Sciatica - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SCIATICA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

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SCIATICA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Sciatica: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84075-X 1. Sciatica-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on sciatica. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SCIATICA ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Sciatica .......................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SCIATICA ......................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Sciatica......................................................................................... 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SCIATICA ................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SCIATICA ..................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Dissertations on Sciatica.............................................................................................................. 65 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SCIATICA ............................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Recent Trials on Sciatica.............................................................................................................. 67 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SCIATICA ................................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 73 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 74 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 75 Chapters on Sciatica..................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON SCIATICA ........................................................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Bibliography: Multimedia on Sciatica.......................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SCIATICA ..................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 79 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 81 Academic Periodicals covering Sciatica ....................................................................................... 82 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 94 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 97 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 97

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 97 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 103 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 103 SCIATICA DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 105 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 137

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with sciatica is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about sciatica, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to sciatica, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on sciatica. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to sciatica, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on sciatica. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SCIATICA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on sciatica.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and sciatica, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Sciatica Secondary to a Lumbar Disc Herniation: Five-Year Outcomes From the Maine Lumbar Spine Study Source: Spine. 26(10): 1179-1187. May 15, 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a prospective cohort study that assessed 5 year outcomes for patients with sciatica caused by a lumbar disk herniation treated surgically or nonsurgically. Eligible, consenting patients recruited from the practices of orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and occupational medicine physicians throughout Maine had baseline interviews and were mailed followup questionnaires at 3, 6, and 12 months and annually thereafter. Clinical data were obtained at baseline from a physician questionnaire. Outcomes included patient reported symptoms of leg and back pain, functional status, satisfaction, and employment and compensation status. A total of 507 patients were initially enrolled,

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and 5 year outcomes were available for 220 patients treated surgically and 182 patients treated nonsurgically. Surgically treated patients had worse baseline symptoms and functional status than those initially treated nonsurgically. By 5 years, 19 percent of surgical patients had undergone at least one additional lumbar spine operation, and 16 percent of nonsurgical patients had opted for at least one lumber spine operation. Overall, patients treated initially with surgery reported better outcomes. At the 5 year followup, 70 percent of patients initially treated surgically reported improvement in their predominant symptom versus 56 percent of those initially treated nonsurgically. Similarly, a larger proportion of surgical patients reported satisfaction with their current status. These differences persisted after adjustment for other determinants of outcome. The relative advantage of surgery was greatest early in followup and narrowed over 5 years. There was no difference in the proportion of patients receiving disability compensation at the 5 year followup. The least symptomatic patients at baseline did well regardless of initial treatment, although function improved more in the surgical group. The article concludes that, for patients with moderate or severe sciatica, surgical treatment was associated with greater improvement at 5 years than nonsurgical treatment. However, patients treated surgically were as likely to be receiving disability compensation, and the relative benefit of surgery decreased over time. 3 figures, 4 tables, and 28 references. (AA-M). •

Sciatica: Verifying the Diagnosis, Offering Relief Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 15(1): 51-59. January 1998. Summary: This journal article, the second in a special series on back pain, provides health professionals with information on diagnosing and treating sciatica. Sciatica is pain that radiates along the course of one or more of the roots of the sciatic nerve to a point below the knee. One or both legs may be involved. The article offers a detailed approach to taking the history and performing the physical examination. The history focuses on eliciting symptoms of sciatica and back pain, finding out when the pain began, and documenting the progression. The examination includes a gross assessment as well as a sensory and motor evaluation targeted at areas supplied by sciatic nerve components. Provocative tests detect neural irritability. Of these, the bowstring sign may be more sensitive than the straight leg raising test. Common causes of sciatica include herniated disc, spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis. Magnetic resonance imaging and myelography can confirm these diagnoses. No reproducible scientific evidence indicates that any specific treatments, including corticosteroids and chiropractic manipulation, can predictably alter the long-term clinical course of sciatica. Management is directed at reducing pain without the prolonged use of narcotic medication. 4 figures, 4 tables, and 9 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Sciatica The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to sciatica. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to sciatica. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore sciatica. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for sciatica: •

Project Title: LOW BACK PAIN QUANTIFYING RISK FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Garg, Arun; Professor; Indust & Manufacturing Engr; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Box 413, 2200 Kenwood Blvd Milwaukee, Wi 53201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2006 Summary: This multi-center prospective cohort study will: (i) Determine baseline prevalence rates and subsequent incidence rates over a 2 year period for low back pain (LBP), LBP with neurological signs (sciatica), LBP-related impairments, lost time and modified duty-related LBP for 3 levels of job physical exposures (low, medium, high), (ii) Quantify job and individual risk factors (e.g., weights, frequency, horizontal and vertical locations, low back moments, etc.), (iii) Validate existing job analysis methods (especially Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation, Maximum Acceptable Weights land Forces, 3-D Static Strength Biomechanical Model, the Proposed TLV for Lifting, and the Washington State Checklist, and (iv) Develop a final model for determining MSD risks. A cohort of 678 workers (study drop-outs replaced) from 10 very different industries with a total worker population of over 10,000 in three diverse states will;) participate in the study to help ensure generalizability of the study results. To maximize objectivity and accuracy, job physical exposures will rely primarily on measurements to quantify exposures. To maximize clinical and epidemiological validity and reliability, all participants will have health outcomes assessments by Physical Therapists and qualified physicians. These will include: baseline questionnaires, structured interviews and standardized physical examinations. Changes in job physical exposures will be monitored monthly. LBP symptoms, sciatica, LBP impairments and LBP severity measures will be assessed monthly using a symptom questionnaire on all, and structured interviews/physical examinations on those with symptoms. Job physical exposure and health outcomes assessment teams will be blinded to each other throughout the field observation phase. Multivariate logistic regression models and survival analyses will be utilized to explore relationships between job physical risk factors and low back pain (LBP), sciatica, LBP impairments and LBP severity measures. In addition to quantifying ergonomic risk factors, interactions between various jobs, psychosocial and individual risk factors will be explored. This project is expected to result in the ability to improve the existing ergonomic job evaluation models that have robust predictive capabilities for a broad range of industries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MAINE LUMBAR SPINE STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Keller, Robert B.; Executive Director; Maine Medical Assessment Foundation Manchester, Me 043510249

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: This proposed follow-up study is a competitive renewal of the Maine Lumbar Spine Study (MLSS). The MLSS, initially funded as part of the Low Back Pain PORT, enrolled over 600 patients with either sciatica or spinal stenosis in 1990/92. Patients were recruited through community-based physicians (orthopedists, neurosurgeons, and occupational medicine) for this observational study. The main goal was to compare patient-centered outcomes for patients who underwent surgery vs. those who did not. After extensive baseline data collection, patients have been resurveyed every year, with a good retention rate of approximately 80% of the surviving cohort at 8 years. The study has so far published 11 peer-reviewed papers with results of up to 5 years of follow-up. Data covering 8 years of follow-up have already been collected, years 9 and 10 are in process, and funding is requested to complete the 10 years of follow-up for all retained participants and to perform additional analyses. This application requests continued funding for 18 months, at a reduced level. The PI is based in Maine, which is the location of the cohort, and is now a consultant for the applicant organization. Subcontracts with MGH (Dr. Atlas), and the University of Washington (Dr. Deyo) are proposed, to continue collaborative efforts with investigators who have been involved with MLSS since its inception. Dr. Singer (MGH) is also proposed as a consultant, but not through the MGH subcontract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MUTATIONS CAUSING DISC DISEASE AND SCIATICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Ala-Kokka, Leena M.; Center for Gene Therapy; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Low back pain and sciatica are the most common musculoskeletal complaints. Even though secondary factors such as environmental and anthropometric risk factors contribute to intervertebral disc disease, genetic factors may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The role of genetic factors is supported by our recent findings: We showed that a tryptophan for glutamine substitution in the alpha2 chain of collagen IX co- segregated with sciatica and intervertebral disc disease in four families with a LOD score of 4.5. Subsequent linkage disequilibrium analysis conditional on linkage gave an additional LOD score of 7.1. Thus, the joint lod score is 11.6 (4.5 + 7.1). In addition, we identified another tryptophan mutation in collagen IX (alpha3 chain). The mutation is significantly associated with the disease (p value: 0.000013) and it increases the relative risk for the disease by a factor of 2.6 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.3). The Specific Aims of the present proposal are: (1) To use the new sequence data from the genes and the new protocols we have developed to analyze DNA from 150 probands with sciatica and 100 probands that have had surgery for herniated discs for mutations in eight candidate genes: three genes for collagen IX (COL9A1, COL9A2 and COL9A3), three genes for collagen XI (COL11A1, COL11A2 and COL11A3 or COL2A1), the aggrecan gene, and the gene for link protein. (2) To evaluate the significance of the sequence variations as disease-causing mutations by analyzing the family members of the probands and non-symptomatic individuals for the presence of the sequence variations. (3) To distinguish neutral polymorphisms from mutations that cause or predispose to intervertebral disc disease, we will also synthesize the normal and mutated recombinant human proteins and determine whether the mutations alter the biological function of collagens IX and XI by assays that include (a) the thermostability of triple helices of the collagens; (b) binding to collagen II; and (c) potential of the collagen IX and XI to alter the self-assembly of collagen II into fibrils in

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vitro. (4) To do genome-wide screen on 100 affected sib pairs and/or families to identify additional loci for intervertebral disc disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE LUMBAR DISC AND ADJACENT TISSUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cavanaugh, John M.; Associate Professor; Bioengineering Center; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This is a re-submission of a competing renewal which has the objective of evaluating the neural mechanisms of low back pain and which attempts to evaluate the potential utility of pharmacological agents designed to treat these disorders in animal models. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that the nucleus pulposus material from herniated discs or injury to the annulus causes inflammatory responses and release of algesic and neurotoxic chemicals that influence the activity of nerve cells within the spinal canal. It is hypothesized that the effects on nerve endings in disc and adjacent tissue lead to low back pain, while the effects on dorsal roots and dorsal root ganglia lead to sciatica. The specific aims of the proposal are to examine these mechanisms using neurophysiological, histological, immunocytochemical and molecular-biologic techniques. The applicants propose to determine whether chemicals known to exist in disc and inflamed tissue act to sensitize nerve endings in spinal cord roots. Additional goals are to determine if this central sensitization occurs in the rat spinal cord when vertebrae are exposed to nucleus pulposus or disc injury and to determine if the sympathetic nervous system contributes to this sensitization. The applicants believe that these approaches will lead to a better understanding of the role of disc injury and nuclear material in low back pain and sciatica, and that the outcomes may be useful in guiding treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RACE IN PHYSICIAN DECISION TO PRESCRIBE OPIOID ANALGESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Sarver, Joshua H.; Metrohealth System 2500 Metrohealth Dr Cleveland, Oh 44109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Several studies have shown that racial and ethnic minorities are less likely to receive analgesics. This study presents a theoretical framework for understanding these differences. The aim of this study is to begin to test this framework by conducting a series of mail surveys with case scenarios to determine: 1) the effect of race on physicians? use of analgesics for 3 acute, painful conditions (back pain with sciatica, ankle fracture, and migraine headache); 2) whether providing information on patients? socioeconomic status, role impairment, and likelihood that narcotics might be misused mitigates the effect of race on physicians? decisions to prescribe analgesics; and 3) whether physician characteristics are related to differential treatment of racial and ethnic minorities. Phase 1 of this study will determine clinical factors that influence physicians? decisions to prescribe opioid analgesics for the 3 conditions (regardless of patients? race/ethnicity) using individual physician interviews and a mail survey of 650 emergency department physicians. In phase 2, information from phase 1 will be used to construct scenarios that include information on the most important clinical factors affecting prescribing opioid analgesics. Two versions of each

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of the 3 scenarios will be constructed: 1) clinical factors plus race (race only); and 2) clinical factors, race, and information on patients? socioeconomic status, role impairment, and likelihood that narcotics might be misused (race plus). These scenarios will be mailed in random order to 6075 emergency department physicians. Responses will be analyzed to determine whether racial and ethnic minorities are less likely to receive opioids with the race only scenarios (Aim 1), whether any difference in treatment persists for the race plus scenarios (Aim 2), and whether physician characteristics obtained from the phase 2 mailing explain lower use of opioid analgesics (Aim 3). This study moves investigation beyond documentation of racial disparities in treatment and toward theory based hypothesis testing. Understanding the causes of racial disparities will permit careful development of targeted interventions to address possible racial disparities in physician treatment decisions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STUDY OF CHEMOGENIC LOW BACK PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, Junming; Anesthesiology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The overall goal of our research is to better understand the etiology and mechanisms of low back pain and sciatica. Clinical studies indicate that degenerative changes and traumatic injuries of the spine are often associated with mechanical compression and chemical irritation of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). DRG neurons can be exposed to inflammatory cytokines that are released from a herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) or synthesized inside the ganglion in response to injury. However, the specific role of cytokines and cytokine-induced inflammation in the generation of spontaneous activity and enhancement of neuronal excitability is still unknown. We hypothesize that DRG neurons may develop hyperexcitability in response to peripheral nerve or ganglion injury such that the release of inflammatory cytokines from the injured neurons, the macrophages, the glial cells or the HNP activate hyperexcitable DRG neurons and lead to pain. Using a new animal model of neuropathic pain, involving compression of the L5 lumbar ganglion with a hollow stainless steel rod, we will test our hypothesis via 3 Specific Aims. SA1. Determine whether elevated release/synthesis of cytokines enhances the excitability of normal DRG neurons. SA2. Determine if endogenous inflammatory cytokines contribute to the generation and maintenance of spontaneous activity in compressed DRG neurons and if exogenous cytokines enhance this activity. SA3. Determine whether cytokines contribute to the development and maintenance of cutaneous hypersensitivity in CCD rats. A novel feature of our animal model is that the inserted rod allows local delivery of cytokines to the compressed ganglion in vivo. With this model, we will study how cytokines affect the excitability of DRG neurons and correlate these effects to behavioral measures of hyperalgesia and allodynia. If a relationship between specific cytokines and the sensory hyperexcitability responsible for neuropathic pain is identified, then new therapeutic approaches involving pharmacological modulation of cytokine release or synthesis could be developed to control pain in individuals with an acutely herniated lumbar disc, spinal stenosis, tumor, or other injury or disease of the spine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with sciatica, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for sciatica (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 1- to 4-year follow-up review of treatment of sciatica using chemonucleolysis or laminectomy. Author(s): Javid MJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992 February; 76(2): 184-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1730946&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled study of caudal epidural injections of triamcinolone plus procaine for the management of intractable sciatica. Author(s): Bush K, Hillier S. Source: Spine. 1991 May; 16(5): 572-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2053000&dopt=Abstract

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A critical assessment of clinical diagnosis of disc herniation in patients with monoradicular sciatica. Author(s): Albeck MJ. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1996; 138(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8686523&dopt=Abstract

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A descriptive study of medical and chiropractic patients with chronic low back pain and sciatica: management by physicians (practice activities) and patients (selfmanagement). Author(s): Nyiendo J, Haas M, Goldberg B, Lloyd C. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 NovemberDecember; 24(9): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753326&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A leptomeningeal metastasis revealed by sciatica. Author(s): Allanore Y, Hilliquin P, Zuber M, Renoux M, Menkes CJ, Kahan A. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 April; 66(4): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10339781&dopt=Abstract

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A meta-analysis on the efficacy of epidural corticosteroids in the treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Watts RW, Silagy CA. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1995 October; 23(5): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8787255&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective analysis of magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with sciatica and lumbar disc herniation. Correlation of outcomes with disc fragment and canal morphology. Author(s): Carragee EJ, Kim DH. Source: Spine. 1997 July 15; 22(14): 1650-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253102&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of nerve root infiltration in the diagnosis of sciatica. A comparison with radiculography, computed tomography, and operative findings. Author(s): Stanley D, McLaren MI, Euinton HA, Getty CJ. Source: Spine. 1990 June; 15(6): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2402693&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of patients with sciatica. A comparison between conservatively treated patients and patients who have undergone operation, Part I: Patient characteristics and differences between groups. Author(s): Hurme M, Alaranta H, Einola S, Falck B, Kallio V, Knuts LR, Lahtela K, Torma T. Source: Spine. 1990 December; 15(12): 1340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2281376&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of patients with sciatica. A comparison between conservatively treated patients and patients who have undergone operation, Part II: Results after one year follow-up. Author(s): Alaranta H, Hurme M, Einola S, Falck B, Kallio V, Knuts LR, Lahtela K, Torma T. Source: Spine. 1990 December; 15(12): 1345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2281377&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective study to assess the results of CT-directed peri-neural root infiltration in a cohort of 56 patients with low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Porter DG, Valentine AR, Bradford R. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 June; 13(3): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10562840&dopt=Abstract

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Acetabular paralabral cyst: an uncommon cause of sciatica. Author(s): Sherman PM, Matchette MW, Sanders TG, Parsons TW. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2003 February; 32(2): 90-4. Epub 2002 June 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589488&dopt=Abstract

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Achilles tendon rupture and sciatica: a possible correlation. Author(s): Maffulli N, Irwin AS, Kenward MG, Smith F, Porter RW. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998 June; 32(2): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631229&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Hu J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 December; 20(4): 314-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263291&dopt=Abstract

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Acute lumbago and sciatica as first symptoms of focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Author(s): Germani S, Miano R, Forte F, Finazzi Agro E, Virgili G, Vespasiani G. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2002; 69(3): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372898&dopt=Abstract

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Acute sciatica with an infective cause. Author(s): Hu MT, Shaw CE, Evans S, Britton TC. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1998 February; 91(2): 87-8. Erratum In: J R Soc Med 1998 May; 91(5): 292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9602748&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in the treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Mulholland R. Source: The Practitioner. 1989 October 22; 233(1477): 1369-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2694150&dopt=Abstract

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Advice to stay active as a single treatment for low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Hilde G, Hagen KB, Jamtvedt G, Winnem M. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (2): Cd003632. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076492&dopt=Abstract

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Altered lower limb vascular perfusion in patients with sciatica secondary to disc herniation. Author(s): Maigne JY, Treuil C, Chatellier G. Source: Spine. 1996 July 15; 21(14): 1657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8839468&dopt=Abstract

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Alternating sciatica while jogging: an early symptom of cauda equina tumor. Author(s): Inoue K, Hukuda S, Katsuura A, Saruhashi Y. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 July; (328): 102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8653942&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual but important cause of sciatica. Author(s): Toh SK, Ellis S, Bahal V. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 June; 72(848): 375-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8758024&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual cause of sciatica. A case report. Author(s): Servant CT. Source: Spine. 1998 October 1; 23(19): 2134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9794060&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of factors affecting successful discharge in patients undergoing lumbar discectomy for sciatica performed on a day-surgical basis: a prospective study of sequential cohorts. Author(s): Bednar DA. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1999 October; 12(5): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10549696&dopt=Abstract

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Annular tears and disk herniation: prevalence and contrast enhancement on MR images in the absence of low back pain or sciatica. Author(s): Stadnik TW, Lee RR, Coen HL, Neirynck EC, Buisseret TS, Osteaux MJ. Source: Radiology. 1998 January; 206(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9423651&dopt=Abstract

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Appropriateness of surgery for sciatica: reliability of guidelines from expert panels. Author(s): Vader JP, Porchet F, Larequi-Lauber T, Dubois RW, Burnand B. Source: Spine. 2000 July 15; 25(14): 1831-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888953&dopt=Abstract

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Are tennis players at increased risk for low back pain and sciatica? Author(s): Saraux A, Guillodo Y, Devauchelle V, Allain J, Guedes C, Le Goff P. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 March; 66(3): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10327492&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing health-related quality of life in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Patrick DL, Deyo RA, Atlas SJ, Singer DE, Chapin A, Keller RB. Source: Spine. 1995 September 1; 20(17): 1899-908; Discussion 1909. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8560339&dopt=Abstract

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Association between sciatica and Propionibacterium acnes. Author(s): Stirling A, Worthington T, Rafiq M, Lambert PA, Elliott TS. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 23; 357(9273): 2024-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438138&dopt=Abstract

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Automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy versus chemonucleolysis in the treatment of sciatica. A randomized multicenter trial. Author(s): Revel M, Payan C, Vallee C, Laredo JD, Lassale B, Roux C, Carter H, Salomon C, Delmas E, Roucoules J, et al. Source: Spine. 1993 January; 18(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8434309&dopt=Abstract

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Auto-traction for treatment of lumbago-sciatica. A multicentre controlled investigation. Author(s): Larsson U, Choler U, Lidstrom A, Lind G, Nachemson A, Nilsson B, Roslund J. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1980 October; 51(5): 791-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6451138&dopt=Abstract

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Back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Mathews JA. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 August; 27(4): 331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2970272&dopt=Abstract

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Back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Helliwell PS. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 June; 27(3): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2967726&dopt=Abstract

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Back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Frymoyer JW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 February 4; 318(5): 291-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2961994&dopt=Abstract

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Back pain and sciatica: controlled trials of manipulation, traction, sclerosant and epidural injections. Author(s): Mathews JA, Mills SB, Jenkins VM, Grimes SM, Morkel MJ, Mathews W, Scott CM, Sittampalam Y. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 December; 26(6): 416-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2961394&dopt=Abstract

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Back pain, sciatica and disability following first-time conventional haemilaminectomy for lumbar disc herniation. Use of “Low Back Pain Rating Scale” as a postal questionnaire. Author(s): Manniche C, Asmussen KH, Vinterberg H, Rose-Hansen EB, Kramhoft J, Jordan A. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1994 February; 41(1): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187559&dopt=Abstract

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Bed rest for acute low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Hagen KB, Hilde G, Jamtvedt G, Winnem M. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 August 2-8; 97(31): 40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957537&dopt=Abstract

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Bed rest for acute low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD001350 Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001254. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10908492

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Bed rest for sciatica? Author(s): Stevermer JJ, Ewigman B. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 May; 48(5): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334608&dopt=Abstract

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Can quantitative sensory testing predict the outcome of epidural steroid injections in sciatica? A preliminary study. Author(s): Schiff E, Eisenberg E. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 September; 97(3): 828-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933410&dopt=Abstract

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Carbamazepine and sciatica. Author(s): Lovell J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1992 June; 21(6): 784-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1622360&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome following traction for acute sciatica. Author(s): Donaldson GA, Donaldson-Hugh ME, Chumas PD. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 16(4): 370-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389890&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina tumour presenting as atypical sciatica. Author(s): Narvaez J, Alegre-Sancho JJ, Clavaguera MT, Juanola X, Roig-Escofet D. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 May; 36(5): 605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9189068&dopt=Abstract

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Caudascopic experiences and a new patho-anatomic concept for treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Beuls EA, van Mameren H, Vroomen PC. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 1996 March; 39(1): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8861809&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations related to clinical findings in patients with sciatica caused by disk herniation. Author(s): Skouen JS, Larsen JL, Vollset SE. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1994 February; 7(1): 12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8186584&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebrospinal fluid proteins as indicators of nerve root compression in patients with sciatica caused by disc herniation. Author(s): Skouen JS, Larsen JL, Vollset SE. Source: Spine. 1993 January; 18(1): 72-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8434328&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in cross-sectional area of psoas major muscle in unilateral sciatica caused by disc herniation. Author(s): Dangaria TR, Naesh O. Source: Spine. 1998 April 15; 23(8): 928-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580961&dopt=Abstract

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Chemonucleolysis for relief of sciatica due to a herniated intervertebral disc. Author(s): McCulloch JA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1981 April 1; 124(7): 879-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7011530&dopt=Abstract

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Chemonucleolysis for treating sciatica. Author(s): Williams F. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1994 June 15-July 12; 52(1): 52-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7952770&dopt=Abstract

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Chemonucleolysis versus surgical discectomy for sciatica secondary to lumbar disc herniation. A cost and quality-of-life evaluation. Author(s): Launois R, Henry B, Marty JR, Gersberg M, Lassale C, Benoist M, Goehrs JM. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1994 November; 6(5): 453-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10155273&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic sciatica caused by tuberculous sacroiliitis. A case report. Author(s): Chen WS. Source: Spine. 1995 May 15; 20(10): 1194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7638664&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic sciatica secondary to retroperitoneal pelvic schwannoma. Author(s): Tong RS, Collier N, Kaye AH. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2003 January; 10(1): 108-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464538&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical characteristics of recurrent sciatica after lumbar discectomy. Author(s): Jonsson B, Stromqvist B. Source: Spine. 1996 February 15; 21(4): 500-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8658255&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical observation of therapeutic effects of wrist-ankle acupuncture in 88 cases of sciatica. Author(s): Chu Z, Bai D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1997 December; 17(4): 280-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437212&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical outcomes after lumbar discectomy for sciatica: the effects of fragment type and anular competence. Author(s): Carragee EJ, Han MY, Suen PW, Kim D. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 January; 85-A(1): 102-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533579&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the onset and intensity of action of intramuscular meloxicam and oral meloxicam in patients with acute sciatica. Author(s): Auvinet B, Ziller R, Appelboom T, Velicitat P. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 November-December; 17(6): 1078-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8750399&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomography in low back pain and sciatica. A retrospective study of 132 patients in the Haute-Vienne district of France. Author(s): Hourcade S, Treves R. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2002 December; 69(6): 589-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537267&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomography in sciatica. Author(s): Carrera GF, Williams AL, Haughton VM. Source: Radiology. 1980 November; 137(2): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6449025&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation: a rare cause of sciatica. Author(s): Vos LD, Bom EP, Vroegindeweij D, Tielbeek AV. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1995 August; 97(3): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7586854&dopt=Abstract

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Conservative treatment of sciatica: a systematic review. Author(s): Vroomen PC, de Krom MC, Slofstra PD, Knottnerus JA. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2000 December; 13(6): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132976&dopt=Abstract

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Corticosteroid injections for sciatica. Author(s): Orlando MP, Sherman MO. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 October 23; 337(17): 1242; Author Reply 1242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9340526&dopt=Abstract

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Corticosteroid injections for sciatica. Author(s): Manning DC, Hopwood MB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 October 23; 337(17): 1242; Author Reply 1242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9340525&dopt=Abstract

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Corticosteroid injections for sciatica. Author(s): Gillies JH, Ward JH, Griesdale DE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 October 23; 337(17): 1242; Author Reply 1242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9340524&dopt=Abstract

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Corticosteroid injections for sciatica. Author(s): Raza K. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 October 23; 337(17): 1241; Author Reply 1242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9340523&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of periradicular infiltration for sciatica: subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Karppinen J, Ohinmaa A, Malmivaara A, Kurunlahti M, Kyllonen E, Pienimaki T, Nieminen P, Tervonen O, Vanharanta H. Source: Spine. 2001 December 1; 26(23): 2587-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725240&dopt=Abstract

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CT-diskography in patients with sciatica. Comparison with plain CT and MR imaging. Author(s): Dullerud R, Johansen JG. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1995 September; 36(5): 497-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640094&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclic sciatica related to an extrapelvic endometriosis of the sciatic nerve: new concepts in surgical therapy. Author(s): Papapietro N, Gulino G, Zobel BB, Di Martino A, Denaro V. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 October; 15(5): 436-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394671&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclic sciatica. A case report. Author(s): Takata K, Takahashi K. Source: Spine. 1994 January 1; 19(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153814&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclic sciatica. A manifestation of compression of the sciatic nerve by endometriosis. A case report. Author(s): Dhote R, Tudoret L, Bachmeyer C, Legmann P, Christoforov B. Source: Spine. 1996 October 1; 21(19): 2277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8902975&dopt=Abstract

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Describing the size of lumbar disc herniations using computed tomography. A comparison of different size index calculations and their relation to sciatica. Author(s): Thelander U, Fagerlund M, Friberg S, Larsson S. Source: Spine. 1994 September 1; 19(17): 1979-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7997933&dopt=Abstract

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Description of variations of the sciatica stretch phenomenon. Author(s): Karbowski K, Dvorak J. Source: Spine. 1995 July 1; 20(13): 1525-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8623076&dopt=Abstract

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Descriptions of pain and other sensory modalities in patients with lumbago-sciatica and herniated intervertebral discs. Interview administration of an adapted Mcgill Pain Questionnaire. Author(s): Ljunggren AE. Source: Pain. 1983 July; 16(3): 265-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6225064&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of sciatica and low-back pain. Author(s): Heliovaara M, Makela M, Knekt P, Impivaara O, Aromaa A. Source: Spine. 1991 June; 16(6): 608-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1830689&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of sciatica in epidemiologic research. Author(s): Wickstrom G, Hanninen K. Source: Spine. 1987 September; 12(7): 692-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2961084&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic lumbar radiculopathy: sciatica without disc herniation. Author(s): Naftulin S, Fast A, Thomas M. Source: Spine. 1993 December; 18(16): 2419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8303443&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Wheeler AH. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 October; 52(5): 1333-41, 1347-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572557&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of intermittent vascular claudication in a patient with a diagnosis of sciatica. Author(s): Gray JC. Source: Physical Therapy. 1999 June; 79(6): 582-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372869&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic validity of somatosensory evoked potentials in subgroups of patients with sciatica. Author(s): Pape E, Eldevik P, Vandvik B. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 February; 11(1): 38-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931062&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of electrophysiological tests in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Albeck MJ, Taher G, Lauritzen M, Trojaborg W. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 April; 101(4): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10770521&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of history and physical examination in patients suspected of sciatica due to disc herniation: a systematic review. Author(s): Vroomen PC, de Krom MC, Knottnerus JA. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1999 October; 246(10): 899-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552236&dopt=Abstract

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Dimensions of the spinal canal in individuals symptomatic and non-symptomatic for sciatica: a CT study. Author(s): Wilmink JT, Korte JH, Penning L. Source: Neuroradiology. 1988; 30(6): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3226544&dopt=Abstract

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Does bed rest improve any of the important outcomes of sciatica? Author(s): Rivet C. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1999 August; 45: 1883-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463089&dopt=Abstract

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Dorsal root entry zone coagulation for intractable sciatica. Author(s): Saris SC, Vieira JF, Nashold BS Jr. Source: Appl Neurophysiol. 1988; 51(2-5): 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3389797&dopt=Abstract

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Dorsal root ganglionectomy for intractable monoradicular sciatica. A series of 61 patients. Author(s): Taub A, Robinson F, Taub E. Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 1995; 65(1-4): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916337&dopt=Abstract

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Dynamic effects on the lumbar spinal canal: axially loaded CT-myelography and MRI in patients with sciatica and/or neurogenic claudication. Author(s): Willen J, Danielson B, Gaulitz A, Niklason T, Schonstrom N, Hansson T. Source: Spine. 1997 December 15; 22(24): 2968-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9431634&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the transligamentous extension of lumbar disc herniations on their regression and the clinical outcome of sciatica. Author(s): Ahn SH, Ahn MW, Byun WM. Source: Spine. 2000 February 15; 25(4): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10707394&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of epidural steroid injections for low-back pain and sciatica: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Koes BW, Scholten RJ, Mens JM, Bouter LM. Source: Pain. 1995 December; 63(3): 279-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8719528&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of epidural steroids in low back pain and sciatica. A critical appraisal by a French Task Force of randomized trials. Critical Analysis Group of the French Society for Rheumatology. Author(s): Rozenberg S, Dubourg G, Khalifa P, Paolozzi L, Maheu E, Ravaud P. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 February; 66(2): 79-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084166&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of nerve root versus interspinous injections of glucocorticoids in the treatment of disk-related sciatica. A pilot, prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Kolsi I, Delecrin J, Berthelot JM, Thomas L, Prost A, Maugars Y. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2000; 67(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10769103&dopt=Abstract

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Efficiency of discography followed by chemonucleolysis in the treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Louwaege A, Goubau J, Deldycke H, Brugman E, Friberg J, Gheysen F, Deryckere P, Herpels V. Source: J Belge Radiol. 1996 April; 79(2): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8767835&dopt=Abstract

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Electromyography in the diagnosis of sciatica. Author(s): Levine AM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1989 March; 85(4): 37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2928280&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated cerebrospinal fluid proteins in sciatica caused by disc herniation. Author(s): Skouen JS, Larsen JL, Vollset E, Gronning M. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1994; 3(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7874546&dopt=Abstract

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Elimination of metrizamide from the spinal canal. A comparison between the rate of absorption in patients with sciatica and in humans after death. Author(s): Eldevik OP. Source: J Oslo City Hosp. 1982 September; 32(9): 115-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7143134&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic and clinical studies of long-term prognosis of low-back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Hasue M, Fujiwara M. Source: Spine. 1979 March-April; 4(2): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=162551&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural application of cortico-steroids in low-back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Andersen KH, Mosdal C. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1987; 87(1-2): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2960132&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural corticosteroid agents for sciatica. Author(s): Bogduk N, Cherry D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1985 October 28; 143(9): 402-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3903453&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural corticosteroid injection in the conservative management of sciatica. Author(s): Buchner M, Zeifang F, Brocai DR, Schiltenwolf M. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2000 June; (375): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10853164&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus. Author(s): Carette S, Leclaire R, Marcoux S, Morin F, Blaise GA, St-Pierre A, Truchon R, Parent F, Levesque J, Bergeron V, Montminy P, Blanchette C. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 June 5; 336(23): 1634-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9171065&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: a randomised, double blind, controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Valat JP, Giraudeau B, Rozenberg S, Goupille P, Bourgeois P, MicheauBeaugendre V, Soubrier M, Richard S, Thomas E. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 July; 62(7): 639-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12810426&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural injection in the treatment of chronic sciatica. Author(s): Morelle P, Hoogmartens M. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1987; 53(2): 170-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3687401&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural injections for sciatica. Author(s): Mohs JC, Newton WP. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1997 October; 45(4): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9379148&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural lipoma causing a myelographic block in a patient who had sciatica and lumbosacral spondylolisthesis. A case report. Author(s): Supik LF, Broom MJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1991 August; 73(7): 1104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1874777&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural steroid injections for sciatica. Author(s): Paterson JK. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1999 April; 49(441): 314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10736916&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural steroids for sciatica. Author(s): McQuay HJ, Moore A. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1996 April; 24(2): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9133211&dopt=Abstract

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Epidurography in the management of sciatica. Author(s): Stewart HD, Quinnell RC, Dann N. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 December; 26(6): 424-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3690135&dopt=Abstract

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Epidurography. Exploration of lumbar sciatica and traumas of the spine. Author(s): Fuentes JM, Maupoux R, Bourbotte G, Gras M, Castan P, Vlahovitch B, Choucair Y. Source: Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. 1981; 8(1): 21-33. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6457133&dopt=Abstract

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Essentials for the acupuncture treatment of radicular sciatica. Author(s): Zhang P. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 September; 23(3): 237. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14535202&dopt=Abstract

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Extra-foraminal prolapsed lumbar disc: a possible cause of recurrent sciatica in failed low-back surgery patient. Case report. Author(s): Spallone A, Gazzeri G, Floris R. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1992 April-June; 36(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1469472&dopt=Abstract

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Extraspinal bone and soft-tissue tumors as a cause of sciatica. Clinical diagnosis and recommendations: analysis of 32 cases. Author(s): Bickels J, Kahanovitz N, Rubert CK, Henshaw RM, Moss DP, Meller I, Malawer MM. Source: Spine. 1999 August 1; 24(15): 1611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457583&dopt=Abstract

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Extraspinal causes of sciatica. A case report. Author(s): Dudeney S, O'Farrell D, Bouchier-Hayes D, Byrne J. Source: Spine. 1998 February 15; 23(4): 494-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9584006&dopt=Abstract

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Extraspinal pathology and incidental disc herniation in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Johansen JG, Nestvold K, Sortland O. Source: Spine. 1988 April; 13(4): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3406855&dopt=Abstract

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Facet joint disorders and their role in the production of back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Schellinger D, Wener L, Ragsdale BD, Patronas NJ. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1987 September; 7(5): 923-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2969603&dopt=Abstract

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Factors predicting radical treatment after in-hospital conservative management of disk-related sciatica. Author(s): Valls I, Saraux A, Goupille P, Khoreichi A, Baron D, Le Goff P. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2001 February; 68(1): 50-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235781&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of ultrasound in the investigation of sciatica. Author(s): Howie DW, Chatterton BE, Hone MR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1983 March; 65(2): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6826617&dopt=Abstract

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Fibrinolytical activity in relation to psychological traits in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Graver V, Haaland AK, Loeb M, Ljunggren AE. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1997 February 15; 85(4): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062961&dopt=Abstract

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Fibrous adhesive entrapment of lumbosacral nerve roots as a cause of sciatica. Author(s): Ido K, Urushidani H. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 May; 39(5): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438843&dopt=Abstract

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Forceful sacrococcygeal injections in the treatment of postdiscectomy sciatica. A controlled study versus glucocorticoid injections. Author(s): Meadeb J, Rozenberg S, Duquesnoy B, Kuntz JL, Le Loet X, Sebert JL, Le Goff P, Fallut M, Marty M, Blevin S, Guggenbuhl P, Chales G, Duvauferrier R. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2001 February; 68(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235780&dopt=Abstract

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Fusion for low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Nachemson AL. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1985 August; 56(4): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2933921&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrocnemius muscle herniation at the knee causing peroneal nerve compression resembling sciatica. Author(s): Alhadeff J, Lee CK. Source: Spine. 1995 March 1; 20(5): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604332&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic and environmental factors in sciatica. Evidence from a nationwide panel of 9365 adult twin pairs. Author(s): Heikkila JK, Koskenvuo M, Heliovaara M, Kurppa K, Riihimaki H, Heikkila K, Rita H, Videman T. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1989 October; 21(5): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2605032&dopt=Abstract

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Giant infiltrating lipoma of the thigh causing sciatica. Author(s): Hunt JA, Thompson JF. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1997 April; 67(4): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9137169&dopt=Abstract

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Giant-cell arteritis, steroids and sciatica. Author(s): Jotkowitz S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 July 20; 299(3): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=661879&dopt=Abstract

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Glucocorticoid epidural for sciatica: metabolic and endocrine sequelae. Author(s): Ward A, Watson J, Wood P, Dunne C, Kerr D. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 January; 41(1): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11792882&dopt=Abstract

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Gluteal abscess causing sciatica in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Shames JL, Fast A. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1989 May; 70(5): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2719548&dopt=Abstract

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Gluteal compartment syndrome and sciatica after bone marrow biopsy: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Roth JS, Newman EC. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 September; 68(9): 791-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356152&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosphingolipid antibodies in serum in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Brisby H, Balague F, Schafer D, Sheikhzadeh A, Lekman A, Nordin M, Rydevik B, Fredman P. Source: Spine. 2002 February 15; 27(4): 380-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840104&dopt=Abstract

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Hamstring tightness and sciatica in young patients with disc herniation. Author(s): Takata K, Takahashi K. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1994 March; 76(2): 220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8113280&dopt=Abstract

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Hemangiopericytoma of the sciatic notch presenting as sciatica in a young healthy man: case report. Author(s): Harrison MJ, Leis HT, Johnson BA, MacDonald WD, Goldman CD. Source: Neurosurgery. 1995 December; 37(6): 1208-11; Discussion 1211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8584164&dopt=Abstract

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Hematocolpos. An unusual cause of sciatica in an adolescent girl. Author(s): London NJ, Sefton GK. Source: Spine. 1996 June 1; 21(11): 1381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8725933&dopt=Abstract

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Higher levels of antibodies against the psoriasis-associated antigen pso p27 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Zwart JA, Iversen OJ, Sand T, Dale LG, Unsgard G. Source: Spine. 1999 February 15; 24(4): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065522&dopt=Abstract

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Hypogastric artery aneurysm: a very rare cause of sciatica (and a tricky diagnostic problem!). Author(s): Werner A, Gaitzsch J. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1978 August; 10(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=705594&dopt=Abstract

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IgG and IgM concentration in the prolapsed human intervertebral disc and sciatica etiology. Author(s): Spiliopoulou I, Korovessis P, Konstantinou D, Dimitracopoulos G. Source: Spine. 1994 June 15; 19(12): 1320-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8066510&dopt=Abstract

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Iliac and gluteal artery aneurysms presenting as sciatica. Author(s): Macfarlane R, Pollard SG. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1988 September; 81(9): 551-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3184117&dopt=Abstract

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In situ arthrodesis without decompression for Grade-III or IV isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults who have severe sciatica. Author(s): Peek RD, Wiltse LL, Reynolds JB, Thomas JC, Guyer DW, Widell EH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1989 January; 71(1): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2913004&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and risk factors of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc or sciatica leading to hospitalization. Author(s): Heliovaara M, Knekt P, Aromaa A. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1987; 40(3): 251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3818881&dopt=Abstract

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Intradiscal injection of triamcinolone hexacetonide for acute, subacute, and chronic sciatica. Results at 3 months an open-prospectus study of 30 cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Bertin P, Rochet N, Arnaud M, Treves R, Desproges Gotteron R, Charissoux JL. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1990 September; 9(3): 362-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2261736&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative straight-leg raising during laminectomy and disk excision for sciatica. Author(s): Graham GE. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1981 January-February; (154): 3434. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7471586&dopt=Abstract

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Intraspinal synovial cyst causing sciatica. Author(s): Kurz LT, Garfin SR, Unger AS, Thorne RP, Rothman RH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1985 July; 67(6): 86571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4019534&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous lidocaine, amantadine, and placebo in the treatment of sciatica: a doubleblind, randomized, controlled study. Author(s): Medrik-Goldberg T, Lifschitz D, Pud D, Adler R, Eisenberg E. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1999 November-December; 24(6): 53440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588558&dopt=Abstract

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Ipsilateral sciatica on femoral nerve stretch test is pathognomonic of an L4/5 disc protrusion. Author(s): Christodoulides AN. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1989 January; 71(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2915013&dopt=Abstract

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Is it possible to predict the efficacy at discharge of inhospital rheumatology department management of disk-related sciatica? A study in 150 patients. Author(s): Berthelot JM, Rodet D, Guillot P, Laborie Y, Maugars Y, Prost A. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 April; 66(4): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10339776&dopt=Abstract

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Ischiadic nerve entrapment by an extra- and intrapelvic lipoma: a rare cause of sciatica. Author(s): Vanneste JA, Butzelaar RM, Dicke HW. Source: Neurology. 1980 May; 30(5): 532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7189257&dopt=Abstract

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Isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis with sciatica. MR imaging vs myelography. Author(s): Annertz M, Holtas S, Cronqvist S, Jonsson B, Stromqvist B. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1990 September; 31(5): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2261288&dopt=Abstract

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Isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis with sciatica: the role of the disc. Author(s): Deutman R, Diercks RL, de Jong TE, van Woerden HH. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1995; 4(3): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7552646&dopt=Abstract

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Knee flexion test and sciatica. Author(s): Rask M. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1978 July-August; (134): 221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=729249&dopt=Abstract

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L5 sciatica as first symptom of a granulocytic sarcoma. Author(s): Roig-Vilaseca D, Yoldi B, Trias I, Pedro A, Garriga R, Renau A. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1994; 33(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8142136&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effectiveness of bed rest for sciatica. Author(s): Vroomen PC, de Krom MC, Wilmink JT, Kester AD, Knottnerus JA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 February 11; 340(6): 418-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9971865&dopt=Abstract

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Lancinating pain in post-laminectomy chronic sciatica. Author(s): Baruah JK. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1985; 76(3-4): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4025018&dopt=Abstract

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Large osteoarthritic bone cyst of the facet joint causing low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Shirado O, Kaneda K. Source: Orthopedics. 1997 May; 20(5): 472-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9172256&dopt=Abstract

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Lateral decompression of a pathological disc in the treatment of lumbar pain and sciatica. Author(s): Monteiro A, Lefevre R, Pieters G, Wilmet E. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 January; (238): 56-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2521318&dopt=Abstract

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Long time follow-up of patients operated on for sciatica with combined disc removal and spinal fusion. Author(s): Hesla PE, Nystad R, Nakken KO. Source: J Oslo City Hosp. 1984 July-August; 34(7-8): 71-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6481517&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results of autotraction in the treatment of lumbago and sciatica. An attempt to correlate clinical results with objective parameters. Author(s): Gillstrom P, Ehrnberg A. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1985; 104(5): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2936316&dopt=Abstract

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Low back pain & sciatica. Author(s): Ramani PS. Source: Q Med Rev. 1982 July; 33(3): 1-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6219420&dopt=Abstract

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Low back pain and lumbago-sciatica in nurses and a reference group of clerks: results of a comparative prevalence study in Germany. Author(s): Hofmann F, Stossel U, Michaelis M, Nubling M, Siegel A. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2002 September; 75(7): 484-90. Epub 2002 June 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172895&dopt=Abstract

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Low back pain and sciatica: acute. Author(s): van Tulder M, Koes B. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1018-31. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230724&dopt=Abstract

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Low back pain and sciatica: chronic. Author(s): van Tulder M, Koes B. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1032-48. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230725&dopt=Abstract

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Low back pain and sciatica: evaluation and surgical management. Author(s): Henderson I. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1985 November; 14(11): 1149-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2935130&dopt=Abstract

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Low back pain, sciatica and chemonucleolysis: a community hospital experience. Author(s): Ortiz JE, Rojas JE. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1986 March; 73(3): 185-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2939195&dopt=Abstract

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Low-back pain and sciatica following total hip replacement: a report of two cases. Author(s): Floman Y, Bernini PM, Marvel JP Jr, Rothman RH. Source: Spine. 1980 May-June; 5(3): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6446775&dopt=Abstract

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Lower back pain and sciatica: 25 years of tropical fruit treatment (chemonucleolysis) Author(s): Graham CE. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 September 18; 163(6): 335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7565250&dopt=Abstract

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Lower back pain and sciatica: how best to manage them. Author(s): Bush K. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1994 March 2-15; 51(5): 216-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7848409&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar epidural injections in the treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Klenerman L, Greenwood R, Davenport HT, White DC, Peskett S. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1984 February; 23(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6697071&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar facet joint injection in low back pain and sciatica: description of technique. Author(s): Carrera GF. Source: Radiology. 1980 December; 137(3): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6449716&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar facet joint injection in low back pain and sciatica: preliminary results. Author(s): Carrera GF. Source: Radiology. 1980 December; 137(3): 665-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6449717&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar spinal canal size of sciatica patients. Author(s): Hurme M, Alaranta H, Aalto T, Knuts LR, Vanharanta H, Troup JD. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1989 July-August; 30(4): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2775595&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar spinal surgery for sciatica due to intervertebral disc disease in the elderly. Author(s): Kulali A, von Wild K. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 1996; 19(3): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875503&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging findings in relation to the COL9A2 tryptophan allele among patients with sciatica. Author(s): Karppinen J, Paakko E, Raina S, Tervonen O, Kurunlahti M, Nieminen P, AlaKokko L, Malmivaara A, Vanharanta H. Source: Spine. 2002 January 1; 27(1): 78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805640&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of endometriosis of the piriform muscle causing sciatica: case report. Author(s): Hickey NA, Murphy JP, Bloom C, Hamilton P. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1999 February; 50(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10047748&dopt=Abstract

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Management of low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Lewinnek GE. Source: International Anesthesiology Clinics. 1983 Winter; 21(4): 61-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6227563&dopt=Abstract

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Manual traction for sciatica. Author(s): Kenna C, Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1989 October; 18(10): 1296. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2818322&dopt=Abstract

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Markers of nerve tissue injury in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with lumbar disc herniation and sciatica. Author(s): Brisby H, Olmarker K, Rosengren L, Cederlund CG, Rydevik B. Source: Spine. 1999 April 15; 24(8): 742-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10222523&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanical low back pain and sciatica revealing an epidural abscess fully responsive to short-course antibiotic therapy. Author(s): Masse I, Mizony MH, Fournier P, Descoffres MC. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 December; 66(12): 747-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10649613&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of action of intradiscal chymopapain in the treatment of sciatica: a clinical, biochemical, and radiological study. Author(s): Jenner JR, Buttle DJ, Dixon AK. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1986 June; 45(6): 441-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3729572&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of pain caused by the nerve-root tension test in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Xavier AV, McDanal J, Kissin I. Source: Neurology. 1989 April; 39(4): 601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2927688&dopt=Abstract

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Metastatic pudendal nerve compression presenting as atypical sciatica. Author(s): Thomas E, Abiad L, Cyteval C, Gallix B, Taourel P, Bruel JM, Blotman F. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 August; 15(4): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177550&dopt=Abstract

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Migration of fractured greater trochanteric osteotomy wire with resultant sciatica. A report of two cases. Author(s): Glover MG, Convery FR. Source: Orthopedics. 1989 May; 12(5): 743-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2726614&dopt=Abstract

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Modified crossed leg raising test and sciatica. Author(s): Swann KW, Zervas NT. Source: Neurosurgery. 1984 August; 15(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6483134&dopt=Abstract

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Morbus de Anquin or spinous engagement syndrome. A rare cause of low-back pain syndrome and sciatica. Author(s): Bruns J, Rehder U, Dahmen GP, Behrens P, Meiss L. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1994; 3(5): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866849&dopt=Abstract

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MRI of intraspinal nerve sheath tumours presenting with sciatica. Author(s): Loke TK, Ma HT, Ward SC, Chan CS, Metreweli C. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1995 August; 39(3): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7487754&dopt=Abstract

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Myelographic defect in a patient with sciatica. Author(s): Herron LD. Source: Spine. 1979 September-October; 4(5): 462. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=531624&dopt=Abstract

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Myelopathy and sciatica induced by an extradural S1 root haemangioblastoma. Author(s): Hermier M, Cotton F, Saint-Pierre G, Jouvet A, Ongolo-Zogo P, Fischer G, Froment JC. Source: Neuroradiology. 2002 June; 44(6): 494-8. Epub 2002 April 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070723&dopt=Abstract

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Natchev's auto-traction for lumbago-sciatica: effectiveness in lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Tesio L, Luccarelli G, Fornari M. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1989 November; 70(12): 831-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2818155&dopt=Abstract

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Neurologic patterns in unilateral sciatica. A prospective study of 100 new cases. Author(s): Blower PW. Source: Spine. 1981 March-April; 6(2): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7280818&dopt=Abstract

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New-onset sciatica after automated percutaneous discectomy. Author(s): Gill K. Source: Spine. 1994 February 15; 19(4): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8178239&dopt=Abstract

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No relationship between epidural fibrosis and sciatica in the lumbar postdiscectomy syndrome. A study with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Author(s): Annertz M, Jonsson B, Stromqvist B, Holtas S. Source: Spine. 1995 February 15; 20(4): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747228&dopt=Abstract

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No rest for sciatica. Author(s): Deyo R. Source: Health News. 1999 March 25; 5(4): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412347&dopt=Abstract

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Non-corresponding radiological and surgical diagnoses in patients operated for sciatica. Author(s): Slebus FG, Braakman R, Schipper J, van Dongen KJ, Westendorp-de Seriere M. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1988; 94(3-4): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3213632&dopt=Abstract

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Nonoperative treatments for sciatica: a pilot study for a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Bronfort G, Evans RL, Anderson AV, Schellhas KP, Garvey TA, Marks RA, Bittell S. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 October; 23(8): 536-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050610&dopt=Abstract

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Nonsurgical therapy for low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Long DM. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1989; 35: 351-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2521465&dopt=Abstract

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Normalization of the electromyogram after conservative treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Libbrecht P, Ghys R, Vyncke G, Hoogmartens M. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1986; 52(6): 824-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3564917&dopt=Abstract

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Zwart JA, Garseth M, Sonnewald U, Dale LG, White LR, Aasly J, Unsgard G. Source: Spine. 1997 September 15; 22(18): 2112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322323&dopt=Abstract

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Occupation and risk of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc or sciatica leading to hospitalization. Author(s): Heliovaara M. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1987; 40(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3818882&dopt=Abstract

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One hundred cases of sciatica treated by surrounding puncture. Author(s): Xu M, Chen W. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 June; 20(2): 128-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039002&dopt=Abstract

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Oral meloxicam is effective in acute sciatica: two randomised, double-blind trials versus placebo or diclofenac. Author(s): Dreiser RL, Le Parc JM, Velicitat P, Lleu PL. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 2001 March; 50 Suppl 1: S17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339516&dopt=Abstract

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Osteochondroma of the lumbar spine. An unusual cause of sciatica. Author(s): van der Sluis R, Gurr K, Joseph MG. Source: Spine. 1992 December; 17(12): 1519-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1471014&dopt=Abstract

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Osteophyte at the sacroiliac joint as a cause of sciatica: a report of four cases. Author(s): Kumar B, Sriram KG, George C. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong Kong). 2002 June; 10(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401925&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome after chronic sciatica as the only reason for lumbar microdiscectomy. Author(s): Schoeggl A, Maier H, Saringer W, Reddy M, Matula C. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 October; 15(5): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394667&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome assessment after epidural corticosteroid injection for low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Bowman SJ, Wedderburn L, Whaley A, Grahame R, Newman S. Source: Spine. 1993 August; 18(10): 1345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8211366&dopt=Abstract

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Outpatient lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection in the management of sciatica. Author(s): Ridley MG, Kingsley GH, Gibson T, Grahame R. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 August; 27(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3408828&dopt=Abstract

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Outpatient treatment of lumbar disc sciatica. Author(s): Swezey RL, Crittenden JO, Swezey AM. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1986 July; 145(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3751027&dopt=Abstract

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Overdiagnosed sciatica and stenosis, underdiagnosed hip arthritis. Author(s): Swezey RL. Source: Orthopedics. 2003 February; 26(2): 173-4; Discussion 174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597222&dopt=Abstract

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P1-latency interroot comparison enhances the validity of scalp-recorded somatosensory-evoked potentials to diagnose nerve root dysfunction in sciatica. Author(s): Pape E, Eldevik OP. Source: Spine. 1997 April 1; 22(7): 798-807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9106322&dopt=Abstract

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Pain control with morphine for vertebral metastases and sciatica in advanced cancer patients. Author(s): Yoshioka H, Tsuneto S, Kashiwagi T. Source: Journal of Palliative Care. 1994 Spring; 10(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8035250&dopt=Abstract

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Pain in sciatica depresses lower limb nociceptive reflexes to sural nerve stimulation. Author(s): Willer JC, Barranquero A, Kahn MF, Salliere D. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1987 January; 50(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3819738&dopt=Abstract

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Pain on coughing and numbness in sciatica: what exactly do these symptoms mean? Author(s): Walk L. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1989 June; 124(6): 751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2730332&dopt=Abstract

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Pathoanatomy of clinical findings in patients with sciatica: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Vroomen PC, de Krom MC, Wilmink JT. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 April; 92(2 Suppl): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763682&dopt=Abstract

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Pathophysiology of sciatica. Author(s): Olmarker K, Rydevik B. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1991 April; 22(2): 223-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2014120&dopt=Abstract

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Pelvic arteriovenous malformation as a rare cause of sciatica. Author(s): Narvaez J, Narvaez JA, Alegre-Sancho JJ, Juanola X, Aguilera C, ValverdeGarcia J, Roig-Vilaseca D. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 December; 36(12): 1340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448602&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an alternative to TENS in the management of sciatica. Author(s): Ghoname EA, White PF, Ahmed HE, Hamza MA, Craig WF, Noe CE. Source: Pain. 1999 November; 83(2): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534590&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous posterolateral lumbar discectomy. An alternative to laminectomy in the treatment of backache and sciatica. Author(s): Graham CE. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 January; (238): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2521316&dopt=Abstract

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Periradicular infiltration for sciatica. Author(s): Manchikanti L, Singh V. Source: Spine. 2002 February 1; 27(3): 334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805707&dopt=Abstract

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Periradicular infiltration for sciatica. Author(s): Manchikanti L, Singh V. Source: Spine. 2002 January 15; 27(2): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805671&dopt=Abstract

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Periradicular infiltration for sciatica: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Karppinen J, Malmivaara A, Kurunlahti M, Kyllonen E, Pienimaki T, Nieminen P, Ohinmaa A, Tervonen O, Vanharanta H. Source: Spine. 2001 May 1; 26(9): 1059-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337625&dopt=Abstract

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Perisciatic injection of steroid for the treatment of sciatica due to piriformis syndrome. Author(s): Hanania M, Kitain E. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1998 March-April; 23(2): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9570616&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent back pain and sciatica in the United States: patient characteristics. Author(s): Long DM, BenDebba M, Torgerson WS, Boyd RJ, Dawson EG, Hardy RW, Robertson JT, Sypert GW, Watts C. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1996 February; 9(1): 40-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727456&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent low back pain and sciatica in the United States: treatment outcomes. Author(s): BenDebba M, Torgerson WS, Boyd RJ, Dawson EG, Hardy RW, Robertson JT, Sypert GW, Watts C, Long DM. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 February; 15(1): 2-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891445&dopt=Abstract

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Personal and occupational predictors of sciatica in the GAZEL cohort. Author(s): Leclerc A, Tubach F, Landre MF, Ozguler A. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2003 September; 53(6): 384-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514905&dopt=Abstract

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Phantom sciatica. A case report. Author(s): Brown MD, Hornicek FJ, Lebwohl NH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1997 February; 79(2): 252-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9052548&dopt=Abstract

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Piriformis muscle syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause of sciatica. Author(s): Durrani Z, Winnie AP. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1991 August; 6(6): 374-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1880438&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting the outcome of sciatica at short-term follow-up. Author(s): Vroomen PC, de Krom MC, Knottnerus JA. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 February; 52(475): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887877&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive value of clinical and surgical findings in patients with lumbago-sciatica. A prospective study (Part I). Author(s): Kosteljanetz M, Espersen JO, Halaburt H, Miletic T. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1984; 73(1-2): 67-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6238507&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive value of radiculography in patients with lumbago-sciatica. A prospective study (Part II). Author(s): Espersen JO, Kosteljanetz M, Halaburt H, Miletic T. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1984; 73(3-4): 213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6240194&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary experience with percutaneous laser disc decompression in the treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Schatz SW, Talalla A. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1995 October; 38(5): 432-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7553467&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of complications in surgical management of back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Carlson G, Abitbol JJ, Garfin SR. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1991 April; 22(2): 345-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1826555&dopt=Abstract

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Previously undescribed cause of sciatica. Author(s): Kolesar T. Source: Lancet. 1987 September 12; 2(8559): 629. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2887915&dopt=Abstract

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Primary pelvic hydatid cyst: an unusual cause of sciatica and foot drop. Author(s): Hassan FO, Shannak A. Source: Spine. 2001 January 15; 26(2): 230-232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154547&dopt=Abstract

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Problem in diagnostic imaging: a patient with sciatica. Author(s): Rankine JJ, Hutchinson CE, Adams JE. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 1998; 11(5): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725580&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic value of MRI findings in sciatica. Author(s): Vroomen PC, Wilmink JT, de KM. Source: Neuroradiology. 2002 January; 44(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942502&dopt=Abstract

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Proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in patients with disc herniation and sciatica. Author(s): Brisby H, Olmarker K, Larsson K, Nutu M, Rydevik B. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 February; 11(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931066&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudosciatica. Author(s): Ogin GA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1989 August; 69(2): 261. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2818739&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudo-septic meningeal reaction after intradural glucocorticoid therapy for sciatica. Author(s): Chauvet E, Moineuse C, Navaux F, Constantin A, Cantagrel A, Mazieres B, Laroche M. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2002 January; 69(1): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858368&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of thermal asymmetry. Part 2: Application in low-back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Uematsu S, Jankel WR, Edwin DH, Kim W, Kozikowski J, Rosenbaum A, Long DM. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1988 October; 69(4): 556-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2971100&dopt=Abstract

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Radiology case of the month. Chronic back pain with sciatica in a 16-year-old man. Ewing sarcoma. Author(s): Wilson SC, Jordan BI, Neitzschman HR. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1999 November; 151(11): 549-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10618857&dopt=Abstract

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Radiology in low back pain and sciatica. An analysis of the relative efficacy of spinal venography, discography and epidurography in patients with a negative or equivocal myelogram. Author(s): McCormick CC. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1978 July; 29(4): 393-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=150321&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid progression of acute sciatica to cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Michals J, Rocks D. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 June; 25(5): 349-50; Author Reply 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072860&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid progression of acute sciatica to cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Busse JW, Hsu WS. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 June; 24(5): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416826&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Hagen KB, Hilde G, Jamtvedt G, et al. The Cochrane review of advice do stay active as a single treatment for low back pain and sciatica. Spine 2002;27:1736-41. Author(s): Werneke M. Source: Spine. 2003 March 1; 28(5): 520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616169&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Karppinen J. et al. Periradicular infiltration for sciatica. A randomized controlled trial. Spine 26, 1059-1067:2001. Author(s): Patel N. Source: Spine. 2002 July 15; 27(14): 1588-9; Author Reply 1588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131724&dopt=Abstract

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Reasons for rheumatology department admission in 125 patients with disk-related sciatica. Author(s): Berthelot JM, Glemarec J, Laborie Y, Varin S, Maugars Y. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 May; 66(5): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10380258&dopt=Abstract

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Recovery of impaired muscle function in severe sciatica. Author(s): Balague F, Nordin M, Sheikhzadeh A, Echegoyen AC, Skovron ML, Bech H, Chassot D, Helsen M. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 June; 10(3): 242-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469737&dopt=Abstract

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Recovery of severe sciatica. Author(s): Balague F, Nordin M, Sheikhzadeh A, Echegoyen AC, Brisby H, Hoogewoud HM, Fredman P, Skovron ML. Source: Spine. 1999 December 1; 24(23): 2516-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626315&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent articular spondylolisthesis: common cause of vertebral instabilities, root pain, sciatica, and ultimately spinal stenosis. Early detection and blocking of specific dislocations. Author(s): Milgram JE. Source: Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1986 Spring; 46(1): 47-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3015295&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent herpes simplex sciatica and its treatment with amantadine hydrochloride. Author(s): Fisher DA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1982 May; 29(5): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7094632&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent postoperative sciatica: evaluation with MR imaging and enhanced CT. Author(s): Frocrain L, Duvauferrier R, Husson JL, Noel J, Ramee A, Pawlotsky Y. Source: Radiology. 1989 February; 170(2): 531-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2911682&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of dyskinesia and induction of akinesia induced by morphine in two parkinsonian patients with severe sciatica. Author(s): Berg D, Becker G, Reiners K. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1999; 106(7-8): 725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907730&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between severity of lumbar disc disease and disability scores in sciatica patients. Author(s): Porchet F, Wietlisbach V, Burnand B, Daeppen K, Villemure JG, Vader JP. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 June; 50(6): 1253-9; Discussion 1259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015843&dopt=Abstract

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Relative efficacy of clinical examination, electromyography, plain film radiography, myelography and lumbar phlebography in the diagnosis of low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Van Damme W, Hessels G, Verhelst M, Van Laer L, Van Es I. Source: Neuroradiology. 1979 September 26; 18(3): 109-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=158716&dopt=Abstract

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Relief of chronic, intractable sciatica by dorsal root ganglionectomy. Author(s): Taub A. Source: Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1980; 105: 340-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7348978&dopt=Abstract

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Repeatability of dermatomal warm and cold sensory thresholds in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Zwart JA, Sand T. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 October; 11(5): 441-6. Epub 2001 September 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384751&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible cause of back pain and sciatica in rheumatoid arthritis: an apophyseal joint cyst. Author(s): Jacob JR, Weisman MH, Mink JH, Metzger AL, Feldman GR, Dorfman HD, Blinderman EE, Resnick D. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1986 March; 29(3): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2938591&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Heliovaara M. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1989 August; 21(4): 257-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2528971&dopt=Abstract

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Role of computed tomography in patients with “sciatica”. Author(s): Federle MP, Moss AA, Margolin FR. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1980 June; 4(3): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6445375&dopt=Abstract

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Sacral magnetic stimulation for pain relief from pudendal neuralgia and sciatica. Author(s): Sato T, Nagai H. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2002 February; 45(2): 280-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852346&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica as a manifestation of idiopathic megacolon: a previously undescribed causal relationship. Author(s): Frischhut B, Ogon M, Trobos S, Judmaier W. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 September; 133(3): 449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9738732&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica as the first manifestation of a leiomyosarcoma of the buttock. Author(s): Benyahya E, Etaouil N, Janani S, Bennis R, Tarfeh M, Louhalia S, Mkinsi O. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 February; 64(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9085450&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica as the first manifestation of synovial sarcoma. Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging to the diagnosis. Author(s): Veillard E, Le Dantec P, Chales G, Jean S, Pawlotsky Y. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995 July-September; 62(7-8): 525-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8574617&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica caused by a dilated epidural vein: MR findings. Author(s): Demaerel P, Petre C, Wilms G, Plets C. Source: European Radiology. 1999; 9(1): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9933393&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica caused by epidural gas. Four case reports. Author(s): Giraud F, Fontana A, Mallet J, Fischer LP, Meunier PJ. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2001 October; 68(5): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707011&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica contralateral to lumbar disk herniation. Author(s): Kornberg M. Source: Orthopedics. 1994 April; 17(4): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8015992&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica due to malignant nerve sheath tumour of sciatic nerve in the thigh. Author(s): Sharma RR, Pawar SJ, Mahapatra AK, Doctor M, Musa MM. Source: Neurology India. 2001 June; 49(2): 188-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447444&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica in CGL: a sign of transformation. Author(s): Holdstock GE, Chisholm M. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1981; 3(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6949658&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica in degenerative spondylolisthesis of the lumbar spine. Author(s): Maheshwaran S, Davies AM, Evans N, Broadley P, Cassar-Pullicino VN. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1995 July; 54(7): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7668895&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica or spinal lymphoma. Author(s): Morcos F, Smith E. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 January; 61(1): 94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779781&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica. Author(s): Perkin GD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 July; 61(1): 35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8676155&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica. Author(s): Jackson A, Romanowski CA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1995 February; 71(832): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7724426&dopt=Abstract

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Sciatica: which intervention? Author(s): Samanta A, Beardsley J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 July 31; 319(7205): 302-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426748&dopt=Abstract

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Selective nerve root blocks for the treatment of sciatica: evaluation of injection site and effectiveness--a study with patients and cadavers. Author(s): Pfirrmann CW, Oberholzer PA, Zanetti M, Boos N, Trudell DJ, Resnick D, Hodler J. Source: Radiology. 2001 December; 221(3): 704-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719666&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in the evaluation of patients with sciatica: false P1 latency prolongation may be due to admixture of dermatomal SEP. Author(s): Pape E. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 September; 41(6): 337-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11680857&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory nerve somatosensory evoked potentials as add-on diagnostic procedure to imaging procedures in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Pape E, Eldevik OP. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 September; 41(6): 329-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11680856&dopt=Abstract

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Severe sciatica: a 13-year follow-up of 342 patients. Author(s): Nykvist F, Hurme M, Alaranta H, Kaitsaari M. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1995; 4(6): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8983651&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity of diagnostic nerve blocks: a prospective, randomized study of sciatica due to lumbosacral spine disease. Author(s): North RB, Kidd DH, Zahurak M, Piantadosi S. Source: Pain. 1996 April; 65(1): 77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8826493&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal epidural abscess: an unusual cause of sciatica. Author(s): Kotilainen E, Sonninen P, Kotilainen P. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1996; 5(3): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8831125&dopt=Abstract

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Spondylolisthesis with sciatica. Magnetic resonance findings and chemonucleolysis. Author(s): Rijk PC, Deutman R, de Jong TE, van Woerden HH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 May; (326): 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8620635&dopt=Abstract

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Statistical approaches in the development of clinical practice guidelines from expert panels: the case of laminectomy in sciatica patients. Author(s): Wietlisbach V, Vader JP, Porchet F, Costanza MC, Burnand B. Source: Medical Care. 1999 August; 37(8): 785-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448721&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical and nonsurgical management of sciatica secondary to a lumbar disc herniation: five-year outcomes from the Maine Lumbar Spine Study. Author(s): Atlas SJ, Keller RB, Chang Y, Deyo RA, Singer DE. Source: Spine. 2001 May 15; 26(10): 1179-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413434&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatic herpes zoster and sciatica. A case report. Author(s): Clavel M. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1981; 58(3-4): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7315555&dopt=Abstract

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Targeted methylprednisolone acetate/hyaluronidase/clonidine injection after diagnostic epiduroscopy for chronic sciatica: a prospective, 1-year follow-up study. Author(s): Geurts JW, Kallewaard JW, Richardson J, Groen GJ. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 July-August; 27(4): 343-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12132057&dopt=Abstract

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The centralization phenomenon in chiropractic spinal manipulation of discogenic low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Lisi AJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 NovemberDecember; 24(9): 596-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753334&dopt=Abstract

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The cochrane review of advice to stay active as a single treatment for low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Hagen KB, Hilde G, Jamtvedt G, Winnem MF. Source: Spine. 2002 August 15; 27(16): 1736-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195064&dopt=Abstract

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The Cochrane review of bed rest for acute low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Hagen KB, Hilde G, Jamtvedt G, Winnem MF. Source: Spine. 2000 November 15; 25(22): 2932-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11074682&dopt=Abstract

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The cold foot symptom in sciatica. A clinical and thermographic study. Author(s): Lindholm RV, Myllyla T, Sarvaranta J. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1981; 70(4): 176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7316446&dopt=Abstract

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The history of the discovery of the sciatica stretching phenomenon. Author(s): Karbowski K, Radanov BP. Source: Spine. 1995 June 1; 20(11): 1315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660244&dopt=Abstract

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The Maine Lumbar Spine Study, Part II. 1-year outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management of sciatica. Author(s): Atlas SJ, Deyo RA, Keller RB, Chapin AM, Patrick DL, Long JM, Singer DE. Source: Spine. 1996 August 1; 21(15): 1777-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8855462&dopt=Abstract

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The natural course of acute sciatica with nerve root symptoms in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effect of piroxicam. Author(s): Weber H, Holme I, Amlie E. Source: Spine. 1993 September 1; 18(11): 1433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8235813&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of sciatica associated with disc pathology. A prospective study with clinical and independent radiologic follow-up. Author(s): Bush K, Cowan N, Katz DE, Gishen P. Source: Spine. 1992 October; 17(10): 1205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1440010&dopt=Abstract

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The Quebec Task Force classification for Spinal Disorders and the severity, treatment, and outcomes of sciatica and lumbar spinal stenosis. Author(s): Atlas SJ, Deyo RA, Patrick DL, Convery K, Keller RB, Singer DE. Source: Spine. 1996 December 15; 21(24): 2885-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9112713&dopt=Abstract

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The superficial skin temperature of low extremities in patients with sciatica. Author(s): Lebkowski WJ, Kozlowski A, Lyson T. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2001; 46: 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780558&dopt=Abstract

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The tendon reflexes in the electrodiagnosis of sciatica. Author(s): Zabelis T, Karandreas N, Lygidakis C. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995 April-May; 35(3): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7649064&dopt=Abstract

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Thermography as a diagnostic aid in sciatica. Author(s): McCulloch J, Frymoyer J, Steurer P, Riaz G, Hurst F. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1993 October; 6(5): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8274812&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of 50 cases of sciatica by needling zanzhu and fengchi. Author(s): Wang C, Ma J, Xiao L. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 March; 23(1): 51-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747202&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of sciatica by acupuncture at jiaji points--a report of 168 cases. Author(s): Pei J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1994 December; 14(4): 266-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7877335&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of sciatica with injection of Novocain into tender points along the sciatic nerve, 132 cases. Author(s): Chen D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1994 March; 14(1): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8196415&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Bullock RG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 January 3; 282(6257): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6778577&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Snaith M. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 November 1; 281(6249): 1217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7427645&dopt=Abstract

•

Tropical pyomyositis presenting as sciatica in Wicklow. Author(s): Kane D, McCarty DJ. Source: Ir Med J. 1997 June-July; 90(4): 155. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267099&dopt=Abstract

•

Truncated sciatica as the first manifestation of a fatigue fracture of the sacrum in a young male. Author(s): Lechevalier D, Magnin J, Eulry F. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 July-September; 63(7-8): 505. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8896067&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound in sciatica. Author(s): Forsberg L, Walloe A. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1982 June; 53(3): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7090762&dopt=Abstract

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Unicyclist's sciatica--a case report. Author(s): Gold S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 July 23; 305(4): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7242612&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual sciatica: traumatic rupture of the ligamentum flavum. Author(s): Palmer JD, Clarke NM, Pickard JD, Weller RO. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1991; 5(5): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1764235&dopt=Abstract

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Value of the bell test and the hyperextension test for diagnosis in sciatica associated with disc herniation: comparison with Lasegue's sign and the crossed Lasegue's sign. Author(s): Poiraudeau S, Foltz V, Drape JL, Fermanian J, Lefevre-Colau MM, MayouxBenhamou MA, Revel M. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 April; 40(4): 460-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312387&dopt=Abstract

•

Warm and cold sensory thresholds in patients with unilateral sciatica: C fibers are more severely affected than A-delta fibers. Author(s): Zwart JA, Sand T, Unsgaard G. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1998 January; 97(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9482677&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SCIATICA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and sciatica.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Sciatica The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “sciatica” (or a synonym): •

A meta-analysis on the efficacy of epidural corticosteroids in the treatment of sciatica. Author(s): The Investigator Clinic, Port Lincoln, South Australia. Source: Watts, R W Silagy, C A Anaesth-Intensive-Care. 1995 October; 23(5): 564-9 0310057X

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Acupuncture treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700. Source: Hu, J J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 2000 December; 20(4): 314-6 0254-6272

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An analysis of the relative specificity of acupoints in sciatica models. Author(s): Institute of Acupuncture, China Academy of TCM. Source: Shi, T Xu, W J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1990 June; 10(2): 141-5 0254-6272

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An observation on the therapeutic effect of acupuncture in the treatment of sciatica. Source: Li, Q Lu, S Luo, J M Liang, S Z J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1989 June; 9(2): 90-2 02546272

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Clinical observation of therapeutic effects of wrist-ankle acupuncture in 88 cases of sciatica. Author(s): Mother and Chid Health-Care Hospital, Zibo, Shandong Province. Source: Chu, Z Bai, D J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1997 December; 17(4): 280-1 0254-6272

•

Comparative clinical trial of two injectable NSAIDs, tiaprofenic acid and alclofenac, in acute sciatica. Author(s): Rheumatology Unit, Hopital St Joseph, Turnhout, Belgium. Source: Schuermans, Y Rauis, A Drugs. 1988; 35 Suppl 183-5 0012-6667

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Comparison of injectable formulations of tiaprofenic acid and ketoprofen in acute lumbar sciatica. Single-blind randomised trial. Author(s): Orthopedic Department, Jan Palfijn Hospital, Merksem, Belgium. Source: Borms, T Drugs. 1988; 35 Suppl 185-7 0012-6667

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Conflicting conclusions from two systematic reviews of epidural steroid injections for sciatica: which evidence should general practitioners heed? Author(s): School of Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich. Source: Hopayian, K Mugford, M Br-J-Gen-Pract. 1999 January; 49(438): 57-61 0960-1643

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Epidural application of cortico-steroids in low-back pain and sciatica. Author(s): University Clinic of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Andersen, K H Mosdal, C Acta-Neurochir-(Wien). 1987; 87(1-2): 52-3 0001-6268

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Epidural injection in the treatment of chronic sciatica. Source: Morelle, P Hoogmartens, M Acta-Orthop-Belg. 1987; 53(2): 170-2 0001-6462

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Epidural injections for sciatica. Author(s): University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, USA. Source: Mohs, J C Newton, W P J-Fam-Pract. 1997 October; 45(4): 290-1 0094-3509

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Glucocorticoid epidural for sciatica: metabolic and endocrine sequelae. Author(s): Bournemouth Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane East, Bournemouth BH7 7DW, UK. Source: Ward, A Watson, J Wood, P Dunne, C Kerr, D Rheumatology-(Oxford). 2002 January; 41(1): 68-71 1462-0324

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Is it possible to predict the efficacy at discharge of inhospital rheumatology department management of disk-related sciatica? A study in 150 patients. Author(s): Rheumatology Department, Nantes Teaching Hospital, France. Source: Berthelot, J M Rodet, D Guillot, P Laborie, Y Maugars, Y Prost, A Rev-RhumEngl-Ed. 1999 April; 66(4): 207-13 1169-8446

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One hundred cases of sciatica treated by surrounding puncture. Author(s): Junan County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Province. Source: Xu, M Chen, W J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 2000 June; 20(2): 128-9 0254-6272

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Outcome assessment after epidural corticosteroid injection for low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Rheumatology Department, Guy's Hospital, London. Source: Bowman, S J Wedderburn, L Whaley, A Grahame, R Newman, S Spine. 1993 August; 18(10): 1345-50 0362-2436

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Outpatient lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection in the management of sciatica. Author(s): Rheumatology Unit, Guy's Hospital, London. Source: Ridley, M G Kingsley, G H Gibson, T Grahame, R Br-J-Rheumatol. 1988 August; 27(4): 295-9 0263-7103

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Pain control with morphine for vertebral metastases and sciatica in advanced cancer patients. Author(s): Department of Hospice, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka, Japan. Source: Yoshioka, H Tsuneto, S Kashiwagi, T J-Palliat-Care. 1994 Spring; 10(1): 10-3 0825-8597

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Reduction of dyskinesia and induction of akinesia induced by morphine in two parkinsonian patients with severe sciatica. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University of Wurzburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Berg, D Becker, G Reiners, K J-Neural-Transm. 1999; 106(7-8): 725-8

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Sciatica: which intervention? Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW. Source: Samanta, A Beardsley, J BMJ. 1999 July 31; 319(7205): 302-3 0959-8138

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Treatment of sciatica by acupuncture at jiaji points--a report of 168 cases. Author(s): Department of Acupuncture, Liaoning College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Source: Pei, J J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1994 December; 14(4): 266-8 0254-6272

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to sciatica; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SCIATICA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to sciatica. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to sciatica and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to sciatica: •

A descriptive study of medical and chiropractic patients with chronic low back pain and sciatica: management by physicians (practice activities) and patients (selfmanagement). Author(s): Nyiendo J, Haas M, Goldberg B, Lloyd C. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 NovemberDecember; 24(9): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753326&dopt=Abstract

•

Acupuncture treatment for pain syndrome. I. Treatment for sciatica (report on 90 cases). Author(s): Leung SJ. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 July; 1(2): 317-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4774364&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture treatment of sciatica and a preliminary study of the analgesic mechanism. Author(s): Qi LY, Duan SJ, Liao WJ. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1985 September; 5(3): 179-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3003464&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Hu J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 December; 20(4): 314-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263291&dopt=Abstract

•

An analysis of the relative specificity of acupoints in sciatica models. Author(s): Shi T, Xu W. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1990 June; 10(2): 141-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2391999&dopt=Abstract

•

An observation on the therapeutic effect of acupuncture in the treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Li Q, Lu S, Luo JM, Liang SZ. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1989 June; 9(2): 90-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2779282&dopt=Abstract

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Chiropractic manipulation in low back pain and sciatica: statistical data on the diagnosis, treatment and response of 576 consecutive cases. Author(s): Cox JM, Shreiner S. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1984 March; 7(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6232332&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical observation of therapeutic effects of wrist-ankle acupuncture in 88 cases of sciatica. Author(s): Chu Z, Bai D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1997 December; 17(4): 280-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437212&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical observation on acupuncture treatment of 106 cases of trunk-sciatica. Author(s): Jiang YG, Mu JS, Zhang XY, Bai QL. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1984 September; 4(3): 183-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6570148&dopt=Abstract

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Essentials for the acupuncture treatment of radicular sciatica. Author(s): Zhang P.

Alternative Medicine 59

Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 September; 23(3): 237. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14535202&dopt=Abstract •

Lumbar epidural injections in the treatment of sciatica. Author(s): Klenerman L, Greenwood R, Davenport HT, White DC, Peskett S. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1984 February; 23(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6697071&dopt=Abstract

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Nonoperative treatments for sciatica: a pilot study for a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Bronfort G, Evans RL, Anderson AV, Schellhas KP, Garvey TA, Marks RA, Bittell S. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 October; 23(8): 536-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050610&dopt=Abstract

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One hundred cases of sciatica treated by surrounding puncture. Author(s): Xu M, Chen W. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 June; 20(2): 128-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039002&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an alternative to TENS in the management of sciatica. Author(s): Ghoname EA, White PF, Ahmed HE, Hamza MA, Craig WF, Noe CE. Source: Pain. 1999 November; 83(2): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534590&dopt=Abstract

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Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica. An attempt at evaluation. Author(s): Lidstrom A, Zachrisson M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1970; 2(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4257208&dopt=Abstract

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Prolotherapy treatment of low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): MYERS A. Source: Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1961 April; 22: 48-55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14477661&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid progression of acute sciatica to cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Michals J, Rocks D. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 June; 25(5): 349-50; Author Reply 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072860&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid progression of acute sciatica to cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Busse JW, Hsu WS. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 June; 24(5): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416826&dopt=Abstract

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Sacral magnetic stimulation for pain relief from pudendal neuralgia and sciatica. Author(s): Sato T, Nagai H. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2002 February; 45(2): 280-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852346&dopt=Abstract

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The centralization phenomenon in chiropractic spinal manipulation of discogenic low back pain and sciatica. Author(s): Lisi AJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 NovemberDecember; 24(9): 596-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753334&dopt=Abstract

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The problem of sciatica. Author(s): WILLIAMS D. Source: The Practitioner. 1964 September; 193: 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14213730&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of 50 cases of sciatica by needling zanzhu and fengchi. Author(s): Wang C, Ma J, Xiao L. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 March; 23(1): 51-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747202&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of sciatica by acupuncture at jiaji points--a report of 168 cases. Author(s): Pei J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1994 December; 14(4): 266-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7877335&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of sciatica with injection of Novocain into tender points along the sciatic nerve, 132 cases. Author(s): Chen D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1994 March; 14(1): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8196415&dopt=Abstract

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What do patients think? Results of a mixed methods pilot study assessing sciatica patients' interpretations of satisfaction and improvement. Author(s): Evans RL, Maiers MJ, Bronfort G.


Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 October; 26(8): 502-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14569216&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to sciatica; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Low Back Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sciatica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Alternative Therapy Acupuncture Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Acupuncture Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,663,00.html Chiropractic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,681,00.html Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Trager Approach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,741,00.html •

Chinese Medicine Xiatianwu Alternative names: Decumbent Corydalis Rhizome; Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

•

Herbs and Supplements Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Elecampane Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com


Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosemary Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Rosmarinus Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John’s Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com St. John's Wort Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SCIATICA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to sciatica. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “sciatica” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on sciatica, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Sciatica ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to sciatica. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Low-back Pain and 'sciatica' Symptoms - Development of a Clinical Method to Identify the Sources by Personius, Walter J., PhD from The University of Iowa, 1984, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8428279

•

Practice Variation in Physical Therapy: Development of a Causal Model Using the Disorders Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder and Sciatica by Jewell, Dianne Ruth Valle; PhD from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2003, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084230

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND SCIATICA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning sciatica.

Recent Trials on Sciatica The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to sciatica.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Effect of Antidepressants on Back Pain Condition(s): Back Pain; Sciatica Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether different types of antidepressant medicines relieve back pain that has lasted at least six months on a daily basis. Study participants will be assigned to treatment with either a antidepressant acting on the serotonin system in the brain (fluoxetine), one acting on the noradrenoline system (desipramine, or to a control medication not expected to relieve pain (benztropine). Each participant will be seen at least nine times during their 12 weeks on medication. This is a phase 2/3, outpatient study. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00018200

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Magnets in the Treatment of Sciatica Condition(s): Low Back Pain; Sciatica Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Sponsor(s): National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) Purpose - Excerpt: This 19-week study will evaluate magnets of very low power to treat sciatica (also referred to as lumbago, sciatica, or lumbar radicular pain). Some evidence suggests that magnets can alleviate pain associated with muscle, bone, and nerve problems. Individuals between 30 and 70 years of age who have had sciatica (sharp, shooting pains in the leg) daily for at least 3 months may be eligible for this study. The pain must be moderate to severe, occur on a daily basis, and be due to either disc problems or degeneration of the spine. Patients with pain in the buttock or posterior thigh without sciatica may also qualify if they have irritation of the lumbar (lower spine) nerve roots or if imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveal a disc compressing the lumbar nerves on the same side as the pain. Candidates will be screened with a medical history, physical and neurological examinations, blood tests, pain evaluation, collection of demographic information, and possibly MRI. They will fill out questionnaires regarding pain, daily function, and psychological well being. The study has two phases, consisting of four 2-week periods in phase 1 and two 5-week periods in phase 2. - Phase 1: During two of the 2-week periods, subjects wear an elastic binder back support device with magnets sewn into them - one with the magnets aligned in the direction of the spine; the other with the magnets placed across the spine. During another period, subjects wear a dummy device that looks like a real magnet but has no actual magnetic force; in another, they wear no device at all. The magnets are worn at least 12 hours a day. - Phase 2: The subject wears the preferred magnet (real or sham) from phase 1 during one of these 5-week periods, and a dummy device during the other. Participants who did not find any of the magnets helpful in phase 1 may continue, nevertheless, with phase 2 and be assigned a magnet and sham device by the investigators. Participants may continue taking their regular pain medicines throughout the study's duration. They will keep a pain log during both phases, rating their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, and a record of side effects experienced with each period of the study. They will also keep a record of procedures, such as injections and manipulations, they undergo during the study to control pain flare-ups. Clinic visits will be scheduled as follows: - Visit 1: for screening and baseline studies before starting phase 1; participants may also come to the clinic after each 2-week period in phase 1 to exchange devices, or the devices may be mailed to the participant - Visit 2: at the end of phase 1 for an interview about the magnet treatments and to indicate the preferred treatment - Visit 3: at the end of the first phase 2 5-week period for a brief neurological examination, interview regarding treatment satisfaction and side effects, and completion of questionnaires - Visit 4: at the end of the second phase 2 5-week period for the same procedures as visit 2 During each visit, participants will have sensory testing, in which a pin is placed on the surface of the skin. This test does not cause any discomfort. At the end of the study, participants will be given the device that helped them, if any. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044109 •

Pain Treatment for Sciatica Condition(s): Radiculopathy; Sciatica Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)

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Purpose - Excerpt: This study will test the effectiveness of two drugs-nortriptyline and MS Contin (a type of morphine)-to treat pain caused by lumbar radiculopathy, or sciatica. Sciatica results from damage to the lumbar nerve roots, typically causing back pain and sharp, shooting pain down one or both legs. Although sciatica is common, there are no good treatments for it. Tricyclic antidepressants, such as nortriptyline, and opioids, such as morphine, have been effective in treating other kinds of pain from nerve damage. Patients between 18 and 65 years of age who have had sciatica pain daily for at least 3 months may be eligible for this study. Participants will provide a medical history and occupational and other social information. They will undergo a neurological examination, routine blood tests and an electrocardiogram and will fill out three questionnaires providing information on daily functioning and psychological wellbeing. This "cross-over" study consists of several parts, including a baseline study and four different treatment regimens. During each part, patients keep a daily log in which they rate their pain, record other procedures they undergo, such as injections and manipulations, and record medication side effects. In the first week of the study, patients remain on their current medications. Any antidepressants or opioids are stopped gradually before starting the drug trials. After the first week, patients go through the following four drug trials in random order: 1. Nortriptyline and inert placebo-Patients take nortriptyline in doses ranging from 25 mg. to 100 mg. and an inert placebo for morphine. (An inert placebo is a dummy pill; it looks like the test drug but has no active ingredient.) 2. MS Contin (morphine) and inert placebo-Patients take MS Contin in doses ranging from 30 mg. to 90 mg. and an inert placebo for nortriptyline. 3. Nortriptyline and MS Contin-Patients take MS Contin and nortriptyline in the same dose ranges as for each drug alone. 4. Active placebo and inactive placebo-Patients take an active placebo-in this case benztropine-and an inert placebo. An active placebo is a drug that does not work for the problem being studied but whose side effects are like those of the test drug-in this case, slight sleepiness or dry mouth. Benztropine is given at one-third the recommended dosage. For each drug regimen, the medication dose is increased gradually over 5 weeks until the maximum tolerated dose is reached. At the end of each regimen, patients are taken off the study drugs over a 12-day tapering period and are off drugs completely for another 2 days. Patients are seen by a doctor or nurse at the 7-week point in each study period. After all the drug trials are finished, patients repeat the questionnaires they filled out at the beginning of the study. Patients and their doctors will be informed of the medications that were effective in each individual's care. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00009672 •

Topiramate in the Treatment of Sciatica Condition(s): Sciatica Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will test the effectiveness of topiramate to treat pain caused by lumbar radiculopathy, or sciatica. Sciatica results from damage to the lumbar nerve roots, typically causing back pain and sharp, shooting pain down one or both legs. Although sciatica is common, there are no good treatments for it. Topiramate belongs to

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a group of medications commonly used to treat pain caused by nerve damage. Patients between 18 and 75 years of age who have had sciatica pain daily for at least 3 months may be eligible for this study. (This is taken from the first paragraph of the Qualification Criteria in the consent form. The inclusion criteria on page 6 of the protocol say "low back pain of 3 months duration or longer present at least 5 out of 7 days a week" and signs and symptoms of lumbar radiculopathy. Which is correct?) Participants will provide a medical history, as well as occupational and social information. They will undergo a standard neurological examination, including a test of cognitive (thinking) abilities, muscular function, reflexes and a sensory examination. The latter involves testing with a pin placed on the surface of the skin. Participants will also have routine blood tests and will fill out questionnaires on their daily functioning and psychological well being. Additional procedures may include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and possible referral to a psychiatrist for evaluation of depression or emotional difficulties. This "cross-over" study consists of two parts. In one part, patients will receive topiramate and in the other, an active placebo. An active placebo is a drug that does not work for the problem being studied but whose side effects are like those of the test drug. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is the active placebo used in this study. Diphenhydramine is an allergy medication with very mild side effects, such as drowsiness. During both parts of the study-topiramate and placebo-patients will keep a daily log in which they rate their pain, record other procedures they undergo, such as injections and manipulations, and record medication side effects. In the first week of the study, patients will remain on their current medications and record pain levels once a day. After the first week, they will begin taking the study drugs-either topiramate in increasing doses ranging from 50 to 400 mg. or diphenhydramine in doses ranging from 6.25 to 50 mg. The drug doses will be increased gradually over 4 weeks to minimize possible side effects. Increases will continue until the maximum tolerated dose is reached. Patients will continue on the highest tolerated dose for two weeks and then be tapered off gradually over 12 days. They will remain off drugs completely for a 2-day washout period and then begin the next treatment. Those who took topiramate for the first part will take diphenhydramine for the second part and vice versa. A study nurse will call patients twice a week throughout the study to check for problems and answer questions. A physician will see patients 6 weeks after the start of each treatment. During the last visit, at the end of the study, patients will repeat the questionnaires they filled out at the beginning of the study. Patients and their doctors will be informed of the medications that were effective in each individual's care. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00011804

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately

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5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “sciatica” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SCIATICA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to sciatica. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on sciatica include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on sciatica: •

Take Care of Your Back: A Self-Care Handbook Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1998. 32 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Contact company for pricing information; available in bulk. Order Number 96270A-6-98. Summary: This illustrated handbook provides people who have back pain with information on treating it and preventing it from recurring. The back is composed of vertebrae, the spinal cord, muscles, the sciatic nerve, disks, facet joints, nerves, and ligaments. Causes of back pain include strains, sprains, or spasms; a herniated disk; osteoarthritis; weak muscles, poor posture, or weight problems; sciatica; emotional stress; and certain health conditions. Although mild back symptoms may be self treated, medical advice is needed in some cases. Treating back pain at home involves using over

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the counter pain relievers, applying sources of cold and heat to the painful area, performing physical activity, managing stress using relaxation techniques, and taking precautions while recovering. Medical treatments for back pain include prescription medications, physical therapy, spinal manipulation, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, traction, biofeedback, and corsets. Correct body mechanics should be used when standing, walking, sitting, driving, sleeping, shoveling, raking, and vacuuming. Proper lifting techniques can help prevent back strain. Ergonomics can be used to reduce back strain at work. Regular physical activity is important to reduce the risk of injury. Moderate activities that are gentle on the back include walking, swimming, and riding a stationary bike. Various exercises including the cat stretch, elbow props, the pelvic tilt, hip rolls, the knee to chest lift, and bent leg situps help stretch and strengthen the back. Maintaining a healthy weight also helps reduce the risk of back injury.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “sciatica” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “sciatica” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “sciatica” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Auto-traction : treatment of low back pain and sciatica : an electromyographic, radiographic and clinical study by Gertrud A. M. Lind; ISBN: 9172220236; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9172220236/icongroupinterna

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Back pain and sciatica in Finnish farmers by Jyrki Penttinen; ISBN: 9516692265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9516692265/icongroupinterna

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Back Pain: How to Relieve Low Back Pain and Sciatica by Loren Fishman, Carol Ardman (1999); ISBN: 039331961X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039331961X/icongroupinterna

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Back Talk: How to Diagnose and Cure Low Back Pain and Sciatica by Loren Fishman, Carol Ardman; ISBN: 0393041298; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393041298/icongroupinterna

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Get Rid of the Pain in Your Butt NOW! Pain Relief For Your Back, Legs, Knees, Feet & Sciatica by Monte Hueftle; ISBN: 0974401145; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0974401145/icongroupinterna

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Relieving Sciatica: Using Complementary Medicine to Overcome the Pain of Sciatica by Larry P. Credit, et al (2000); ISBN: 0895299216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895299216/icongroupinterna

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Repertory of the Symptoms of Rheumatism, Sciatica Etc by Alfred Pulford (1993); ISBN: 8170211123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170211123/icongroupinterna

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Sciatica by William M.D. Hunter; ISBN: 9996673650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996673650/icongroupinterna

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Sciatica and Chymopapain by John A. and MacNab, Ian McCulloch; ISBN: 0683057545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683057545/icongroupinterna

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Speaking of Back-Aches: Advice and Help on Disc Problems, Wear and Tear of the Spinal Column, Muscle Spasm, Sciatica, Headaches and Migraines by Renate Zauner; ISBN: 0832622338; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0832622338/icongroupinterna

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The Practical Treatment of Backache and Sciatica by John Barrett, Douglas N. Golding (1985); ISBN: 0852007736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852007736/icongroupinterna

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The Sciatica Relief Handbook by Chet Cunningham, Mary Ann Castor; ISBN: 1887053093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887053093/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:6 •

Arthritifugum magnum: a physical discourse on the wonderful virtues of cold water, in the cure of the gout and sciatica, stone in the kidneys, palsey, wind-cholick, cramp, red and pimpled faces, catarrhes, hoarseness, pains, and crudity of the stomach, pains in the head, and teeth, [line] of the shoulder, back, and loyns, inflammation of the eyes, benumb'd hands and feet, strains, bruises, and swellings, green wounds Author: Heyden, Hermann van der,; Year: 1939; London: Printed for J. Pemberton., 1724

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Chymopapain in the treatment of back pain and sciatica: January 1969 through July 1978: 80 citations Author: National Library of Medicine (U.S.); Year: 1950; [Bethesda, Md.]: Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, [1978]

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Joint ligament relaxation treated by fibro-osseous proliferation; with special reference to low back disability, trigger point pain, referred pain and sciatica-tendon relaxation. Author: Hackett, George Stuart,; Year: 1970; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [1957]

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Ligament and tendon relaxation (skeletal disability) treated by prolotherapy (fibroosseous proliferation) With special reference to occipito-cervical and low back disability, trigger point pain, referred pain, headache and sciatica. Author: Hackett, George Stuart,; Year: 1971; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [1958]

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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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•

Low back pain and sciatica. Author: Palumbo, Louis Thomas,; Year: 1941; Philadelphia, Lippincott [1954]

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Lumbar disc herniation; clinical studies and late results of 374 cases of sciatica, operated on the diagnosis or suspicion of lumbar disc herniation. Author: Waris, Wille.; Year: 1957; Helsinki, 1948

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Lumbar disc lesions; pathogenesis and treatment of low back pain and sciatica. Author: Armstrong, J. R. (James Rowan); Year: 1968; Edinburgh, Livingstone, 1965

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On the value of the neurological symptoms in sciatica for the localization of a lumbar disc herniation; a contribution to the problem of the surgical treatment of sciatica, by Gösta Norlén. Author: Norlén, Gösta,; Year: 1966; Stockholm [Kungl. boktryckeriet, P. A. Norstedt; söner] 1944

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Outcome of severe sciatica: a prospective five year follow-up study of 179 operated and 97 conservatively treated patients with reference to clinical, social, and psychological factors and electromyographic findings Author: Nykvist, Finn.; Year: 1955; Turku: Rehabilitation Research Centre, Social Insurance Institution: Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Turku, 1991; ISBN: 9516693261

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Prognosis in conservatively treated sciatica. [Tr. by L. James Brown]. Author: Söderberg, Lennart.; Year: 1968; Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1956

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Rheumatism; fibrositis, arthritis, lumbago, sciatica, "slipped disc," gout, spondylitis, by W. S. C. Copeman and R. M. Mason. Author: Copeman, W. S. C. (William Sydney Charles),; Year: 1942; London, Duckworth [1954]

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The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and sciatica, by A. H. Douthwaite. Author: Douthwaite, Arthur H. (Arthur Henry),; Year: 1948; London, H. K. Lewis; co. ltd., 1933

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The value of the disc operation in prolonged disabling sciatica; a clinical study with an evaluation of results and symptoms based on the follow-up examination of 104 cases. [Tr. by U. Attila]. Author: Koskinen, Erkki V. S.; Year: 1972; Helsinki, 1957

Chapters on Sciatica In order to find chapters that specifically relate to sciatica, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and sciatica using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON SCIATICA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on sciatica. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Sciatica The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in sciatica (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on sciatica: •

Surgical treatment of sciatica [videorecording]: a modern perspective. Year: 1978; Format: Videorecording; [Chicago, Ill.]: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, [1978]

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SCIATICA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover sciatica.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on sciatica is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to sciatica. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “sciatica” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for sciatica: •

Infliximab shows promise as sciatica treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 15, 2003

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Mutant gene possible cause of sciatica Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 1999

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Bed rest no more effective than watchful waiting for sciatica patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 11, 1999

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Bed rest does not improve sciatica Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 10, 1999

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Epidural Corticosteroids Of Limited Benefit In Sciatica Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 1997

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Shots for Sciatica Questioned Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 04, 1997

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Surgery Effective In Selected Patients With Sciatica And Spinal Stenosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 22, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “sciatica” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to sciatica, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “sciatica” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on sciatica: •

Acute Low Back Pain Source: SLE Newsletter. 24(4): 3-4. Winter 2001/2002. Contact: Available from Bay Area Lupus Foundation. 2635 North First Street, Suite 206, San Jose, CA 95134. (408) 954-8600. Website: www.balf.org. Summary: This newsletter article discusses causes and treatment of low back pain (LBP). LBP affects up to 80 percent of adults and may be caused by injury, degenerative changes in the facet joints of the spine, or disease of abdominal and pelvic organs. If LBP occurs without these causes, any 'red flag' symptoms should be carefully examined: long term pain, pain at rest, and weight loss may indicate cancer; fever may indicate infection; corticosteroid use, osteoporosis, and trauma may indicate spinal fracture; and urinary or rectal sphincter malfunction and weakness or numbness in the legs may indicate cauda equina syndrome. Patients with SLE are more prone to corticosteroidinduced osteoporosis and infection of spinal structures. X-rays, MRIs, and CTs should be used if any of the 'red flag' symptoms are present, although they are not very useful for determining the cause of LBP otherwise. Patients with LBP should limit but not discontinue their activities. NSAIDS, muscle relaxants, and antidepressant medications may be prescribed. Strengthening exercises for the trunk and extremities, ice, or heat may help alleviate pain. Epidural coricosteroids can be used for severe sciatic pain. Lumbar disc surgery may be necessary for patients with long-term disabling sciatica.

•

Low Back Pain: Exercising Options for a Healthy Back Source: Harvard Health Letter. 23(11): 4-5. September 1998. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter, P.O. Box 380, Department BI, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-9045 or (617) 432-1485. E-mail: [email protected].

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Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have low back pain with information on treating this condition with exercise. The Agency for Health Policy and Research updated its treatment guidelines for acute low back pain in 1994. These guidelines recommend that people stay in bed no longer than 1 or 2 days because prolonged inactivity further weakens the back. The guidelines encourage people to stay as active as possible and to return to exercise as soon as possible. Clinical experience has shown that certain exercises can speed recovery in many cases of low back pain and often prevent a recurrence. Exercise strengthens and stretches the muscles that support the spine such as the abdominal muscles and extensor muscles. Although many cases of low back pain involve muscle spasms, sprained ligaments and disk injuries are sometimes the cause of pain. Low-impact activities such as walking, swimming, and gentle stretches often help people who have sciatica. An exercise program will benefit people who experience spasms and strains of the torso muscles. Stretching is an important part of any exercise program because strong, flexible muscles are less prone to injury. A stretching and strengthening program should focus on the extensor, abdominal, iliopsoas, and buttock muscles. In addition to a stretching and strengthening program, people should engage in regular aerobic exercise. Recommended aerobic exercises for people who have low back pain include walking, swimming, and biking. 2 figures.

Academic Periodicals covering Sciatica Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to sciatica. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering sciatica that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3803 143 7 6 2 3961

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “sciatica” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on sciatica can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to sciatica. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to sciatica. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “sciatica”:

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•

Guides on sciatica Sciatica http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sciatica.html

•

Other guides Spinal Stenosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalstenosis.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to sciatica, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Sciatica Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=167&topcategory=Spine Sciatica Source: Harvard Medical School, InteliHealth http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/25686.html

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Self-Care Flowcharts: Hip Problems Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/540.xml

•

Treatment Low Back Surgery Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/booklet/thr_report.cfm?thread_id=10&topcategory=spin e

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Sitting and Sciatica Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01380

•

Organizations American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.aaos.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system

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(mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on sciatica. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Lumbar Disk Surgery: Treating Low Back Pain and Sciatica Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2000. 8 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides people who have low back pain and sciatica with information on disk surgery. Although a conservative treatment plan may relieve pain in some people, others may need surgery. The booklet describes the anatomy and function of the lower back and explains how disk problems cause pain. This is followed by a discussion of the medical examination, focusing on the medical history, the physical examination, and diagnostic tests. The booklet then describes various types of disk surgery, including classic diskectomy, microdiskectomy, and percutaneous diskectomy. In addition, the booklet offers guidelines on recovering from back surgery, focusing on undergoing physical therapy, using proper body mechanics, exercising regularly, and obtaining followup care. 13 figures. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “sciatica” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Low back pain or sciatica in the primary care setting Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 May; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2578&nbr=1804&a mp;string=sciatica Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is

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located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Sciatica (Back Pain) Summary: If you suddenly start feeling pain in your lower back or hip that radiates down from your buttock to the back of one thigh and into your leg, your problem may be a protruding disk in your lower spinal Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7109 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to sciatica. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to sciatica. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with sciatica.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about sciatica. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “sciatica” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “sciatica”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “sciatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “sciatica” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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SCIATICA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Akinesia: 1. Absence or poverty of movements. 2. The temporary paralysis of a muscle by the injection of procaine. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.

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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on

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the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the

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hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 109

Bone marrow biopsy: The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH]

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Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the

Dictionary 111

high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT

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scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types,

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including T and B cells. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for

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dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diskectomy: Excision, in part or whole, of an intervertebral disk. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrodiagnosis: Diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the

Dictionary 115

chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

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Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibrositis: Aching, soreness or stiffness of muscles; often caused by inexpedient work postures. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups

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within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Ganglionectomy: Removal of an autonomic or sensory ganglion by any means. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels

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carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyaluronidase: An enzyme that splits hyaluronic acid and thus lowers the viscosity of the acid and facilitates the spreading of fluids through tissues either advantageously or disadvantageously. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization

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involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

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Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Leiomyosarcoma: A tumor of the muscles in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligamentum Flavum: The paired bands of yellow elastic tissue that connect adjoining laminae of the vertebrae. With the laminae, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal and helps hold the body erect. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lod: The lowest analyte content which, if actually present, will be detected with reasonable

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statistical certainty and can be identified according to the identification criteria of the method. If both accuracy and precision are constant over a concentration range. [NIH] Lod Score: The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds." [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbago: Pain in the lumbar region. [EU] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical

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Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH]

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Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Myelogram: An x-ray of the spinal cord after an injection of dye into the space between the lining of the spinal cord and brain. [NIH] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH]

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Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nortriptyline: A metabolite of amitryptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occupational Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH]

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Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of articular cartilage. Primary osteoarthritis is very common in older persons, especially affecting weight-bearing joints. Articular cartilage becomes soft, frayed and thinned. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal

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(or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phlebography: Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's

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life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to

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recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH]

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Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH]

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Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Sacroiliac Joint: The immovable joint formed by the lateral surfaces of the sacrum and ilium. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sciatica: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the L4, L5, S1 or S2 spinal nerve roots; often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina. [NIH]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sensory Thresholds: The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH]

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Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH]

Dictionary 133

Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sural Nerve: A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Cyst: A nodular, tumorlike lesion in or about a tendon sheath or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. It is not a true cyst as it lacks an epithelial wall, and it does not communicate with the underlying synovial space. The lesion represents a focal accumulation of mucin in the dermis of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges or, less often, other portions of the extremities. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems.

134 Sciatica

Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU]

Dictionary 135

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

136 Sciatica

137

INDEX A Abdominal, 81, 82, 105, 125, 129 Abscess, 26, 33, 47, 105 Adjustment, 4, 105 Adrenal Cortex, 105, 112, 127 Adverse Effect, 105, 131 Aerobic, 82, 105 Aerobic Exercise, 82, 105 Affinity, 105, 113, 132 Akinesia, 43, 55, 105 Algorithms, 105, 108 Alkaloid, 105, 122 Alleles, 105, 120 Allergen, 105, 131 Alternative medicine, 80, 105 Amantadine, 29, 43, 106 Amino Acid Sequence, 106 Amino Acids, 106, 107, 125, 126, 128 Ammonia, 106, 117 Anaesthesia, 10, 23, 106, 119 Analgesic, 58, 106, 113, 118, 120, 122, 125 Anatomical, 106, 119 Androgens, 105, 106, 112 Anesthesia, 14, 29, 39, 41, 48, 106, 112, 127 Aneurysm, 27, 106 Animal model, 7, 8, 106 Ankle, 7, 16, 54, 58, 106 Antiallergic, 106, 112 Antibiotic, 33, 106 Antibodies, 27, 106, 121, 126 Antibody, 105, 106, 107, 111, 118, 119, 121, 131, 132 Anticoagulant, 107, 127 Antidepressant, 67, 81, 107, 116 Antiemetic, 107, 113 Antigen, 27, 105, 106, 107, 111, 118, 119, 121, 131 Anti-inflammatory, 107, 112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 126 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 107, 112 Antineoplastic, 107, 112 Antipyretic, 107, 113, 120 Antitussive, 107, 113, 125 Antiviral, 106, 107 Anus, 107, 109, 119, 129 Aponeurosis, 107, 117 Arterial, 107, 118, 128 Arteries, 107, 108, 112, 122

Arteriovenous, 17, 38, 107 Arteritis, 26, 107 Articular, 43, 107, 120, 125 Aspartic, 107, 110 Aspartic Acid, 107, 110 Asymptomatic, 35, 107 Atypical, 15, 33, 107, 124 Auditory, 107, 115 Autonomic, 107, 117, 124, 125, 132, 133 Autonomic Nervous System, 107, 125, 133 B Bacteria, 106, 107, 108, 122, 135 Basal Ganglia, 108, 117 Base, 108, 113, 120 Bed Rest, 20, 30, 48, 108 Benign, 108, 117, 120, 123, 130 Benign tumor, 108, 120 Benztropine, 67, 69, 108 Bile, 108, 116, 120, 133 Biochemical, 33, 105, 108, 131 Biopsy, 108, 125 Biotechnology, 9, 75, 80, 87, 108 Bladder, 108, 116, 124, 135 Blood Platelets, 108, 131 Blood vessel, 108, 109, 120, 125, 126, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135 Bone Marrow, 26, 108, 109, 119, 121, 133 Bone marrow biopsy, 26, 109 Bone scan, 109, 130 Bowel, 109, 113, 125 Bowel Movement, 109, 113 Branch, 101, 109, 115, 117, 125, 132, 133, 134 Breakdown, 109, 113, 117 Bupivacaine, 109, 120 C Calculi, 109, 117 Carbohydrate, 109, 112, 126 Carcinogenic, 109, 133 Cardiac, 109, 115, 120, 123, 133 Cardiorespiratory, 105, 109 Cardiovascular, 109, 131 Case report, 12, 16, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27, 32, 39, 45, 48, 51, 109, 110 Case series, 109, 110 Cauda Equina, 12, 42, 59, 60, 81, 109, 130 Caudal, 9, 109, 126 Causal, 45, 65, 109

138 Sciatica

Cell, 26, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 124, 126, 129, 133, 134 Central Nervous System, 107, 109, 115, 116, 117, 122, 131 Central Nervous System Infections, 109, 117 Centrifugation, 110, 122 Cerebrospinal, 15, 22, 27, 33, 36, 41, 110 Cerebrospinal fluid, 15, 22, 27, 33, 36, 41, 110 Cervical, 20, 22, 29, 34, 41, 43, 44, 47, 75, 110 Cervix, 110, 116 Character, 110, 113, 128 Chiropractic, 4, 9, 48, 57, 58, 60, 62, 110 Cholesterol, 108, 110, 133 Chromosome, 110, 120 Chronic, 9, 16, 23, 28, 30, 31, 36, 37, 42, 44, 48, 54, 57, 108, 110, 119, 121, 128, 133 Chymopapain, 33, 75, 110 Claudication, 20, 21, 110 Clinical study, 74, 76, 110, 112 Clinical trial, 5, 54, 67, 71, 87, 110, 112, 128, 129 Cloning, 108, 110 Coagulation, 20, 108, 110, 118, 134 Cofactor, 110, 127, 134 Collagen, 6, 110, 127 Complement, 111, 131 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 63, 111 Complementary medicine, 57, 111 Computational Biology, 87, 111 Computed tomography, 10, 17, 19, 44, 111, 130 Computerized axial tomography, 111, 130 Computerized tomography, 111 Connective Tissue, 108, 110, 112, 116, 121, 130, 133 Consciousness, 106, 112 Contraindications, ii, 112 Contralateral, 45, 112 Controlled clinical trial, 23, 112 Controlled study, 9, 25, 29, 112 Coronary, 112, 122 Coronary Thrombosis, 112, 122 Cortex, 112, 115 Corticosteroid, 17, 18, 22, 23, 37, 55, 81, 112 Cranial, 112, 117, 123, 125 Craniocerebral Trauma, 112, 117 Curare, 112, 123

Curative, 112, 124, 134 Cutaneous, 8, 43, 112, 121 Cyst, 11, 30, 41, 44, 112, 133 Cysteine, 110, 112 Cytokine, 8, 112 D Data Collection, 6, 113 Databases, Bibliographic, 87, 113 Decompression, 28, 30, 40, 113 Decompression Sickness, 113 Degenerative, 8, 46, 81, 113, 130 Dendrites, 113, 124 Density, 110, 113, 122 Desipramine, 67, 113 Diagnostic Imaging, 41, 113 Diagnostic procedure, 47, 80, 113 Diclofenac, 36, 113 Diclofenac Sodium, 113 Diffusion, 113, 119 Digestion, 108, 109, 113, 120, 133 Digestive system, 71, 113 Dilatation, 106, 113 Diphenhydramine, 70, 113 Direct, iii, 114, 129 Diskectomy, 93, 114 Distal, 114, 127, 133 Dopamine, 106, 108, 114 Dorsal, 7, 8, 20, 21, 44, 114, 126, 132, 133 Dorsum, 114, 117 Drug Interactions, 114 Duodenum, 108, 114, 133 Dyskinesia, 43, 55, 114 Dysmenorrhea, 114, 126 E Efficacy, 10, 21, 29, 42, 44, 54, 55, 114, 134 Elastin, 110, 114 Elective, 46, 114 Electrocardiogram, 69, 114 Electrocoagulation, 110, 114 Electrodiagnosis, 49, 114 Electrolyte, 112, 114, 122, 132 Electromyography, 22, 44, 114 Electrons, 108, 114, 121, 128 Electrophysiological, 20, 115 Elementary Particles, 114, 115, 121, 128 Embryo, 115, 119 Endometrial, 115 Endometriosis, 18, 32, 115 Endometrium, 115 Environmental Health, 31, 86, 88, 115 Enzyme, 115, 118, 122, 134, 135 Epidemiological, 5, 115

Index 139

Epidural, 9, 10, 14, 21, 22, 23, 26, 32, 33, 35, 37, 45, 47, 54, 55, 59, 80, 81, 115 Epithelial, 115, 133 Erythrocytes, 108, 115, 131 Esophagus, 113, 115, 133 Evoked Potentials, 20, 37, 46, 47, 115 Excitability, 8, 115, 123 Exogenous, 8, 115 Extensor, 82, 115, 128 Extrapyramidal, 106, 114, 115 Extremity, 115, 130 F Family Planning, 87, 115 Fat, 108, 112, 116, 120, 130, 132 Fatigue, 50, 116 Femoral, 29, 116 Femoral Nerve, 29, 116 Femur, 116 Fibrosis, 35, 116 Fibrositis, 76, 116 Fixation, 116, 131 Flatus, 116, 117 Flexion, 29, 116 Flexor, 115, 116 Fluoxetine, 67, 116 Foramen, 116, 118 Fundus, 116 G Gallbladder, 105, 113, 116 Ganglia, 7, 8, 116, 123, 125, 132, 133 Ganglion, 8, 116, 117 Ganglionectomy, 21, 44, 117 Gas, 45, 106, 113, 116, 117, 124, 135 Gastrointestinal, 117, 126, 131 Gastrointestinal tract, 117, 131 Gene, 6, 75, 79, 105, 108, 117 General practitioner, 54, 117 Glomeruli, 117, 128 Glucocorticoid, 25, 26, 41, 54, 117 Glutamic Acid, 117, 127 Glutamine, 6, 117 Gonadal, 117, 133 Gout, 75, 76, 117 Governing Board, 117, 127 Growth, 106, 108, 117, 121, 123, 126, 131, 135 H Half-Life, 117, 126 Headache, 7, 75, 117 Headache Disorders, 117 Hemorrhage, 112, 114, 117, 133 Hemostasis, 117, 131

Heredity, 117, 118 Herniated, 4, 6, 7, 8, 15, 19, 23, 28, 36, 73, 118 Herpes, 43, 48, 118 Herpes Zoster, 48, 118 Histamine, 36, 113, 118 Hoarseness, 75, 118 Homologous, 105, 118, 131 Hormonal, 112, 118 Hormone, 112, 118, 127, 130 Hyaluronidase, 48, 118 Hydroxylysine, 110, 118 Hydroxyproline, 110, 118 Hyperalgesia, 8, 118 Hypersensitivity, 8, 105, 114, 118, 130, 131 Hypertension, 117, 118 Hyperuricemia, 117, 118 Hypnotic, 114, 118 I Ibuprofen, 118, 120 Id, 56, 61, 92, 93, 94, 100, 102, 118 Idiopathic, 45, 118 Imaging procedures, 47, 118 Immune response, 107, 112, 118, 131 Immunization, 118, 131 Immunosuppressive, 117, 119 Impairment, 7, 114, 119, 122 In vitro, 7, 119 In vivo, 8, 119 Indicative, 74, 119, 125, 135 Induction, 43, 55, 106, 119 Infarction, 112, 119, 122 Infection, 81, 105, 119, 121, 124, 128, 130, 133 Infiltration, 10, 11, 18, 38, 39, 42, 119, 127 Inflammation, 8, 36, 75, 107, 116, 118, 119, 128, 130, 132, 133 Innervation, 116, 119, 126, 130, 133, 134 Intermittent, 20, 119 Internal Medicine, 119, 130 Intervertebral, 6, 15, 19, 27, 28, 32, 36, 114, 118, 119, 121, 128, 130 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 119, 121, 128, 130 Intestines, 105, 117, 119 Intracellular, 119, 129 Intramuscular, 17, 119 Invasive, 15, 119, 121 J Joint, 6, 16, 17, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 39, 41, 44, 45, 59, 75, 107, 113, 116, 120, 130, 132, 133

140 Sciatica

Joint Capsule, 120, 133 K Kb, 86, 120 Ketoprofen, 54, 120 L Large Intestine, 113, 119, 120, 129 Latency, 37, 46, 120 Leiomyosarcoma, 45, 120 Lesion, 120, 133 Leukocytes, 108, 120 Library Services, 100, 120 Lidocaine, 29, 120 Ligament, 75, 120, 132 Ligamentum Flavum, 51, 120 Linkage, 6, 120, 121 Linkage Disequilibrium, 6, 120 Lipoma, 23, 26, 29, 120 Liver, 105, 108, 113, 116, 120, 130 Liver scan, 120, 130 Localization, 76, 120 Localized, 116, 119, 120, 126 Lod, 6, 120, 121 Lod Score, 6, 121 Lumbago, 11, 13, 19, 30, 31, 34, 40, 68, 76, 121 Lupus, 81, 121, 134 Lymph, 110, 121 Lymph node, 110, 121 Lymphatic, 119, 121, 126 Lymphocyte, 107, 121 Lymphoid, 106, 121 Lymphoma, 46, 121 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10, 35, 38, 45, 68, 70, 121, 130 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 36, 121 Malformation, 17, 38, 121 Malignant, 45, 107, 121, 123, 130 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 69, 70, 121 Mediator, 121, 131 Medical Records, 121, 130 MEDLINE, 87, 121 Megacolon, 45, 122 Membrane, 111, 115, 120, 122, 129 Meningeal, 41, 122 Meninges, 109, 112, 122 Mental Disorders, 71, 122 Mental Health, iv, 4, 71, 86, 88, 122, 124 Meta-Analysis, 10, 54, 122 Metabolic disorder, 117, 122 Metabolite, 122, 124

Metastasis, 10, 122 Metrizamide, 22, 122 MI, 10, 103, 122 Microbiology, 107, 122 Mineralocorticoids, 105, 112, 122 Modification, 122, 128 Molecular, 7, 87, 89, 108, 111, 122, 129, 134 Molecule, 107, 108, 111, 122, 129 Monitor, 122, 124 Morphine, 37, 43, 55, 69, 122, 123, 125 Morphology, 10, 122 Motility, 123, 131 Motor nerve, 123 Mucinous, 117, 123 Muscle relaxant, 81, 123 Muscle tension, 123 Myelogram, 42, 123 Myelography, 4, 21, 29, 44, 123 Myocardium, 122, 123 N Narcosis, 123 Narcotic, 4, 122, 123 NCI, 1, 71, 85, 123 Necrosis, 119, 122, 123 Need, 3, 73, 76, 81, 93, 95, 105, 123 Neoplasm, 123, 130, 135 Neoplastic, 121, 123 Nerve Endings, 7, 123 Nervous System, 107, 109, 121, 123, 124, 125, 133 Neural, 4, 7, 11, 43, 55, 113, 123 Neuralgia, 44, 60, 123, 126 Neuroeffector Junction, 123, 124 Neurogenic, 21, 124 Neuronal, 8, 123, 124 Neurons, 8, 113, 116, 123, 124, 132, 133 Neuropathy, 124, 130 Neurotoxic, 7, 124 Niacin, 124, 135 Nitrogen, 105, 106, 113, 116, 117, 124, 135 Norepinephrine, 113, 114, 124 Nortriptyline, 69, 124 Nuclear, 7, 36, 108, 115, 116, 123, 124 Nuclei, 114, 121, 124, 128 Nucleus, 7, 8, 23, 108, 115, 119, 124, 128 O Observational study, 6, 124 Occupational Medicine, 3, 6, 39, 124 Odds Ratio, 124, 129 Opium, 122, 125 Osteoarthritis, 73, 120, 125, 126 Osteoporosis, 81, 125

Index 141

Osteotomy, 34, 125 Outpatient, 37, 55, 67, 125 P Palliative, 37, 125, 134 Pancreas, 105, 113, 125 Paralysis, 105, 112, 125 Pathogenesis, 6, 76, 125 Pathologic, 108, 112, 118, 125, 128 Patient Education, 93, 98, 100, 103, 125 Pelvic, 16, 17, 38, 41, 74, 81, 115, 125 Peptide, 125, 126, 128 Percutaneous, 13, 35, 38, 40, 59, 93, 114, 125 Perfusion, 12, 125 Pericardium, 125, 133 Peripheral Nervous System, 125, 127, 130 Peritoneum, 125, 129 Peroneal Nerve, 26, 125, 130 Pharmacologic, 106, 117, 126, 134 Phlebography, 44, 126 Photocoagulation, 110, 126 Physical Examination, 4, 5, 20, 93, 126 Physical Therapy, 20, 65, 74, 93, 126 Physiologic, 113, 117, 126, 129 Physiology, 115, 126 Pilot study, 35, 59, 60, 126 Piroxicam, 49, 126 Pituitary Gland, 112, 126 Plants, 105, 107, 122, 124, 126, 130, 134 Plasma, 106, 118, 122, 126 Plasma cells, 106, 126 Plexus, 116, 126, 130 Polypeptide, 106, 110, 126, 135 Polysaccharide, 107, 126 Posterior, 68, 108, 114, 120, 125, 126, 130 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 106, 126 Postmenopausal, 125, 126 Postoperative, 43, 126, 127 Potentiates, 113, 127 Practicability, 127, 134 Practice Guidelines, 47, 88, 93, 127 Precursor, 114, 124, 127, 135 Presynaptic, 123, 124, 127 Presynaptic Terminals, 123, 127 Prevalence, 5, 12, 31, 124, 127 Procaine, 9, 105, 120, 127 Progesterone, 127, 133 Progression, 4, 42, 59, 60, 106, 127 Progressive, 117, 123, 127, 135 Proline, 110, 118, 127 Prone, 81, 82, 127 Prospective study, 10, 12, 35, 40, 49, 127

Protein C, 15, 106, 127 Protein S, 75, 108, 127 Proteins, 6, 15, 22, 106, 107, 110, 111, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 134 Protocol, 70, 128 Protons, 121, 128 Pruritus, 114, 128 Psoriasis, 27, 128 Public Policy, 87, 128 Pulposus, 7, 8, 23, 119, 128 Purulent, 105, 128 Pyelonephritis, 11, 128 Q Quality of Life, 13, 128 R Race, 7, 128 Radiation, 115, 128, 130, 135 Radicular, 24, 58, 68, 128 Radiculopathy, 19, 68, 69, 128, 130 Radioactive, 109, 117, 120, 124, 128, 130 Radiography, 44, 128 Radiological, 25, 33, 35, 125, 128 Radiology, 11, 12, 17, 32, 34, 42, 43, 45, 46, 128 Randomized, 13, 18, 21, 29, 35, 39, 42, 47, 59, 114, 129 Randomized clinical trial, 21, 35, 59, 129 Receptor, 107, 114, 115, 129, 131 Receptors, Serotonin, 129, 131 Recombinant, 6, 129 Rectal, 81, 129 Rectum, 44, 60, 107, 109, 113, 116, 117, 120, 129 Recurrence, 82, 129 Refer, 1, 111, 116, 118, 120, 129 Regimen, 69, 114, 129 Relative risk, 6, 129 Relaxant, 129 Relaxation Techniques, 74, 129 Reliability, 5, 12, 129 Remission, 129 Restoration, 126, 129 Retina, 129, 130 Retroperitoneal, 16, 129 Retrospective, 11, 17, 130 Retrospective study, 11, 17, 130 Rheumatism, 44, 74, 76, 118, 130 Rheumatoid, 44, 76, 120, 126, 130 Rheumatoid arthritis, 44, 76, 120, 126, 130 Rheumatology, 13, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, 42, 51, 54, 55, 59, 130 Risk factor, 5, 6, 28, 44, 127, 129, 130

142 Sciatica

Rod, 8, 130 S Sacroiliac Joint, 36, 130 Salivary, 113, 130 Salivary glands, 113, 130 Saponins, 130, 133 Sarcoma, 30, 42, 45, 130 Scans, 70, 130 Schwannoma, 16, 130 Sciatic Nerve, 4, 18, 45, 50, 60, 73, 125, 130, 134 Screening, 68, 110, 131 Secondary tumor, 122, 131 Secretion, 112, 118, 122, 131 Sedative, 114, 131 Senile, 125, 131 Sensibility, 106, 118, 131 Sensitization, 7, 131 Sensory loss, 128, 131 Sensory Thresholds, 44, 51, 131 Septic, 41, 131 Serotonin, 67, 113, 116, 129, 131, 135 Serum, 27, 41, 111, 122, 131 Shock, 131, 134 Side effect, 68, 69, 70, 105, 118, 126, 131, 134 Signs and Symptoms, 70, 129, 131 Skeletal, 11, 75, 106, 112, 131 Skeleton, 116, 120, 131 Smooth muscle, 118, 122, 132 Social Environment, 128, 132 Sodium, 113, 117, 122, 132 Soft tissue, 108, 131, 132 Specialist, 95, 132 Species, 112, 128, 132, 135 Specificity, 47, 54, 58, 105, 132 Sphincter, 81, 132 Spinal cord, 7, 73, 109, 110, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 132, 133 Spinal Cord Injuries, 128, 132 Spinal Nerve Roots, 128, 130, 132 Spinal Stenosis, 4, 6, 8, 43, 49, 80, 92, 132 Spinous, 34, 132 Spondylitis, 76, 132 Spondylolisthesis, 4, 23, 28, 29, 43, 46, 47, 132 Sprains and Strains, 121, 132 Staging, 130, 132 Steel, 8, 132 Steroid, 14, 21, 23, 39, 54, 130, 133 Stimulus, 115, 119, 120, 131, 133, 134

Stomach, 75, 105, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 133 Stress, 73, 107, 130, 133 Stroke, 71, 86, 133 Stromal, 115, 133 Stupor, 123, 133 Subacute, 28, 119, 133 Subarachnoid, 117, 133 Subclinical, 119, 133 Suppression, 112, 133 Sural Nerve, 37, 133 Sympathetic Nervous System, 7, 107, 133 Symptomatic, 4, 6, 20, 35, 48, 106, 108, 133 Symptomatic treatment, 106, 108, 133 Synovial, 28, 45, 120, 133 Synovial Cyst, 28, 133 Systemic, 26, 119, 133 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 26, 133 T Therapeutics, 9, 17, 35, 42, 48, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 134 Thermal, 41, 134 Thigh, 26, 45, 68, 94, 116, 134 Thoracic, 108, 134 Thorax, 121, 134 Threshold, 115, 118, 134 Thrombin, 127, 134 Thrombomodulin, 127, 134 Thrombosis, 25, 128, 133, 134 Tibial Nerve, 130, 133, 134 Tomography, 44, 121, 134 Toxic, iv, 112, 124, 134 Toxicity, 114, 121, 134 Toxicology, 88, 134 Toxins, 107, 119, 134 Traction, 13, 14, 15, 33, 34, 74, 134 Transcutaneous, 74, 134 Transfection, 108, 134 Trauma, 30, 81, 123, 134 Treatment Outcome, 39, 134 Tricyclic, 69, 113, 134 Tryptophan, 6, 32, 110, 131, 135 Tumour, 15, 45, 117, 135 U Unconscious, 118, 135 Uric, 117, 118, 135 Urinary, 81, 109, 135 Urine, 108, 135 Uterus, 110, 115, 116, 120, 127, 135 V Vaccine, 128, 135 Vascular, 12, 20, 117, 119, 135

Index 143

VE, 42, 135 Vein, 45, 106, 107, 124, 126, 135 Venous, 107, 128, 135 Ventricles, 110, 135 Vertebrae, 7, 73, 119, 120, 132, 135 Vertebral, 37, 43, 55, 135 Vesicular, 118, 135 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 135 Viscosity, 118, 122, 135 Vitro, 135

Vivo, 135 W Watchful waiting, 80, 135 Weight-Bearing, 125, 135 X Xenograft, 106, 135 X-ray, 81, 111, 123, 124, 128, 130, 135 Z Zymogen, 127, 135

144 Sciatica

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