made either in burned children or in children in whom bone growth would be expected to be normal. Our general hypothesis is that adequate bone growth and mineralization are unlikely to occur unless bone collagen synthesis occurs normally and that in burned children these processes are slowed or arrested. We wish to compare differences in bone metabolism, composition and histomorphometry between children recovering from major burn injury and normal children studied during admission for a elective orthopedic reconstructive surgery, for conditions (e.g. scoliosis) unlikely to have a major impact upon bone metabolism. The present application only concerns studies in normal children since we already have IRB approval for the studies in burned children (IRB 92304). However in order to interpret the results and to gain insights into normal bone physiology currently lacking, we need information on the bone growth in metabolically normal children. In a separate, but related study we wish to examine discover the effects of acute burn injury and recovery on collagen metabolism of unburned skin, and of scar tissue. We therefore wish to sample some skin (~2g) at the margin of the wound made during elective orthopedic surgery to provide samples of unburned, normal skin, analysis. The analysis of this skin will enable us to make comparisons with samples from burned children, to discover what differences if any exist in their respective skin collagen metabolism. Our general hypothesis is that, in burned children, bone (and unburned skin) collagen synthesis and bone calcium turnover are depressed. To test this we will examine bone mineral turnover and collagen synthesis using non-radioactive, stable isotope tracer methodology. We will use Ca, to probe bone mineral accretion and stable tracer amino acids including C6 Phenylalanine, N proline and C proline (applied in a novel flooding dose protocol developed by us) for assay of skin and bone protein, particularly collagen synthesis, which has never before been applied to the study of skin or bone in children. We also wish to examine the relationships of these dynamic measure of bone metabolism with measures of indirect indices of bone collagen and mineral metabolism (e.g. serum C-terminal Type 1 (I) pro-collagen peptide, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone and urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion). The results will provide new information concerning normal human bone collagen and calcium metabolism during growth, an area in which information is almost non-existent. In addition it should allow us to gain insights into the mechanisms impairing bone growth in previously burned children, which may help us to identify new therapeutic targets, thereby possibly benefitting the influence, design and implementation of rehabilitation programs. Furthermore, the new knowledge could help us understand the underlying pathology involved in osteopenia in children and osteoporosis in adults. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION STUDIES OF EARLY SPINAL DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Kusumi, Kenro; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 29-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Scoliosis is a common disorder, affecting one out of every twenty females. Some forms of scoliosis are congenital, resulting from disruptions in early spinal development. The spinal column is patterned during a cycling process called somitogenesis, and is the first musculoskeletal structure formed during development. Genes in the notch-signaling pathway regulates somitogenesis, and display oscillatory expression in synchrony with semite formation. Intriguingly, the early myogenic factor, Myf5, is expressed cyclically in semite formation, as well as during semite maturation. Maturation of somites involves differentiation into myotomal, chondrocyte, and dermal cell lineages. We hypothesize that oscillation of notch pathway genes is essential both for somitogenesis and the earliest steps of myogenesis. Somitogenesis is one of the few mammalian processes that exhibit oscillatory gene expression, and microarray approaches have been used to successfully identify cycling genes in other systems. By microarray analysis of DII3-mutant mouse embryos, we have already identified novel candidates downstream of notch signaling, and known myogenic factors such as Myodl. We propose to i.) Identify novel cycling genes in semite formation, by time series microarray and computational analysis, ii.) Use gene expression studies of mouse mutants on an isogenic genetic background, to identify cycling and early myogenesis genes, and iii.) Develop an in vitro human mesenchymal stem cell model to characterize gene candidates. We have a unique opportunity to use microarray technology to identify novel genes with oscillatory expression in somitogenesis. These findings will immediately advance genetic studies on the etiology of congenital scoliosis and the regulation of early musculoskeletal development. In addition, insights into myotomal differentiation may advance efforts to use mesenchymal stem cells for repair of diseased and damaged tissues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC ETIOLOGIES OF HORIZONTAL STRABISMUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Engle, Elizabeth C.; Associate Professor of Neurology; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): To gain insight into the pathogenesis of oculomotor disease and strabismus, we are investigating the genetic basis of congenital eye movement disorders referred to as 'congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders' (CCDDs) and studying how these genetic defects perturb development of the oculomotor lower motor neuron system. The neuropathologic findings in Duane syndrome and CFEOM1 and the role of the CFEOM2 gene, PHOX2A (ARIX), in midbrain development support the hypothesis that these disorders result from aberrant development of motor neurons or axonal targeting of cranial nerves with secondary extraocular muscle dysinnervation. We propose that CFEOM and ptosis result from maldevelopment of oculomotor and trochlear nuclei and nerves, Duane syndrome (DS) results from maldevelopment of abducens motoneurons, and horizontal gaze palsy (HGP) results from maldevelopment of abducens motoneurons and interneurons. We have defined five CCDD genetic loci and identified PHOX2A and SALL4 as the genes mutated in CFEOM2 and Duane radial ray syndrome, respectively. We are in the process of positionally cloning the remaining CFEOM genes. In this grant, we seek

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funding to identify two genes mutated in Duane syndrome (DURS1 and DURS2) and a gene mutated in horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS). By identifying these genes that cause complex horizontal strabismus we will define the genetic basis of these disorders, develop a tool with which to study their molecular etiologies, and gain important insight into the pathogenesis of oculomotor disease and abducens nuclear and nerve development. We will address these Aims by (1) Identifying the HGPPS disease gene and analyzing pedigrees for disease-causing mutations. (2) Identifying the DURS2 disease gene and analyzing pedigrees for diseasecausing mutations. (3) Defining a new DURS1 cytogenetic breakpoint and determining if mutations in candidate DURS1 genes cause DS. (4) Determining if mutations in the identified DS and HGPPS genes cause sporadic DS and/or more common forms of horizontal strabismus. And (5) Initiating structural and functional characterization of the horizontal CCDD genes and their protein products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HARMLESS 3D SCOLIOSIS MONITORING Principal Investigator & Institution: Baron, William S.; Vision Metrics, Inc. 330 Willow Rd Menlo Park, Ca 94025 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract Verbatim): Approximately 2 percent of screened adolescent children need follow up for scoliosis. Numerous serial upper body X-rays are used for long term observation. Scoliosis is about 8 times more prevalent among girls than boys. X-ray induced breast cancer and other diseases are of concern. X-ray monitoring of these children is cumbersome, expensive, time consuming, and less accurate than desired. Better methods of topographic surfacing mapping could reduce dependence on X-rays, lower costs, improve case management, and reduce mortality and morbidity from X-ray induced side effects. Vision Metrics proposes to adapt its DMEyes topographic mapping system to map the back's surface, and develop mathematical methods to track spine curvatures. Vision Metrics, Inc.'s DMEyes topographer is designed to maintain mapping accuracy for a wide range of surfaces. Topographic maps are directly obtained from a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate data array. Measurements are based on the principle of chief ray triangulation. A calibrated light pattern is projected onto the patient and imaged by a video camera. The locations of ten calibrated points are used to determine the shape of the surface from the intersections of the projected chief rays and the imaged chief rays. No assumptions are made about the shape of the back's surface. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: An estimated 2000 orthopaedic physicians specializing in the treatment of scoliosis and thousands of school districts would be interested in an effective topographic mapping system for diagnosing and managing scoliosis that was totally harmless. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SCOLIOSIS

MOLECULAR

GENETICS

OF

ADOLESCENT

IDIOPATHIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Morcuende, Jose; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is a study to identify the gene or genes contributing in the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ONTOGENETIC VARIATION OF AXIAL STABILITY IN DOLPHINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Etnier, Shelley A.; Biological Sciences; University of North Carolina Wilmington 601 S College Rd Wilmington, Nc 284035973 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 15-JUL-2003 Summary: The stability of the mammalian axial skeleton is determined by the interaction of bony elements, connective tissues, and ligaments. This research project will examine axial stability and instability in a mammalian system that naturally exhibits both conditions. Specifically, this project will use a novel animal model, the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), to investigate the role morphology plays in determining the mechanics of spinal instability. The axial skeletons of fetal and neonatal dolphins are characterized by extreme instability, which disappears in response to normal growth patterns after a few weeks. This project will document the changing stability of the dolphin backbone in conjunction with the morphological growth patterns that occur simultaneously. The stability of the dolphin axial skeleton will be determined used a combination of in vitro mechanical tests and in vivo kinematic methods. These data will be correlated with quantitative morphological data, both gross and histological, from a developmental series of bottlenose dolphins. Ultimately, this research proposal aims to identify the morphological features that contribute to structural stability in the developing mammalian backbone. The results from this study may shed light on casual factors associated with observed pathologies such as lumbar instability and idiopathic scoliosis, as well as identifying structures that protect the spinal cord from damage due to excessive deformations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RETT SYNDROME: DETERMINANTS OF OUTCOME AND BURDEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Leonard, Helen M.; University of Western Australia Crawley, Wa, 6009 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This population-based study will follow the current cohort of live (n=225) cases with Rett syndrome in Australia for a further five years. New cases ascertained during the study period will also be included. It will describe the natural history of Rett syndrome and assess its impact on resource utilization and the economic and social burden on families and community in comparison with Down syndrome and a normal comparison group. Baseline data on communication, mobility, symptoms and classification have been gathered on the cohort since 1993. In 2000 data were collected on functional ability in daily living, behavior, hand function, medical conditions, and use of health and education services. Mutation data, collected on 80 percent of cases will be continued. A questionnaire has been developed, piloted and will be used to collect data on function, health and well-being of the Rett syndrome subjects and family in 2002, 2004 and 2006. Data will be gathered for the Down syndrome comparison group in 2003. Participants will respond via paper-based or through secure on-line formats. Optical scanning or on-line data capture will be used for data entry. In 2003 and 2005 clinical assessments or clinical file review will provide EEG, ECG, blood parameters, bone densitometry and autonomic nervous system data. A video protocol developed in 2001 to record functional ability will be extended to include gross motor and oral motor function, hand apraxia, gait assessment and language function. Serial videos collected in 2003 and again in 2005 will enable us to monitor changes over time

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and the effect of therapy or surgery. Yearly telephone interviews to families will record anthropometric data, current medication usage and update previously collected family tree data. Every two years a validated questionnaire to identify epilepsy type will be included. Resource data to determine the direct, indirect and opportunity costs associated with Rett syndrome will be compared with a normal and Down syndrome comparison group. Data analysis will use multiple regression models to examine effects of different variables on child and family level outcomes and discriminant analysis, recursive partitioning and machine learning to identify genotype/phenotype associations at the individual child level. Feedback to families on study progress will be given through the study Web site. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SAFETY OF LUMBAR FUSION SURGERY FOR CHRONIC BACK PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Mirza, Sohail K.; Associate Professor; Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although I have been successful as a spine surgeon in an academic environment, building a respected clinical practice and completing spine biomechanics research for competitively funded projects, I realize that clinical research most directly addresses my motivation for choosing an academic career, and that highquality clinical research is complex, requiring a long-term commitment and specialized skills. I am in an excellent environment to develop these skills, with supportive colleagues and a supportive chairman. I have developed a five-year training schedule, with the first three years devoted to obtaining an MPH degree. A team of three outstanding individuals has committed to working with me for the next five years and guiding my career development. My immediate goal is to gain practical clinical research experience by conducting a five-year prospective study with this team of experienced and highly respected researchers. My long-term career goals are to help identify spine patient populations more concretely, measure end-results of spinal disorders in general, and define outcomes for treated and untreated back pain and whiplash injuries in particular. Research Project: The use of surgery for back pain is rapidly growing; data on its safety and outcomes are sorely needed. We propose a prospective cohort study to measure the frequency of complications in lumbar fusion surgery, variation in rates of specific serious complications with different types of lumbar fusion, clinical and functional consequences for specific types of complications, and patient or treatment characteristics that predict particularly severe complications. Over a two-year interval, we propose to enroll 1000 patients choosing fusion surgery for treatment of disc degeneration, spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis, and adult degenerative scoliosis. We will follow these patients for two years, measure predictor patient and treatment characteristics, and measure consequences with clinical and functional outcomes. Accumulating data will be stored in an existing central database. The analysis will use appropriate univariate and multivariate techniques to address the study questions. This study will provide data on the relative benefits and risks of lumbar fusion surgery in treating back pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TREATMENT OF OSTEOPENIA IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Henderson, Richard C.; Professor; Orthopaedics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Osteopenia resulting in fractures with minimal trauma is a common problem in many pediatric conditions such as osteogenesis imperfecta, juvenile idiopathic osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, and myelodysplasia (spina bifida). As part of the North American Growth in Cerebral Palsy Project (NAGCePP) we have extensively studied one such group of children, those with cerebral palsy (CP), to better define the prevalence, causes, and consequences of osteopenia in this condition. Bisphosphonates are a group of medications utilized to treat osteoporosis in elderly adults. There are published reports of these agents used in assorted pediatric conditions, but with rare exception these are anecdotal, uncontrolled case reports involving at most a few children. We have recently completed a small placebo-controlled Pilot Trial to assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous bisphosphonates to treat low bone density in children with severe CP. At the conclusion of the 18-month study period bone density in the distal femur had increased 89% + 21% (mean + SE) compared to 9% + 6% in controls. No clinically significant adverse effects were identified. The Pilot Trial raises many questions with regards to dosing (frequency, duration, amount, route of administration), indications for treatment, long-term risks and benefits including the effect on fracture rate. The results of the Pilot Trial provide the justification for a larger scale Future Clinical Trial to answer these many questions. The purpose of this application is to support the Clinical Trial Planning Project, a process critical to the successful implementation and completion of the Future Clinical Trial. The Clinical Trial Planning Project will focus on building from both the Pilot Trial and the existing NAGCeP collaboration in several areas. Subjects: Develop additional recruiting strategies for larger numbers of subjects and further refine criteria for inclusion based on analysis of fracture risk data. Intervention: Select alternative drugs and dosing regimens that are more practical. Outcomes: Further evaluate and adapt DXA technology to this population with contractures, scoliosis, metallic implants, involuntary muscle spasms, retardation, and other characteristics that present unique challenges. Collaborative Resources & Infrastructure: Adapt and expand our existing NAGCePP network (eg database, safety monitoring) to incorporate the Future Clinical Trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with scoliosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for scoliosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A multicenter study analyzing the relationship of a standardized radiographic scoring system of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the Scoliosis Research Society outcomes instrument. Author(s): Wilson PL, Newton PO, Wenger DR, Haher T, Merola A, Lenke L, Lowe T, Clements D, Betz R. Source: Spine. 2002 September 15; 27(18): 2036-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634565&dopt=Abstract

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A multicenter study of the outcomes of the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) outcome instrument. Author(s): Merola AA, Haher TR, Brkaric M, Panagopoulos G, Mathur S, Kohani O, Lowe TG, Lenke LG, Wenger DR, Newton PO, Clements DH 3rd, Betz RR. Source: Spine. 2002 September 15; 27(18): 2046-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634567&dopt=Abstract

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A new concept for the etiopathogenesis of the thoracospinal deformity of idiopathic scoliosis: summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Author(s): Sevastik J, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 August; 12(4): 440-50. Epub 2003 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12955611&dopt=Abstract

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A patient with optic pathway glioma, scoliosis, Chiari type I malformation and syringomyelia: is it Neurofibromatosis type 1? Author(s): Chakravarty A, Bhargava A, Nandy S. Source: Neurology India. 2002 December; 50(4): 520-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577114&dopt=Abstract

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A surprising cause of paresis following scoliosis correction. Author(s): Kluba T, Giehl JP. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 December; 10(6): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806389&dopt=Abstract

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Acquired thoracic scoliosis following minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum. Author(s): Niedbala A, Adams M, Boswell WC, Considine JM. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 June; 69(6): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852514&dopt=Abstract

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Acute thoracic myelopathy after a traumatic episode in a patient with neurofibromatosis associated with sharply angular scoliosis: a case report. Author(s): Asazuma T, Hashimoto T, Masuoka K, Fujikawa K, Yamagishi M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(5): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14557941&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, bracing, and the Hueter-Volkmann principle. Author(s): Castro FP Jr. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2003 May-June; 3(3): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14589197&dopt=Abstract

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Adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Author(s): Daffner SD, Vaccaro AR. Source: Am J Orthop. 2003 February; 32(2): 77-82; Discussion 82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602636&dopt=Abstract

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Adult scoliosis: a health assessment analysis by SF-36. Author(s): Schwab F, Dubey A, Pagala M, Gamez L, Farcy JP. Source: Spine. 2003 March 15; 28(6): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642769&dopt=Abstract

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Adult scoliosis: a quantitative radiographic and clinical analysis. Author(s): Schwab FJ, Smith VA, Biserni M, Gamez L, Farcy JP, Pagala M. Source: Spine. 2002 February 15; 27(4): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840105&dopt=Abstract

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An audit of the Scoliosis Service at Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Author(s): Chuah SL, Kareem BA, Selvakumar K, Oh KS, Borhan Tan A, Harwant S. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2001 June; 56 Suppl C: 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814246&dopt=Abstract

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An autologous blood donation program for paediatric scoliosis patients in Hong Kong. Author(s): Lo KS, Chow BF, Chan HT, Gunawardene S, Luk KD. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 December; 30(6): 775-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500517&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior endoscopic correction of scoliosis. Author(s): Picetti GD 3rd, Ertl JP, Bueff HU. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2002 April; 33(2): 421-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389288&dopt=Abstract

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Apical instrumentation alters the rotational correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Akcali O, Alici E, Kosay C. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 April; 12(2): 124-9. Epub 2002 October 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709849&dopt=Abstract

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Application of a lumbar brace for thoracic and double thoracic lumbar scoliosis: a comparative study. Author(s): van Rhijn LW, Veraart BE, Plasmans CM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2003 May; 12(3): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12703031&dopt=Abstract

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Assignment of a locus for autosomal dominant idiopathic scoliosis (IS) to human chromosome 17p11. Author(s): Salehi LB, Mangino M, De Serio S, De Cicco D, Capon F, Semprini S, Pizzuti A, Novelli G, Dallapiccola B. Source: Human Genetics. 2002 October; 111(4-5): 401-4. Epub 2002 August 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384783&dopt=Abstract

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Association between estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and curve severity of idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Inoue M, Minami S, Nakata Y, Kitahara H, Otsuka Y, Isobe K, Takaso M, Tokunaga M, Nishikawa S, Maruta T, Moriya H. Source: Spine. 2002 November 1; 27(21): 2357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438984&dopt=Abstract

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Autogenous tibial strut grafts used in anterior spinal fusion for severe kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. Author(s): Yu WD, Bernstein RM, Watts HG. Source: Spine. 2003 April 1; 28(7): 699-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671358&dopt=Abstract

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Automatic scoliosis detection based on local centroids evaluation on moire topographic images of human backs. Author(s): Kim HS, Ishikawa S, Ohtsuka Y, Shimizu H, Shinomiya T, Viergever MA. Source: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2001 December; 20(12): 1314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811831&dopt=Abstract

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Back pain during orthotic treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Ramirez N, Johnston CE 2nd, Browne RH, Vazquez S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1999 March-April; 19(2): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088688&dopt=Abstract

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Backpacks and musculoskeletal pain: do children with idiopathic scoliosis face a greater risk? Author(s): Iyer SR. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 September; 72(7): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357905&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-tricalcium phosphate as a bone substitute for dorsal spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: preliminary results of a prospective clinical study. Author(s): Muschik M, Ludwig R, Halbhubner S, Bursche K, Stoll T. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 October; 10 Suppl 2: S178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716016&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and subcutaneous emphysema following intubation with a double-lumen endotracheal tube for thoracoscopic anterior spinal release and fusion in a patient with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Sucato DJ, Girgis M. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 April; 15(2): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927822&dopt=Abstract

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Biomechanical evaluation of Cheneau-Toulouse-Munster brace in the treatment of scoliosis using optimisation approach and finite element method. Author(s): Perie D, Sales De Gauzy J, Hobatho MC. Source: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 2002 May; 40(3): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195976&dopt=Abstract

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Biomechanical study of the development of scoliosis, using a thoracolumbar spine model. Author(s): Takemura Y, Yamamoto H, Tani T. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 1999; 4(6): 439-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664427&dopt=Abstract

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Bluetooth wireless database for scoliosis clinics. Author(s): Lou E, Fedorak MV, Hill DL, Raso JV, Moreau MJ, Mahood JK. Source: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 2003 May; 41(3): 346-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803301&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density at the femur and lumbar spine in a population of young women treated for scoliosis in adolescence. Author(s): Courtois I, Collet P, Mouilleseaux B, Alexandre C. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 December; 66(12): 705-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10649605&dopt=Abstract

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Brachydactyly type A1 with abnormal menisci and scoliosis in three generations. Author(s): Raff ML, Leppig KA, Rutledge JC, Weinberger E, Pagon RA. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1998 January; 7(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9546827&dopt=Abstract

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Brainstem hypoplasia in familial horizontal gaze palsy and scoliosis. Author(s): Pieh C, Lengyel D, Neff A, Fretz C, Gottlob I. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 13; 59(3): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177390&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cancer and scoliosis. Author(s): Cozen L. Source: Am J Orthop. 1999 September; 28(9): 506. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Am J Orthop 1999 October; 28(10): 555. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10497857&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cancer mortality after diagnostic radiography: findings from the U.S. Scoliosis Cohort Study. Author(s): Morin Doody M, Lonstein JE, Stovall M, Hacker DG, Luckyanov N, Land CE. Source: Spine. 2000 August 15; 25(16): 2052-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954636&dopt=Abstract

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Buckling and bone modeling as factors in the development of idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Goto M, Kawakami N, Azegami H, Matsuyama Y, Takeuchi K, Sasaoka R. Source: Spine. 2003 February 15; 28(4): 364-70; Discussion 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590211&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in curve pattern after brace treatment for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): van Rhijn LW, Plasmans CM, Veraart BE. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 June; 73(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143972&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in scoliotic curvature and lordotic angle during the early phase of degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Author(s): Murata Y, Takahashi K, Hanaoka E, Utsumi T, Yamagata M, Moriya H. Source: Spine. 2002 October 15; 27(20): 2268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394905&dopt=Abstract

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Chiari I malformation associated with syringomyelia and scoliosis: a twenty-year review of surgical and nonsurgical treatment in a pediatric population. Author(s): Eule JM, Erickson MA, O'Brien MF, Handler M. Source: Spine. 2002 July 1; 27(13): 1451-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131745&dopt=Abstract

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Chiropractic and pilates therapy for the treatment of adult scoliosis. Author(s): Blum CL. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 May; 25(4): E3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021749&dopt=Abstract

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Classification system for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Pigeon RG, Lebwohl NH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 June; 84-A(6): 1080-1; Author Reply 1081. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063349&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in frontometaphyseal dysplasia: severe progressive scoliosis in two families. Author(s): Morava E, Illes T, Weisenbach J, Karteszi J, Kosztolanyi G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 January 30; 116A(3): 272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503106&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and radiographic predictors of scoliosis in patients with myelomeningocele. Author(s): Trivedi J, Thomson JD, Slakey JB, Banta JV, Jones PW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 August; 84-A(8): 1389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177269&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of pedicle screw and hook instrumentation in posterior correction and fusion of idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Author(s): Liljenqvist U, Lepsien U, Hackenberg L, Niemeyer T, Halm H. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 August; 11(4): 336-43. Epub 2002 May 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193995&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of bone grafts for posterior spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Price CT, Connolly JF, Carantzas AC, Ilyas I. Source: Spine. 2003 April 15; 28(8): 793-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698123&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of one-stage versus two-stage anteroposterior spinal fusion in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis. Author(s): Tsirikos AI, Chang WN, Dabney KW, Miller F. Source: Spine. 2003 June 15; 28(12): 1300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811275&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of reliability between the Lenke and King classification systems for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using radiographs that were not premeasured. Author(s): Richards BS, Sucato DJ, Konigsberg DE, Ouellet JA. Source: Spine. 2003 June 1; 28(11): 1148-56; Discussion 1156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782983&dopt=Abstract

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Computer-assisted Cobb measurement of scoliosis. Author(s): Chockalingam N, Dangerfield PH, Giakas G, Cochrane T, Dorgan JC. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 August; 11(4): 353-7. Epub 2002 March 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193997&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital contractures, short stature, abnormal face, microcephaly, scoliosis, hip dislocation, and severe psychomotor retardation in two unrelated girls. a new MCA/MR syndrome? Author(s): Megarbane A, Ghanem I, Romana S, Gosset P, Caillaud C. Source: Genet Couns. 2002; 13(2): 123-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150211&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital scoliosis in a neonate: can a neonatologist ignore it? Author(s): Jog S, Patole S, Whitehall J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 August; 78(922): 469-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185219&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital scoliosis. Author(s): Arlet V, Odent T, Aebi M. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 October; 12(5): 456-63. Epub 2003 June 14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14618384&dopt=Abstract

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Contradictions of derotation in scoliosis surgery using the CD principle. Author(s): Csernatony Z, Szepesi K, Gaspar L, Kiss L. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 June; 58(6): 498-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12323117&dopt=Abstract

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Correction of thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with segmental hooks, rods, and Wisconsin wires posteriorly: it's bad and obsolete, correct? Author(s): Bridwell KH, Hanson DS, Rhee JM, Lenke LG, Baldus C, Blanke K. Source: Spine. 2002 September 15; 27(18): 2059-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634570&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of radiographic, clinical, and patient assessment of shoulder balance following fusion versus nonfusion of the proximal thoracic curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Kuklo TR, Lenke LG, Graham EJ, Won DS, Sweet FA, Blanke KM, Bridwell KH. Source: Spine. 2002 September 15; 27(18): 2013-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634561&dopt=Abstract

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Curve characteristics in monozygotic twins with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: 3 new twin pairs and a review of the literature. Author(s): van Rhijn LW, Jansen EJ, Plasmans CM, Veraart BE. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 72(6): 621-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817878&dopt=Abstract

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Curve progression in scoliosis associated with Chiari I malformation following suboccipital decompression. Author(s): Farley FA, Puryear A, Hall JM, Muraszko K. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 October; 15(5): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394666&dopt=Abstract

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Decompensation following scoliosis surgery: treatment by decreasing the correction of the main thoracic curve or “letting the spine go”. Author(s): Arlet V, Marchesi D, Papin P, Aebi M. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2000 April; 9(2): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10823433&dopt=Abstract

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Deep wound infections after neuromuscular scoliosis surgery: a multicenter study of risk factors and treatment outcomes. Author(s): Sponseller PD, LaPorte DM, Hungerford MW, Eck K, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG. Source: Spine. 2000 October 1; 25(19): 2461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013497&dopt=Abstract

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Degenerative lumbar scoliosis: evaluation and management. Author(s): Tribus CB. Source: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003 May-June; 11(3): 174-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828447&dopt=Abstract

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Degenerative scoliosis. Options for surgical management. Author(s): Gupta MC. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2003 April; 34(2): 269-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914267&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed infections after posterior TSRH spinal instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis: revisited. Author(s): Richards BR, Emara KM. Source: Spine. 2001 September 15; 26(18): 1990-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547197&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed neurologic injury due to bone graft migration into the spinal canal following scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Early SD, Kay RM, Maguire MF, Skaggs DL. Source: Orthopedics. 2003 May; 26(5): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755218&dopt=Abstract

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Desmoid tumor of the spinal canal causing scoliosis and paralysis. Author(s): Shindle MK, Khanna AJ, McCarthy EF, O'Neill PJ, Sponseller PD. Source: Spine. 2002 June 15; 27(12): E304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065994&dopt=Abstract

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Deterioration of lung function and scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Galasko SB. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2001 November-December; 21(6): 827-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675569&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of distal fusion level with segmental pedicle screw fixation in single thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Suk SI, Lee SM, Chung ER, Kim JH, Kim WJ, Sohn HM. Source: Spine. 2003 March 1; 28(5): 484-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616162&dopt=Abstract

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Digital radiography of scoliosis with a scanning method: initial evaluation. Author(s): Geijer H, Beckman K, Jonsson B, Andersson T, Persliden J. Source: Radiology. 2001 February; 218(2): 402-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11161153&dopt=Abstract

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Digital radiography of scoliosis with a scanning method: radiation dose optimization. Author(s): Geijer H, Verdonck B, Beckman KW, Andersson T, Persliden J. Source: European Radiology. 2003 March; 13(3): 543-51. Epub 2002 June 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594558&dopt=Abstract

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Disc and vertebral wedging in patients with progressive scoliosis. Author(s): Stokes IA, Aronsson DD. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2001 August; 14(4): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481553&dopt=Abstract

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Discrimination validity of the scoliosis research society-22 patient questionnaire: relationship to idiopathic scoliosis curve pattern and curve size. Author(s): Asher M, Min Lai S, Burton D, Manna B. Source: Spine. 2003 January 1; 28(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544960&dopt=Abstract

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Do radiographic parameters correlate with clinical outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Author(s): D'Andrea LP, Betz RR, Lenke LG, Clements DH, Lowe TG, Merola A, Haher T, Harms J, Huss GK, Blanke K, McGlothlen S. Source: Spine. 2000 July 15; 25(14): 1795-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888948&dopt=Abstract

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Does bracing affect self-image? A prospective study on 54 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Olafsson Y, Saraste H, Ahlgren RM. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1999; 8(5): 402-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552324&dopt=Abstract

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Does instrumented anterior scoliosis surgery lead to kyphosis, pseudarthrosis, or inadequate correction in adults? Author(s): Smith JA, Deviren V, Berven S, Bradford DS. Source: Spine. 2002 March 1; 27(5): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880839&dopt=Abstract

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Does transverse apex coincide with coronal apex levels (regional or global) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Author(s): Acaroglu E, Yazici M, Deviren V, Alanay A, Cila A, Surat A. Source: Spine. 2001 May 15; 26(10): 1143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413427&dopt=Abstract

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Dual-rod correction and instrumentation of idiopathic scoliosis with the Halm-Zielke instrumentation. Author(s): Bullmann V, Halm HF, Niemeyer T, Hackenberg L, Liljenqvist U. Source: Spine. 2003 June 15; 28(12): 1306-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811276&dopt=Abstract

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Dynamic measurement of axial vertebral rotation and rotational flexibility in scoliosis by flouroscopic method. Author(s): Lim HH, Ong CH. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2001 June; 56 Suppl C: 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814248&dopt=Abstract

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Dysfunction of the spinal cord during spinal arthrodesis for scoliosis: recommendations for early detection and treatment. A case report. Author(s): Potenza V, Weinstein SL, Neyt JG. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1998 November; 80(11): 1679-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9840638&dopt=Abstract

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Early weaning might reduce the psychological strain of Boston bracing: a study of 136 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at 3.5 years after termination of brace treatment. Author(s): Andersen MO, Andersen GR, Thomsen K, Christensen SB. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2002 April; 11(2): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943980&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of different casting methods on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Wong MS, Lee JT, Luk KD, Chan LC. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 2003 August; 27(2): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14571942&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of grafting technique on the maintenance of coronal and sagittal correction in anterior treatment of scoliosis. Author(s): Ouellet JA, Johnston CE 2nd. Source: Spine. 2002 October 1; 27(19): 2129-35; Discussion 2135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394926&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of sevoflurane/nitrous oxide versus propofol anaesthesia on somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of the spinal cord during surgery to correct scoliosis. Author(s): Ku AS, Hu Y, Irwin MG, Chow B, Gunawardene S, Tan EE, Luk KD. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 April; 88(4): 502-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066725&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of using prismatic eye lenses on the posture of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis measured by 3-d motion analysis. Author(s): Wong MS, Mak AF, Luk KD, Evans JH, Brown B. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 2002 August; 26(2): 139-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12227449&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of bracing in male patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Karol LA. Source: Spine. 2001 September 15; 26(18): 2001-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547200&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of the Charleston bending brace in the treatment of single-curve idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Gepstein R, Leitner Y, Zohar E, Angel I, Shabat S, Pekarsky I, Friesem T, Folman Y, Katz A, Fredman B. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 January-February; 22(1): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744860&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of the anesthetic protection in one-stage anterior and posterior spinal fusion in surgery of scoliosis. Author(s): Lebedeva MN, Vereshtagin IP, Shevchenko VP, Bikova EV, Mihaylovskii MB, Novikov VV. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2002; 44(1-2): 26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422623&dopt=Abstract

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Electromyogram and kinematic analysis of lateral bending in idiopathic scoliosis patients. Author(s): Feipel V, Aubin CE, Ciolofan OC, Beausejour M, Labelle H, Mathieu PA. Source: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 2002 September; 40(5): 497-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452408&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological patterns of scoliosis in a spinal center in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Al-Arjani AM, Al-Sebai MW, Al-Khawashki HM, Saadeddin MF. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 June; 21(6): 554-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500705&dopt=Abstract

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Estimated kyphosis and lordosis changes at follow-up in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Leroux MA, Zabjek K, Simard G, Coillard C, Rivard CH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 January-February; 22(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744858&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of spinal deformity in scoliosis from torso surface cross sections. Author(s): Jaremko JL, Poncet P, Ronsky J, Harder J, Dansereau J, Labelle H, Zernicke RF. Source: Spine. 2001 July 15; 26(14): 1583-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11462091&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of the lumbar curve magnitude with correction of the right thoracic curve in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Mason DE, Schindler A, King N. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1998 September-October; 18(5): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746409&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic variance in the epidemiology of scoliosis in New Zealand. Author(s): Ratahi ED, Crawford HA, Thompson JM, Barnes MJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 November-December; 22(6): 784-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409908&dopt=Abstract

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Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. Computational study. Author(s): Azegami H, Murachi S, Kitoh J, Ishida Y, Kawakami N, Makino M. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1998 December; (357): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917721&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation and management of scoliosis. Author(s): Taft E, Francis R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2003 January-February; 17(1): 42-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533733&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of various evoked potential techniques for spinal cord monitoring during scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Luk KD, Hu Y, Wong YW, Cheung KM. Source: Spine. 2001 August 15; 26(16): 1772-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493849&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of ventilatory efficiency during exercise in patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion. Author(s): Lenke LG, White DK, Kemp JS, Bridwell KH, Blanke KM, Engsberg JR. Source: Spine. 2002 September 15; 27(18): 2041-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634566&dopt=Abstract

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Evolution of scoliosis in six children treated with growth hormone. Author(s): Vidil A, Journeau P, Soulie A, Padovani JP, Pouliquen JC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2001 July; 10(3): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497361&dopt=Abstract

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Excision of hemivertebrae in the management of congenital scoliosis. Author(s): Freeman BJ, Oullet JA, Webb JK. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 March; 84(2): 305; Author Reply 306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922378&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing the outcome of arthrodesis for congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. Author(s): Harwant S. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2001 March; 56(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11503291&dopt=Abstract

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Factors related to false- versus true-positive neuromonitoring changes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Noonan KJ, Walker T, Feinberg JR, Nagel M, Didelot W, Lindseth R. Source: Spine. 2002 April 15; 27(8): 825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935104&dopt=Abstract

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Factors that influence outcome in bracing large curves in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Katz DE, Durrani AA. Source: Spine. 2001 November 1; 26(21): 2354-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679821&dopt=Abstract

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Failure and complication following surgical treatment of scoliosis--an analysis of 101 cases. Author(s): Lin J, Zhang J, Ye Q, Sheng J, Qiu G. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 1999 September; 14(3): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903820&dopt=Abstract

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Familial cervical dystonia, head tremor, and scoliosis: a case report. Author(s): Duane DD. Source: Adv Neurol. 1998; 78: 117-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9750908&dopt=Abstract

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Familial congenital horizontal gaze paralysis and kyphoscoliosis. Author(s): Steffen H, Rauterberg-Ruland I, Breitbach N, Thomsen M, Kolling GH. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1998 August; 29(4): 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9762700&dopt=Abstract

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Familial horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis maps to chromosome 11q2325. Author(s): Jen J, Coulin CJ, Bosley TM, Salih MA, Sabatti C, Nelson SF, Baloh RW. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 13; 59(3): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177379&dopt=Abstract

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Familial idiopathic scoliosis: evidence of an X-linked susceptibility locus. Author(s): Justice CM, Miller NH, Marosy B, Zhang J, Wilson AF. Source: Spine. 2003 March 15; 28(6): 589-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642767&dopt=Abstract

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Familial synspondylism: progressive scoliosis and multiple hernias in a kinship. Author(s): Mullins DA, Abel MF, Blanco JS, Fryburg JS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1998 September-October; 18(5): 606-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746410&dopt=Abstract

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Femoral artery ischemia during spinal scoliosis surgery detected by posterior tibial nerve somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring. Author(s): Vossler DG, Stonecipher T, Millen MD. Source: Spine. 2000 June 1; 25(11): 1457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828931&dopt=Abstract

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Five-year follow-up of intermittent distracting rod correction in congenital scoliosis. Author(s): Schmitz A, Schulze Bertelsbeck D, Schmitt O. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 December; 12(6): 4168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548496&dopt=Abstract

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Flail chest secondary to excessive rib resection in idiopathic scoliosis: case report. Author(s): Winter RB. Source: Spine. 2002 March 15; 27(6): 668-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884917&dopt=Abstract

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Four sibs with dislocated elbows, bowed tibiae, scoliosis, deafness, cataract, microcephaly, and mental retardation: a new MCA/MR syndrome. Author(s): Megarbane A, Kharrat K, Kreichati G. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 September; 35(9): 755-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733034&dopt=Abstract

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Fracture-dislocation of the lumbar spine after arthrodesis with instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Neyt JG, Weinstein SL. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1999 January; 81(1): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9973061&dopt=Abstract

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Frontal and sagittal balance analysis of late onset idiopathic scoliosis treated with third generation instrumentation. Author(s): Benli IT, Akalin S, Kis M, Citak M, Aydin E, Duman E. Source: The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 2001 December; 47(6): 231-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870334&dopt=Abstract

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Functional and radiographic outcomes after surgery for adult scoliosis using thirdgeneration instrumentation techniques. Author(s): Ali RM, Boachie-Adjei O, Rawlins BA. Source: Spine. 2003 June 1; 28(11): 1163-9; Discussion 1169-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782986&dopt=Abstract

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Functional classification of patients with idiopathic scoliosis assessed by the Quantec system: a discriminant functional analysis to determine patient curve magnitude. Author(s): Liu XC, Thometz JG, Lyon RM, Klein J. Source: Spine. 2001 June 1; 26(11): 1274-8; Discussion 1279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389397&dopt=Abstract

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Further development and validation of the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) outcomes instrument. Author(s): Asher MA, Min Lai S, Burton DC. Source: Spine. 2000 September 15; 25(18): 2381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10984792&dopt=Abstract

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Fusion of spine in children scoliosis with frozen & radiation--sterilized bone allograft. Author(s): Marczynski W, Komender J, Stepien K, Baranski M. Source: Ann Transplant. 1999; 4(3-4): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10853780&dopt=Abstract

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Gait analysis in idiopathic scoliosis before and after surgery: a comparison of the preand postoperative muscle activation pattern. Author(s): Hopf C, Scheidecker M, Steffan K, Bodem F, Eysel P. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1998; 7(1): 6-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9548351&dopt=Abstract

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Gait asymmetries in patients with idiopathic scoliosis using vertical forces measurement only. Author(s): Schizas CG, Kramers-de Quervain IA, Stussi E, Grob D. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1998; 7(2): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9629931&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized low areal and volumetric bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Cheng JC, Qin L, Cheung CS, Sher AH, Lee KM, Ng SW, Guo X. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2000 August; 15(8): 1587-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10934658&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic algorithm-neural network estimation of cobb angle from torso asymmetry in scoliosis. Author(s): Jaremko JL, Poncet P, Ronsky J, Harder J, Dansereau J, Labelle H, Zernicke RF. Source: Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2002 October; 124(5): 496-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405591&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic basis for idiopathic scoliosis brought a step nearer. Author(s): Clark S. Source: Lancet. 1998 April 18; 351(9110): 1184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643703&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of familial idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Miller NH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 August; (401): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151883&dopt=Abstract

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Geometric torsion in idiopathic scoliosis: three-dimensional analysis and proposal for a new classification. Author(s): Poncet P, Dansereau J, Labelle H. Source: Spine. 2001 October 15; 26(20): 2235-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598514&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of the thoracic spine in congenital scoliosis after expansion thoracoplasty. Author(s): Campbell RM Jr, Hell-Vocke AK. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 March; 85-A(3): 409-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637424&dopt=Abstract

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Halm-Zielke instrumentation for primary stable anterior scoliosis surgery: operative technique and 2-year results in ten consecutive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients within a prospective clinical trial. Author(s): Halm HF, Liljenqvist U, Niemeyer T, Chan DP, Zielke K, Winkelmann W. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1998; 7(5): 429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9840480&dopt=Abstract

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Halo femoral traction and sliding rods in the treatment of a neurologically compromised congenital scoliosis: technique. Author(s): Arlet V, Papin P, Marchesi D. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1999; 8(4): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10483837&dopt=Abstract

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Hardware complications in scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Bagchi K, Mohaideen A, Thomson JD, Foley LC. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2002 July; 32(7): 465-75. Epub 2002 April 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107579&dopt=Abstract

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Harrington and Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Long-term functional and radiographic outcomes. Author(s): Helenius I, Remes V, Yrjonen T, Ylikoski M, Schlenzka D, Helenius M, Poussa M. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 December; 85A(12): 2303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14668498&dopt=Abstract

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Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Hawes MC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 28; 289(20): 2644; Author Reply 2644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771105&dopt=Abstract

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Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study. Author(s): Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, Peterson KK, Spoonamore MJ, Ponseti IV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 5; 289(5): 559-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578488&dopt=Abstract

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Health-related quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a matched follow-up at least 20 years after treatment with brace or surgery. Author(s): Danielsson AJ, Wiklund I, Pehrsson K, Nachemson AL. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 August; 10(4): 278-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563612&dopt=Abstract

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Height of girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Ylikoski M. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 June; 12(3): 288-91. Epub 2003 April 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687442&dopt=Abstract

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Hemi-epiphysiodesis for unclassified congenital scoliosis: immediate results and mid-term follow-up. Author(s): Walhout RJ, van Rhijn LW, Pruijs JE. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 December; 11(6): 543-9. Epub 2002 September 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522711&dopt=Abstract

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Hemivertebral excision for congenital scoliosis in very young children. Author(s): Klemme WR, Polly DW Jr, Orchowski JR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2001 November-December; 21(6): 761-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675550&dopt=Abstract

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Herniation of calcified intervertebral disk in a lumbar vertebral body presenting as acute scoliosis in a child. A case report and literature review. Author(s): Yaniv M, Bar-Ziv J, Wientroub S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 1999 October; 8(4): 306-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513370&dopt=Abstract

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Hip abductor contracture as a biomechanical factor in the development of the socalled “idiopathic scoliosis”. Explanation of the etiology. Author(s): Karski T. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 1997; 52: 87-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023162&dopt=Abstract

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How effective is bracing for treatment of scoliosis? Author(s): Donnelly MJ, Dolan LA, Weinstein SL. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 January 1; 67(1): 32, 35; Author Reply 35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537165&dopt=Abstract

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HUKM instrumentation system in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis--an early experience. Author(s): Razak MA, Fazir M, Ibrahim S. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2000 September; 55 Suppl C: 2-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200040&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperkyphosis as an indicator of syringomyelia in idiopathic scoliosis: a case report. Author(s): Whitaker C, Schoenecker PL, Lenke LG. Source: Spine. 2003 January 1; 28(1): E16-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544968&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying sources of variability in scoliosis classification using a rule-based automated algorithm. Author(s): Stokes IA, Aronsson DD. Source: Spine. 2002 December 15; 27(24): 2801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486350&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic scoliosis and concentrations of zinc, copper, and selenium in blood plasma. Author(s): Dastych M, Cienciala J. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 November; 89(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449234&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic scoliosis as a presenting sign of familial neurologic abnormalities. Author(s): Inoue M, Nakata Y, Minami S, Kitahara H, Otsuka Y, Isobe K, Takaso M, Tokunaga M, Itabashi T, Nishikawa S, Moriya H. Source: Spine. 2003 January 1; 28(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544954&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic scoliosis in families of children with congenital scoliosis. Author(s): Purkiss SB, Driscoll B, Cole WG, Alman B. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 August; (401): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151879&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic scoliosis in three dimensions: a succession of two-dimensional deformities? Author(s): Perdriolle R, Le Borgne P, Dansereau J, de Guise J, Labelle H. Source: Spine. 2001 December 15; 26(24): 2719-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740362&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic scoliosis. The clinical value of radiologists' interpretation of pre- and postoperative radiographs with interobserver and interdisciplinary variability. Author(s): Crockett HC, Wright JM, Burke S, Boachie-Adjei O. Source: Spine. 1999 October 1; 24(19): 2007-9; Discussion 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528376&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how? Author(s): Cassar-Pullicino VN, Eisenstein SM. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2002 July; 57(7): 543-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096851&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of pregnancy on respiratory capacity in women with muscular dystrophy and kyphoscoliosis. A case report. Author(s): Gamzu R, Shenhav M, Fainaru O, Almog B, Kupferminc M, Lessing JB. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 January; 47(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838313&dopt=Abstract

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Improved chest expansion in idiopathic scoliosis after intensive, multiple-modality, nonsurgical treatment in an adult. Author(s): Hawes MC, Brooks WJ. Source: Chest. 2001 August; 120(2): 672-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502678&dopt=Abstract

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Improved chest expansion in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Hawes MC. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 November-December; 63(6): 994-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719639&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of curvature progression in idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with scoliosis in-patient rehabilitation (SIR): an age- and sex-matched controlled study. Author(s): Weiss HR, Weiss G, Petermann F. Source: Pediatric Rehabilitation. 2003 January-March; 6(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745892&dopt=Abstract

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Increased prevalence of scoliosis in Turner syndrome. Author(s): Kim JY, Rosenfeld SR, Keyak JH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2001 November-December; 21(6): 765-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675551&dopt=Abstract

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Indications of disordered eating behaviour in adolescent patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Smith FM, Latchford G, Hall RM, Millner PA, Dickson RA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 April; 84(3): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002499&dopt=Abstract

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Indices of torso asymmetry related to spinal deformity in scoliosis. Author(s): Jaremko JL, Poncet P, Ronsky J, Harder J, Dansereau J, Labelle H, Zernicke RF. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2002 October; 17(8): 559-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243715&dopt=Abstract

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Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of Lenke's new scoliosis classification system. Author(s): Ogon M, Giesinger K, Behensky H, Wimmer C, Nogler M, Bach CM, Krismer M. Source: Spine. 2002 April 15; 27(8): 858-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935109&dopt=Abstract

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Interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the system of King et al. for the classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Cummings RJ, Loveless EA, Campbell J, Samelson S, Mazur JM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1998 August; 80(8): 1107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9730119&dopt=Abstract

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Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the classification of thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Lenke LG, Betz RR, Bridwell KH, Clements DH, Harms J, Lowe TG, Shufflebarger HL. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1998 August; 80(8): 1097-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9730118&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative comparison of two instrumentation techniques for the correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Rod rotation and translation. Author(s): Delorme S, Labelle H, Aubin CE, de Guise JA, Rivard CH, Poitras B, Coillard C, Dansereau J. Source: Spine. 1999 October 1; 24(19): 2011-7; Discussion 2018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528377&dopt=Abstract

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Is Cobb angle progression a good indicator in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Author(s): Delorme S, Labelle H, Aubin CE. Source: Spine. 2002 March 15; 27(6): E145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884919&dopt=Abstract

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Is sacral instrumentation mandatory to address pelvic obliquity in neuromuscular thoracolumbar scoliosis due to myelomeningocele? Author(s): Wild A, Haak H, Kumar M, Krauspe R. Source: Spine. 2001 July 15; 26(14): E325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11462098&dopt=Abstract

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Jet ventilation for anterior paediatric scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Hubner BL, Anderson BJ, Stuart C, Janssens MM. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2002 October; 12(8): 724-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472711&dopt=Abstract

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Joint laxity, scoliosis, and thoracic cage abnormalities in children with BeckwithWiedemann syndrome. Author(s): Gerber LH, Chaudhry U, DeBaun M. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 February; 160(2): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271391&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: magnetic resonance imaging evaluation and clinical indications. Author(s): Maenza RA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2003 September; 12(5): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12973035&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile-onset scoliosis followed up to adulthood: orthopaedic and functional outcomes. Author(s): Masso PD, Meeropol E, Lennon E. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 May-June; 22(3): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961439&dopt=Abstract

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Kinematics of the chest cage and spine during breathing in healthy individuals and in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Leong JC, Lu WW, Luk KD, Karlberg EM. Source: Spine. 1999 July 1; 24(13): 1310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404572&dopt=Abstract

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Kyphoscoliosis preventing gallbladder assessment. Author(s): Gandhi SM, Krynyckyi B, Milstein DM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1998 July; 23(7): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9676955&dopt=Abstract

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Kyphoscoliosis ventilatory insufficiency: noninvasive management outcomes. Author(s): Ferris G, Servera-Pieras E, Vergara P, Tzeng AC, Perez M, Marin J, Bach JR. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2000 January-February; 79(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678599&dopt=Abstract

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Late infection in patients with scoliosis treated with spinal instrumentation. Author(s): Soultanis K, Mantelos G, Pagiatakis A, Soucacos PN. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 June; (411): 116-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782866&dopt=Abstract

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Late-developing infection in instrumented idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Clark CE, Shufflebarger HL. Source: Spine. 1999 September 15; 24(18): 1909-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10515015&dopt=Abstract

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Leeds procedure--a treatment modality for scoliosis. Author(s): Sangwan SS, Siwach RC, Sing R, Singh P. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002 May; 56(5): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649941&dopt=Abstract

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Left atrial compression from severe aortic root dilation and scoliosis. Author(s): Satou GM, McGowan FX, Colan SD. Source: Heart Disease. 2000 September-October; 2(5): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728279&dopt=Abstract

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Leg-length discrepancy and scoliosis in Marfan syndrome. Author(s): Jones KB, Sponseller PD, Hobbs W, Pyeritz RE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 November-December; 22(6): 807-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409912&dopt=Abstract

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Length of the ribs in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Kasai Y, Takegami K, Uchida A. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2002 April; 122(3): 161-2. Epub 2001 November 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927998&dopt=Abstract

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Life expectancy in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy and neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent spinal fusion. Author(s): Tsirikos AI, Chang WN, Dabney KW, Miller F, Glutting J. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2003 October; 45(10): 677-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14515939&dopt=Abstract

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Localization of susceptibility to familial idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Wise CA, Barnes R, Gillum J, Herring JA, Bowcock AM, Lovett M. Source: Spine. 2000 September 15; 25(18): 2372-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10984791&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal changes in trunkal balance after selective fusion of King II curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Frez R, Cheng JC, Wong EM. Source: Spine. 2000 June 1; 25(11): 1352-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828916&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term observation and management of resolving infantile idiopathic scoliosis a 25-year follow-up. Author(s): Diedrich O, von Strempel A, Schloz M, Schmitt O, Kraft CN. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 September; 84(7): 1030-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358367&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term psychosocial characteristics of patients treated for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Noonan KJ, Dolan LA, Jacobson WC, Weinstein SL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1997 November-December; 17(6): 712-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591971&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results in patients treated with posterior instrumentation and fusion for degenerative scoliosis of the lumbar spine. Author(s): Zurbriggen C, Markwalder TM, Wyss S. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1999; 141(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071682&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term three-dimensional changes of the spine after posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Papin P, Labelle H, Delorme S, Aubin CE, de Guise JA, Dansereau J. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1999; 8(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10190849&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar disc herniation associated with scoliosis in a 15-year-old girl: case report. Author(s): Pinto FC, Poetscher AW, Quinhones FR, Pena M, Taricco MA. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2002 June; 60(2-A): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12068364&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar end plate osteotomy in adult patients with scoliosis. Author(s): Berven SH, Hu SS, Deviren V, Smith J, Bradford DS. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 June; (411): 70-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782861&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar pedicle morphology in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): King AG, Mills TE, Chutkan NB, Strohmeyer SE. Source: Orthopedics. 2003 March; 26(3): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650325&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar scoliosis associated with a disc herniation in an adult. Author(s): Krishnan KM, Newey ML. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 December; 40(12): 1427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752526&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar spine duplication presenting as adolescent scoliosis. A case report. Author(s): Goldberg BA, Erwin WD, Heggeness MH. Source: Spine. 1998 February 15; 23(4): 504-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9516710&dopt=Abstract

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Luque trolley and convex epiphysiodesis in the management of infantile and juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Pratt RK, Webb JK, Burwell RG, Cummings SL. Source: Spine. 1999 August 1; 24(15): 1538-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457573&dopt=Abstract

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Luque trolley and convex epiphysiodesis in the management of infantile and juvenile scoliosis. Author(s): Alanay A, Acaroglu E, Yazici M, Surat A. Source: Spine. 2000 October 1; 25(19): 2549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013512&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Author(s): Redla S, Sikdar T, Saifuddin A. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2001 May; 56(5): 360-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384133&dopt=Abstract

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Management of difficult spinal anaesthesia in a patient with adult lumbar scoliosis. Author(s): Leung CC, Yu KS, Chau LF, Sze TS. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 February; 30(1): 101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939429&dopt=Abstract

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Management of respiratory deterioration in a pregnant patient with severe kyphoscoliosis by non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. Author(s): Kahler CM, Hogl B, Habeler R, Brezinka C, Hamacher J, Dienstl A, Prior C. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 October 31; 114(19-20): 874-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503480&dopt=Abstract

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Management of scoliosis and syringomyelia in children. Author(s): Kontio K, Davidson D, Letts M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 November-December; 22(6): 771-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409906&dopt=Abstract

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Management of scoliosis with special seating for the non-ambulant spastic cerebral palsy population--a biomechanical study. Author(s): Holmes KJ, Michael SM, Thorpe SL, Solomonidis SE. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2003 July; 18(6): 480-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828895&dopt=Abstract

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Managing ventilatory insufficiency and failure in a patient with kyphoscoliosis: a case study. Author(s): Dunford M, Donoghue J, Power G, Mitten-Lewis S. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2001 November; 14(4): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806515&dopt=Abstract

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Measured external curves and surface electromyograms in patients with mild untreated scoliosis. Author(s): Swank SM. Source: Spine. 1999 January 15; 24(2): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926395&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement accuracy in congenital scoliosis. Author(s): Facanha-Filho FA, Winter RB, Lonstein JE, Koop S, Novacheck T, L'Heureux EA Jr, Noren CA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2001 January; 83-A(1): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205857&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of vertebral rotation in standing versus supine position in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Yazici M, Acaroglu ER, Alanay A, Deviren V, Cila A, Surat A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2001 March-April; 21(2): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242262&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanical analysis and treatment of Harrington-rods broken after initial operation for scoliosis. Author(s): Weng X, Zhang J, Qiu G, Jin J, Lin J. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 1997 December; 12(4): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11360557&dopt=Abstract

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Medical complications in scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Shapiro G, Green DW, Fatica NS, Boachie-Adjei O. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2001 February; 13(1): 36-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176241&dopt=Abstract

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Mesh cages in idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Author(s): Lenke LG, Bridwell KH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 January; (394): 98-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11795757&dopt=Abstract

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Methods of assessing spinal radiographs in scoliosis are functions of its geometry. Author(s): Musa AA. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 1999 July-August; 23(4): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10551726&dopt=Abstract

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Minimally invasive anterior spinal exposure and release in children with scoliosis. Author(s): Kokoska ER, Gabriel KR, Silen ML. Source: Jsls. 1998 July-September; 2(3): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876749&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of Cotrel-Dubousset's original hook constructs for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Grossman BS, Sarwark JF, Lim RD, Schafer MF, Montgomery S, DeRosa V, Choi K. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1999 July-August; 19(4): 500-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10413000&dopt=Abstract

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Modified unit rod technique in scoliosis surgery--a case report. Author(s): Csernatony Z, Gaspar L, Jonas Z, Szepesi K. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 73(4): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358127&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring scoliosis surgery with combined multiple pulse transcranial electric motor and cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials from the lower and upper extremities. Author(s): MacDonald DB, Al Zayed Z, Khoudeir I, Stigsby B. Source: Spine. 2003 January 15; 28(2): 194-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544939&dopt=Abstract

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Multisurgeon assessment of surgical decision-making in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: curve classification, operative approach, and fusion levels. Author(s): Lenke LG, Betz RR, Haher TR, Lapp MA, Merola AA, Harms J, Shufflebarger HL. Source: Spine. 2001 November 1; 26(21): 2347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679820&dopt=Abstract

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Myelopathy due to scoliosis with vertebral hypertrophy in Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Author(s): Arai Y, Takagi T, Matsuda T, Kurosawa H. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2002 March; 122(2): 120-2. Epub 2001 September 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880917&dopt=Abstract

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Myolysis of the erector spinae muscles as the cause of scoliosis in osteoid osteoma of the spine. Author(s): Kawahara C, Tanaka Y, Kato H, Watanabe S, Kokubun S. Source: Spine. 2002 June 15; 27(12): E313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065996&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. A study of one hundred and twelve patients. Author(s): McMaster MJ, Singh H. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1999 October; 81(10): 1367-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535587&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of scoliosis in children with syringomyelia. Author(s): Tokunaga M, Minami S, Isobe K, Moriya H, Kitahara H, Nakata Y. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 April; 83(3): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341422&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of scoliosis in spastic cerebral palsy. Author(s): Saito N, Ebara S, Ohotsuka K, Kumeta H, Takaoka K. Source: Lancet. 1998 June 6; 351(9117): 1687-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9734885&dopt=Abstract

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Natural History of Untreated Scoliosis in beta-Thalassemia. Author(s): Papanastasiou DA, Ellina A, Baikousis A, Pastromas B, Iliopoulos P, Korovessis P. Source: Spine. 2002 June 1; 27(11): 1186-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045516&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and abdominal muscle activity in patients with severe thoracic scoliosis. Author(s): Estenne M, Derom E, De Troyer A. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998 August; 158(2): 452-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700120&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroimaging of scoliosis in childhood. Author(s): Kim FM, Poussaint TY, Barnes PD. Source: Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1999 February; 9(1): 195-221. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9974506&dopt=Abstract

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Neurologic risk management in scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Mooney JF 3rd, Bernstein R, Hennrikus WL Jr, MacEwen GD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 September-October; 22(5): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198475&dopt=Abstract

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Neurological risk management in scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Shaw BA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2003 July-August; 23(4): 564; Author Reply 564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826960&dopt=Abstract

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Neuromuscular scoliosis: a case of the pediatric patient in the adult ICU. Author(s): Mason KJ. Source: Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 1998 August; 21(2): 64-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739230&dopt=Abstract

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Neuromuscular scoliosis: causes of deformity and principles for evaluation and management. Author(s): Berven S, Bradford DS. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 2002 June; 22(2): 167-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524562&dopt=Abstract

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Neuromuscular scoliosis: clinical evaluation pre- and postoperative. Author(s): Pruijs JE, van Tol MJ, van Kesteren RG, van Nieuwenhuizen O. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2000 October; 9(4): 217-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143462&dopt=Abstract

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Neuromuscular scoliosis--current aspects. Author(s): Niethard FU, Heller KD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2000 October; 9(4): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143461&dopt=Abstract

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Neurophysiological mechanism of the unloading reflex as a prognostic factor in the early stages of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Author(s): Perret C, Robert J. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 August; 10(4): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563624&dopt=Abstract

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New remote-controlled growing-rod spinal instrumentation possibly applicable for scoliosis in young children. Author(s): Takaso M, Moriya H, Kitahara H, Minami S, Takahashi K, Isobe K, Yamagata M, Otsuka Y, Nakata Y, Inoue M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 1998; 3(6): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9811986&dopt=Abstract

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Nighttime bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with the Charleston Bending Brace: long-term follow-up. Author(s): Price CT, Scott DS, Reed FR Jr, Sproul JT, Riddick MF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1997 November-December; 17(6): 703-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591969&dopt=Abstract

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Nighttime bracing with the Providence brace in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): D'Amato CR, Griggs S, McCoy B. Source: Spine. 2001 September 15; 26(18): 2006-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547201&dopt=Abstract

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No relationship exists between the correction of the thoracic and the lumbar curves after selective thoracic fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis King type II. Author(s): van Rhijn LW, Plasmans CM, Veraart BE. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 December; 11(6): 550-5. Epub 2002 October 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522712&dopt=Abstract

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Noninvasive mechanical ventilation and corrective surgery for treatment of a child with severe kyphoscoliosis. Author(s): Gonzalez Lorenzo F, Diaz Lobato S, Perez Grueso F, Villamor Leon J. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 November; 32(5): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596166&dopt=Abstract

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Normalization of the coronal and sagittal profile in idiopathic scoliosis: options of treatment. Author(s): Bridwell KH. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 1998; 3(2): 125-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9654566&dopt=Abstract

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Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Author(s): Mohaideen A, Nagarkatti D, Banta JV, Foley CL. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2000 February; 30(2): 110-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10663523&dopt=Abstract

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Observations made during school screening for scoliosis in Greece. Author(s): Korovessis PG. Source: Spine. 1998 September 1; 23(17): 1924. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9762755&dopt=Abstract

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Occult intraspinal anomalies in congenital scoliosis. Author(s): Prahinski JR, Polly DW Jr, McHale KA, Ellenbogen RG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2000 January-February; 20(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641690&dopt=Abstract

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Oliguria during corrective spinal surgery for idiopathic scoliosis: the role of antidiuretic hormone. Author(s): Cregg N, Mannion D, Casey W. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1999; 9(6): 505-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597554&dopt=Abstract

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One-stage three-dimensional correction and fusion: a multilevel posterior lumbar interbody fusion procedure for degenerative lumbar kyphoscoliosis. Technical note. Author(s): Hasegawa K, Homma T. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 99(1 Suppl): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859073&dopt=Abstract

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Operative treatment of severe scoliosis in osteogenesis imperfecta: results of 20 patients after halo traction and posterior spondylodesis with instrumentation. Author(s): Janus GJ, Finidori G, Engelbert RH, Pouliquen M, Pruijs JE. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2000 December; 9(6): 486-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11189916&dopt=Abstract

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Optimization method for 3D bracing correction of scoliosis using a finite element model. Author(s): Gignac D, Aubin CE, Dansereau J, Labelle H. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2000 June; 9(3): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10905434&dopt=Abstract

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Osteochondroma of the thoracic spine and scoliosis. Author(s): Jose Alcaraz Mexia M, Izquierdo Nunez E, Santonja Garriga C, Maria Salgado Salinas R. Source: Spine. 2001 May 1; 26(9): 1082-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337629&dopt=Abstract

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Osteopenia in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a histomorphometric study. Author(s): Cheng JC, Tang SP, Guo X, Chan CW, Qin L. Source: Spine. 2001 February 1; 26(3): E19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224874&dopt=Abstract

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Outcomes in surgical treatment of “idiopathic-like” scoliosis associated with syringomyelia. Author(s): Ferguson RL, DeVine J, Stasikelis P, Caskey P, Allen BL Jr. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 August; 15(4): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177546&dopt=Abstract

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Oxygen dynamics at paraspinal muscles during exertion using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Author(s): Miyake M, Harada Y, Senda M, Oda K, Inoue H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(2): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665955&dopt=Abstract

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Paradoxical air embolism from patent foramen ovale in scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Pham Dang C, Pereon Y, Champin P, Delecrin J, Passuti N. Source: Spine. 2002 June 1; 27(11): E291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045533&dopt=Abstract

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Paraspinal muscle activities of patients with scoliosis after spine fusion: an electromyographic study. Author(s): Lu WW, Hu Y, Luk KD, Cheung KM, Leong JC. Source: Spine. 2002 June 1; 27(11): 1180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045515&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis revisited. Author(s): Stehbens WE. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2003 February; 74(1): 49-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12645632&dopt=Abstract

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Patient and parental perception of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis before and after surgery in comparison with surface and radiographic measurements. Author(s): Pratt RK, Burwell RG, Cole AA, Webb JK. Source: Spine. 2002 July 15; 27(14): 1543-50; Discussion 1551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131715&dopt=Abstract

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Patient-based outcomes analysis of patients with single torsion thoracolumbarlumbar scoliosis treated with anterior or posterior instrumentation: an average 5- to 9year follow-up study. Author(s): Burton DC, Asher MA, Lai SM. Source: Spine. 2002 November 1; 27(21): 2363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438985&dopt=Abstract

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Pelvic or lumbar fixation for the surgical management of scoliosis in duchenne muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Sengupta DK, Mehdian SH, McConnell JR, Eisenstein SM, Webb JK. Source: Spine. 2002 September 15; 27(18): 2072-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634572&dopt=Abstract

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Perception of the social support for adolescents who undergo corrective back surgery for scoliosis. Author(s): Gauvin MC, Vandal S, Mercier P, Bradet R. Source: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 2002 July-September; 25(3): 207-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230831&dopt=Abstract

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Perception of vertical and horizontal orientation in children with scoliosis. Author(s): Cheung J, Sluiter WJ, Veldhuizen AG, Cool JC, Van Horn JR. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2002 May; 20(3): 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038612&dopt=Abstract

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Perioperative enteric nutritional supplementation in pediatric patients with neuromuscular scoliosis. Author(s): Mooney JF 3rd. Source: J South Orthop Assoc. 2000 Fall; 9(3): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135303&dopt=Abstract

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Prediction of Cobb angle in idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Author(s): Sapkas G, Papagelopoulos PJ, Kateros K, Koundis GL, Boscainos PJ, Koukou UI, Katonis P. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 June; (411): 32-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782857&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of flexibility and pain patterns in thoracolumbar and lumbar idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Deviren V, Berven S, Kleinstueck F, Antinnes J, Smith JA, Hu SS. Source: Spine. 2002 November 1; 27(21): 2346-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438982&dopt=Abstract

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Pre-donated autologous blood transfusion in scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Ridgeway S, Tai C, Alton P, Barnardo P, Harrison DJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 September; 85(7): 1032-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516041&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative radiological and electrophysiological evaluation in 100 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Author(s): Hausmann ON, Boni T, Pfirrmann CW, Curt A, Min K. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 October; 12(5): 501-6. Epub 2003 August 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12905054&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asymptomatic cardiac valve anomalies in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Colomina MJ, Puig L, Godet C, Villanueva C, Bago J. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2002 July-August; 23(4): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170360&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of neural axis abnormalities in patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Dobbs MB, Lenke LG, Szymanski DA, Morcuende JA, Weinstein SL, Bridwell KH, Sponseller PD. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 December; 84A(12): 2230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473713&dopt=Abstract

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Primary cervical dystonia and scoliosis: a multicenter case-control study. Author(s): Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Girlanda P, Buccafusca M, Curra A, Marchese R, Martino D, Masi G, Mazzella L, Vacca L, Livrea P, Berardelli A. Source: Neurology. 2003 March 25; 60(6): 1012-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654970&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic significance of the Nasca classification for the long-term course of congenital scoliosis. Author(s): Birnbaum K, Weber M, Lorani A, Leiser-Neef U, Niethard FU. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2002 September; 122(7): 383-9. Epub 2002 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228798&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective evaluation of trunk range of motion in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Author(s): Engsberg JR, Lenke LG, Reitenbach AK, Hollander KW, Bridwell KH, Blanke K. Source: Spine. 2002 June 15; 27(12): 1346-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065985&dopt=Abstract

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Proximal kyphosis after short posterior fusion for thoracolumbar scoliosis. Author(s): Yang SH, Chen PQ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 June; (411): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782870&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary function after thoracoplasty in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Chen SH, Huang TJ, Lee YY, Hsu RW. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 June; (399): 152-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011704&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life in women with idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Freidel K, Petermann F, Reichel D, Steiner A, Warschburger P, Weiss HR. Source: Spine. 2002 February 15; 27(4): E87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840115&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of cosmesis for patients affected by adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Iwahara T, Imai M, Atsuta Y. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1998; 7(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9548352&dopt=Abstract

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Quantifying changes in standing body segment alignment following spinal instrumentation and fusion in idiopathic scoliosis using an optoelectronic measurement system. Author(s): Masso PD, Gorton GE 3rd. Source: Spine. 2000 February 15; 25(4): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10707391&dopt=Abstract

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Rasterstereographic back shape analysis in idiopathic scoliosis after anterior correction and fusion. Author(s): Hackenberg L, Hierholzer E, Potzl W, Gotze C, Liljenqvist U. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2003 January; 18(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527240&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Klemme WR, et al. Hemivertebral excision for congenital scoliosis in very young children. J Pediatr Orthop 2001;21:761-764. Author(s): Mehlman CT, Wall EJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2003 March-April; 23(2): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604965&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Koch et al. Adolescents undergoing surgery for idiopathic scoliosis: how physical and psychological characteristics relate to patient satisfaction with cosmetic result. (Spine 2001;26:2119-24). Author(s): Pratt RK, Webb JK, Burwell RG, Cole AA. Source: Spine. 2002 July 15; 27(14): 1594-5; Author Reply 1594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131728&dopt=Abstract

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Redefining the magnetic resonance imaging reference level for the cerebellar tonsil: a study of 170 adolescents with normal versus idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Cheng JC, Chau WW, Guo X, Chan YL. Source: Spine. 2003 April 15; 28(8): 815-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698126&dopt=Abstract

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Regression of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Stehbens WE, Cooper RL. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2003 June; 74(3): 326-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782022&dopt=Abstract

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Relations between standing stability and body posture parameters in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Nault ML, Allard P, Hinse S, Le Blanc R, Caron O, Labelle H, Sadeghi H. Source: Spine. 2002 September 1; 27(17): 1911-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221357&dopt=Abstract

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Relative anterior spinal overgrowth in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of disproportionate endochondral-membranous bone growth. Author(s): Guo X, Chau WW, Chan YL, Cheng JC. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 September; 85(7): 1026-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516040&dopt=Abstract

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Results of surgery for scoliosis in Rett syndrome. Author(s): Kerr AM, Webb P, Prescott RJ, Milne Y. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 October; 18(10): 703-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14649553&dopt=Abstract

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Results of surgical treatment of adult idiopathic scoliosis with low back pain and spinal stenosis: a study of long-term clinical radiographic outcomes. Author(s): Shapiro GS, Taira G, Boachie-Adjei O. Source: Spine. 2003 February 15; 28(4): 358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590210&dopt=Abstract

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Revelations to deformity correction and scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Zubay GP, Sonntag VK. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 2002; 49: 188-208. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506555&dopt=Abstract

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Rib cage surgery for the treatment of scoliosis: a biomechanical study of correction mechanisms. Author(s): Grealou L, Aubin CE, Labelle H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2002 September; 20(5): 1121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382981&dopt=Abstract

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Rib deformity in scoliosis. Author(s): Erkula G, Sponseller PD, Kiter AE. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 June; 12(3): 281-7. Epub 2003 March 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800002&dopt=Abstract

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Scoliosis associated with lumbar spondylolisthesis: a case presentation and review of the literature. Author(s): Pneumaticos SG, Esses SI. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2003 July-August; 3(4): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14589194&dopt=Abstract

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Scoliosis in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: influence of severity of disease and age of reaching motor milestones. Author(s): Engelbert RH, Uiterwaal CS, van der Hulst A, Witjes B, Helders PJ, Pruijs HE. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 April; 12(2): 130-4. Epub 2002 December 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709850&dopt=Abstract

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Scoliosis: evidence-based diagnostic evaluation. Author(s): Jaramillo D, Poussaint TY, Grottkau BE. Source: Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2003 May; 13(2): 335-41, Xii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677811&dopt=Abstract

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Somatosensory testing in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Olafsson Y, Odergren T, Persson HE, Saraste H. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 February; 44(2): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848110&dopt=Abstract

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SpineCor--a non-rigid brace for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: post-treatment results. Author(s): Coillard C, Leroux MA, Zabjek KF, Rivard CH. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 April; 12(2): 141-8. Epub 2002 November 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709852&dopt=Abstract

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SSEP analysis in surgery of idiopathic scoliosis: the influence of spine deformity and surgical approach. Author(s): Hausmann O, Min K, Boni T, Erni T, Dietz V, Curt A. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 April; 12(2): 117-23. Epub 2002 October 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709848&dopt=Abstract

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Strategic directions: the scoliosis research society initiatives for change. Author(s): Crawford AH. Source: Spine. 2002 September 15; 27(18): 1960-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634554&dopt=Abstract

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Stress hormones during the wake-up test in scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Eroglu A, Solak M, Ozen I, Aynaci O. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2003 February; 15(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657405&dopt=Abstract

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Successful heart-lung transplantation in a patient with kyphoscoliosis. Author(s): Fukahara K, Minami K, Hansky B, Schulte-Eistrup SA, Tenderich G, Schulz U, Koerfer R. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2003 April; 22(4): 468-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681425&dopt=Abstract

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Survivorship analysis of Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Bago J, Ramirez M, Pellise F, Villanueva C. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 August; 12(4): 435-9. Epub 2003 June 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12827472&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of scoliosis: curve progression of untreated curves of different aetiology, with early (mean 2 year) follow up in surgically treated curves. Author(s): Chuah SL, Kareem BA, Selvakumar K, Oh KS, Borhan Tan A, Harwant S. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2001 June; 56 Suppl C: 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814247&dopt=Abstract

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The need for scoliosis screening in Malaysia. Author(s): Oh KS, Chuah SL, Harwant S. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2001 June; 56 Suppl C: 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814244&dopt=Abstract

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The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis: uncoupled neuro-osseous growth? Author(s): Porter RW. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 December; 10(6): 473-81; Discussion 482-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806387&dopt=Abstract

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The position of the aorta relative to the spine: a comparison of patients with and without idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Sucato DJ, Duchene C. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 August; 85-A(8): 1461-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925625&dopt=Abstract

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Thoracic kyphoscoliosis resembling neurofibromatosis: a case report focusing on subfascial instrumentation. Author(s): Dresher BD, Asher MA. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2002 March-April; 2(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14588275&dopt=Abstract

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Three-dimensional correction of scoliosis using TSRH instrumentation. Author(s): Weng X, Zhang J, Qiu G, Shen J, Zhao H, Jin J, Wang Y, Tian Y, Lin J. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 2001 June; 16(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901498&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of chronic respiratory failure in kyphoscoliosis: oxygen or ventilation? Author(s): Buyse B, Meersseman W, Demedts M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 September; 22(3): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516146&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with CD-instrumentation: lumbar pedicle screws versus laminar hooks in 66 patients. Author(s): Wimmer C, Gluch H, Nogler M, Walochnik N. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 72(6): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817877&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of massive thoracolumbar wounds and vertebral osteomyelitis following scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Mitra A, Mitra A, Harlin S. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 January; 113(1): 206-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14707638&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of scoliosis: correction and internal fixation by spine instrumentation. June 1962. Author(s): Harrington PR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 February; 84A(2): 316. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11861739&dopt=Abstract

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Unexpected tracheomalacia in Marfan syndrome during general anesthesia for correction of scoliosis. Author(s): Oh AY, Kim YH, Kim BK, Kim HS, Kim CS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 August; 95(2): 331-2, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145047&dopt=Abstract

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Unilateral absence of the clavicle with rapidly progressive scoliosis in an 8-year-old. Author(s): Codsi MJ, Kay RM, Masso P, Skaggs DL. Source: Am J Orthop. 2000 May; 29(5): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10868439&dopt=Abstract

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Unsuspected concentric tracheal rings in a 14-year-old with scoliosis. Author(s): Li Y, Khambatta HJ, Stone JG, Mets B. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 May; 88(5): 732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067019&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual presentation of spinal cord compression related to misplaced pedicle screws in thoracic scoliosis. Author(s): Papin P, Arlet V, Marchesi D, Rosenblatt B, Aebi M. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1999; 8(2): 156-9; Discussion 160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333156&dopt=Abstract

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Upper extremity functional assessment after anterior spinal fusion via thoracotomy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: prospective study of twenty-five patients. Author(s): Burd TA, Pawelek L, Lenke LG. Source: Spine. 2002 January 1; 27(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805638&dopt=Abstract

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Use of allograft bone for posterior spinal fusion in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Grogan DP, Kalen V, Ross TI, Guidera KJ, Pugh LI. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1999 December; (369): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10611882&dopt=Abstract

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Use of ketorolac tromethamine in children undergoing scoliosis surgery. an analysis of complications. Author(s): Vitale MG, Choe JC, Hwang MW, Bauer RM, Hyman JE, Lee FY, Roye DP Jr. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2003 January-February; 3(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14589246&dopt=Abstract

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Value of treating primary causes of syrinx in scoliosis associated with syringomyelia. Author(s): Ozerdemoglu RA, Transfeldt EE, Denis F. Source: Spine. 2003 April 15; 28(8): 806-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698125&dopt=Abstract

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Variability of somatosensory-evoked potentials in different stages of scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Luk KD, Hu Y, Wong YW, Leong JC. Source: Spine. 1999 September 1; 24(17): 1799-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10488510&dopt=Abstract

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Variability of strap tension in brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Aubin CE, Labelle H, Ruszkowski A, Petit Y, Gignac D, Joncas J, Dansereau J. Source: Spine. 1999 February 15; 24(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065519&dopt=Abstract

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Vertebral decancellation for severe scoliosis. Author(s): Tokunaga M, Minami S, Kitahara H, Isobe K, Nakata Y, Moriya H. Source: Spine. 2000 February 15; 25(4): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10707393&dopt=Abstract

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Vestibular mechanisms involved in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Manzoni D, Miele F. Source: Arch Ital Biol. 2002 January; 140(1): 67-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889923&dopt=Abstract

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Visual deficiency and scoliosis. Author(s): Catanzariti JF, Salomez E, Bruandet JM, Thevenon A. Source: Spine. 2001 January 1; 26(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148645&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SCOLIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and scoliosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Scoliosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “scoliosis” (or a synonym): •

A comparison of the effects of patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous opioids versus Epidural analgesia on recovery after surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Source: Van Boerum, D H Smith, J T Curtin, M J Spine. 2000 September 15; 25(18): 2355-7 0362-2436

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A study of desmopressin and blood loss during spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis: a randomized, controlled, double-blinded study. Author(s): duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA. [email protected] Source: Theroux, M C Corddry, D H Tietz, A E Miller, F Peoples, J D Kettrick, R G Anesthesiology. 1997 August; 87(2): 260-7 0003-3022

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A surprising cause of paresis following scoliosis correction. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eberhard-Karls-University Tubingen, Germany. [email protected] Source: Kluba, T Giehl, J P Eur-Spine-J. 2001 December; 10(6): 495-7 0940-6719

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A trial of desmopressin to reduce blood loss in patients undergoing spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Source: Guay, J Reinberg, C Poitras, B David, M Mathews, S Lortie, L Rivard, G E Anesth-Analg. 1992 September; 75(3): 405-10 0003-2999

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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Is low melatonin a cause? Author(s): Department of Orthopedic Surgery, King Fadh University Hospital, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia. Source: Sadat Ali, M al Habdan, I al Othman, A Joint-Bone-Spine. 2000 January; 67(1): 62-4 1297-319X

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Anaesthesia for scoliosis surgery in a patient on anticoagulant therapy. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesiology, Paediatric Hospital of Coimbra, Portugal. Source: Leitao, L M Isaac, J B Paediatr-Anaesth. 1998; 8(6): 512-5 1155-5645

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Cause of idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Machida, M Spine. 1999 December 15; 24(24): 2576-83 0362-2436

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Changes in collagen cross-linking in degenerative disc disease and scoliosis. Author(s): Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Molecular and Medical Biosciences, University of Wales Cardiff, United Kingdom. Source: Duance, V C Crean, J K Sims, T J Avery, N Smith, S Menage, J Eisenstein, S M Roberts, S Spine. 1998 December 1; 23(23): 2545-51 0362-2436

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Changes in serum melatonin levels in response to pinealectomy in the chicken and its correlation with development of scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Source: Wang, X Moreau, M Raso, V J Zhao, J Jiang, H Mahood, J Bagnall, K Spine. 1998 November 15; 23(22): 2377-81; discussion 2382 0362-2436

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Clinical and radiographic features of scoliosis in Parkinson's disease. Source: Grimes, J D Hassan, M N Trent, G Halle, D Armstrong, G W Adv-Neurol. 1987; 45353-5 0091-3952

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Continuous subarachnoid analgesia in two adolescents with severe scoliosis and impaired pulmonary function. Author(s): Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115. Source: Sethna, N F Berde, C B Reg-Anesth. 1991 Nov-December; 16(6): 333-6 0146-521X

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Correction of scoliosis with shape-memory alloy. Author(s): Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Miyazaki Medical College, Japan. Source: Matsumoto, K Tajima, N Kuwahara, S Nippon-Seikeigeka-Gakkai-Zasshi. 1993 April; 67(4): 267-74 0021-5325

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Correlation between the age of pinealectomy and the development of scoliosis in chickens. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya Daiichi Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan. [email protected] Source: Inoh, H Kawakami, N Matsuyama, Y Aoki, T Kanemura, T Natsume, N Iwata, H Spine. 2001 May 1; 26(9): 1014-21 0362-2436

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Diet as an external factor in the expression of scoliosis in a line of susceptible chickens. Source: Greve, C Trachtenberg, E Opsahl, W Abbott, U Rucker, R J-Nutr. 1987 January; 117(1): 189-93 0022-3166

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Does bracing affect bone density in adolescent scoliosis? Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts, USA. Source: Snyder, B D Zaltz, I Breitenbach, M A Kido, T H Myers, E R Emans, J B Spine. 1995 July 15; 20(14): 1554-60 0362-2436

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Dopa-responsive dystonia masquerading as idiopathic kyphoscoliosis. Author(s): Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin, Neurology Department, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Micheli, F Pardal, M F Gatto, E Paradiso, G Clin-Neuropharmacol. 1991 August; 14(4): 367-71 0362-5664

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Effects of deamino-8-D-arginin vasopressin on blood loss and coagulation factors in scoliosis surgery. A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Alanay, A Acaroglu, E Ozdemir, O Ercelen, O Bulutcu, E Surat, A Spine. 1999 May 1; 24(9): 877-82 0362-2436

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Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current trends in research. Author(s): Woodridge Orthopaedic and Spine Center, Wheat Ridge, Colorado 80033, USA. Source: Lowe, T G Edgar, M Margulies, J Y Miller, N H Raso, V J Reinker, K A Rivard, C H J-Bone-Joint-Surg-Am. 2000 August; 82-A(8): 1157-68 0021-9355

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Evolution of scoliosis in six children treated with growth hormone. Author(s): Pediatric Orthopaedic Department, Medicine Faculty Paris-Necker, University Paris V Rene-Descartes, Hjpital des Enfants Malades, France. Source: Vidil, A Journeau, P Soulie, A Padovani, J P Pouliquen, J C J-Pediatr-Orthop-B. 2001 July; 10(3): 197-200 1060-152X

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Fat malabsorption, vitamin E deficiency, scoliosis and cataracts. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK. Source: Griffiths, R D Taylor, C J Isherwood, D M Jackson, M J J-Inherit-Metab-Dis. 1988; 11 Suppl 2153-4 0141-8955

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Melatonin and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics, Vienna General Hospital and the University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Brodner, W Krepler, P Nicolakis, M Langer, M Kaider, A Lack, W Waldhauser, F J-Bone-Joint-Surg-Br. 2000 April; 82(3): 399-403 0301-620X

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Melatonin. A possible role in pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Machida, M Dubousset, J Imamura, Y Miyashita, Y Yamada, T Kimura, J Spine. 1996 May 15; 21(10): 1147-52 0362-2436

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Midazolam-flumazenil versus propofol anaesthesia for scoliosis surgery with wakeup tests. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark. Source: Koscielniak Nielsen, Z J Stens Pedersen, H L Hesselbjerg, L Acta-AnaesthesiolScand. 1998 January; 42(1): 111-6 0001-5172

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Nutrition as an environmental factor in the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Nutri-Kinetics, Washington, DC 20036. Source: Worthington, V Shambaugh, P J-Manipulative-Physiol-Ther. 1993 Mar-April; 16(3): 169-73 0161-4754

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Pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. Experimental study in rats. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Machida, M Murai, I Miyashita, Y Dubousset, J Yamada, T Kimura, J Spine. 1999 October 1; 24(19): 1985-9 0362-2436

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Pathogenesis of postoperative hyponatraemia following correction of scoliosis in children. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Mater Misericordiae Public Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Source: Cowley, D M Pabari, M Sinton, T J Johnson, S Carroll, G Ryan, W E Aust-N-Z-JSurg. 1988 June; 58(6): 485-9 0004-8682

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Pathologic mechanism of experimental scoliosis in pinealectomized chickens. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Machida, M Dubousset, J Satoh, T Murai, I Wood, K B Yamada, T Ryu, J Spine. 2001 September 1; 26(17): E385-91 0362-2436

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Patient-controlled analgesia after spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Departement d'Anesthesie-Reanimation, Hopital Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Source: Beaulieu, P Cyrenne, L Mathews, S Villeneuve, E Vischoff, D Int-Orthopage 1996; 20(5): 295-9 0341-2695

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Pineal gland hormone and idiopathic scoliosis: possible effect of melatonin on sleeprelated postural mechanisms. Author(s): Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Universita di Pisa, Via S. Zeno 31, 156127 Pisa, Italy. [email protected] Source: Pompeiano, O Manzoni, D Miele, F Arch-Ital-Biol. 2002 April; 140(2): 129-58 0003-9829

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•

Pineal transplantation after pinealectomy in young chickens has no effect on the development of scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. [email protected] Source: Bagnall, K M Beuerlein, M Johnson, P Wilson, J Raso, V J Moreau, M Spine. 2001 May 1; 26(9): 1022-7 0362-2436

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Postoperative pain control using epidural catheters after anterior spinal fusion for adolescent scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. Source: Lowry, K J Tobias, J Kittle, D Burd, T Gaines, R W Spine. 2001 June 1; 26(11): 1290-3 0362-2436

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Relapsing pancreatitis after combined anterior and posterior instrumentation for neuropathic scoliosis. Author(s): Orthopaedic Department, General Hospital, Patras, Greece. Source: Korovessis, P G Stamatakis, M Baikousis, A J-Spinal-Disord. 1996 August; 9(4): 347-50 0895-0385

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Role of melatonin deficiency in the development of scoliosis in pinealectomised chickens. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Machida, M Dubousset, J Imamura, Y Iwaya, T Yamada, T Kimura, J J-BoneJoint-Surg-Br. 1995 January; 77(1): 134-8 0301-620X

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Scoliosis in a dopa-responsive dystonia family with a mutation of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene. Author(s): Movement Disorders Research Laboratory, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada. [email protected] Source: Furukawa, Y Kish, S J Lang, A E Neurology. 2000 June 13; 54(11): 2187 0028-3878

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Scoliosis in patients treated with growth hormone. Author(s): Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Source: Wang, E D Drummond, D S Dormans, J P Moshang, T Davidson, R S Gruccio, D J-Pediatr-Orthopage 1997 Nov-December; 17(6): 708-11 0271-6798

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Scoliosis in rhythmic gymnasts. Author(s): Gorna Bania University Hospital of Orthopaedics, Spine Surgery Department, Sofia, Bulgaria. Source: Tanchev, P I Dzherov, A D Parushev, A D Dikov, D M Todorov, M B Spine. 2000 June 1; 25(11): 1367-72 0362-2436

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Scoliosis surgery in a steroid-dependent asthmatic. Author(s): Department of Allergy, Danbury Hospital, Conn. Source: Randolph, C Gray, F S Orthopedics. 1993 July; 16(7): 813-6 0147-7447

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Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Perthes' disease and scoliosis in children with growth hormone deficiency. Author(s): The Executive Scientific Committee of the International Cooperative Growth Study (ICGS) Japan. Source: Nishi, Y Tanaka, T Fujieda, K Hanew, K Hirano, T Igarashi, Y Tachibana, K Yokoya, S Takano, K Endocr-J. 1998 April; 45 SupplS167-9 0918-8959

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The critical stage of pinealectomy surgery after which scoliosis is produced in young chickens. Author(s): Division of Anatomy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Source: Beuerlein, M Wilson, J Moreau, M Raso, V J Mahood, J Wang, X Greenhill, B Bagnall, K M Spine. 2001 February 1; 26(3): 237-40 0362-2436

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The Effect of epsilon-aminocaproic acid on perioperative blood loss in patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion: a preliminary prospective study. Author(s): Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Source: Florentino Pineda, I Blakemore, L C Thompson, G H Poe Kochert, C Adler, P Tripi, P Spine. 2001 May 15; 26(10): 1147-51 0362-2436

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The effects of melatonin therapy on the development of scoliosis after pinealectomy in the chicken. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. [email protected] Source: Bagnall, K Raso, V J Moreau, M Mahood, J Wang, X Zhao, J J-Bone-Joint-SurgAm. 1999 February; 81(2): 191-9 0021-9355

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The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): New Hampshire Spine Institute, Bedford, USA. Source: Ahn, U M Ahn, N U Nallamshetty, L Buchowski, J M Rose, P S Miller, N H Kostuik, J P Sponseller, P D Am-J-Orthopage 2002 July; 31(7): 387-95 1078-4519

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The role of melatonin in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, USA. Source: Hilibrand, A S Blakemore, L C Loder, R T Greenfield, M L Farley, F A Hensinger, R N Hariharan, M Spine. 1996 May 15; 21(10): 1140-6 0362-2436

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The role of neurofibromin and melatonin in pathogenesis of pseudarthrosis after spinal fusion for neurofibromatous scoliosis. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan. [email protected] Source: Abdel Wanis, M E Kawahara, N Med-Hypotheses. 2002 May; 58(5): 395-8 03069877

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Total 24-hour melatonin secretion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A case-control study. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia. Source: Fagan, A B Kennaway, D J Sutherland, A D Spine. 1998 January 1; 23(1): 41-6 0362-2436

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Use of intravenous Premarin to decrease postoperative blood loss after pediatric scoliosis surgery. Author(s): Shriners Hospitals for Children, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA. Source: McCall, R E Bilderback, K K Spine. 1997 June 15; 22(12): 1394-7 0362-2436

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SCOLIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to scoliosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to scoliosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to scoliosis: •

A population-based study of school scoliosis screening. Author(s): Yawn BP, Yawn RA, Hodge D, Kurland M, Shaughnessy WJ, Ilstrup D, Jacobsen SJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 October 20; 282(15): 1427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535432&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nonoperative treatment. Author(s): Lonstein JE, Winter RB. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1988 April; 19(2): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258653&dopt=Abstract

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An algorithm for the management of scoliosis. Author(s): Sullivan EC.

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Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1987 December; 10(6): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3437238&dopt=Abstract •

An algorithm for the management of scoliosis. Author(s): Ranzijn R, Pagano R. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1987 June; 10(3): 130-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3611986&dopt=Abstract

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An algorithm for the management of scoliosis. Author(s): Nykoliation JW, Cassidy JD, Arthur BE, Wedge JH. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1986 March; 9(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2939163&dopt=Abstract

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An inquiry into chiropractors' intention to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a telephone survey. Author(s): Banks SD. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 NovemberDecember; 24(9): 618-20. Erratum In: J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002 January; 25(1): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753337&dopt=Abstract

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An inquiry into chiropractors' intention to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a telephone survey. Author(s): Feise RJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 March-April; 24(3): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313613&dopt=Abstract

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Anatomical leg length inequality, scoliosis and lordotic curve in unselected clinic patients. Author(s): Specht DL, De Boer KF. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1991 July-August; 14(6): 368-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1919374&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral method for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Dworkin B, Miller NE, Dworkin S, Birbaumer N, Brines ML, Jonas S, Schwentker EP, Graham JJ. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1985 April; 82(8): 2493-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3857596&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral treatment of scoliosis and kyphosis. Author(s): Birbaumer N, Flor H, Cevey B, Dworkin B, Miller NE. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1994 August; 38(6): 623-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7990071&dopt=Abstract

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Chiropractic and pilates therapy for the treatment of adult scoliosis. Author(s): Blum CL. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 May; 25(4): E3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021749&dopt=Abstract

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Correction of progressive idiopathic scoliosis utilizing neuromuscular stimulation and manipulation: a case report. Author(s): Hart JF. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1988 February; 11(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258347&dopt=Abstract

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Correction of progressive idiopathic scoliosis utilizing neuromuscular stimulation and manipulation: a case report. Author(s): Aspegren DD, Cox JM. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1987 August; 10(4): 147-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498780&dopt=Abstract

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Cotrel traction: a new approach to the preoperative management of idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): La Breche BG, Levangie PK, Sharby NH. Source: Physical Therapy. 1974 August; 54(8): 837-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4419614&dopt=Abstract

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Design and clinical application of a dual channel electrical stimulator for scoliosis. Author(s): Ye QB, Wu ZK. Source: Proc Chin Acad Med Sci Peking Union Med Coll. 1989; 4(4): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2631119&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of using prismatic eye lenses on the posture of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis measured by 3-d motion analysis. Author(s): Wong MS, Mak AF, Luk KD, Evans JH, Brown B. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 2002 August; 26(2): 139-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12227449&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of audio-biofeedback in postural training for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Author(s): Wong MS, Mak AF, Luk KD, Evans JH, Brown B. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 2001 April; 25(1): 60-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411007&dopt=Abstract

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Electrical muscle stimulation in the treatment of progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a literature review. Author(s): Dutro CL, Keene KJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1985 December; 8(4): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3878386&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental scoliosis in the course of unilateral surface electrostimulation of the paravertebral muscles in rabbits: effects according to stimulation period. Author(s): Kowalski IM, Szarek J, Zarzycki D, Rymarczyk A. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 December; 10(6): 490-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806388&dopt=Abstract

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Hereditary multiple exostosis: another etiology of short leg and scoliosis. Author(s): Oestreich AT, Huslig EL. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1985 December; 8(4): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3878387&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic scoliosis. The last ten years and state of the art. Author(s): Benson DR. Source: Orthopedics. 1987 December; 10(12): 1691-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3324080&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic scoliosis: transcutaneous muscle stimulation versus the Milwaukee brace. Author(s): Fisher DA, Rapp GF, Emkes M. Source: Spine. 1987 December; 12(10): 987-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3502036&dopt=Abstract

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Manipulation for the control of back pain and curve progression in patients with skeletally mature idiopathic scoliosis: two cases. Author(s): Tarola GA. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 May; 17(4): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7519232&dopt=Abstract


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New approaches to the treatment of scoliosis. Author(s): Goldberg MJ. Source: Hosp Pract. 1978 January; 13(1): 109-12, 115, 119 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=304439&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition as an environmental factor in the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Worthington V, Shambaugh P. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 March-April; 16(3): 169-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8492060&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of lumbar scoliosis by use of a heel lift to level the sacral base. Author(s): Irvin RE. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1991 January; 91(1): 34, 37-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1997458&dopt=Abstract

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Results of brace treatment of scoliosis in Marfan syndrome. Author(s): Sponseller PD, Bhimani M, Solacoff D, Dormans JP. Source: Spine. 2000 September 15; 25(18): 2350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10984787&dopt=Abstract

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Rib-vertebral angle asymmetry in idiopathic, neuromuscular and experimentally induced scoliosis. Author(s): Sevastik B, Xiong B, Sevastik J, Lindgren U, Willers U. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1997; 6(2): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209873&dopt=Abstract

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Scoliosis: biomechanics and rationale for manipulative treatment. Author(s): Lenhart LJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1989 October; 12(5): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2607232&dopt=Abstract

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Scoliosis: biomechanics and rationale for manipulative treatment. Author(s): Danbert RJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1989 February; 12(1): 38-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2647885&dopt=Abstract

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Scoliosis: diagnosis and current treatment. Author(s): Emans JB.

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Source: Women & Health. 1984 Summer-Fall; 9(2-3): 81-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6331686&dopt=Abstract •

Spinal cord astrocytoma presenting as torticollis and scoliosis. Author(s): Bussieres A, Cassidy JD, Dzus A. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 February; 17(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169539&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation of autogenous bone graft with coralline hydroxyapatite in posterior spine fusion for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Author(s): Mashoof AA, Siddiqui SA, Otero M, Tucci JJ. Source: Orthopedics. 2002 October; 25(10): 1073-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401014&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic abnormalities in idiopathic scoliosis. Author(s): Worthington V, Shambaugh P. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1991 October; 14(8): 467-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1940685&dopt=Abstract

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The comparative results of psychologic testing in scoliosis patients treated with electrical stimulation or bracing. Author(s): Kahanovitz N, Snow B, Pinter I. Source: Spine. 1984 July-August; 9(5): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6333731&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of breathing exercises on the vital capacity in patients with scoliosis treated by surgical correction with the Harrington technique. Author(s): Lindh M, Nachemson A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1970; 2(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5523813&dopt=Abstract

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The electrospinal treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in the adolescent. Author(s): Katznelson AM, Nerubay J. Source: Orthop Rev. 1987 November; 16(11): 855-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3509760&dopt=Abstract

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The estimated cost of school scoliosis screening. Author(s): Yawn BP, Yawn RA.


Source: Spine. 2000 September 15; 25(18): 2387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10984793&dopt=Abstract •

The function of a non-medical group as an adjunct in effecting a positive social and emotional adjustment during the treatment of scoliosis. Author(s): Shulman BM, Shulman HM. Source: Nyssnta J. 1977 Spring; 8(3): 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=584959&dopt=Abstract

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The potential role of brain asymmetry in the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a hypothesis. Author(s): Niesluchowski W, Dabrowska A, Kedzior K, Zagrajek T. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 October; 22(8): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10543585&dopt=Abstract

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Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TCES) for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: preliminary results. Author(s): Anciaux M, Lenaert A, Van Beneden ML, Blonde W, Vercauteren M. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1991; 57(4): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1772016&dopt=Abstract

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Ventilatory muscle training in kyphoscoliosis. Author(s): Hornstein S, Inman S, Ledsome JR. Source: Spine. 1987 November; 12(9): 859-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3441832&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to scoliosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SCOLIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to scoliosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “scoliosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on scoliosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Scoliosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to scoliosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Abnormal Skeletal Growth and Bone Mineralization in the Etiopathogenesis of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis by Tang, Shengping, PhD from Chinese University of Hong Kong (People's Republic of China), 2003, 245 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077686

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Children's Reactions to a Hypothesized Adverse Life Event the Diagnosis and Treatment of Scoliosis by Khanna, Arunima; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65803

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Human and Monkey Paravertebral Musculature with Paraticular Reference to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis by Ford, Donna Marie; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67474

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Stability of the Spine. an Application to Scoliosis Progression by Kamman, Laurens L. J., PhD from Universiteit Twente (The Netherlands), 2003, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f213521

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The Incidence of Scoliosis, Lateral Pelvic Tilt, and Lordosis among Male Fifth to Eleventh-graders in Sao Paulo City, Brazil by Zanandrea, Hermes Luiz, PhD from Brigham Young University, 1989, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8915230

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON SCOLIOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “scoliosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on scoliosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Scoliosis By performing a patent search focusing on scoliosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on scoliosis: •

Adjustable crutch with S-curve Inventor(s): Acosta, Sr.; Adam (68 Connoley Cir., Chula Vista, CA 92011) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,763,680 Date filed: November 16, 1987 Abstract: A crutch is provided which is specifically designed for use by people who are overweight, or have scoliosis (a curvature of the spine condition), there being an Scurve defined in the upper portion of the crutch so that the crutch will comfortably fit into the underarm and yet bend out and continue downward spaced further out laterally from the body so that the hip of an overweight person or a person with scoliosis is detoured by the crutch. The crutch is made hinged and collapsible so that it is easier to store and transport to offset the slightly more cumbersome shape of the crutch because of the incorporation of the S-curve. The crutch also features three point adjustability so that the overall length of the crutch, and its length between the S-curve and underarm support, and between the handgrip and the ground and the handgrip and the underarm are independently adjustable. Excerpt(s): The invention is in the field of crutches. Traditionally, crutches are almost uniformly standard in design. Whether they are made of wood or of aluminum, they have an A-shaped upper portion which converges down to a lower portion having an extended foot or leg which passes through the downwardly extended members and is usually adjustable to establish different heights for the underarm support of the crutch, defined at the top of the A-frame. Although the standard crutch has been useful for a very long time, there are certain features of it that could stand improvement. First, a standard crutch is straight. It extends straight down from the armpit, past the handgrip portion, to the ground. Whereas this might be very functional for most people, in the event the person is very much overweight and has very wide hips, or has scoliosis, the crutch will extend from the underarm out at an angle that is too wide for maximum traction, lessening the effective support available to the person using the crutch. Secondly, crutches are fairly awkward. It would be very desirable to have a crutch that would fold in two so that the crutch would collapse for transport in cars, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04763680__

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Anti-scoliosis bio-mechanical vibration-decompression compression gymnastical health-improving method (askovibro-method) in a complete conservative treatment of scoliosis of the spine Inventor(s): Yenin; Vladimir Petrovich (A/R 9869, Krasnoyarsk, RU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,082,365 Date filed: May 12, 1998 Abstract: A method for the treatment of scoliosis of the spine. Vibro-influence is performed on the spine with a frequency of 10-50 Hz, and an amplitude 1-5 mm. Simultaneously the muscles are alternately placed in tension and relaxation for 5-10

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second intervals. A vibro-influence is performed without decompression of the spine and on the background of horizontal with an effort of 10-40 kg and alternating with a vertical one, repeating them during the treating session. The duration of the treatment session is 2-3 hours. The course of treatment is 15-20 sessions during one month, with possible repetition in 3, 6, 9 months. Vibro-influence is combined with manual therapy, medical massage, electric stimulation, thermal magnetic therapy, X-ray therapy, diet therapy, psycho-therapy and medical correction of the life style. The method provides for the restoration of full value of supportive and locomotory function of the spine. Excerpt(s): Today scoliosis of the spine is the most topical part of orthopedy, despite the multi-century practice of treatment. The analysis of the specialized literature, saturated with a great number of theories (the hormonal, vascular, involutional, anomalous, functional, hereditary, etc.), which explain the development of scoliosis, confirms the multi-factor ethiopatho-genesis of scoliosis rather than the truth of one theory. The variety of conservative and operative methods of treating scoliosis correspond to the variety of the ethiopatho-genetic theories, which indicate again the insufficient effectiveness of various methods, methodologies, and medicines for counteracting the disease (Kazamin A. I. et al. "Scoliosis," M.:Medicine, 1981). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06082365__ •

Apparatus and method for reducing spinal deformity Inventor(s): Ray; R. Charles (University Place, WA) Assignee(s): Salut, Ltd. (university Place, Wa) Patent Number: 6,458,131 Date filed: August 7, 2000 Abstract: An apparatus and method for the treatment of abnormal spinal curvature, such as, scoliosis, is disclosed. The apparatus includes a plurality of clamp sets and a single rail. The clamp set for affixing to a vertebra has a transverse plate having a center region and a first and a second end. The first end has a first pedicle extension, and the second end has a second pedicle extension. At least one pedicle extension is used to transmit a downward force during rotation of the vertebra. The clamp set also includes a first laminar hook located on the first end of the plate and is integral with the plate to hook on a superior portion of a first lamina of a vertebra. The clamp set also includes a second laminar hook to hook from an opposite direction on an inferior portion of a second lamina of the vertebra. The second hook is adjustable to allow clamping and unclamping of the clamp set. The clamp set includes a rail coupling member having a slot to receive a rail. The rail coupling member is located on the center region of the plate, and the slot is configured to accept the rail cross-sectional shape. A plurality of the clamp sets are attached along a portion of the spine, followed by adjustment and fixation of the individual clamp sets prior to attaching a rail. The rail is inserted into the slots of each clamp set to hold the clamp sets in the reduced form and in relation to one another. In one instance, the rail may have a plurality of sides. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to apparatus and methods for realigning any abnormal curvature of the spine and more particularly to posterior instrumentation having claw-like clamp sets to affix to vertebrae which enable reduction of the vertebrae followed by attachment to a precontoured rail to reduce spinal deformities such as scoliosis. A normal spine when viewed from an anterior or posterior perspective is longitudinally aligned with a straight vertical line. The spine when viewed from either

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side presents a series of curvatures. The top curve in the neck or cervical spine has a convexity pointing anterior or towards the front. This type of curve (convexity pointing anterior) is called a lordotic curve. The next lower curve in the chest area or thoracic spine has a convexity pointing posterior or towards the back. This type of curve (convexity pointing posterior) is called a kyphotic curve. The lowest curve in the low back or lumbar area again has a convexity pointing anteriorly. Scoliosis is a deformity of the spinal column with three components. The first is an apparent side bending of the spine when viewed from the front or back (anterior/posterior or AP view). This is a coronal plane deformity. The second component is a loss of the normal kyphotic curvature in the thoracic or chest area when viewed from the side. This is a sagittal plane deformity. The third component is the rotation of the spine around its own long axis. This is an axial plane deformity. This latter deformity can be appreciated on either a cross sectional x-ray study such as a CT scan (computerized axial tomography scan) or more importantly from the effect on the attached ribs. It is this rotation that causes the characteristic "rib hump" which is the most disturbing element of the deformity to the patient and the aspect of the deformity that is least well treated by current surgical treatment methods. Depending on the etiology of the spinal deformity, one or more instances of abnormal curvature may be present in the scoliotic spine and depending on the gravity of the deformity, the preferred treatment may involve surgical procedures. In severe cases, bone fusion and instrumentation may be indicated. Instrumentation merely serves to hold the vertebrae in their correct alignment while the bone fusion heals. Thus, in order to be effective, instrumentation must be able to correct vertebral alignment deformities in both the coronal and sagittal planes as well as correct for rotational aberrations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458131__ •

Appliance and method for the diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis Inventor(s): DePasquale; Carmelo (Via Pappa Giovanni XXIII, 160, Barcellona Pozzo Di Gotto (ME) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,620,009 Date filed: July 20, 1995 Abstract: An appliance for the diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis of a patient includes a supporting base sustaining a vertical polarized light screen, a seat and a monitor. A closed circuit camera behind the polarized light screen films a picture that appears on the polarized light screen which corresponds to the patient's spine, when he (or she) sits on the seat and holds his (or her) back flat against the polarized light screen. The picture is projected onto the monitor, such that the patient can see a visualization of his (or her) spine on the monitor in real time. This allows a real time identification of the precise location of the scoliosis and facilitates in performing corrective exercises. Excerpt(s): This patent application concerns an appliance for the diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis. By definition, scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine that deforms the chest cavity producing a bulge towards the back known as the gibbus or hump. This is a very common pathology that is generally classed as a congenital or acquired change, rather than an illness. Acquired scoliosis is today extremely widespread, above all in children and teenagers, as a result of the heavy books that they carry in their rucksacks.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05620009__ •

Automatic operant conditioning system especially for scoliosis Inventor(s): Dworkin; Barry (Hershey, PA), Silverman; Gordon (New York, NY) Assignee(s): The Rockefeller University (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 5,082,002 Date filed: May 25, 1989 Abstract: A system and method for the operant conditioning of subjects using biofeedback includes means to measure a variable condition, such as posture, which is controllable by the subject. The apparatus sets criteria which, if not met, may result in a negative reinforcement, such as unpleasant audio tone or, if the criteria is met, will reward the subject. The criteria is automatically adjusted, upwards or downwards, in accordance with the subject's history of reaching, or not reaching, the criteria.One embodiment is a device for the training of patients with idiopathic scoliosis (curvature of the spine), as a replacement for a brace. The device includes two cables, one about the chest to measure breathing and the other longitudinally about the trunk to measure spine length. The variable lengths of the cables are converted to digital signals by rotaryto-digital converters. The device includes a programmed microcomputer whose inputs are the digital converters which automatically adjusts the criteria and which controls a tone generator and its speaker to provide an audio feedback of out-of-criteria postures. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the biofeedback training using an automatic system for operant conditioning, and more particularly to a medical instrument to be worn by patients with scoliosis (curvature of the spine). An improved and microcomputer controlled automatic operant shaping process and system is envisioned to be applicable to various fields. For example, in the field of human physical rehabilitation training involving the skeleton-muscle system, it may be used to correct the walking gait of stroke patients. Another use may be as a respiration trainer for postsurgical patients who fail to breathe deeply enough following their operation. Other examples include its employment as a type of biological feedback to modify visceral functions, such as blood pressure and sensory motor rhythms. Outside of the field of medicine, operant response conditioning may be employed to improve sports performance and "small motor" tasks, i.e., hand tasks, such as keyboard entry learning. The particular application of the present invention, discussed as an embodiment, is the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis, which is the pathologic lateral curvature of the spine. Idiopathic scoliosis, it is reported, affects 2-4% of adolescents, 80% of whom are female, and at least 6% of those affected have a truncal deformity which grows worse throughout adolescence. The usual treatment is for the patient to wear a brace, such as the Milwaukee brace, which fits around the chest and neck. The brace should be worn 23 hours a day, 7 days a week, from 2-4 years. Young girls hate wearing such braces, and often refuse or neglect to do so. Even those who manage to wear braces suffer. Sometimes the brace, in restricting truncal motion, may cause the trunk muscles to weaken or atrophy. The brace's constant pressure causes deformation of the rib cage or soft tissue on which the brace rests. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05082002__

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Body brace Inventor(s): Miller; John J. (Easton, MA) Assignee(s): Boston Brace International, Inc. (avon, Ma) Patent Number: 5,474,523 Date filed: March 21, 1995 Abstract: A hard body brace for treating scoliosis in a patient while preventing hypokyphosis in the patient's thoracic spine. As preferably envisioned by the present invention, the hard body brace may be fabricated by the manufacturer as an unfinished brace and may then be finished on site by an orthotist to meet the exact size and shape of the intended wearer. In a preferred embodiment, the unfinished hard body brace comprises a shell shaped to surround the torso of a person in such a way as to correct scoliosis, the shell having an outer layer of hard plastic material and an inner layer of compressible plastic material bonded to the outer layer. The shell is preferably made from a single section and has a vertically extending split portion. To prevent hypokyphosis, the shell is shaped to define a kyphotic angle in the thoracic spine of approximately 20 to 25 degrees. The shell may additionally be shaped to define a lordotic angle in the lumbar spine of approximately 15 degrees to make the brace more comfortable to the wearer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to body braces and more particularly to a new and improved body brace. Body braces are well-known in the art and have been used in the past for correcting various abnormalities or deformities of the spine and/or for providing support. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,871,367 to M. E. Miller, which issued Mar. 18, 1975 and is incorporated herein by reference, there is disclosed a body brace which is constructed to be used to correct common back disorders, including scoliosis. The brace comprises an outer layer of a hard substantially rigid plastic material and an inner layer of soft compressible plastic material, with the inner layer being bonded to the outer layer. The brace is shaped to engage a person's pelvis and includes an anterior portion, a vertically split posterior portion, releasable fastening means secured to the adjacent posterior portions to aid in securing the brace to a wearer, and inwardly curved sections in both layers of the brace for engaging the iliac crests of the wearer, the inwardly curved sections having appreciably thicker compressible inner layers therein. The brace has been marketed by O&P Systems, Inc. of 20 Ledin Drive, Avon, Mass., under the trademark Boston Body Brace. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05474523__

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Body brace Inventor(s): Miller; John J. (Easton, MA) Assignee(s): Boston Brace International, Inc. (avon, Ma) Patent Number: 5,503,621 Date filed: September 9, 1994 Abstract: A body brace for use in the treatment of scoliosis and other spinal abnormalities includes a bottom shell sized and shaped to be fitted around a patient's pelvis, a middle shell sized and shaped to be fitted around the patient's abdomen and a top shell sized and shaped to be fitted around the back and the sides of the patient's rib cage. The top shell is made up of a left segment and a right segment. The middle shell is

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connected to the bottom shell by first and second lockable swivel mechanisms which provide for lateral, front and back, and rotational movement of the middle shell relative to the bottom shell. The left segment of the top shell is connected to the middle shell by a third lockable swivel mechanism which provides for lateral, front and back, and rotational movement of the left segment of the top shell relative to the middle shell independent of the right segment of the top shell. The right segment of the top shell is connected to the middle section by a fourth lockable swivel mechanism which provides for lateral, front and back, and rotational movement of the right segment of the top shell relative to the middle shell independent of the left segment of the top shell. Releasable fasteners are attached to the top, middle and bottom shells to assist in holding the brace in place on the patient's pelvis, abdomen and rib cage, respectively. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to body braces and more specifically to a body brace for use in the treatment of scoliosis and other spinal abnormalities. Body braces designed to treat scoliosis and other abnormal curvatures of the spine such as lordosis and kyphosis are known in the art. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,871,367 to Miller there is disclosed a pelvic girdle comprising an outer layer of a hard substantially rigid plastic material and an inner layer of soft compressible plastic material bonded to the outer layer, the girdle being shaped to engage a person's pelvis and including an anterior and a vertically split posterior portion, the girdle having an upper anterior portion separated laterally from the remainder of the girdle and curving outwardly thereof, and connecting upper side portions on the girdle connecting the anterior and posterior portions thereof and including inwardly curved sections in both layers of the girdle for engaging the iliac crests of the wearer and which sections have appreciably thicker compressible inner layers thereon. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05503621__ •

Chemomodulation of curvature of the juvenile spine Inventor(s): Borodic; Gary E. (90 Kensington Dr., Canton, MA 02021) Assignee(s): Borodic; Gary E. (canton, Ma), Pitcher; Edmund R. (hingham, Ma) Patent Number: 5,053,005 Date filed: April 21, 1989 Abstract: Disclosed is a non surgical method of modulating spinal curvature in developing vertebrates. Agents capable of temporarily interfering with neuromuscular transmission, e.g., botulinum toxin, are injected into the musculature of the back to create an imbalance in the muscular support of the developing spine. The procedure may be used to produced non human scoliosis animal models and in the clinical management of juvenile scoliosis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a non-surgical method of modulating spinal curvature in vertabrates during juvenile development. More specifically, the invention relates to inducing spinal curvature in experimental animals and decreasing the degree of spinal curvature in the developing axial skeleton of humans by non-surgical, temporary alteration of the balance of muscular support of the developing spine. Scoliosis is a developmental curvature of the spine. Its cause has been attributed to congenital anomolies, neurogenic disease, extravertebral contractures, dystonias, and various idiopathic factors. The pathophysiology of scoliosis often involves a muscoskeletal tone imbalance which appears to result in a structural defect. It remains to be determined whether scoliosis skeletal changes cause the muscle imbalance or a

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preexisting muscle imbalance causes a developmental skeletal deformity. Experimentally, scoliosis has been induced in animal models by fusion of vertebrae, Rhizotomy, rib resection, operations on bone growth zones, and with radiation. Procedures for producing such animal models are of limited utility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05053005__ •

Chiropractic table with swingable section Inventor(s): Steffensmeier; Lloyd A. (102-122 West Main St., Lisbon, IA 52253) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,732,141 Date filed: September 25, 1986 Abstract: A chiropractic table having a feature that facilitates the treatment of rotatory scoliosis and scoliosis of the spine. The chest-lumbar section of the table is mounted so that it can both pivot and slide thus producing a swinging movement about a central pivot point located above the longitudinal axis of the table. This type of movement is beneficial in the treatment of scoliosis. The mounting structure of the chest-lumbar section is such that the section can be raised or lowered to accommodate the particular anatomy of the patient and also provides for inclusion in the section of the drop feature used in the treatment of scoliosis and other conditions. Excerpt(s): One of the conditions treatable by chiropractic medicine is scoliosis of the spine. In the condition of rotatory scoliosis, the spine is not only curved so as to be out of alignment but it is also twisted about its axis. There are well known procedures for treating this condition using chiropractic medicine. A specially designed table is preferably used in which the chest-lumbar section of the table can be tilted sideways of the table to aid the practitioner in performing the proper procedure for treatment of this condition. The support and mounting mechanism for the chest-lumbar section of the table must be constructed so that the spine stays substantially centered on the table as the section swings sideways. This requires that the pivot center of the section be above the longitudinal axis of the table. Known mechanisms for allowing the chest-lumbar section of the table to properly swing sideways are relatively simple, but are such that the section of the table cannot be adjusted vertically to accommodate the particular anatomy of the patient. Moreover, a common chiropractic procedure for certain conditions, including scoliosis, is to provide a table with a drop feature which permits the practitioner to raise the section of the table slightly, cock it and then apply pressure to the patient's spine until a predetermined amount of pressure is reached at which time the section of the table will drop producing the desired effect. With known designs of tables, there is no supporting and mounting structure that will allow proper swinging of the section for the treatment of scoliosis while still allowing the height of the section to be vertically adjusted and the drop feature to be included. The ability to provide all three features in a single section in a single table allows the practitioner to use a single table for all procedures. If a patient requires both treatments, this eliminates having to move the patient to a different table perhaps in a different treatment room. It also is very cost effective and will allow the practitioner to acquire a single table that can be used for a variety of procedures. The invention provides a supporting and mounting structure for a chest-lumbar section in which the section is supported so that it can be swung sideways about a pivot point located above the longitudinal axis of the table thereby maintaining the axis of the spine substantially centered on the table at all times regardless of the position to which the chest-lumbar section is moved. This is

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accomplished by a unique supporting structure in which a multiple gear-rack arrangement is provided with one rack stationary and the other rack secured to the underside of the cushion. These racks engage gears of different sizes both mounted on a single axis that is not a fixed axis. The section of the table to which the cushion is attached contains rods that slide in blocks that are pivotally mounted about a fixed pivot. Thus as the cushion is swung from one position to another, the rods slide through the pivotally mounted blocks and provide a motion that is a swinging motion about a pivot that is above the table thus maintaining the spine of the patient substantially centered on the table as the section is swong. The gear-rack arrangement also permits a simple locking mechanism to be used to lock the cushion in a selected position. Also, because the entire supporting structure for the cushion moves, the cushion supporting the patient can be raised and lowered and the drop feature can be incorporated into the section. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04732141__ •

Compositions and methods for detecting altered COL1A1 gene sequences Inventor(s): Ala-Kokko; Leena (Oulu, FI), Annunen; Susanna (Oulu, FI), Colige; Alain (Philadelphia, PA), Deltas; Constantinos D. (Nicosia, CY), Early; James (Upper Darby, PA), Korkko; Jarmo (Philadelphia, PA), Paassilta; Petteri (Oulu, FI), Pack; Michael (Philadelphia, PA), Pihlajamaa; Tero (Oulu, FI), Prockop; Darwin J. (Philadelphia, PA), Sereda; Larisa (Philadelphia, PA), Spotila; Loretta D. (Haddonfield, NJ), Vuoristo; Mirko (Oulu, FI), Westerhausen Larson; Andrea (Forrest Hills, PA) Assignee(s): Allegheny University of the Health Sciences (philadelphia, Pa), Thomas Jefferson University (philadelphia, Pa), University of Oulu (oulu, Fi) Patent Number: 6,265,157 Date filed: October 3, 1997 Abstract: Compositions and methods useful for determining whether a subject has an alteration in a gene encoding a protein chain of Type I or Type IX collagen are described. Novel intronic sequences of five human genes, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3 are described. Methods of determining the existence in a subject of a pathological condition associated with an altered gene encoding a Type I or Type IX collagen protein chain are provided, wherein such pathological conditions include diseases and disorders which are known to be associated with an altered gene encoding a Type I or Type IX collagen protein chain. Primers, probes, and methods of detecting a genetic predisposition of a subject for a pathological condition associated with an altered gene encoding a Type I or Type IX collagen protein chain are provided. Diseases and disorders for which the methods and compositions of the invention are useful for diagnostic or prognostic purposes include, but are not limited to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, chondrodysplasia, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, shortness of stature, scoliosis, low bone density, and degenerative joint disease. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is detecting altered collagen gene sequences. The collagen genes are an important family of genes, the products of which provide the extracellular framework for virtually all multicellular organisms (Bornstein et al., 1980 Ann. Rev. Biochem. 49:957-1003). More than nineteen distinct types of collagen have been described (Ramirez et al., 1985, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 460:117-129; Vuorio et al., 1990, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59:837-872; Chu et al., 1993, In: Connective Tissue and Its Heritable Disorders, Royce et al., eds., Wiley-Liss, New York, pp.149-165; Prockop et al.,

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1995, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64:403-434). The biosynthesis of collagen has been described (Prockop et al., 1979, N. Eng. J. Med. 301:13-23). Large collagen structures form by nucleated growth of collagen chains into triple helical collagen subunits. Collagen fibrils form by nucleated growth of collagen subunits, a fibril comprising a quarter-staggered array of subunits (Gross et al., 1958, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 2:421-457; Wood et al., 1960, Biochem. J. 75:588:598; Prockop et al., 1984, N. Eng. J. Med. 311:376-386; Kadler et al., 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262:15696-15701; Na et al., 1989, Biochem. 28: 7153-7161; Kadler et al., 1990, Biochem. J. 268:339-343; Prockop et al., 1989, Biophysics (Eng. Transl. Biofizika) 3:81-89). During nucleated growth, the collagen protein chains fold into the triple helical conformation that is a unique and characteristic feature of all collagens (Engel, 1987, Adv. Meat. Res. 4:145-158; Engel et al., 1991, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 20:137-152; Piez, 1984, In: Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Piez et al., eds., Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Inc., New York, pp. 1-40). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06265157__ •

Correcting device for spine pathology Inventor(s): Plaza; Carlos L. (Montevideo, UY) Assignee(s): Codespi, Corporation (miami, Fl) Patent Number: 4,738,251 Date filed: February 20, 1987 Abstract: A device for surgically correcting and stabilizing spine deformations in scoliosis patients. Two rigid elongated members, parallel to each other, are kept in a spaced apart relationship by two curved rigid members mounted on their ends. Several hook members are provided to cooperate with wire that is tied around the vertebrae adjacent to the ends of the elongated members. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for surgically correcting and stabilizing spine deformations, and more particularly, to such a device that effectively provides support to the vertebrae affected. Several devices have been used in the past to surgically correct severe spine deformations, in particular scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fractures and dislocations of the vertebrae. One of them is the Harrington bar which is basically an adjustable bar that is secured to the ends of the spinal section affected that is intended to be distended in order to approach the normal shape. One problem with Harrington's device is that it provides little correction. The correction is improved when wires are used to attach the bar to the user's vertebrae. Another device used is the one known as the Luque device which consists of two bars (L-shape) and wires to attach the bars to the vertebrae. However, it is difficult to maintain the bars parallel to each other with Luque's device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04738251__

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Corset Inventor(s): Cool; Jan Constant (Pijnacker, NL), Nijenbanning; Gert (Oldenzaal, NL), Schuurman; Eddy (Nijverdal, NL), Veldhuizen; Albert Gerrit (Eelde, NL) Assignee(s): Orthodynamics B.v. (drachten, Nl) Patent Number: 6,605,052 Date filed: November 16, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a corset for the treatment of a patient suffering from a back complaint, such as scoliosis, comprising a lower part to be supported by the hip, and an upper part to be fitted around the patient's chest. There is a flexible coupling provided to connect the lower part and the upper part. Both the lower part and the upper part are provided with an adjustable springy element to enable the lower part and the upper part to apply a pressure force on the patient's body. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a corset for the treatment of a patient suffering from a back complaint, such as scoliosis, comprising a lower part to be supported by the hip, and an upper part to be fitted around the patient's chest. The corset may be applied for various kinds of complaints, but for the sake of clarity it will be discussed in relation to scoliosis. A corset of this kind is known, for instance, from the European patent application EP-A-0 234 372. The corset known from this publication is comprised of relatively rigid elements and forces the patient into a particular posture. In order to allow the patient some freedom of movement, a removable connecting element is provided between the lower part and the upper part. The known corset applies stationary pressure forces to the patient's body in order to stabilize and, if possible, to correct the scoliosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605052__

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Device and methodology for correcting scoliosis Inventor(s): Meyer; Donald (20272 Lantana, Huntington Beach, CA 92646) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,105,489 Date filed: January 3, 1991 Abstract: A device and method for treating scoliosis utilizing an easy to use seat cushion comprised of two members having angled top surfaces. The two members are arranged in an opposed side-by-side position. In use, the innominate bones and entire pelvic girdle of a patient seated on the seat cushion are tractioned into an opposing configuration through application of torque thereto and tilting thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to devices and methods for correcting spinal and pelvic abnormalities, and more particularly to a device and method for correcting non-structural scoliosis. Most currently accepted methods of treatment of scoliosis focus on the spine. In an attempt to halt the progression of scoliosis, physical electro-therapy, spinal manipulation and/or thoraco-lumbar exercises may be prescribed to stimulate, strengthen and mobilize the spine. Additionally, treatments of progressive or moderate to severe scoliosis typically include utilization of a brace ("Milwaukee Brace") which must oftentimes be worn for 23 to 24 hours a day. While all of these treatments have shown some success in temporarily halting or reversing scoliosis, none have been able to produce any long-term correction of this condition. It

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is the inventor's belief that the main reason for this treatment failure lies in the fact that these therapies are aimed at the spinal curvature itself and not the true etiologic agent of the condition, the pelvis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05105489__ •

Device for straightening, securing, compressing and elongating the spinal column Inventor(s): Marnay; Thierry (Clarensac, FR) Assignee(s): J.b.s. Limited Company (troyes, Fr) Patent Number: 5,261,913 Date filed: August 25, 1992 Abstract: The invention relates to a process and device for securing, elongating and compressing a spinal column, of simple design, which is easy and precise in use, leaving no projecting part. The process of the invention for straightening and supporting a spinal column consists in securing screwed implants (10) or hooks on either side of the curvature of the spin and interlinking them by at least two rods (20,21) designed to act as struts; said rods (20,21) are introduced longitudinally into grooves (113) perpendicular to the screw (120) fitted in the body (110) of the implants (10) or hooks and then fixed in the base of the grooves (113) by crimping resulting from the deformation of the sides of the groove (113) by the closing of its sides; said deformation is obtained via a conically-threaded nut (30) and a cylindrical male thread cut around the body (110) of the implants (10). Application: straightening and supporting the spinal column in the event of scoliosis or fracture, for example. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a device for straightening and shoring up a spinal column with an abnormal deviation. Straightening and shoring up a spinal column are two operations that are necessary where there are fractured vertebrae or where there is a deviation of the spinal column as a result of scoliosis or kyphosis, for example. The known devices for straightening and shoring up spinal columns have been the subject of various embodiments for some years. One of the most well-known is the so-called "Farrington," which is used universally and which we shall describe briefly below, given its relative remoteness from the invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05261913__

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Expandable vertical prosthetic rib Inventor(s): Campbell, Jr.; Robert M. (415 Stone Wood, San Antonio, TX 78216) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,092,889 Date filed: April 14, 1989 Abstract: Applicant's invention includes a prosthetic rib which is adjustable in length through relatively minor surgical procedures subsequent to initial implantation along with methods for using same in the treatment of chest wall deformities and scoliosis and in immobilizing fractured ribs. The prosthesis is designed for secure attachment to existing natural ribs in a manner which minimizes constricture thereof, provides substantial torsional stability, and permits the prothesis to accommodate traumatic impact thereto while resisting fracture of the associated natural ribs.

Patents 87

Excerpt(s): Applicant's invention relates to prosthetic skeletal devices primarily for use in humans. Presently, ribs which are missing due to trauma or congenital defect may be prosthetically replaced to a limited degree. The presently available prosthesis consists of one or more steel rods attached to and spanning vertically between existing natural ribs. This creates an artificial albeit perpendicularly oriented substitute for the missing ribs and vital protection for the cardiovascular and peripheral tissues. It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel prosthetic rib which is adjustable in length. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05092889__ •

Gymnastic implement Inventor(s): Forner; Flavio (Via E. Dartora, 10, 31030 Pederobba (Prov. of Treviso) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,785,667 Date filed: March 6, 1997 Abstract: An improved gymnastic implement, particularly usable for physical reeducation, including a platform having, in a downward region, first supporting elements and second flexible rocking elements and, in an upper region, first seats for the user's feet and at least one second seat for one or more games of skill. The platform, or a frame for supporting it, has one or more pairs of lateral couplings for detachable supports with which user grip rods fitted with a shock absorber are rotatably associated. This gymnastic implement allows better and more gradual reeducation for rehabilitation and treatment of impaired parts of the body in disorders such as flat feet, talipes valgus, cavovalgus and cavovarus, bowleg, genu valgum, hip dysplasias, juvenile kyphosis, as well as habit and idiopathic scoliosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved gymnastic implement particularly usable for physical reeducation. Implements specifically designed for reeducating and recovering the foot, the leg, the spinal column, and all the parts of the body that contribute to keeping an upright posture are currently not commercially known. Specific muscles, known as postural muscles and controlled by the cerebellum, help to maintain an upright antigravity posture; since these muscles are involuntary, their automatic action is controlled by an interplay of receptor information located in the sole of the foot. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05785667__

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Implant for the operative correction of spinal deformity Inventor(s): Zielke; Klaus (Bad Wildungen, DE) Assignee(s): Oscobal AG (selzach, Ch) Patent Number: 4,854,304 Date filed: March 15, 1988 Abstract: An implant for the operative correction of spinal deformity, in particular scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis, which is a distraction and compression rod, having at one of its end a ratchet part formed by circumferential saw notches conically broadening toward the top and ending in a flat surface for receiving spinal hooks, a cylindrical part followed by a threaded part, the threaded part being build for receiving the heads of

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bone screws fixed by nuts, wherein the ratchet part of the rod is used for distraction and the threaded part of the rod is used for compression as well as distraction of the deformed spine. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to an implant for the operative correction of spinal deformity, such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis from the rear access. Since 1962 the HARRINGTON distraction rod is known, comprising at its upper end a multitude of saw notches which are able to receive a hook and which are formed thus that a force between the hook and the rod can only be applied in one direction, in the direction of distraction. At the lower end of the rod there is a collar serving as stop for a fixed hook. For correcting a spinal deformity two hooks are arranged at the distraction rod, on both sides of the deformity, whereby the lower hook is fixed and the upper hook is displaced thus that the desired correction of the deformity of the spine is effectuated. Since 1961 the HARRINGTON compression rod is also known. It comprises a thread along its entire length for receiving nuts. With the aid of the nuts hooks, running by a bore on the rod, can be displaced. They are fastened on the convex side of the deformity. They are displaced against each other, thus shortening the convex side, resulting in a supplemental correction of the deformity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04854304__ •

Instrument for anterior correction of scoliosis or the like Inventor(s): Asai; Yoshiharu (Gosen, JP), Kaneda; Kiyoshi (Sapporo, JP), Shimizu; Takao (Tokorozawa, JP), Takahashi; Shoichi (Tokyo-to, JP) Assignee(s): Mizuho Ika Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (tokyo-to, Jp) Patent Number: 5,603,714 Date filed: December 12, 1994 Abstract: For the purpose of facilitating correction of front-to-back and lateral vertebra curvature in scoliosis and the like, vertebra screws are passed through vertebra plates with spikes that dig into the sides of vertebrae and are screwed into each vertebra. The vertebra screws have rod passage holes in their heads, respectively, which holes are partially open on the side. A screw hole is provided at the top surface of each head. Rods are inserted into and passed through all the rod passage holes via the side openings in the heads of all the vertebra screws, the set-screws being each screwed into screw hole formed in the top surface of the head of the vertebra screw for the purpose of fixing the rods to the vertebra screws. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an instrument for the anterior correction of such conditions as scoliosis, in which there is twisting or bending of the vertebrae of the patient. For example, the spine of a scoliosis patient exhibits bending into a bow shape by virtue of 3-dimensional twisting, and to correct the twisting and bending of the patient's vertebrae, it is necessary to correct not only the front-to-back curvature but the left-to-right curvature of the vertebrae making up the patient's spine. Surgical means of treatment to correct vertebral twisting and bending in a scoliosis patient include the anterior correction method in which correction of the vertebrae is performed from the side (or, in medical terms, from the anterior), and the posterior correction method in which correction of the vertebrae is performed from the rear. The method of correcting twisting and bending of vertebrae of a scoliosis patient is applied not only to the usual scoliosis patients, but also in the treatment of damaged or chipped vertebrae or laterally slipped vertebrae caused by either accidents or tumors. Treatment in the case of

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scoliosis involves a large number of vertebrae to be treated, the treatment being applied across a large number of vertebrae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05603714__ •

Lordosimeter Inventor(s): Gross; Clifford M. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopedic Institute (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 4,723,557 Date filed: June 6, 1986 Abstract: A spinal anthropometer or lordosimeter is described that provides a three dimensional configuration of the spine. Point encodement and codement of spacial measurement of spinal landmarks provides data permitting representation of spinal curvatures for diagnosis and assessment of lordosis and scoliosis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to anthropometers and more particularly to anthropometers specifically designed to measure spinal parameters for diagnosis and assessment of lordosis and scoliosis. Anthropometry is the science of measuring the shape of the spine and the effect of loads on the spine. One of the results of such measurements is a positive diagnosis of scoliosis and lordosis. These are conditions resulting from displacement from the normal of the spinal vertabrae. Lordosis is defined as the anteriorposterior malposition of the spinal processes whereas scoliosis is the lateral malposition thereof. Live body anatomical measurements, particularly relative spinal position measurements fall into three categories, in vivo measurements; radiological measurements and surface mapping relative to anatomical reference points. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04723557__

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Method and apparatus for treatment of idiopathic scoliosis Inventor(s): Nedelchev; Orlin (602 - 1040 Pacific Street, Vancouver, B.C., CA), Nenov; Nikolay N. (6404 St George Street, Vancouver, B.C., CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,490,851 Date filed: August 2, 1994 Abstract: Apparatus to treat scoliosis, particularly idiopathic scoliosis. The apparatus has a pair of longitudinal struts whose separation can be adjusted. The cross member is pivotally attached to each strut. The apparatus can be secured to a patient's pelvic girdle. The cross member can be pivoted and thus move the patient's sacrum towards the innominate bones. The apparatus also provides a method to treat scoliosis in a patient that comprises repositioning the patient's sacrum to correct the anatomical position to restore the symmetry of the patient's pelvic girdle. The patient's sacrum is stabilized in its restored position by locating the sacrum to the iliac bone. The nondeformed vertebrae in the scoliotic curve is pulled by members attached to the ilium extending to the vertebrae procesus. The members are tensioned as required. Excerpt(s): This invention relations to an apparatus to treat scoliosis. There have been a number of suggestions in the prior art to alleviate and, indeed, cure the condition.

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Included in the prior art is an apparatus known as a distracter, which resembles a jack. The distracter has two rods. One end of each rod is divided into limbs and the other end is threaded. The rod is interconnected by a cylindrical tube having a two-way thread in the manner of a turnbuckle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05490851__ •

Method for electrical stimulation, more particularly for the treatment of scoliosis Inventor(s): Mittelmeier; Heinz (Homburg, DE), Schmitt; Otmar (Neunkairchien, DE) Assignee(s): Oscobal AG (selzach, Ch) Patent Number: 4,830,009 Date filed: March 26, 1986 Abstract: The apparatus for electrical stimulation is more particularly adapted for the treatment of scoliosis and comprises an electrical circuit which delivers individual pulses having a duration of about 1 ms, an amplitude of about 150 V, a constant current intensity of about 75 mA and a frequency of 100 Hz as well as series of pulses with rising amplitude and a ramp up phase of about 2 s, followed by holding phase of about 2 s and a time off between two series of pulses of about 10 s. The apparatus further comprises three channels, whereby the first channel is applied on the side of the curvature, the second channel on the side of the counter curvature and the third channel on the abdominal musculature, whereby all channels are fed simultaneously. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for electrical stimulation, more particularly for the treatment of scoliosis with at least one channel for a pair of electrodes and an electrical circuit for adjusting the duration, amplitude and frequency of individual pulses as well as the time off between the individual pulses and the evolution in time of series of pulses, whereby the amplitude of the individual square pulses increases in an initial phase, then reaches a hold level and finally decreases again. Such an apparatus is known from the U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,534. Moreover, other embodiments of this apparatus are described in the two successive U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,342,317 and 4,408,609 of the same inventor. Particularly in case of scoliosis, for which the above mentioned apparatus according to the invention is specifically provided, that is in case of spinal deformities which are characterized by lateral curvature and torsion of the spine, there is pathologic displacement of the pattern of muscular fibres which necessitates a particular respond by electrical stimulation for achieving a curvature correction. Recent researches have shown that in case of scoliosis the normal pattern of repartition of the muscular fibres with about 64% of tonus fibres and 36% of contraction fibres is displaced in favour of the tonus fibres. These tonus fibres, which have the task to maintain a certain condition of continuous tension in the musculature, are less influenced by the electrophysiological stimulation because their membrane-properties are modified. In this way, the patients have less contraction fibres at disposal, these fibres exhibiting a good reaction to electrophysiological stimulation excitations, thus being of decisive importance for the extent of the muscular effect on the curvature of the spine. Recent experiments on animals have shown that it is possible by high frequency stimulation to change backwards the number of the tonus fibres, thus permitting correction of the disturbed balance in favour of the tonus fibres. Principally, such a therapy should guarantee, like other ones, an optimal success in the shortest period of treatment. If however too high intensities of current are utilized which are of significance for the degree of muscle stimulation and consequently for the success of the treatment, skin pains appear although in various manner in dependence on different

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parameters of the current. On the other hand, inflammatory skin excitations at the electrodes appear in case of a long period of application. It is therefore necessary to provide optimal pulses of current during a relative short period of treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04830009__ •

Method for reducing scoliosis Inventor(s): Mortenson; Dale E. (1101 Ohio Avenue, Lynn Haven, FL 32444) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,211,163 Date filed: September 7, 1990 Abstract: A person having functional scoliosis is weighed on a bilateral scale, and the amount of bilateral unbalance calculated. A corrective weight is calculated, and installed in pockets of a harness that supports the weight below the armpit of the person. The harness includes a chest strap, a shoulder strap, and a plurality of weight pockets. A plurality of thin lead weights is provided to be selectively inserted into the pockets. A pocket element may be provided that is attachable to a brassiere strap. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to devices for correcting abnormalities of the spine, and more particularly to a harness for improvement and correction of functional scoliosis. Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Structural scoliosis refers to a structural abnormality in the anatomical structure of the spine, such as wedging of the vertebral body. Functional scoliosis is a condition caused by an unbalance in the development of the muscles on either side of the spine. For example, persons carrying loads on one side of the body, such as mail carriers, may develop this condition. Functional scoliosis is common in females, believed to be caused by differences in the size and weight of the breasts. The condition often appears at puberty and may progress for the life of the person, with the most rapid progression occurring before the closure of the epiphyseal plates as the body attempts to compensate and adapt to the weight differential. Prior art attempts to treat functional scoliosis have utilized rigid braces. One disadvantage is that young persons object to such braces and may resist continuing to wear the devices. More importantly, braces may not permit the body to naturally overcome the problem, since the weaker muscles are not developed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05211163__

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Method for treating scoliosis with.beta.2-adrenoceptor agonists Inventor(s): Etlinger; Joseph D. (Mt. Kisco, NY), Zeman; Richard J. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): New York Medical College (valhalla, Ny) Patent Number: 6,015,837 Date filed: August 26, 1997 Abstract: A method of treating scoliosis by adminstering.beta.sub.2 adrenergic agonists in amounts sufficient to correct the condition. Excerpt(s): Scoliosis, or lateral curvature of the spine, can occur as congenital type scoliosis or as familial or idiopathic type scoliosis (D'Ambrosia 1986), can result from the neuromuscular effects of a spinal cord injury (Dearolf 1990), or can result from

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illnesses causing neuromuscular weakness such as muscular dystrophy (Galasko 1933, Beals 1973). Whatever the cause, scoliosis is a major complication which hampers rehabilitation by impairing the body's skeletal support, and which compromises vital functions such as breathing and circulation by altering thoracic and abdominal geometry (D'Ambrosia 1986). The lateral curvature of the spine in scoliosis is thought to be a consequence of insufficient and asymmetrical loading of the vertebrae. This is why scoliosis is highly prevalent under conditions that cause neuromuscular weakness. In fact mathematical modelling of the effects of weakened muscle contractility on vertebral loading can produce curves that are virtually identical to those observed in scoliosis patients (Schultz 1981, Takashima 1979, Ghista 1988). Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common form (70%) of scoliosis. Although the specific mechanism is unknown (D'Ambrosia 1986), it is probable that neuromuscular abnormalities are also involved in idiopathic scoliosis (Maguire 1993, Kennelly 1993). This accounts for the aberrant prolongation of the spinal reflex activity for maintenance of posture observed in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (Maguire 1993). This reflex activity could not be ascribed to spinal curvature itself, since normal activity was measured in patients with similar but nonidiopathic curves. Also, the cross-sectional areas of paraspinal muscles, which support the spine, are unequal in idiopathic scoliosis (Kennelly 1993). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06015837__ •

Method of forming a scoliosis brace Inventor(s): McCoy; D. Barry (Exeter, RI) Assignee(s): Northeast Orthotics & Prosthetics, Inc. (providence, Ri) Patent Number: 5,360,392 Date filed: May 14, 1993 Abstract: An apparatus for forming a brace for a scoliosis patient includes a casting board for receiving a patient in a laying-down position and a plurality of pressure pads which are releaseably securable on the casting board for applying lateral pressure to the torso portion of the patient. The apparatus is operative in a method for forming a brace by first positioning the patient in a treatment position on the casting board in which the pressure pads are assembled with the patient to apply predetermined amounts of lateral pressure to precisely defined areas of the torso portion of the patient. The patient is then removed from the casting board, an uncured cast is assembled on the torso portion of the patient and the patient is repositioned in the same treatment position on the casting board while the cast is allowed to cure. The cast can then be used to form a scoliosis brace for the patient by conventional techniques. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates to the treatment of scoliosis and more particularly to a method of forming a corrective brace for a scoliosis patient and to an apparatus utilized in the method. Lateral curvature of the spine, commonly known as scoliosis, has been found to be a potentially disabling progressive physical condition which affects a significant segment of the adolescent and adult population. However, it has been further found that in many instances, scoliosis can be corrected or cured if treated at an early stage in its progression. In this regard, it is generally accepted that there are two basic methods of treating scoliosis depending on the degree of severity. Specifically, in cases where scoliosis is caught at a relatively early stage, it is frequently possible to correct the condition by applying corrective lateral pressure to the appropriate areas of the spinal column of a patient utilizing a scoliosis brace. However, in most instances, the heretofore available scoliosis braces have been less than entirely

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effective for applying the correct amounts of lateral pressure to precisely the correct areas of the spinal column. Nevertheless, the main heretofore known alternative has been to perform spinal surgery in which the most severely curved areas of the spine are fused to a steel rod and hence, permanently immobilized. The instant invention provides an effective new method of forming a scoliosis brace which has a substantially increased level of effectiveness for applying the correct amounts of lateral pressure to precisely the correct areas of the spinal column in order to correct lateral curvature thereof. More specifically, the instant invention provides an effective method of positioning a patient prior to and during the fabrication of a cast used in the formation of a scoliosis brace, whereby the brace can be more effectively and accurately tailored to meet the precise needs of the patient. Still more specifically, the method of the instant invention for forming a scoliosis brace comprises the steps of preparing an X-ray of the spine of the patient and positioning the X-ray in substantially aligned relation to the patient to determine the locations of the apex and ends of one or more lateral curves in the patient's spine relative to the exterior of the patient's torso. In this latter step markings are preferably applied to the exterior of the torso portion of the patient to indicate the precise locations of the apex and ends of each lateral spinal curve including each compensatory or reverse curve. The method thereafter further comprises the step of positioning the patient in a face-up, laying-down position on a casting board and applying appropriate amounts of pressure to opposite sides of the torso portion of the patient utilizing at least three pressure pads. The pressure pads are positioned on the casting board in pressure applying positions in which they are operative for applying desired amounts of pressure to the spine at substantially the ends and apex of each lateral curve therein. In this regard, in cases with patients having compensatory or reverse spinal curves, it is generally necessary to utilize a total of at least four pressure pads so that pressure can also be applied to the apex and ends of each curve. In this regard, however, as is well known in the art, in many instances it is necessary to apply pressure to the spine by applying pressure to the sides of the torso portion of a patient at locations which are not directly laterally aligned with the ends or apex of a lateral curve in order to compensate for the various angular dispositions of the ribs of the patient through which pressure is transmitted to the spine. However, the techniques for determining the appropriate locations for applying lateral pressure to the sides of the torso portion of a patient relative to the designated areas of the spinal column are well known in the medical art. In any event, the pressure pad(s) on one side of the torso portion are preferably adjustable for applying variable amounts of pressure to the apex of the scoliotic curve, and the adjustable pad preferably includes a pressure sensor for detecting the precise amounts of pressure applied to the patient therewith. Further, once the pressure pads have been adjusted to apply the desired amounts of pressure to the appropriate areas of the spinal column, the locations of the pressure pads on the casting board which represent the desired pressure applying positions and the treatment position of the patient on the casting board are noted, and one or more of the pressure pads and the patient are removed from the casting board. Thereafter, the method comprises applying an uncured cast to the torso portion of the patient and repositioning the patient on the casting board. Specifically, the patient is repositioned in the same treatment position, and the pressure pads are repositioned in the same pressure applying positions on the casting board. Thereafter, the cast is allowed to cure while the patient is retained in the treatment position with the pressure pads which are retained in the pressure applying positions thereof. Finally, after the cast has cured, the patient with the cast thereon is removed from the casting board along with the pressure pads. The cast is then removed from the patient and the cast is utilized as a mold for forming a scoliosis brace by otherwise conventional techniques. Specifically, the cast is preferably utilized for forming a positive impression of the torso portion of the patient, and the

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positive impression is then utilized for forming a brace for the patient by conventional techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05360392__ •

Method of surgically treating scoliosis Inventor(s): Errico; Thomas J. (Summit, NJ), Ralph; James D. (Oakland, NJ), Tatar; Steven (Montvale, NJ) Assignee(s): Third Millennium Engineering, Llc (summit, Nj) Patent Number: 6,447,548 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: A surgical treatment for restoring a proper anatomical spacing and alignment to vertebral bones of a scoliosis patient including: determining an angular misalignment associated with at least one pair of adjacent vertebral bones; sequentially inserting and removing a series of progressively wider cylindrical spacer elements into the corresponding intervertebral space between the at least one pair of adjacent vertebral bones until the proper anatomical spacing between the pair of adjacent vertebral bones is restored; for each intervertebral space, inserting a diametrically tapered cylindrical spacer element into the intervertebral space between the corresponding pair of adjacent vertebral bones; and rotating the diametrically tapered cylindrical spacer element such that the rotational orientation of the tapered cylindrical spacer element introduces the appropriate counter offset to the intervertebral space of the previously misaligned scoliotic vertebral bones, thereby restoring the proper anatomical alignment of the vertebral bones. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a treatment for scoliosis and more specifically to the instruments, implants, distracting trial spacers, and surgical methodology used in the treatment and correction of scoliosis. The bones and connective tissue of an adult human spinal column consists of more than 20 discrete bones. These more than 20 bones are anatomically categorized as being members of one of four classifications: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral. They are coupled sequentially to one another by tri-joint complexes that consist of an anterior intervertebral disc and the two posterior facet joints. The anterior intervertebral discs of adjacent bones are cushioning cartilage spacers. The spinal column of bones is highly complex in that it includes these 20 bones coupled to one another (and others), and it houses and protects critical elements of the nervous system having innumerable peripheral nerves and circulatory bodies in close proximity. In spite of these complications, the spine is a highly flexible structure, capable of a high degree of curvature and twist in nearly every direction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447548__

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Modular orthopedic brace Inventor(s): Trudell; Thomas G. (Winter Park, FL) Assignee(s): Dobi-symplex (apopka, Fl) Patent Number: 5,449,338 Date filed: October 7, 1993

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Abstract: An adjustable modular off the shelf orthopedic brace for recumbent treatment of scoliosis includes an anterior upright and a posterior upright. A plurality of lateral shells are adjustably supported between the uprights. A plurality of connecting plates each affixed to a respective shell adjustably connects each shell to at least one of the anterior upright and posterior upright and allows for the adjustment of the positioning of the lateral shells along the anterior upright and posterior upright. Additionally, the plates allow for adjustment of the angular positioning and lateral positioning of the lateral shells relative to the anterior and posterior uprights. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an orthopedic brace and especially to an adjustable, modular bending brace for treating lateral curvature of the spine or scoliosis. A wide variety of orthopedic appliances for treatment of various conditions, including orthopedic braces for the treatment of scoliosis are known in the art. One such system employs a girdle or corset fitted to the wearer's body and positioned around the pelvis and chest, with appropriate attachments for the neck. Another prior structure employs a prefabricated girdle to which the super-structure may be attached. One prior apparatus is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,945,376 and utilizes various bars and straps joined by a rigid pelvic band positioned about the hips of the wearer and flexible iliac crest members on each side at the crest or top of the pelvic structure. A scoliosis brace known from U.S. Pat. No. 2,687,129 treats lateral curvature of the spine and joins a hip pad and chest pad with straps around the patient's body and over his shoulder, and allows for an adjustable tension means for engaging the body tangentially to the point of greatest convexity of the spine. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,336 a scoliosis orthotic system has an anterior panel and a pair of posterior panels connected by pelvic bands and iliac crest members. U.S. Pat. No. 3,878,841 shows an adjustable supportive and dynamic orthotic device for raising and supporting the shoulder of a surgical patient, while U.S. Pat. No. 1,935,859 shows an orthopedic appliance for the treatment of scoliosis having a plurality of adjustable pads interconnected to the body of the patient. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,558 an orthopedic full body brace for the treatment of scoliosis is worn only while the patient is asleep or in a lying position and utilizes two interconnected shells conforming to a desired bending angle to apply a correcting force directly to the spine. These devices have been satisfactory. However, they suffer from the disadvantage that the shells and panels are not adjustable. Until now, orthotists have been forced to custom-order the braces and appliances for each patient based on casts and measurements. Whenever a patient grew or progressed, a new brace had to be custom ordered based on a new set of casts and measurements. Each brace required time and money to produce and deliver. Accordingly, an adjustable off the shelf brace which overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art is desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05449338__ •

Multi-purpose thoracic sac Inventor(s): Theodore; Dean Anthony (26821 West Sage Ct., Calabasas Hills, CA 91301) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,950,896 Date filed: July 28, 1998 Abstract: A multi-purpose thoracic sac for carrying personal belongings or the like is disclosed. The multi-purpose thoracic sac or front pack with its unique and versatile structures, such as a removable padded seat cushion, bilateral insulated pouch with velcro closure, therapeutic and strategically placed padded shoulder supports, personal

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safety devices, and a removable lumbar roll facilitate and improve energy conservation, comfort, and sitting posture. The front pack of the present invention enhances overall posture which in turn alleviates lordosis, scoliosis, kyphosis, back-packer's palsy, chronic back pain or strain and provides the user with a sense of security and comfort. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to shouldered, carrying bags for holding personal items. More specifically, the invention relates to a multi-purpose pack that is worn over the chest of a wearer so as to improve a user's overall posture. Various packs, especially the back packs, are well known in the related art. However, the back packs promote poor posture because a wearer is normally hunched forward in an attempt to compensate for the weight on the wearer's back. The wearer's shoulders are internally rotated asymmetrically and elevated abnormally. The wearer's neck is flexed and protracted forward. The wearer's vision is limited because of the position of the back pack forces the wearer to focus downwardly, instead of looking straight ahead. All of these problems place a tremendous pressure onto the spinal column, specifically the lumbar region, which is overly exaggerated when a back pack is worn. This over exaggeration of the lumbar region exacerbates spinal column pain by causing the spinal column to impinge on the spinal nerves. Another disadvantage of the traditional back pack is that the position of the back pack causes the wearer's chest cavity to flex and the lungs to compress, thus creating an energy loss and decreasing the wearer's endurance level. The effect of poor posture causes many people to suffer from chronic lower back pain and discomfort. Accordingly, there is a need for a shouldered pack that is worn on the front of a wearer so as to enhance and maintain a proper posture for conserving the wearer's energy. An added benefit of such pack involves the increased sense of safety and security of one's belongings inside the pack by the ability to see the pack. Yet another benefit of such pack is to incorporate beneficial principles of a therapeutic neurodevelopmental technique which brings the wearer's pelvis into an anterior tilt, as compared to the traditional back packs which bring the pelvis into a posterior tilt. The posterior tilt of the pelvis places increased pressure onto the wearer's lumbar spine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05950896__ •

Nitinol spinal instrumentation and method for surgically treating scoliosis Inventor(s): More; Robert B. (1811 Running Brook, Austin, TX 78723), Sanders; Albert E. (7107 Brookside La., San Antonio, TX 78209), Sanders; James O. (530 Grandview Pl., Terrell Hills, TX 78209) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,290,289 Date filed: October 5, 1992 Abstract: A method and implant for the surgical treatment of scoliosis is disclosed. The method involves the segmental fixation of a rigid rod or rods to the abnormally curved portion of the spine. The rod is constructed of a shape-memory alloy such as nitinol. Prior to implementation, the rod is annealed and contoured into an ideal shape for a given patient. At the time of surgery, the rod is deformed to accommodate the existing curvature of the patient's spine and segmentally fixed thereto. The rod is then inductively heated to the transition temperature post-operatively to effect shape recovery and thereby apply corrective forces to the spine. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 07/526,601, filed May 22, 1990, now abandoned. The present invention relates to an

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improvement over prior methods and apparatus for surgically treating abnormal curvatures of the spine. The normal spine possesses some degree of curvature in three different regions. The lumbar spine is normally lordotic (i.e., concave posteriorly), the thoracic spine kyphotic (i.e. , convex posteriorly), and the cervical spine also lordotic. These curvatures are necessary for normal physiologic function, and correction is desirable when the spine has either too much or too little curvature in these regions as compared with the norm. A more common abnormality, however, is lateral deviation of the spine or scoliosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05290289__ •

Orthesis for the tridimensional reduction of scolioses Inventor(s): Dauny; Gerard (15, rue des Murgers, 21240 Savigny-les-Beaune, FR), Graf; Henry (8, rue Duquesne, 69006 Lyon, FR) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,012,798 Date filed: March 23, 1990 Abstract: A dynamic orthosis device for the tridimentional reduction of scoliosis wherein two elastically deformable plastic hands joined at the anterior laterally enclose the thorax of the patient. The hands assembly is connected to a pelvic girdle by at least two lateral supports made of elastically deformable semirigid material. As the rear of the hand, which are not attached, are expanded outward due to the movement of the thorax patient the lateral supports provide a torsional return stress which forces the hands to create a pressure on the body of the patient. This pressure is beneficial in reeducating the spine of the patient and thereby reducing scoliosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an orthosis for the tridimensional reduction of scolioses. It is known that scoliosis can be analyzed as a segmental deformation of the trunk, each segment comprising a gibbosity on one side and a counter-depression on the other side. Each segment is articulated on the adjacent segment via an oblique line, described by Dr. CHENEAU as being a neutral line (see CHENEAU-MUNSTER publication). This neutral line corresponds in radiological terms to the junction point defined by Mr. PERDRIOLLE and by Doctor GRAF (see Perdriolle: "La scoliose, son etude tridimensionnelle" [Scoliosis, its tridimensional study], Graf: "Mecanique de la courbe scoliotique" [Mechanics of the scoliotic curve"). In order to reduce such scolioses, various types of corsets have already been proposed, comprising elements in the form of plates, which are called "hands" in the specialist field, which stress parts of the thorax or of the back of the patient in order to straighten the vertebral column and return it to the vertical position, while exerting on the vertebrae a de-rotation and elongation effect, in order to compensate the pivoting and sagging of the vertebrae which appear in scoliosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05012798__

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Posterior spinal fixation system Inventor(s): Lipton; Glenn E (2 Ashwood La., Trooper, PA 19403) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,944,720 Date filed: March 25, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to segmental spinal instrumentation, specifically metal spinal hooks and rods used for the correction of spinal deformities such as idiopathic scoliosis. It includes an apparatus for use in retaining a longitudinally extending member in position relative to a spinal column. The apparatus is comprised of a body having an open ended recess which extends through the body and is open along one side to enable the longitudinally extending member, spinal rod, to be moved into the recess. The recess having a side opening, a first end opening formed in a first side of the body and intersecting the side opening, and a second end opening formed in a second side of the body opposite from the first side and intersecting the side opening to enable the longitudinally extending member to be moved into the recess through the side opening and to extend from the first and second sides of the body through the first and second end openings. The recess having an inner thread convolution to enable receipt of fastener. The body including first and second ridges disposed on opposite sides of said side opening to enable engaging of reduction instrument. A connector element extending from a side of said body opposite from the side opening and connectable with the spinal column to connect said body with the spinal column. An apparatus is used for reducing a longitudinal member into hook body recess, said apparatus comprising a handle which extends to hook shaped configurations which engage ridges on hook body allowing reduction of longitudinal member through lever action. Excerpt(s): The management of spinal deformities has undergone major changes in the past decade, especially with the introduction of the multi-hooked segmental rigid fixation devices that have entered the market. This invention relates to segmental spinal instrumentation, specifically metal spinal hooks and rods used for the correction of spinal deformities such as idiopathic scoliosis. Several spinal implant systems currently exist on the market today. Many of these systems demonstrate deficiencies related to the manner of connecting the rod to the spinal hooks used in the spinal fixation system. The main advantage of the present spinal system is the ease in reducing the spinal rod to the hooks, thus saving time in the operating theater. Some problems with prior systems are found when inserting the hook and rod constructs. There are many parts and many steps in the assembly of those parts. The numerous parts and steps leads to additional time spent in the operating theater leading to increased morbidity for the patient and increased operating expense. The present invention both simplifies and reduces the number of steps effectively lessening the time spent in the operating theater, in that the spinal hooks and tool used during the operation have been redesigned. Specifically, the hooks and tool used for reducing the rod to the hook for placement of the set screw to secure the rod in place have been redesigned. Previous systems illustrate elaborate methods for reduction of the rod to the hook when the distance is greater than approximately 0.5 inch. For example, one spinal implant system teaches the surgeon he should use three tools for the reduction when he is unable to reduce the rod because it remains at a distance too great to use a screwdriver alone. First, the hook is secured with a clamp encompassing the hook and rod; this also obscures the view of where the set screw is placed. A second device is attached to the side of the first device and is braced against the rod. A third device, identical to the second device, is attached to the opposite side of the first device and is braced against the rod. Using a screw method, the second

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and third devices are turned clockwise, advancing a screw mechanism which pushes the rod down to the secured hook. After the rod is seated the set screw is placed on the hook through the top of the first device that is hollowed out for set screw placement. Finally, the second and third devices are unscrewed and removed, and the first device is unclamped and removed after which the next hook may be reduced. Other spinal hook and rod systems have the same problem as illustrated above with more complicated methods of securing the rod to the hook. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05944720__ •

Process and apparatus for physiotherapy in scoliosis and deviations of the rachis in general Inventor(s): Sastre; Santos F. (Balmes no. 89 -30 1a, 08008 Barcelona, ES) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,192,305 Date filed: June 14, 1991 Abstract: For treating scoliosis and deviations of the human spinal cord in general, a patient is supended under gravity by straps and a corset in a frame. The patient is immobilized by transverse arms with end pads which engage the torso, and lateral shear forces are applied to the spinal column by a transversely extending poweroperated pusher. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process and apparatus for treating scoliosis and deviations of the human spinal column in general. The morphology of the human spinal column at present transmits the effect of the modulating forces which have operated on it and continue to influence it. The spinal column has not finished evolving, and this is the case when morphological traces resulting from the myotendinous tension produced by the weight of the body and the action of the force of gravity can be detected in the osseous structures. The mechanisms which generate tension affecting the spinal column are increased by the effort people put forth to adapt to different environments and ways of life. The lateral deviation, or deviation in the coronal plane of the spinal column, is specific to man. We can say that scoliosis emerged when our ancestors became bipedal, and therefore, we must recognize that one factor which has determined man's predisposition to contract scoliosis is the different biomechanics of his spinal column. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05192305__

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Scoliosis measurement instrument with midline leg member Inventor(s): Gerhardt; John J. (15650 SE. Oatfield Rd., Milwaukie, OR 97267) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,156,162 Date filed: August 29, 1991 Abstract: A scoliosis measurement instrument includes the elongated scale bar and fixed and adjustable legs of a universal caliper, an inclinometer mounted on the adjustable leg, and a scoliosis midline rod located at the center mark of a bi-directional distance scale on the scale bar. The fixed leg is movable along the scale bar for positioning its skin contact tip over either the highest point of the rib hump or lumbar

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bulge or the opposite valley of a subject being examined, and the adjustable leg is movable along the scale bar for positioning at the same but opposite distance from the center mark of the bi-directional scale. The adjustable leg also is movable normal to the scale bar to distances of its skin contact tip from the scale bar greater or less than the distance of the fixed leg tip from the scale bar, to measure the distance between the highest prominence and opposite valley. An inclinometer is mounted on the base of the adjustable leg for measuring the rotational deformities of the spine by setting the adjustable leg over the left and the fixed leg over the right posterior/superior iliac spine while holding the tip of the scoliosis midline rod over the midline. This sets the lateral distances of the caliper legs for measuring rotation of the thoracic spine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to spinal measurements, and more particularly to an attachment for a universal caliper by which to facilitate scoliosis measurements. Measurements of lateral curvature of the spine heretofore have been dependent upon Xrays for accuracy with the inherent risk of possibly harmful exposure to radiation, especially in the most vulnerable age of puberty and adolescent lifespan. The surface measurements were lacking accuracy and reproducibility and required use of rather expensive instrumentation each designed for one specific use. For this reason, they have been used mainly in research institutions and few scoliosis centers. The majority of investigators used only visual estimations of distances and angles. Reproducibility and followup could not be achieved because no accurate parameters had been established. This invention provides for scoliosis measurements by attaching to the horizontal, bidirectional scale bar of a universal caliper a midline spinal process indicator from the center scale position of which the vertically fixed leg and vertically adjustable leg of the caliper may be precisely located. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05156162__ •

Scoliosis measuring apparatus Inventor(s): Sabia; Michael A. (81 Rumson Rd., Little Silver, NJ 07739) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,846,194 Date filed: October 15, 1984 Abstract: A compact, easily dismantable device adapted to rest, when in use, across the shoulders, hips and back of an individual to provide a quantitative indication of the extent of scoliosis present. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to scoliosis, a curvature to areas of the spine, in general, and to apparatus for providing a quantitative measure of the extent of any scoliosis present, in particular. As is well known and understood, two general methods exist by which the presence, or extent, of scoliosis in an individual can be determined. One, the least precise, is through visual observation of the alignment of a person's shoulders or hips when standing upright, and of his, or her, back when bending over. The other method commonly employs the use of x-rays, which, if measured, additionally provide information as to the extent of the scoliosis present. As is also well known, scoliosis is often treated by casting, manipulation, exercise programs and operative techniques. Experience has shown, however, that the visual technique of observation does not adequately provide an indication as to whether progress is being made in reducing the curvature. While comparative x-rays--along with comparative measurements being made by the treating practitioner--provide accurate indications of

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any progress being made, such techniques are both time consuming, and costly (by virtue of the constant need for taking, developing and interpreting the x-ray), and also necessitates the availability of adequate x-ray equipment at the office location of the practitioner treating the patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04846194__ •

Scoliosis screening device Inventor(s): Bunnell; William P. (9 Crestfield Rd., Wilmington, DE 19810) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,181,525 Date filed: April 25, 1989 Abstract: The disease scoliosis is a rotational deformity of the spine and ribs, characterized by both lateral curvature and vertebral rotation. Idiopathic genetic scoliosis occurs about seven time more frequently in the female than in the male and accounts for about 80% of all cases of the disease. The deformity first appears in infants, juveniles or adolescents generally, and many school health programs in this country have screening programs for the early detection of the disease. On detection, the patient is referred to a specialist for treatment. Presently, however, over-referral of great numbers of children with very mild curvatures which do not require treatment is causing a large number of unnecessary x-rays and needless lost time and expense. The invention disclosed herein is a simple and convenient device for measuring the clinical deformity in patients with scoliosis which establishes objective criteria for screening and which can significantly reduce the number of over-referrals. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device for measuring the degree of spinal deformity in patients having scoliosis. The widespread use of school screening programs for the early detection of spinal deformity has significantly reduced the need for spinal fusion because effective nonoperative measures can be used if the deformity is found before it becomes severe. However, a problem has been created by these programs, namely, over-referral of great numbers of children with very mild curvatures which do not require treatment. A number of clinical methods have been used in the past to document the clinical deformity in scoliosis. The most commonly used method employs a spirit level and ruler to measure the height of the "rib hump" at the apex of the deformity. This has the disadvantage of being cumbersome, and also fails to take into account the size of the patient in determining the significance of the rib deformity. Contour devices may be used to transfer the outline of the deformity to a sheet of paper or back of an x-ray folder. These methods are somewhat inconvenient and have not gained widespread use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05181525__

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Segmental rib carriage instrumentation and associated methods Inventor(s): Campbell, Jr.; Robert M. (31720 Wild Oak Hill, Fair Oaks Ranch, TX 78006) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,632,744 Date filed: January 16, 1995

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Abstract: Applicant's invention includes an apparatus and associated method for treating or managing spinal deformities, including scoliosis, abnormal kyphosis, vertebral fractures and tumors, through attachment of spinal rods to ribs adjacent to the spine, rather than to the spine itself. The attachment members are designed whereby the ribs are completely encircled once the rods and attachment members are fully implanted, thereby virtually eliminating the chance of inadvertent dislodging of the rods. Excerpt(s): Applicant's invention relates to diseases and symptoms evidenced as deformities in the human skeletal systems. The human spine is a system which consists of a succession of vertebral bodies which, in its normal state, extends within and defines a single sagittal plane. Ideally, there should be substantially no deviation in the frontal plane (perpendicular to the sagittal plane from a straight line. Within the sagittal plane, a certain degree of lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis is normal and desirable. An excess degree of lumbar curvature is known as hyperlordosis, while an abnormally flat lumbar succession of vertebral bodies is known as hypolordosis. In like manner, hyperkyphosis (most commonly seen in Scheuermann's disease) is that condition evidenced by a greater-than-normal degree of curvature in the thoracic spine which gives a hump-back type appearance. Scoliosis may be defined as lateral deviation and rotation of a series of vertebrae from the midline anatomic position of the normal spine axis. The deformity occurs in three planes--frontal, sagittal and transverse. Scoliosis, in its more severe embodiments, is a debilitating, if not deadly disease. With the progression of the curve, structural changes occur in the vertebrae and in the formation and contour of the rib cage. This, in turn, often threatens respiratory function and capacity. The curvature of the spine itself can pose danger to the spinal cord. Still further, the interrelationships between other thoracic and abdominal organs are changes and the normal function thereof is imperilled. Fully 80% of all scoliosis cases are idiopathic, i.e. the cause is cause unknown. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05632744__ •

Spinal fixation Inventor(s): Webb; Peter J. (134 Harley Street, London W1, GB) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,763,644 Date filed: March 25, 1986 Abstract: A spinal scoliosis fixation implant comprises a plurality of devices which are associated with respective vertebrae and which are interconnected by a single semi-rigid wire, or by a cable with abutment ferrules. Each device may comprise a bone screw or hook with a slotted, externally threaded head into which is inserted the wire or cable and thereon a clamping element which projects slightly from the mouth of the slot, and a nut which is screwed onto the head to press the clamping element onto the wire or cable. The wire or cable can be unclamped, to permit adjustment of the device along the wire or cable, by simply untightening the nut. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to spinal fixation. The normal human spine is a segmented column of vertebrae, coupled together by intervertebral joints of two types; viz. anteriorly by intervertebral discs and posteriorly by zygoapophyseal gliding synovial joints. Spinal deformity occurs when the normal alignment of the vertebrae is upset or disturbed by altered muscle or nerve function or, more rarely, by abnormal

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bony structure. Once deformity has been established, secondary changes take place which maintain the abnormality and prevent its return to normal. When the deformity is sufficiently profound, it may be associated with an instability such that the deformity will tend to increase with the axial loading by gravity in spite of the removal of the causative factor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04763644__ •

Spinal fixation system Inventor(s): Middleton; Jeffrey Keith (132 Gathurst Lane, Shevington, Nr. Wigan, Lancashire WN6 8HS, GB) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,899,901 Date filed: November 1, 1995 Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus for use in surgery. More specifically, it relates to a spinal fixation device which is adapted to engage a spinal body (e.g. vertebra, or sacrum) and to grip an elongate part, which may be a rod, bar, wire or the like. For any such elongate part, the term "rod" will hereinafter be used, for convenience. Two or more such devices may engage respective vertebrae and grip a common rod, which may act to improve a spinal defect, such as ankylosing spondylitis, lumbar scoliosis or spondylolisthesis. The invention also relates to surgical instrumentation for use with such a spinal fixation device. 1. A spinal body engagement part (hereinafter called a "screw") comprising a threaded shank to engage with a vertebra, and a head to project from the spinal body, in use, the head being formed with a passage, conveniently a slot open to the top of the head and extending across the width of the head, into which a rod which extends transversely of the screw may be moved. 2. A rod-clamping element (hereinafter called a "pad") which can be introduced into the head. When the passage is a slot as described above, the movement is longitudinally of the screw to overlie the rod, the pad being unable to leave the slot other than by reverse longitudinal movement. To this end, the head has a central bore, formed longitudinally of the screw. In plan view the pad is circular and it may be slid down the bore but is of too large a diameter to pass transversely out of the slot. When the head has a slot the bore is suitably coincident therewith. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05899901__

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Spinal support for reclining persons Inventor(s): Cooker; John T. (220 S. Nashville Ave., Tucson, AZ 85747) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,338,289 Date filed: March 29, 1993 Abstract: A spinal support pad for use by persons reclining or sleeping provides support for the lumbar area and side regions of the waist. The normally concave areas of the body tend to sag when a person is lying on a firm or semi-resilient surface, such as a standard mattress, resulting in abnormal spinal curvature, e.g., lordosis and/or scoliosis and resulting muscular pain and distress. The support pad of the present

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invention provides support for the body in these areas, preventing undue curvature of the spine and the problems associated with such undue curvature. The support pad comprises a support portion and belt portion, with the two portions combining to encircle the waist area of the user; the support portion forms the majority of the total circumference of the device. The belt portion may be joined to each end of the support portion, or may pass through a pocket within the support portion to divide the support portion into two pockets, each containing a pad. The pads may be formed of a variety of materials, such as natural or synthetic fiber, resilient foam, gel, or may be pneumatically inflated. The pad(s) is/are removable from the rest of the device to provide for the washing or other cleaning of the device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to supports and the like for the body, and more specifically to a padded belt which may be worn around the waist, to support the normal body concavities of the waist and lumbar region when a person is reclining or sleeping. Some authorities have held that lower and other back problems began to bother people when humans first evolved into bipedal beings. Complaints of back problems, particularly in the lower back or lumbar region, are nearly universal among people, and as a result a multitude of remedies have been developed. Many of these remedies are in the form of braces or supports, intended to relieve muscle strain and pain in the lower back for erect or seated persons. In addition, many authorities have expressed concern over the support (or lack thereof) provided by the standard mattress. The relatively wide hips and buttocks of a person, in contrast with a relatively narrow waist, results in concentrations of pressure at the hips and buttocks when a person is reclining or sleeping and a corresponding lack of pressure or support at the small of the back (for persons lying on their back) and at the waist (for persons lying on their side). Many people hold that this results in a sagging of the spine and central body in the area of the waist, and abnormal curvature of the spine (lordosis and/or scoliosis) and consequent muscular strain and resultant pain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05338289__ •

Vertebral instrumentation rod Inventor(s): Gayet; Louis E. (Saint-Benoit, FR), Rideau; Yves (Gisse, FR) Assignee(s): Sofamor S.n.c (rang DU Fliers, Fr) Patent Number: 5,593,408 Date filed: November 30, 1994 Abstract: This rod is made up of a first cylindrical part, being a lumbosacral part (6), which is rigid in all directions, a second part, being a dorsal part (7), which is rigid in a frontal plane, in order to prevent scoliosis, and flexible in a sagittal plane, and a dorsolumbar transition zone (8) connecting the lumbar and dorsal parts and profiled in a progressive manner so that its thickness in the sagittal plane diminishes progressively and its width in the frontal plane increases progressively: this profile is such that the second moment of area of the transition zone reins substantially constant over its entire length. The profile, thus defined, of the transition zone has the aim of avoiding, to a great extent, the risks of breaking due to the fatigue in this zone, resulting from the various movements of the patient in a chair, in particular the flexion/extension movements in a sagittal plane, promoted by the rectangular profile of the dorsal part of the rod.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vertebral instrumentation rod for the early fixation of an unstable spine, in its growth phase, in patients suffering from muscular dystrophy or myopathy. It is known that children suffering from muscular dystrophy are most often affected by a very severe form, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). Due to the fact that the muscles of the trunk are attacked, these children almost all develop scoliosis. The main characteristic of DMD lies, moreover, in the constant presence of a progressive respiratory insufficiency, the principal factor in a poor life prognosis. The current therapeutic advances in this field permit survival for a great many years. This explains the extreme importance of providing improved comfort in the seated position; the preservation of the serious deformations of the spine, sagittal (kyphosis) or frontal (scoliosis), is thus imperative. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05593408__

Patent Applications on Scoliosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to scoliosis: •

Facet arthroplasty devices and methods Inventor(s): Reiley, Mark A.; (Piedmont, CA) Correspondence: Ryan Kromholz & Manion, S.C.; Post Office Box 26618; Milwaukee; WI; 53226-0618; US Patent Application Number: 20040006391 Date filed: July 9, 2003 Abstract: Devices and surgical methods treat various types of adult spinal pathologies, such as degenerative spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis, degenerative lumbar scoliosis, and kypho-scoliosis. Various types of spinal joint replacement prostheses, surgical procedures for performing spinal joint replacements, and surgical instruments are used to perform the surgical procedures. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/693,272 filed Oct. 20, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/160,891, filed Oct. 22, 1999, and entitled "Facet Arthroplasty Devices and Methods," which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention generally relates to devices and surgical methods for the treatment of various types of spinal pathologies. More specifically, the present invention is directed to several different types of spinal joint replacement prostheses, surgical procedures for performing spinal joint replacements, and surgical instruments which may be used to perform the surgical procedures. Back pain is a common human ailment. In fact, approximately 50% of persons who are over 60 years old suffer from lower back pain. Although many incidences of back pain are due to sprains or muscle strains which tend to be selflimited, some back pain is the result of more chronic fibromuscular, osteoarthritic, or ankylosing spondolytic processes of the lumbosacral area. Particularly in the population of over 50 year olds, and most commonly in women, degenerative spine diseases such as

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis occurs in a high percentage of the population. Iida, et al, 1989. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Imaging plate cassette for extended X-ray photographs Inventor(s): Minnigh, Denise; (Stamford, CT), Minnigh, Todd; (Stamford, CT) Correspondence: Stroock & Stroock & Lavan Llp; 180 Maiden Lane; New York; NY; 10038; US Patent Application Number: 20020044630 Date filed: August 17, 2001 Abstract: A method of taking an extended X-ray photograph by using an film cassette devised to contain a longer X-ray film such that a longer complete image of a subject may be rendered such that no diagnostic information is lost in examinations of scoliosis or the long bones of the body. When the cassette is exposed to X-rays through an object, an X-ray transmission image of the object is recorded on a stimulable phosphor sheet and, at the same time, the X-ray film is exposed to light instantaneously emitted from the stimulable phosphor sheet upon exposure to X-rays to record an extended photographic latent image of the X-ray transmission image of the object on the X-ray film. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Appl. Ser. No. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/226,709, filed Aug. 18, 2000 under 35 U.S.C.sctn.111(b). The invention generally pertains to an X-ray film cassette apparatus. More particularly, the invention relates to an modified x-ray film cassette holder that provides for the use of extended length film and/or overlapping imaging plates such that complete x-ray images can be provided for the spine or long bones of the body. Xrays photographs are generated through the exposure of x-ray sensitive film or imaging elements to the penetrating electromagnetic radiation of accelerated electrons suddenly stopped in their trajectory by collision with a solid body. In this fashion x-rays typically pass through soft tissue of the body but will by stopped by denser structures such as bone and some tumors. These features then allow x-ray radiography techniques to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries or other ailments. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Instruments for reorienting vertebral bones for the treatment of scoliosis Inventor(s): Errico, Thomas J.; (Summit, NJ), Ralph, James D.; (Oakland, NJ), Tatar, Stephen; (Montvale, NJ) Correspondence: Joseph P. Errico; 150 Douglas Road; Far Hills; NJ; 07931; US Patent Application Number: 20030014110 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: An orthopedic device set, including: a plurality of intervertebral spacer elements, each spacer element having a different axial thickness from each other element, the axial thicknesses being selected to increase by an increment from one element to another; and an instrument for holding ones of the intervertebral spacer elements, the instrument comprising a shaft having a distal end, a selectively grasping

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subassembly for alternatively rigidly holding each spacer element at the distal end so that the spacer element cannot move relative to the instrument, and releasing the spacer element. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a treatment for scoliosis and more specifically to the instruments, implants, distracting trial spacers, and surgical methodology used in the treatment and correction of scoliosis. The bones and connective tissue of an adult human spinal column consists of more than 20 discrete bones. These more than 20 bones are anatomically categorized as being members of one of four classifications: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral. They are coupled sequentially to one another by tri-joint complexes that consist of an anterior intervertebral disc and the two posterior facet joints. The anterior intervertebral discs of adjacent bones are cushioning cartilage spacers. The spinal column of bones is highly complex in that it includes these 20 bones coupled to one another (and others), and it houses and protects critical elements of the nervous system having innumerable peripheral nerves and circulatory bodies in close proximity. In spite of these complications, the spine is a highly flexible structure, capable of a high degree of curvature and twist in nearly every direction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for performing spinal procedures Inventor(s): Gaines, Robert W. JR.; (Columbia, MO) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350, 1628 John F Kennedy Blvd; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20020068940 Date filed: December 1, 2000 Abstract: A method of performing a surgical spinal fusion procedure to correct an abnormal spinal curvature preferably involves the use of an improved surgical implant spinal staple that has a main body portion, a pair of apertures and a plurality of tine members for fastening and anchoring the staple to a vertebral body. Most advantageously, the spinal staple includes integral structure for permitting direct attachment of a retaining rod, which lowers the profile of the combined staple and attachment mechanism with respect to conventional systems. The spinal fusion procedure further preferably includes a step of sculpting the attachment areas of the vertebral bodies to create recessed areas into which the spinal staples will be positioned and secured. This creates an implant that essentially has no profile with respect to the surrounding areas of the vertebral bodies. The spinal fusion procedure preferably also is performed by completely removing a number of intervertebral discs and then repositioning the spine so as to achieve bone to bone contact between the affected vertebral bodies, which limits interference with adjacent normal tissue following healing. The sum effect is to permit correction of scoliosis over about half the vertebrae fused by conventional techniques with reduced healing time after surgery. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to surgical instrumentation and processes for the anterolateral surgical correction of such conditions as scoliosis, which is also known as curvature of the spine. Scoliosis in humans may occur as a result of many different causes, including infection by a disease such as polio, paralytic diseases of neuromuscular etiology, or injury to the spinal column. However, the most common cause of scoliosis in first world countries is a genetically determined growth

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abnormality of the spinal column which most often characteristically causes the curve to develop when the children are passing from late childhood through adolescence. This condition is known as idiopathic scoliosis. While prevention and bracing can be effective for some children who develop scoliosis, surgical treatment is commonly when employed when the spinal curvature is too pronounced to respond to bracing or when established curves threaten a normal productive, pain free adult life. The standard surgical treatment for scoliosis since the mid-1950's has been an "instrumented spinal fusion," which typically involves the implantation of metal articles such as hooks or screws to the spinal column at each end of the curve. Retaining rods are then attached to the hooks or screws at the ends of the curve. Surgical instruments are then mechanically used to straighten the spinal column (by twisting the spinal column or jacking it up) and the rods are then attached to the hooks or screws and fixed into place to maintain the position of the spinal column in the lengthened, straightened and corrected position. Surgery may be performed using the anterolateral approach, in which correction of the vertebrae is performed from the patient's front or side or the posterior correction method in which correction of the vertebrae is performed from the rear. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and device for treating scoliosis Inventor(s): Borschneck, Daniel P.; (Glenburnie, CA), Saunders, Gerald A.B.; (Sydenham, CA), Soboleski, Donald A.; (Sydenham, CA) Correspondence: Parteq Innovations; Room 1625, Biosciences Complex; Queen's Universiry; Kingston; ON; K7l 3n6; CA Patent Application Number: 20020151895 Date filed: February 15, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a spinal facet cap for treating scoliosis, the facet cap comprising a shim portion for inserting into a facet joint of a spine, and an alignment portion for maintaining alignment of the shim portion within the facet joint. The invention also provides a method for treating scoliosis, comprising implanting at least one spinal facet cap into at least one facet joint of a subject in need thereof. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/268,860, filed on Feb. 16, 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Scoliosis is an orthopaedic condition characterized by abnormal curvature of the spine, with varying degrees of lateral curvature, lordosis and rotation. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of scoliosis remains obscure in the majority of cases. The vertebral column is composed of vertebra, discs, ligaments and muscles. Its function is to provide both mobility and stability of the torso. Mobility includes rotation, lateral bending, extension and flexion. Scoliotic curvature is associated with pathologic changes in the vertebra and related structures. Vertebral bodies become wedge-shaped, pedicles and laminas become shorter and thinner on the concave aspect of the curve. Apart from the obvious physical deformity, cardiopulmonary problems may also present. As curvature increases, rotation also progresses causing narrowing of the chest cavity. In severe deformities, premature death is usually caused by respiratory disease and superimposed pneumonia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods and apparatus for fusionless treatment of spinal deformities Inventor(s): Betz, Randall; (Langhorne, PA), Drewry, Troy; (Memphis, TN), Sherman, Michael C.; (Memphis, TN) Correspondence: Brad A. Schepers; Woodard, Emhardt, Naughton, Moriarty And Mcnett; Bank One Center/tower, Suite 3700; 111 Monument Circle; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5137; US Patent Application Number: 20010029375 Date filed: June 13, 2001 Abstract: The treatment and correction of spinal deformities, such as scoliosis, is accomplished without the need for fusion of the intervertebral disc space. A surgical technique is provided in which opening and closing osteotomies are created in the affected vertebrae. Correction devices are provided which hold the osteotomies in either their closed or open orientations. The correction devices include bone-piercing anchors, some in the form of staples, holding the vertebral body on opposite sides of the body to retain the osteotomies in their desired orientation. In the opening osteotomies, the correction devices include a wedge member that is disposed within the opened wedge osteotomy and in contact with the vertebral body. The correction devices also include connection members which can be used to engage the devices to an elongated member spanning the spine, such as a spinal rod or a metal or non-metal cable or tether. Once bone union has occurred in the instrumented vertebrae, the spinal rod or cable or tether can be disconnected from the correction devices and removed from the patient. In another aspect of the invention, curvature deformities in two planes can be corrected using the same techniques and devices. Excerpt(s): This patent application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/892,604, filed Jul. 14, 1997. The present invention concerns instrumentation and techniques for the treatment of spinal deformities. In particular, the inventive methods and devices accomplish this treatment without the need for fusion of the spine. Surgical intervention for the treatment of injuries to, and deformities of the spine is approaching its first century. Nevertheless, the field of spinal surgery was not significantly advanced until the development of the hook and rod system by Dr. Harrington in the early 1950's. Dr. Harrington developed this system in Houston when he began care of children with progressive neuromuscular scoliosis secondary to polio. Until that time, the progressive scoliosis had been treated with external casts, which themselves yielded unacceptably high complication rates. After a decade of development, the hook and rod system evolved into the form that is known today as the Harrington Instrumentation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Orthopedic hook system Inventor(s): Haider, Thomas T.; (Riverside, CA) Correspondence: Harold L. Jackson; Jackson Law Corporation; STE. N; 14751 Plaza DR.; Tustin; CA; 92780; US Patent Application Number: 20030130659 Date filed: January 10, 2002 Abstract: A orthopedic hook system for use with a rod in correcting scoliosis comprising a body with a hook section and a rod engaging section, a grasp screw, a cap,

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and a set screw. The hook section fits over the bone and the grasp screw is used to secure the bone in place. The rod is brought within the rod receiving section and the cap is placed over the U-shaped rod receiving section. The set screw is used to force the cap into contact with the rod. The rod is thereby secured in place between the rod receiving section and the cap. Any excess length of the U-shaped rod is then removed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an orthopedic hook system for use in correcting scoliosis. Scoliosis is a medical term that denotes an abnormal curvature of the spine. This abnormality usually occurs as a single primary curvature or as primary curvature accompanied by a compensating secondary curvature. Where the spine is curved from side-to-side, the condition is known as nonstructural scoliosis. If the spine is not only curved but also twisted, the condition is known as structural scoliosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with scoliosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on scoliosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning scoliosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SCOLIOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to scoliosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on scoliosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “scoliosis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “scoliosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “scoliosis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Adult Scoliosis (Progress in Spinal Pathology, Vol 5) by P. Bartolozzi, et al; ISBN: 0387822011; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387822011/icongroupinterna

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Congenital Scoliosis by Elio Ascani (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0387820817; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387820817/icongroupinterna

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Conservative Management of Scoliosis by John Triano; ISBN: 0834203812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834203812/icongroupinterna

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Coping With Scoliosis (Coping Library) by Bettijane Eisenpreis; ISBN: 0823925579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823925579/icongroupinterna

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Crooked Journey: The Story of a Woman's Fight Against Scoliosis by Louise F Sohrabi; ISBN: 0961394137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961394137/icongroupinterna

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Growing Up with Scoliosis (A Young Girl's Story) by Michelle Spray; ISBN: 0971416036; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971416036/icongroupinterna

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Harry Scores a Hat Trick With Pawns, Pucks, and Scoliosis by Mary Mahony, Catherine M. Larkin (Illustrator); ISBN: 0965887936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965887936/icongroupinterna

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Harry Scores A Hat Trick, Pawns, Pucks, and Scoliosis: The Sequel to Stand Tall, Harry by Mary Mahony; ISBN: 0965887944; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965887944/icongroupinterna

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Idiopathic Scoliosis: Cause, Prevention, Control, Reduction, Correction & Analysis Through Chiropractic Methods by Fred H. Barge; ISBN: 1885048025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885048025/icongroupinterna

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Modern Anterior Scoliosis Surgery by Lawrence Lenke (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1576261344; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1576261344/icongroupinterna

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Moe's Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities by John E. Lonstein (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0721655335; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721655335/icongroupinterna

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Operative treatment of scoliosis; 4th international symposium 1971 in Nijmegen, Netherlands; ISBN: 3134756013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3134756013/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of a second Symposium of Scoliosis: causation; ISBN: 0443005826; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443005826/icongroupinterna

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Questions & answers about Scoliosis in children and adolescents (SuDoc HE 20.3902:SCO 4) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B000115DGE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000115DGE/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis by Gordon Robin (Editor); ISBN: 0125898509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125898509/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis by J. I. P. James; ISBN: 0443005362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443005362/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis (My Health) by Alvin, Dr Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 0531166392; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531166392/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis : proceedings of a fifth symposium held at the Cardiothoracic Institute, Brompton Hospital, London, on 21st, 22nd September, 1976; ISBN: 0127818502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127818502/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis and growth; proceedings of a third symposium held at the Institute of Diseases of the Chest, Brompton Hospital, London on 13th November, 1970; ISBN: 0443008035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443008035/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis and Neurological Disease by Gordon C. Robin; ISBN: 0470727950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470727950/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis and other deformities of the axial skeleton by Edward J. Riseborough; ISBN: 0316747203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316747203/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities; ISBN: 072166427X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072166427X/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis Prevention by J. O. Warner; ISBN: 0030693535; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0030693535/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis Surgery: The Definitive Patient's Reference by David K. Wolpert; ISBN: 0974195502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0974195502/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis, 1979 by P. A. Zorab; ISBN: 012781860X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012781860X/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis: An Anthology by American Physical Therapy Association; ISBN: 0912452455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912452455/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis: Ascending the Curve by Brooke Lyons, et al; ISBN: 0871318830; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871318830/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis: Correction Without Braces or Surgery by R. B., Dr. Mawhiney; ISBN: 0931764017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931764017/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis: Diagnosis and Management by Rene Cailliet; ISBN: 0803616406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803616406/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis: Essentials of Surgical Management by Mr.M.Edgar + Mr.P.Webb; ISBN: 0340551607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340551607/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis: Making Clinical Decisions by Wilton H. Bunch, Avinash G. Patwardhan; ISBN: 0801606454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801606454/icongroupinterna

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Scoliosis: Subject, Reference & Research Guidebook by Corey S. York; ISBN: 0881645974; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881645974/icongroupinterna

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Stand Up Straight: Personal Recollections About Scoliosis by the People Who Live With It by Iris Halberstam-Mickel, L. Carl Samberg; ISBN: 0840352239; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840352239/icongroupinterna

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Standard for Scoliosis Screening in California Public Schools; ISBN: 9994053477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9994053477/icongroupinterna

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Stopping Scoliosis by Nancy Schommer (Author); ISBN: 0385233868; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385233868/icongroupinterna

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Stopping Scoliosis: The Whole Family Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment by Nancy Schommer, Nancy Hooper; ISBN: 1583331212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583331212/icongroupinterna

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The 2002 Official Patient's Sourcebook on Scoliosis by James N. Parker, Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 059782990X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059782990X/icongroupinterna

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The Scoliosis Handbook: A Consultation With a Specialist by Michael Neuwirth, Kevin Osborn (Contributor); ISBN: 0805037934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805037934/icongroupinterna

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The Scoliosis Sourcebook by Michael Neuwirth M.D., Kevin Osborn; ISBN: 0737303212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737303212/icongroupinterna

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There's an s on My Back: "S" Is for Scoliosis by Mary Mahony; ISBN: 096588791X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096588791X/icongroupinterna

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TREATMENT OF SCOLIOSIS Triano; ISBN: 0683083511; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683083511/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Scoliosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to scoliosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and scoliosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on scoliosis: •

Spinal Problems in Children Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 55-69. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals discusses spinal disorders in children. Diagnoses suggested by various findings from a child's medical history and a physical examination are presented. Nonspecific causes of back pain are identified. Specific causes of back pain in childhood and adolescence are described, including benign and malignant spinal tumors, spinal infection, a prolapsed intervertebral disc, Scheuermann's osteochondritis, spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, congenital anomalies, inflammatory disorders, juvenile osteoporosis, and trauma. In addition, the causes of spinal deformities such as structural and nonstructural scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis are discussed. 55 references, 19 figures, and 4 tables.

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Chapter 8-C: Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms: Disorders of the Low Back and Neck Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 165-173. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on disorders of the low back and neck. Axial skeletal pain is associated with various mechanical and medical disorders. Mechanical disorders are caused by overuse, trauma, or physical deformity of an anatomic structure. Medical disorders responsible for spinal pain are associated with constitutional symptoms, disease in other organ systems, and inflammatory or infiltrative disease of the axial skeleton. Most people who have low back or neck pain have a mechanical reason for their pain. The initial evaluation of

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patients with spinal pain focuses on separating people with mechanical disorders from those with systemic illnesses. The initial diagnostic evaluation includes taking a medical history and performing physical and neurologic examinations. Plain radiographs and laboratory tests are usually not needed for most patients. Symptoms that help identify systemic illnesses in people who have spinal pain include fever or weight loss, pain with recumbency, morning stiffness, localized bone pain, or visceral pain. Mechanical disorders of the lumbosacral spine are the most common causes of low back pain. These disorders include muscle strain, herniated nucleus pulposus, osteoarthritis, lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, and adult scoliosis. Mechanical disorders of the cervical spine are less common than lumbar spine disorders and tend to be less debilitating. Causes of cervical spine pain include neck strain, cervical disc herniation, cervical spondylosis, myelopathy, and whiplash. The chapter describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these mechanical causes of back and neck pain. 3 figures, 5 tables, and 27 references. •

Neurofibromatosis: von Recklinghausen Disease Source: in Plumbridge, D.; et al., eds. Student with a Genetic Disorder: Educational Implications for Special Education Teachers and for Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, and Speech Pathologists. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher. 1993. p. 209-213. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (212) 789-8980; Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $75.95 plus shipping and handling (cloth); $39.95 plus shipping and handling (paper). ISBN: 0398058393. Summary: This chapter, from a text for educators about genetic disorders, discusses neurofibromatosis, a neurological disorder caused by a proliferation of nerve and fibrous tissues that grow along the nerves and nerve sheaths. Topics covered include characteristic features, such as cafe au lait spots, neurofibromas, seizures, scoliosis, and optic gliomas; the genetics of neurofibromatosis; the cognitive profile; the behavior profile; the educational implications; physical therapy; occupational therapy; hearing and speech considerations; and psychosocial issues. 4 references.

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Section Eight: Spine Source: in Greene, W.B., Ed. Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care. 2nd ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 2001. p. 518-576. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018-4262. (800) 626-6726 (toll-free) or (847) 823-7186. Fax (800) 823-8025 (toll-free) or (847) 823-8025. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aaos.org. PRICE: $105.00 for nonmembers; $90.00 AAOS members; $80.00 for residents; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0892032170. Summary: This section of a book on musculoskeletal care provides health professionals with information on common conditions affecting the spine, including acute and chronic or repetitive injuries and degenerative, inflammatory, or idiopathic conditions. The section begins with information on the principles of evaluating and examining a patient presenting with a back complaint, focusing on inspection, palpation, range of motion, muscle testing, and special testing. This is followed by descriptions of cauda equina syndrome; cervical radiculopathy, spondylosis, and sprain; fracture of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine; low back sprain; lumbar degenerative disk disease; lumbar herniated disk; lumbar spinal stenosis; metastatic disease; scoliosis in adults; and

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degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis. Information includes synonyms for and red flags associated with each condition; the definition, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, adverse outcomes, and treatment of the condition; diagnostic tests; and adverse treatment outcomes. Other topics include orthotic devices for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. 66 figures and 4 tables. •

Orthopedic Disorders Source: in Mosby 's Patient Teaching Guides. St. Louis, MO: Mosby -Year Book, Inc. 1995. p. 93-112. Contact: Mosby -Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO. 63146. ISBN: 0815158629. Summary: This section of Mosby 's Patient Teaching Guides examines the following orthopedic disorders: arthritis, strains and sprains, osteoporosis and its treatment, scoliosis , low back pain, ruptured disks and prevention of future back problems, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, casts and home cast care, traction, crutch walking, total hip replacement and recovery, total knee replacement and recovery, and total shoulder replacement. Each section provides, where applicable, an explanation of the ailment, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment, and prevention tips. Those topics not specifically disease-oriented cover how to and/or safety information, rehabilitation tips, or information regarding procedures and what to expect such as in discussions involving surgery.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SCOLIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover scoliosis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on scoliosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to scoliosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “scoliosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for scoliosis: •

Idiopathic scoliosis linked to multiple acquired melanocytic nevi Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 08, 2001

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Pulmonary function improves after treatment of adolescent scoliosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 26, 2001

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School-based scoliosis screening ineffective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 20, 1999

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Report slams scoliosis screening in schools Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 19, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “scoliosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to scoliosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “scoliosis” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on scoliosis: •

Exercise and Adults With Scoliosis Source: Spinal Connection. 13(1):3; Spring/Summer 1996. Contact: National Scoliosis Foundation, 5 Cabot Place, Stoughton, MA 02072. Summary: This newsletter article for adults with scoliosis discusses the risks and benefits of exercise and sports participation. Most patients with solid spinal fusion will benefit from several hours per week of exercise or recreational sports participation; however, some adults with only one or two mobile lumbar vertebrae below their fusion should avoid excessive twisting or loading of the spine during exercise or sports participation. Health benefits include improved cardiovascular conditioning, improved muscle and joint strength and flexibility, better weight control, and reduced stress. Limited spinal mobility as a result of fusion can be countered by daily strengthening exercises to improve hip flexibility and strength back muscles. 4 figures.

•

New Approach for Treating Scoliosis in Marfan Syndrome Source: Connective Issues. 14(4):3; Spring 1996. Contact: National Marfan Foundation, 382 Main Street, Port Washington, NY 11050. (800) 8-MARFAN. Summary: This newsletter article for Marfan syndrome patients presents information on a new approach for treating scoliosis in Marfan syndrome. Scoliosis can be one of the most debilitating side effects of Marfan syndrome. A study that investigated the longterm effects of common approaches to correcting spinal curvature is reviewed. Approaches evaluated include wearing a brace outside the body, surgically implanting a rod into the spine, and combining surgical implantation of a rod with surgical fusion of vertebrae to limit spinal bend and curve. Results indicate that delayed treatment of scoliosis provided better results than early, aggressive treatment.

•

Endoscopic Surgery for Scoliosis Source: Spinal Connection. 18(1): 6-7. Spring 2002.

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Contact: Available from National Scoliosis Foundation. 5 Cabot Place, Stoughton, MA 02072. (781) 341-6333. Website: www.scoliosis.org. Summary: This newsletter article uses a question and answer format to discuss the use of endoscopic surgery to treat scoliosis. The endoscope allows surgeons to look inside the spine as it is being operated on and is used from the front, or anteriorly, to remove disks to make the spine more flexible or to fuse certain sections of the spine; or from the back, or posteriorly, to insert instrumentation to make the spine straighter. Endoscopic surgery works best on younger patients with curves in the 40- to 80-- degree range and either a single thoracic curve or an S-shaped curve where the thoracic curve is larger than the lumbar curve. With curves greater than 80 degrees, an endoscopic anterior release is performed followed by a traditional posterior approach to insert the instrumentation. By using the endoscopic technique, patients have shorter hospital stays, less scarring, less discomfort, and a quicker return of pulmonary function than using traditional approaches. It is hoped that endoscopic techniques will advance to allow surgeons to perform surgery on larger curves and curves that cross into the lumbar spine.

Academic Periodicals covering Scoliosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to scoliosis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering scoliosis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 10515 274 44 9 281 11123

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “scoliosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Scoliosis In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and scoliosis. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).18 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for scoliosis: •

Dislocated Elbows, Bowed Tibias, Scoliosis, Deafness, Cataract, Microcephaly, and Mental Retardation Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603133

•

Gaze Palsy, Familial Horizontal, with Progressive Scoliosis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607313

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Radioulnar Synostosis with Short Stature, Microcephaly, Scoliosis, and Mental Retardation Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603438

•

Scoliosis, Idiopathic Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?181800

•

Scoliosis, Idiopathic 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607354 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

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•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database19 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database20 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis.

19

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 20 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on scoliosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to scoliosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to scoliosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “scoliosis”:

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Guides on scoliosis Scoliosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scoliosis.html

•

Other guides Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Bone Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonediseases.html Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ehlersdanlossyndrome.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Muscular Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musculardystrophy.html Osteogenesis Imperfecta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteogenesisimperfecta.html Osteoporosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html Spina Bifida http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinabifida.html Spinal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinaldiseases.html Spinal Muscular Atrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalmuscularatrophy.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to scoliosis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Scoliosis Source: American Physical Therapy Association http://www.apta.org/Consumer/ptandyourbody/scoliosis Scoliosis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00194

•

Treatment Scoliosis Brace Source: Shriners Hospitals for Children http://www.shrinershq.org/patientedu/scoliosisbrace.html

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Spinal Fusion Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=156&topcategory=Spine Treating Scoliosis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/bones/scoliosis.html •

Children What Young People and Their Parents Need to Know about Scoliosis http://www.apta.org/brochures/Scoliosis.pdf

•

Organizations American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.aaos.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ Scoliosis Research Society http://www.srs.org/

•

Research Patients with Late-Onset Scoliosis Can Lead Productive Lives Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=n:&mstr=/ZZZQJFAR TBD.html&soc=AMA&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH

•

Teenagers Getting Things Straight: A Guide to Scoliosis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/bones/scoliosis.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on scoliosis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:

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Spinal Deformity: Scoliosis and Kyphosis: A Handbook for Patients Source: Rosemont, IL: Scoliosis Research Society. 1995. 16 p. Contact: Available from National Scoliosis Foundation. 5 Cabot Place, Stoughton, MA 02072. (800) 673-6922 or (781) 341-6333. Fax (781) 341-8333. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $1.00 plus shipping and handling; bulk orders available. Summary: This booklet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have scoliosis and kyphosis and their families with information on these spinal deformities. The booklet explains what spinal deformities are, outlines the signs of scoliosis, discusses the causes of scoliosis and abnormal kyphosis, and highlights the factors that determine treatment. Other topics include the use of braces for treating spinal deformity, the elements of successful brace treatment, the factors that influence the recommendation for surgery, and points that patients should consider in planning their surgery. The booklet also includes answers to questions commonly asked by patients and a glossary of medical terms. 10 figures.

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1 in Every 10 Persons Has Scoliosis Source: Stoughton, MA: National Scoliosis Foundation. 2002. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Scoliosis Foundation. 5 Cabot Place, Stoughton, MA 02072. (781) 341-6333 or (800) 673-6922. Fax: (781) 341-8333. Website: www.scoliosis.org. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brochure briefly describes the incidence, screening methods, and treatment for people with scoliosis and kyphosis. Scoliosis is a lateral curving of the spine. Kyphosis is a curvature of the thoracic spine resulting in a 'round back' appearance. Illustrations show the difference between the normal spine and one with possible scoliosis or kyphosis. Signs of scoliosis are listed. Screening programs, required in many schools, annually screen adolescents for scoliosis or kyphosis. If detected early, disability as adults can be avoided.

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Scoliosis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Website: www.aaos.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses scoliosis, a condition in which the spine curves from side-to-side. This condition affects 2 percent of the population and can occur in both children (idiopathic) and adults. Signs of possible scoliosis in children include uneven shoulders, prominent shoulder blades, an uneven waist, elevated hips, and leaning to one side. If parents see any of these signs, they should have their child examined by a physician or specialist. Some schools sponsor scoliosis screening. Orthopaedic braces can be used in children to prevent spine curvature from becoming worse. Surgery may be necessary in cases where the brace cannot control the curve. In adults, scoliosis can be caused by degenerative changes in the spine. Without treatment, adult scoliosis may lead to pain, deformity, and difficulty breathing.

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Questions and Answers About Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 2001. 20 p.

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Contact: Available from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675. (877) 226-4267 or (301) 495-4484. Fax (301) 718-6366. TTY (301) 565-2966. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niams.nih.gov. PRICE: 1 to 25 copies free. Order Number: AR-131QA (booklet), or AR-131L QA (large print). Summary: This fact sheet for people with scoliosis and their families uses a question and answer format to provide information about scoliosis in children and adolescents. It explains that scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that can occur in children of any age, and that the causes are classified as either nonstructural or structural. The fact sheet also discusses what is involved in an evaluation for scoliosis and current treatments, which include observation for 4 to 6 month periods, bracing, and surgery. People considering surgical correction of scoliosis are encouraged to consult at least two experienced surgeons and to ask many questions. Alternative treatments listed are chiropractic manipulation, electrical stimulation, nutritional supplementation, and exercise. In addition, the fact sheet stresses the importance of exercise in maintaining physical fitness among individuals with scoliosis. Also discussed is current research on the causes and treatments for scoliosis. The fact sheet lists four voluntary health and professional organizations from which the reader may obtain additional information. A large print version of this fact sheet is also available. 2 figures. •

Scoliosis: Living With Your Spinal Curvature Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1999. 8 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides people who have scoliosis with information on the signs and treatment of this spinal problem. Scoliosis is a disorder that makes the spine curve and twist instead of growing straight. Although it occurs most often in girls in their early teens, boys can also have it. The signs of scoliosis may include one shoulder being higher than the other, one shoulder blade sticking out farther than the other, an uneven waistline, and hems that hang unevenly. Scoliosis needs to be treated because it can cause other problems if left untreated. Treatment is based on the age of the patient, how much more the child is likely to grow, and the size and type of the spinal curve. The booklet describes the anatomy of a healthy spine and one with scoliosis and outlines the steps involved in an orthopedic evaluation. This is followed by a discussion on using a brace to treat scoliosis, focusing on how a brace works and why it should be worn and how it is fitted to the patient. In addition, the booklet offers tips that can help make wearing a brace easier. The booklet includes a list of resources. 3 figures. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

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FAQ - About Scoliosis Summary: Answers to the questions that are asked most often asked by consumers about scoliosis -- a lateral (sideways) curving of the spine. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4096

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Questions and Answers about Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents Summary: Scoliosis is a musculoskeletal disorder in which there is a sideways curvature of the spine, or backbone. The bones that make up the spine are called vertebrae. Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6732

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Scoliosis Can Be Treated Summary: General information about scoliosis written for kids. This article describes what scoliosis is, how a person is tested for the condition and talks about some of the ways scoliosis is treated. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5829

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Scoliosis Glossary of Medical Terms Summary: Online definitions of scientific and medical terms frequently used in association with this musculoskeletal disorder. Source: Scoliosis Research Society http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2661

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Scoliosis Patient Information Summary: This site provides answers to questions most commonly asked by patients affected by this musculoskeletal disorder and the general public. Source: Scoliosis Research Society http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2660 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to scoliosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or

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specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Scoliosis The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to scoliosis: •

National Scoliosis Foundation Telephone: (781) 341-6333 Toll-free: (800) 673-6922 Fax: (781) 341-8333 Email: [email protected] Web Site: None Background: The National Scoliosis Foundation is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting and assisting screening programs for scoliosis (a sideways curvature of the spine) and kyphosis (a front-to-back curvature of the spine) and creating and promoting cooperating networks of educational, health care, and social services professionals from public and private institutions. It acts as a clearinghouse of information about scoliosis and kyphosis and serves as a resource to people working for enactment of postural screening acts by state legislatures and Departments of Education. The National Scoliosis Foundation offers a variety of educational and support materials through its computer database; information packets for parents, affected young people and adults, and health care professionals; and educational multimedia units for teachers. The Foundation also offers videos, fact sheets, medical updates, books, educational posters, brochures, pamphlets, reprints of magazine and medical journal articles, screening information for the detection of scoliosis and kyphosis, and a biannual newsletter, The Spinal Connection. Relevant area(s) of interest: Scoliosis

•

Scoliosis Association, Inc Telephone: (561) 994-4435 Toll-free: (800) 800-0669

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Fax: (561) 994-2455 Email: scolioassn.aol.com Web Site: http://www.scoliosis-assoc.org Background: The Scoliosis Association, Inc. is a nonprofit information and support network that was founded by scoliosis patients in 1974. Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that may appear in more than one member of a family in the same or different generations. It usually appears during adolescence, although it may appear in younger children as well. The Scoliosis Association s mission includes sponsoring support groups; education of the general public and medical professionals regarding scoliosis and related spinal problems; fostering school screening to assist in early detection; and raising funds through research. The Association sponsors chapters throughout the nation that provide information and act as support groups. Affected individuals and their family members attend chapter meetings to share and discuss common problems and assist each other with the physical, emotional, and social aspects of scoliosis and related spinal deformities. Often professional speakers will attend these meetings and respond to questions. The Association sponsors Spine Conferences which help to update and inform patients, their families, and medical professionals about the current status of the management and treatment of scoliosis. Videos, books, special articles, bibliographies, fact sheets, scoliometers, and posters are all available through the Association. Relevant area(s) of interest: Scoliosis

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to scoliosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with scoliosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about scoliosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

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Simply type in “scoliosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “scoliosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “scoliosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “scoliosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on scoliosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Scoliosis Scoliosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001241.htm Scoliosis - resources Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002201.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Scoliosis Backache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Lordosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003278.htm

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Low back pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Paralysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003190.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Scoliosis MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm PRA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003698.htm Spine X-rays Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003806.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

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Background Topics for Scoliosis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Lateral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002244.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Scoliosis - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002201.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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SCOLIOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Abductor: A muscle that draws a part away from the median line. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Air Embolism: Occurs when the lungs over expand to the point that air bubbles are forced through the air sacs of the lungs into the circulatory system. [NIH] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]

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Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU]

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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argipressin: Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the

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heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its

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composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breathing Exercises: Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical),

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electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the

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original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chest cavity: Space in body surrounding the lungs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH]

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Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in

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addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

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Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desmopressin: A synthetic analog of the natural hormone 8-arginine vasopressin (argipressin). Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic

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measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discriminant Analysis: A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesias: Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (movement disorders). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU]

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Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH]

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Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epiphyseal: Pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH]

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Fibril: Most bacterial viruses have a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip. The tail fibers attach to the cell wall of the host. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes

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are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hate: An enduring attitude or sentiment toward persons or objects manifested by anger, aversion and desire for the misfortune of others. [NIH]

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Heart-Lung Transplantation: The simultaneous, or near simultaneous, transference of heart and lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH]

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Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU]

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Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to indomethacin. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Kyphosis: A deformity of the spine characterized by extensive flexion. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leg Length Inequality: A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH]

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Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lordosis: The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = posture + sex behavior, animal). [NIH] Lordotic: An investigation of the chest for which the body is arched backwards from the waist and the useful beam enters from behind. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and

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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH]

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Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]

Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or

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stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatologist: Doctor who specializes in treating the diseases and disorders of newborn babies. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing

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death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH]

Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Orthotic Devices: Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and

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found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A collagen disorder resulting from defective biosynthesis of type I collagen and characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. There are four major types, I-IV. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute

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hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that

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of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Positive pressure ventilation: Provision of oxygen under pressure by a mechanical respirator. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]

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Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes

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a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudarthrosis: A new false joint arising at the site of an ununited fracture; may be caused by vibrating hand tools. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Ptosis: 1. Prolapse of an organ or part. 2. Drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU]

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Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH]

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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference point: The midpoint of a line connecting the centers of the two end faces of the acoustic test fixture. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to

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the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sclerae: A circular furrow between the sclerocorneal junction and the iris. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the

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nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sex Behavior, Animal: Sexual activities of animals. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somites: Paired, segmented masses of mesodermal tissue that form along the length of the neural tube during the early stage of embryonic development. They give rise to the vertebral column and other tissues including voluntary muscle, bone, connective tissue, and the dermal layers of the skin. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles

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are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. [NIH] Spondylolysis: Dissolution of a vertebra, especially the pars interarticularis. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent

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carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subcutaneous Emphysema: Presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues of the body. [NIH]

Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral

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column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Syringomyelia: The presence in the spinal cord of elongated central fluid containing cavities surrounded by gliosis. [NIH] Syrinx: A fistula. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are

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concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tibiae: The long bone on the medial and pre-axial border of the leg. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonsil: A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx situated on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Torticollis: Wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH]

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Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Truncal: The bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

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Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-Ray Film: A film base coated with an emulsion designed for use with X-rays. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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191

INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 88, 152 A Abdomen, 80, 152, 158, 170, 175, 185, 186, 188 Abdominal, 42, 90, 92, 102, 152, 175, 188 Abducens, 7, 152 Abductor, 32, 152 Aberrant, 7, 92, 152 Abscess, 152, 184 Acoustic, 152, 181 Adjustment, 71, 77, 95, 102, 152 Adolescence, 16, 79, 108, 114, 140, 152 Adrenergic, 91, 152, 164 Adrenergic Agonists, 91, 152 Adverse Effect, 11, 152, 183 Aerosol, 152, 174 Aetiology, 53, 152 Afferent, 152, 161, 184 Agonists, 91, 152 Air Embolism, 46, 152 Air Sacs, 152, 153 Algorithms, 152, 156 Alkaline, 152, 157, 186 Allograft, 28, 55, 153 Alpha Particles, 153, 180 Alternative medicine, 118, 153 Aluminum, 76, 153 Alveoli, 153, 189 Amino Acids, 6, 153, 176, 177, 179, 181, 187, 188 Ampulla, 153, 163 Anaesthesia, 14, 23, 35, 39, 45, 55, 58, 60, 153 Anal, 153, 162, 165 Analgesic, 153, 169, 173 Analog, 153, 161 Anatomical, 66, 89, 91, 94, 153, 154, 168, 182 Anemia, 129, 153 Anesthesia, 52, 54, 59, 153 Animal model, 9, 81, 82, 153 Anomalies, 45, 48, 114, 153 Antibody, 153, 154, 159, 168, 171, 180 Anticoagulant, 58, 153, 179 Antidiuretic, 45, 153, 154, 161 Antidote, 153, 165 Antigen, 153, 154, 159, 168, 171

Anti-inflammatory, 154, 168, 169 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 154, 169 Aorta, 53, 154, 189 Apraxia, 9, 154 Aqueous, 154, 155, 163, 169 Arginine, 154, 161 Argipressin, 154, 161 Arterial, 154, 179 Arteries, 154, 156, 161, 171 Arthroplasty, 105, 154 Articular, 154, 174 Asphyxia, 154, 174 Assay, 6, 154 Astrocytes, 154, 166 Astrocytoma, 70, 154 Asymptomatic, 48, 154, 175 Ataxia, 129, 154, 158, 186 Atrial, 37, 154, 186 Atrium, 154, 189 Atrophy, 79, 128, 129, 155 Auditory, 155, 164, 188 Autodigestion, 155, 175 Autologous, 14, 48, 155 Autonomic, 9, 155, 161, 174, 176, 183, 184, 185 Autonomic Nervous System, 9, 155, 176, 183, 185 Axonal, 7, 155 Axons, 155, 168, 174, 176, 184 B Back Pain, 10, 68, 96, 105, 114, 150, 155 Basal Ganglia, 154, 155, 162 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 154, 155, 162 Base, 69, 78, 86, 100, 155, 161, 169, 188, 189 Benign, 114, 155, 173 Benzodiazepines, 155, 165 Beta Rays, 155, 163 Bifida, 134, 155 Bilateral, 15, 91, 95, 155, 176, 188 Bile, 155, 156, 165, 170, 185 Biliary, 156, 175 Biliary Tract, 156, 175 Biochemical, 156, 174 Biomechanics, 10, 34, 40, 50, 69, 99, 156 Biosynthesis, 84, 156, 175 Biotechnology, 11, 118, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 156 Bladder, 156, 165, 168, 173, 178, 188

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Blood Coagulation, 156, 157, 186 Blood pressure, 79, 156, 172 Blood transfusion, 48, 156 Blood vessel, 156, 157, 158, 169, 171, 177, 183, 185, 186, 188 Body Mass Index, 156, 175 Bone Density, 11, 59, 83, 156 Bone Marrow, 156, 170, 172 Bone Marrow Cells, 156, 172 Brain Stem, 156, 158 Branch, 147, 156, 163, 176, 179, 184, 186, 187 Breathing Exercises, 70, 156 Burns, 6, 156, 157 Burns, Electric, 157 C Calcium, 6, 157, 159, 174, 176, 186 Carbon Dioxide, 157, 165, 181 Carcinogenic, 157, 185 Carcinogens, 157, 174 Cardiac, 48, 157, 164, 172, 185 Cardiopulmonary, 108, 157 Cardiovascular, 87, 119, 157, 183 Case report, 11, 13, 23, 26, 27, 32, 33, 38, 39, 41, 54, 67, 157, 159 Case series, 157, 159 Cataract, 28, 128, 157 Catheterization, 157, 169 Catheters, 61, 157 Cathode, 155, 157, 163 Cauda Equina, 115, 157 Caudal, 157, 162, 167, 177 Cell Division, 128, 157, 177 Cell Lineage, 7, 157 Cell Respiration, 158, 181 Central Nervous System, 155, 158, 164, 165, 166, 170, 174 Cerebellar, 50, 154, 158, 180, 188 Cerebellar Diseases, 154, 158, 188 Cerebellum, 87, 158, 180 Cerebral, 11, 18, 37, 40, 42, 154, 155, 156, 158, 164, 179, 184 Cerebral Palsy, 11, 18, 37, 40, 42, 158, 184 Cerebrum, 158, 188 Cervical, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31, 38, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 68, 69, 78, 94, 97, 107, 115, 158, 170, 173, 187 Cervix, 158, 165 Character, 158, 161, 180 Chest cavity, 78, 96, 108, 158 Chest wall, 86, 158, 186

Chiropractic, 4, 17, 67, 82, 112, 137, 158 Cholesterol, 156, 158, 185 Chromosome, 14, 27, 158 Chronic, 54, 96, 105, 115, 128, 155, 158, 163, 168, 169, 170, 175, 177, 184, 185, 188 Chronic renal, 158, 177, 188 Circulatory system, 152, 158 Clamp, 77, 98, 158 Clavicle, 55, 158 Clear cell carcinoma, 158, 161 Clinical study, 15, 159 Clinical trial, 4, 30, 125, 159, 161, 162, 172, 179, 180 Cloning, 7, 156, 159 Coagulation, 59, 156, 159 Cofactor, 159, 179, 186 Collagen, 6, 58, 83, 159, 175, 178 Collapse, 76, 159 Complement, 159, 160, 166 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 72, 159 Complementary medicine, 65, 160 Compress, 96, 160 Computational Biology, 125, 127, 160 Computed tomography, 156, 160 Computerized axial tomography, 78, 160 Computerized tomography, 160 Concentric, 55, 160 Connective Tissue, 9, 58, 83, 94, 107, 156, 159, 160, 165, 170, 171, 176, 183 Connective Tissue Cells, 160 Constitutional, 114, 160 Constriction, 160, 169 Consultation, 4, 113, 160 Contractility, 92, 160 Contracture, 32, 160 Contraindications, ii, 160 Controlled study, 5, 34, 161 Coordination, 158, 161 Coronary, 161, 171 Coronary Thrombosis, 161, 171 Cortex, 154, 161, 164, 175, 178, 180 Cortical, 41, 161, 182, 186 Cranial, 7, 158, 161, 174, 176, 188 Cranial Nerves, 7, 161 Curative, 161, 186 D Databases, Bibliographic, 125, 161 Decompression, 20, 76, 77, 161 Decompression Sickness, 161 Degenerative, 10, 13, 17, 20, 38, 45, 46, 58, 83, 105, 115, 136, 161, 166, 172, 174

Index 193

Density, 6, 11, 16, 29, 156, 161, 174 Dermal, 7, 161, 183 DES, 59, 97, 161 Desmopressin, 58, 161 Diagnosis, Differential, 116, 161 Diagnostic procedure, 75, 118, 162 Diencephalon, 162, 167, 176 Dilatation, 162, 178 Dilation, 37, 162 Direct, iii, 6, 10, 107, 162, 181 Discriminant Analysis, 10, 162 Dislocation, 19, 28, 162, 184 Dissection, 162, 188 Distal, 11, 21, 106, 155, 162, 179 Dopa, 59, 61, 162, 170 Dorsal, 15, 104, 162, 177, 184 Dorsum, 162 Double-blinded, 58, 162 Drug Interactions, 162 Duodenum, 155, 162, 163, 185 Dyskinesias, 155, 162, 172 Dysplasia, 18, 83, 129, 162 Dystonia, 26, 48, 59, 61, 162 Dystrophy, 11, 21, 33, 47, 72, 92, 105, 129, 134, 162 E Efficacy, 11, 24, 162, 188 Elastin, 159, 162 Elective, 6, 162 Electrocoagulation, 159, 163 Electrons, 106, 155, 157, 163, 169, 180 Electrophysiological, 48, 90, 163 Elementary Particles, 163, 173, 179 Embryo, 158, 163, 175 Emulsion, 163, 165, 189 Endemic, 163, 184 Endoscope, 120, 163 Endoscopic, 14, 119, 120, 163 End-stage renal, 158, 163, 177 Environmental Exposure, 163, 174 Environmental Health, 124, 126, 163 Enzymatic, 157, 159, 163 Enzymes, 163, 173, 175 Epidemic, 163, 184 Epidural, 58, 61, 163, 184 Epinephrine, 152, 164, 174 Epiphyseal, 83, 91, 164 Erythrocytes, 153, 156, 164 Esotropia, 164, 185 Essential Tremor, 129, 164 Estrogen, 14, 164 Estrogen receptor, 14, 164

Evoked Potentials, 41, 56, 164 Exotropia, 164, 185 Expiration, 156, 164, 181, 189 Extracellular, 83, 154, 160, 164, 174, 186 Extracellular Matrix, 84, 160, 164, 174 Extraocular, 7, 164 Extremity, 55, 164, 176, 182 F Family Planning, 125, 164 Fat, 59, 156, 164, 175, 183 Fatigue, 104, 149, 164 Femoral, 27, 30, 61, 164 Femur, 11, 16, 164 Fibril, 84, 165 Fibrosis, 129, 160, 165, 182 Fistula, 165, 186 Fixation, 21, 47, 54, 77, 96, 98, 102, 103, 105, 165 Flexion, 104, 108, 165, 169 Flumazenil, 60, 165 Fold, 76, 84, 165 Foramen, 46, 165, 167 Forearm, 156, 165 Fossa, 158, 165 Fovea, 165 Fundus, 165 G Gait, 9, 29, 79, 158, 165 Gallbladder, 36, 152, 156, 165 Ganglia, 155, 165, 173, 176, 184, 186 Gas, 157, 161, 165, 167, 173, 181, 185, 189 Gas exchange, 165, 181, 189 Gastrin, 165, 167 Gene, 7, 8, 14, 61, 83, 129, 130, 156, 165, 166, 174 Gene Expression, 7, 129, 166 Generator, 79, 166 Genetic Engineering, 156, 159, 166 Genetics, 14, 18, 28, 29, 115, 166 Genotype, 10, 166, 177 Gland, 60, 166, 170, 175, 176, 178, 182, 185, 186 Glioma, 12, 166 Gliosis, 166, 186 Glucose, 128, 166, 167, 182 Glutamic Acid, 166, 178 Glutathione Peroxidase, 166, 182 Gonadal, 166, 185 Governing Board, 166, 178 Grade, 166 Grading, 4, 166 Graft, 21, 70, 166, 167

194

Scoliosis

Grafting, 23, 166, 168 H Hate, 79, 166 Heart-Lung Transplantation, 53, 167 Hemoglobin, 153, 164, 167 Hemoglobinuria, 128, 167 Hemorrhage, 163, 167, 185 Hereditary, 68, 77, 167, 172, 181 Heredity, 165, 166, 167 Herniated, 115, 167 Heterogeneity, 18, 167 Heterotropia, 167, 185 Hormonal, 77, 155, 167 Hormone, 26, 45, 59, 60, 61, 154, 161, 164, 165, 167, 178, 186 Host, 165, 167, 189 Hydrogen, 155, 166, 167, 172, 173, 176, 179 Hydroxylysine, 159, 167 Hydroxyproline, 159, 167 Hypertrophy, 42, 167 Hypoplasia, 16, 167 Hypothalamus, 155, 162, 167 I Id, 63, 71, 134, 139, 146, 148, 167 Idiopathic, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 81, 87, 89, 91, 98, 101, 102, 108, 112, 115, 117, 128, 136, 168 Imaging procedures, 168, 187 Immunodeficiency, 128, 168 Impairment, 154, 168, 171 Implantation, 86, 108, 119, 168 Impotence, 168, 184 In vitro, 7, 9, 168 In vivo, 9, 89, 168 Incision, 168, 169, 186 Incontinence, 168, 184 Indicative, 111, 168, 176, 188 Indomethacin, 168, 169 Infancy, 168 Infantile, 37, 39, 48, 168 Infarction, 161, 168, 171 Infection, 36, 107, 114, 168, 170, 185 Inflammation, 154, 165, 168, 175, 179, 184, 188 Inlay, 168, 181 Innervation, 168, 179, 182, 187 Insight, 7, 168 Intermittent, 27, 168, 170

Interneurons, 7, 168 Intervertebral, 32, 94, 102, 106, 107, 109, 114, 167, 168, 169, 170, 180 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 169, 170, 180 Intestinal, 169, 170 Intestines, 152, 169, 182 Intracellular, 168, 169, 182 Intravenous, 11, 58, 62, 169 Intubation, 15, 157, 169 Invasive, 13, 39, 41, 169, 170 Involuntary, 11, 87, 155, 162, 164, 169, 172, 181 Ions, 155, 167, 169 Ischemia, 27, 155, 169 K Kb, 124, 169 Ketorolac, 55, 169 Ketorolac Tromethamine, 55, 169 Kidney Disease, 124, 129, 169 Kinetic, 6, 169 Kyphosis, 15, 22, 24, 26, 42, 49, 67, 81, 84, 86, 87, 88, 96, 102, 105, 114, 136, 139, 169 L Latent, 106, 169, 178 Leg Length Inequality, 66, 169 Lens, 157, 169, 181 Lesion, 166, 169, 184 Leukemia, 128, 169, 172 Levo, 162, 169 Levodopa, 162, 170 Library Services, 146, 170 Ligament, 170, 179, 184 Liver, 152, 155, 156, 163, 165, 170 Localized, 115, 152, 165, 168, 170, 173, 175, 177, 184 Long-Term Care, 10, 170 Lordosis, 24, 74, 81, 84, 87, 88, 89, 96, 102, 103, 104, 108, 114, 149, 170 Lordotic, 17, 66, 78, 80, 97, 170 Low Back Pain, 51, 115, 116, 170 Lumen, 15, 170 Luxation, 162, 170 Lymph, 158, 170 Lymph node, 158, 170 Lymphatic, 168, 170, 171 Lymphoid, 170, 187 Lymphoma, 128, 170 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 4, 35, 50, 170 Malabsorption, 59, 128, 170

Index 195

Malformation, 12, 17, 20, 170 Malignant, 114, 128, 170, 173 Malnutrition, 155, 171, 172 Manifest, 155, 171, 185 Mechanical ventilation, 44, 171 Medial, 164, 171, 181, 187 Mediator, 162, 171 Medical Staff, 162, 171 MEDLINE, 125, 127, 129, 171 Melanocytes, 171 Melanoma, 128, 171 Membrane, 90, 154, 159, 164, 171, 181 Memory, 59, 96, 171 Mental Health, iv, 4, 124, 126, 171, 179 Mental Retardation, 28, 128, 130, 171 Mesenchymal, 7, 171 Metastasis, 171 Metastatic, 115, 171 MI, 151, 171 Migration, 21, 171 Milliliter, 156, 171 Mineralization, 6, 73, 172 Mobility, 9, 108, 119, 172 Modeling, 5, 6, 17, 172 Modification, 41, 166, 172, 180 Molecular, 8, 47, 50, 58, 125, 127, 156, 160, 172 Molecule, 154, 155, 159, 172, 180 Monitor, 9, 78, 172, 174 Morphological, 9, 99, 163, 171, 172 Morphology, 9, 38, 99, 157, 172 Motor nerve, 172, 174 Motor Neurons, 7, 172 Movement Disorders, 7, 61, 162, 172, 186 Multicenter study, 12, 20, 172 Muscle Fibers, 172 Muscular Atrophy, 129, 134, 172 Muscular Dystrophies, 162, 172 Musculature, 73, 81, 90, 172, 184 Musculoskeletal System, 172, 174 Mydriatic, 162, 172 Myelodysplasia, 11, 172 Myelogenous, 172 Myocardium, 171, 172 Myopathy, 105, 172 Myotonic Dystrophy, 129, 172 N Narcotic, 172, 173 Neck Pain, 114, 173 Necrosis, 168, 171, 173 Need, 3, 5, 6, 8, 53, 96, 101, 108, 109, 114, 119, 135, 141, 158, 173

Neonatal, 9, 173 Neonatologist, 19, 173 Neoplasia, 128, 173 Neoplasm, 173, 184 Neoplastic, 170, 173 Nephropathy, 169, 173 Nervous System, 94, 107, 129, 152, 155, 158, 171, 173, 176, 186 Networks, 139, 173 Neural, 29, 48, 152, 173, 183 Neurogenic, 81, 173 Neurologic, 4, 21, 33, 43, 115, 173 Neuromuscular, 18, 20, 35, 37, 43, 47, 58, 67, 69, 81, 91, 107, 109, 173, 188 Neuronal, 173, 176 Neurons, 165, 168, 170, 172, 173, 184, 185 Neurosyphilis, 173, 176 Neutrons, 153, 173, 180 Nitrogen, 161, 165, 173, 188 Nitrous Oxide, 23, 173 Norepinephrine, 152, 174 Nuclear, 8, 36, 155, 163, 173, 174 Nuclei, 7, 153, 163, 166, 170, 173, 174, 179 Nucleus, 115, 155, 163, 169, 173, 174, 179, 183, 186 O Occupational Therapy, 115, 174 Oculomotor, 7, 174 Oncogene, 128, 174 On-line, 9, 149, 174 Opacity, 157, 161, 174 Ophthalmology, 165, 174 Optic cup, 174, 176 Optic Nerve, 174, 176, 181 Orthotic Devices, 116, 174 Ossification, 174, 175 Osteoarthritis, 83, 115, 174 Osteoblasts, 174 Osteocalcin, 6, 174 Osteogenesis, 11, 45, 52, 83, 134, 175 Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 11, 45, 52, 83, 134, 175 Osteomyelitis, 54, 175 Osteoporosis, 6, 11, 83, 114, 116, 134, 175 Osteotomy, 38, 109, 175 Overweight, 63, 76, 175 Oxygen Consumption, 175, 181 P Paediatric, 14, 23, 26, 32, 35, 43, 45, 58, 175 Palate, 175, 187 Palliative, 175, 186 Palpation, 115, 175

196

Scoliosis

Palsy, 7, 11, 16, 27, 96, 128, 175 Pancreas, 152, 175 Pancreatic, 128, 175 Pancreatic cancer, 128, 175 Pancreatitis, 61, 175 Paralysis, 21, 27, 150, 154, 164, 175, 176, 179, 184 Parathyroid, 6, 175, 176, 186 Parathyroid Glands, 175, 176 Parathyroid hormone, 6, 176 Paresis, 12, 58, 176 Paroxysmal, 128, 176 Pathogenesis, 7, 47, 53, 60, 62, 108, 176 Pathologic, 60, 79, 90, 108, 161, 176 Pathologies, 9, 105, 176 Pathophysiology, 4, 81, 176 Patient Education, 135, 144, 146, 151, 176 Patient Satisfaction, 50, 176 Pedicle, 18, 21, 38, 54, 55, 77, 176 Pelvic, 35, 47, 74, 81, 85, 89, 95, 97, 176, 179 Peptide, 6, 176, 177, 179 Perception, 47, 176 Perforation, 165, 176 Perioperative, 47, 62, 176 Peripheral Nerves, 94, 107, 176, 184 Peripheral Nervous System, 175, 176, 185 PH, 12, 19, 156, 176 Phallic, 165, 177 Pharmacologic, 153, 177, 187 Pharynx, 177, 187, 188 Phenotype, 10, 177 Phosphorus, 157, 176, 177 Photocoagulation, 159, 177 Physical Examination, 4, 114, 177 Physical Fitness, 137, 177 Physical Therapy, 67, 113, 115, 134, 177 Physiologic, 97, 156, 162, 177, 180, 186, 188 Physiology, 6, 163, 177 Pigment, 171, 177 Plants, 157, 166, 172, 174, 177, 182, 187 Plasma, 32, 167, 177, 182 Polycystic, 129, 177 Polypeptide, 159, 177, 189 Positive pressure ventilation, 39, 177 Postmenopausal, 175, 178 Postnatal, 178, 185 Postoperative, 29, 33, 43, 60, 61, 62, 169, 178 Post-traumatic, 172, 178 Postural, 60, 68, 87, 139, 178 Practicability, 178, 188 Practice Guidelines, 126, 178

Precursor, 162, 163, 170, 174, 178, 188 Predisposition, 83, 99, 178 Prevalence, 4, 11, 34, 48, 178 Probe, 6, 178 Progesterone, 178, 185 Prognostic factor, 44, 178 Progression, 4, 20, 34, 35, 53, 68, 74, 85, 91, 92, 102, 153, 178 Progressive, 8, 18, 22, 27, 55, 67, 68, 85, 92, 104, 105, 109, 128, 158, 166, 172, 173, 174, 178 Projection, 168, 174, 178, 180 Proline, 6, 159, 167, 178 Propofol, 23, 60, 178 Prospective study, 10, 22, 55, 62, 178 Prostate, 128, 178 Prosthesis, 86, 87, 179 Protein C, 83, 84, 175, 179 Protein S, 129, 130, 156, 174, 179, 181 Proteins, 153, 154, 159, 163, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179, 183, 187 Protocol, 6, 9, 179 Protons, 153, 167, 179, 180 Proximal, 20, 49, 162, 179 Pseudarthrosis, 22, 62, 179 Psychiatry, 165, 179, 189 Psychic, 179, 182 Psychomotor, 19, 179 Ptosis, 7, 179 Puberty, 91, 100, 179 Public Health, 5, 126, 179 Public Policy, 125, 179 Pulmonary, 49, 59, 117, 120, 156, 179, 189 Pulmonary Artery, 156, 179, 189 Pulposus, 115, 169, 179 Pulse, 41, 172, 179 Pupil, 162, 172, 179 Pyogenic, 175, 179 Q Quality of Life, 31, 180 R Race, 162, 171, 180 Radiation, 21, 28, 82, 100, 106, 152, 163, 180, 189 Radiation therapy, 152, 180 Radicular, 180 Radiculopathy, 115, 180 Radioactive, 6, 167, 168, 174, 180 Radiography, 17, 21, 106, 180 Radioisotope, 180, 187 Radiological, 48, 89, 97, 180 Radiology, 21, 30, 33, 39, 45, 180

Index 197

Radiopharmaceutical, 166, 180 Randomized, 5, 58, 59, 162, 180 Randomized clinical trial, 59, 180 Receptor, 87, 154, 161, 164, 165, 180 Rectum, 165, 168, 179, 180 Red Nucleus, 154, 180 Refer, 1, 159, 165, 168, 173, 174, 181 Reference point, 89, 181 Reflex, 44, 92, 181 Regimen, 162, 181 Regression Analysis, 162, 181 Reliability, 18, 34, 35, 181 Resection, 27, 82, 181 Resolving, 37, 181 Respiration, 79, 156, 157, 172, 181 Respirator, 171, 177, 181, 189 Respiratory failure, 54, 181, 189 Respiratory Physiology, 54, 181, 189 Restoration, 77, 177, 181 Retina, 169, 174, 181 Retinoblastoma, 128, 181 Ribosome, 181, 187 Risk factor, 20, 116, 178, 181 Rod, 22, 27, 35, 41, 44, 87, 88, 90, 93, 96, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 119, 158, 181 S Sagittal, 23, 28, 45, 78, 102, 104, 105, 181 Salivary, 175, 182 Saponins, 182, 185 Sciatic Nerve, 182, 187 Sclerae, 175, 182 Sclerosis, 129, 182 Screening, 5, 45, 53, 65, 70, 101, 113, 118, 136, 139, 140, 159, 182 Secretion, 62, 182 Sedative, 165, 182 Segmental, 19, 21, 96, 97, 98, 101, 182, 184 Segmentation, 182 Seizures, 115, 176, 182 Selenium, 32, 182 Semen, 179, 182 Senile, 175, 182 Sensibility, 153, 182 Sensor, 93, 182 Sensory loss, 180, 182, 184, 186 Sequencing, 183, 186 Serum, 6, 58, 159, 175, 183 Sex Behavior, 170, 183 Sex Behavior, Animal, 170, 183 Sex Characteristics, 152, 179, 183 Sex Determination, 129, 183 Shock, 87, 183, 187

Side effect, 8, 119, 152, 183, 187 Skeletal, 4, 73, 81, 87, 92, 102, 114, 158, 172, 183 Skeleton, 9, 79, 81, 112, 114, 164, 169, 183 Small intestine, 162, 167, 169, 183 Social Environment, 180, 183 Social Support, 47, 183 Soft tissue, 79, 106, 156, 183 Solitary Nucleus, 155, 183 Somatic, 152, 161, 176, 183, 188 Somites, 7, 183 Spastic, 40, 42, 183 Spasticity, 184 Specialist, 97, 101, 113, 136, 140, 162, 184 Species, 164, 171, 180, 184, 187, 189 Sperm, 158, 184 Spina bifida, 11, 184 Spinal cord, 9, 23, 25, 55, 70, 91, 99, 102, 154, 156, 157, 158, 163, 173, 176, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186 Spinal Cord Compression, 55, 184 Spinal Cord Injuries, 180, 184 Spinal Fractures, 184 Spinal Nerve Roots, 180, 184 Spinal Nerves, 96, 176, 184 Spinal Stenosis, 10, 51, 105, 106, 115, 184 Spondylitis, 103, 184 Spondylolisthesis, 10, 51, 103, 105, 106, 114, 115, 116, 184 Spondylolysis, 114, 184 Sporadic, 8, 181, 184 Sprains and Strains, 170, 184 Staging, 4, 184 Steel, 87, 93, 158, 184 Stem Cells, 7, 185 Sterile, 175, 185 Steroid, 61, 182, 185 Stimulus, 160, 164, 168, 181, 185 Stomach, 152, 155, 165, 167, 169, 177, 183, 185 Strabismus, 7, 185 Stress, 52, 97, 119, 150, 155, 178, 185 Stroke, 79, 124, 185 Subacute, 168, 185 Subarachnoid, 59, 185 Subclinical, 168, 182, 185 Subcutaneous, 15, 185 Subcutaneous Emphysema, 15, 185 Substance P, 182, 185 Supine, 40, 185 Supine Position, 40, 185 Supplementation, 47, 70, 137, 185

198

Scoliosis

Support group, 140, 150, 185 Surgical Instruments, 105, 185 Sympathetic Nervous System, 155, 185 Symphysis, 179, 186 Symptomatic, 175, 186 Synchrony, 7, 186 Synovial, 102, 186 Syringomyelia, 12, 17, 32, 39, 42, 46, 55, 186 Syrinx, 55, 186 Systemic, 70, 115, 154, 156, 164, 168, 180, 186 T Telangiectasia, 129, 186 Tetany, 176, 186 Thalamic, 154, 186 Thalamic Diseases, 154, 186 Therapeutics, 17, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 186 Thermal, 77, 173, 186 Thigh, 164, 186 Thoracotomy, 55, 186 Thorax, 97, 152, 170, 186, 188 Thrombin, 179, 186 Thrombomodulin, 179, 186 Thrombosis, 179, 185, 186 Thyroid, 175, 176, 186 Thyroid Gland, 175, 176, 186 Tibiae, 28, 187 Tibial Nerve, 27, 182, 187 Tomography, 187 Tonicity, 162, 187 Tonsil, 50, 187 Tonus, 90, 187 Topical, 77, 187 Torsion, 30, 47, 90, 168, 187 Torticollis, 70, 187 Toxic, iv, 163, 182, 187 Toxicity, 162, 187 Toxicology, 126, 187 Toxins, 154, 168, 187 Tracer, 6, 187 Traction, 30, 45, 67, 76, 116, 158, 187 Transcutaneous, 68, 71, 116, 187 Transfection, 156, 187 Transfusion, 187 Translation, 35, 187 Transplantation, 53, 61, 158, 187 Trauma, 11, 37, 42, 49, 62, 87, 114, 155, 173, 175, 186, 187, 189

Treatment Failure, 86, 188 Treatment Outcome, 20, 116, 188 Tremor, 26, 188 Truncal, 79, 188 Tryptophan, 159, 188 Tuberous Sclerosis, 129, 188 U Unconscious, 167, 188 Uraemia, 175, 188 Urethra, 178, 188 Urinary, 6, 168, 188 Urine, 153, 156, 167, 168, 188 Uterus, 158, 165, 178, 188 V Vaccine, 179, 188 Vagina, 158, 161, 188 Vagus Nerve, 183, 188 Vascular, 77, 168, 186, 188 Vasculitis, 175, 188 Vein, 169, 174, 188 Venous, 179, 189 Ventilation, 35, 54, 189 Ventilator, 171, 181, 189 Ventral, 167, 174, 184, 189 Ventricle, 167, 179, 189 Ventricular, 186, 189 Vertebrae, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92, 97, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, 119, 138, 168, 184, 189 Veterinary Medicine, 125, 189 Viruses, 165, 188, 189 Visceral, 79, 115, 155, 161, 188, 189 Visceral Afferents, 155, 188, 189 Visual Acuity, 189 Vital Capacity, 70, 189 Vitro, 189 Vivo, 189 Volition, 169, 189 W Watchful waiting, 5, 189 Wound Infection, 20, 189 X Xenograft, 153, 189 X-ray, 8, 77, 78, 93, 100, 101, 106, 150, 156, 157, 160, 174, 180, 189 X-Ray Film, 106, 189 Y Yeasts, 177, 189 Z Zymogen, 179, 189

Index 199

200

Scoliosis

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