Scabies - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CABIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P A...

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CABIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Scabies: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84073-3 1. Scabies-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on scabies. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SCABIES ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Scabies........................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SCABIES ........................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Scabies.......................................................................................... 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SCABIES ..................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64 General References ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SCABIES .................................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patents on Scabies........................................................................................................................ 67 Patent Applications on Scabies .................................................................................................... 72 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON SCABIES ..................................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 77 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 78 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 78 Chapters on Scabies...................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON SCABIES........................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Bibliography: Multimedia on Scabies .......................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SCABIES........................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 83 Academic Periodicals covering Scabies ........................................................................................ 85 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 87 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 89 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 103 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 105

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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 105 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 105 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 111 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 112 SCABIES DICTIONARY.............................................................................................................. 113 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 141

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with scabies is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about scabies, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to scabies, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on scabies. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to scabies, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on scabies. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SCABIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on scabies.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and scabies, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Scabies Mites and Lice: Identify and Eradicate the Unwelcome Guest Source: JAAPA: Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 14(4): 5354,56. April 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the identification and treatment of scabies mites and lice. These arthropods are the most common ones to bite humans and remain on the body. The louse is a 2 to 4 millimeter light colored, wingless insect that may reside on a person's head or body. Pediculus humanus capitis, the head louse, spends its entire life on the blood rich scalp. It is not a vector for diseases. Pediculus humanus corpis, the body louse, is more prevalent in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions, and it can transmit various diseases. A body louse lives in clothing seams in direct contract with the body, but it cannot survive in clothing for any longer than 2 days without a blood meal. Pediculus humanus pubis, the pubic

4

Scabies

louse, is smaller than the head or body louse and is not a vector for disease. The life cycles of all three lice species are similar. Sarcoptes scabiei is a 0.5 millimeter long, creamy white, oval, eyeless mite that infests both humans and domestic animals. Scabies mites are transmitted by person to person contact, and they cause a vesicular eruption with intense pruritus between the fingers and on the extremities, buttocks, or male genitalia. The clinical presentation of scabies depends on the immune response of the affected person. The current treatment of choice for both scabies and lice is permethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid that kills a variety of insects and their larvae on contact. 3 figures and 8 references. •

Eradication of Ectoparasites in Children: How To Treat Infestations of Lice, Scabies, and Chiggers Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 110(1): 57-59,63-64. July 2001. Summary: This journal article, the second of four on skin problems in children, provides health professionals with information on the presentation of ectoparasite infestations in children and discusses conservative treatment. Typical infestations are caused by six legged arthropods such as lice and chigger larvae and eight legged arthropods such as scabies and mites. The head louse is responsible for the most common pediatric ectoparasite infestation. Head lice are transmitted by hair to hair contact and through hats and other hair accessories. Hygiene does not have a role in transmission. Healthy children between the ages of 3 and 10 are most often affected. The most common clinical presentation is scalp pruritus. Excoriations and nits can be found at the proximal ends of hair shafts. Posterior cervical adenopathy is also commonly observed. The mainstay of care is the removal of nits and lice with a quality nit comb. Treatment may also involve pediculicides such as permethrin 1 and 5 percent cream, malathion 0.5 percent lotion, and crotamiton 10 percent lotion or cream. The body louse is larger than the head louse. It does not live on the skin but lives and lays eggs in the seams of clothing. The body louse is a vector for various diseases, including typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Poor hygiene has a role in the transmission of body lice. Pruritus with nocturnal exacerbation is the most common clinical feature of body lice. Treatment for isolated infestations usually involves simple hygiene measures. Scabies, another common ectoparasite, is transmitted by close personal contact and is common in poor or crowded living conditions. The clinical features include pruritus and burrows and erythematous papules. Diagnosis can be made by microscopically examining scrapings from burrows and papules; however, this can be inconclusive. Treatment usually involves application of a pediculicide such as crotamiton, lindane, or permethrin. Orally administered ivermectin has been shown to be safe and effective, but it has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for oral use. Chiggers are also a common cause of a pruritic rash. The chigger crawls onto a human host, anchors itself to the skin, injects proteolytic enzymes, and ingests the degraded tissue. Outdoor exposure is a hallmark feature of chigger bites. Treatment is aimed at relieving pruritus. 3 figures, 1 table, and 8 references.

Federally Funded Research on Scabies The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to scabies. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration

Studies

5

(Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to scabies. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore scabies. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for scabies: •

Project Title: ANTIGENS

SCABIES--BIOLOGY,

CULTURE,

HOST

SPECIFICITY

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Arlian, Larry G.; Professor; Biological Sciences; Wright State University Colonel Glenn Hwy Dayton, Oh 45435 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1981; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that burrows in the stratum corneum of the skin, is an important worldwide health problem affecting 300 million persons. In the U.S., scabies is common in the general population and frequently occurs in nursing homes and day care centers. Scabies persists despite the availability of toxic acaricides largely because carriers of the disease are asymptomatic and not diagnosed and treated. Our long-term objectives are to develop (1) a vaccine for immunization of susceptible populations for the global control of scabies and (2) better early diagnostic measures for ordinary scabies to reduce the likelihood of transmission. Prerequisite to the development of a vaccine and better diagnostic measures is understanding the immune response mechanism to scabies. To achieve these long-term objectives, the specific aims of the proposed research are: 1. Elucidate the key elements of the immune response mechanisms, mechanisms of resistance and possible immune modulation of the host by the parasite. 2. Establish the effector mechanisms responsible for elimination of an infestation in hosts that express resistance. 3. To identify the immunogenic components that will induce protective immunity to scabies. Aims 1 and 2 will be accomplished by monitoring the up and/or down regulation of key cytokine mediators by principal effector cells (e.g. macrophages, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, T and B lymphocytes) in the immune response mechanism to Sarcoptes scabiei. The concentrations of several key cytokines will be determined in supernatants of cultures or isolated immune effector cells in the presence or absence of scabies mite products or extracts. In addition, the immune response presented by resistant hosts will be investigated to identify the mechanism responsible for resistance to scabies. Aim 3 will be achieved by conducting a series of vaccination trials using mite extracts or purified relevant antigens with the goal of inducing immune-based resistance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Scabies

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for scabies in the PubMed Central database: •

Cloning and expression of a gene from Streptomyces scabies encoding a putative pathogenicity factor. by Bukhalid RA, Loria R.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179741

•

Cloning, sequencing, and regulation of expression of an extracellular esterase gene from the plant pathogen Streptomyces scabies. by Raymer G, Willard JM, Schottel JL.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210823

•

Concerns over lindane treatment for scabies and lice. by Wooltorton E.; 2003 May 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155967

•

Heterologous expression and secretion of a Streptomyces scabies esterase in Streptomyces lividans and Escherichia coli. by Hale V, McGrew M, Carlson B, Schottel JL.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205878

•

Identification of a protein-binding sequence involved in expression of an esterase gene from Streptomyces scabies. by Babcock MJ, McGrew M, Schottel JL.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206211

•

Involvement of a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase in Thaxtomin A Biosynthesis by Streptomyces acidiscabies. by Healy FG, Krasnoff SB, Wach M, Gibson DM, Loria R.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134914

•

Microbiology of secondary bacterial infection in scabies lesions. by Brook I.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228350

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

7

•

Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular esterase from pathogenic Streptomyces scabies that is inducible by zinc. by McQueen DA, Schottel JL.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=212061

•

Selection and Characterization of Microorganisms Utilizing Thaxtomin A, a Phytotoxin Produced by Streptomyces scabies. by Doumbou CL, Akimov V, Beaulieu C.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106644

•

The Emperor's Itch. The Legend Concerning Napoleon's Affliction with Scabies. by [No authors listed]; 1940 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=233557

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with scabies, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for scabies (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative study of oral ivermectin and topical permethrin cream in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Usha V, Gopalakrishnan Nair TV. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 February; 42(2 Pt 1): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10642678&dopt=Abstract

•

A risk-benefit assessment of agents used in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Elgart ML. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 1996 June; 14(6): 386-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8828016&dopt=Abstract

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Scabies

•

Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis triggered by scabies infection. Author(s): Kurschat P, Kroger A, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Hunzelmann N. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 September-October; 80(5): 384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200844&dopt=Abstract

•

Advance in scabies treatment. Author(s): Marsden PD. Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 1996 January-February; 29(1): 81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8851222&dopt=Abstract

•

An epidemiologic and therapeutic reassessment of scabies. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD000320 Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 April; 65(4): 233-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10908470

•

An outbreak of Norwegian scabies in a surgical ward. Author(s): Danchaivijitr S, Suthipinittharm P, Srihapol N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1995 July; 78 Suppl 2: S99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7561605&dopt=Abstract

•

An outbreak of scabies in a school for children with learning disabilities. Author(s): Marshall R, Barkess-Jones L, Sivayoham S. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1995 May 26; 5(6): R90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7606277&dopt=Abstract

•

An outbreak of scabies in a teaching hospital: lessons learned. Author(s): Obasanjo OO, Wu P, Conlon M, Karanfil LV, Pryor P, Moler G, Anhalt G, Chaisson RE, Perl TM. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2001 January; 22(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198016&dopt=Abstract

•

An unusual complication of scabies. Author(s): Okoji GO. Source: Trop Doct. 1994 July; 24(3): 124. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8091523&dopt=Abstract

Studies

9

•

An unusual surgical complication of traditional scabies prevention measures. Author(s): Vickery C, Lander EA. Source: Trop Doct. 1994 January; 24(1): 38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8134947&dopt=Abstract

•

Another look at ivermectin in the treatment of scabies and head lice. Author(s): Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 March; 38(3): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208630&dopt=Abstract

•

Are sexually transmitted infections associated with scabies? Author(s): David N, Rajamanoharan S, Tang A. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 March; 13(3): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860692&dopt=Abstract

•

Association of scabies with a bullous pemphigoid-like eruption. Author(s): Slawsky LD, Maroon M, Tyler WB, Miller OF 3rd. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 May; 34(5 Pt 2): 878-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8621818&dopt=Abstract

•

Asthma in an AIDS patient with Norwegian scabies induced by bathing. Author(s): Corbett EL, Crossley I, De Cock KM. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 June; 71(3): 200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7635506&dopt=Abstract

•

Atopy patch test reactivity to house dust mites in patients with scabies. Author(s): Taskapan O, Dogan B, Harmanyeri Y. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 42(3): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653928&dopt=Abstract

•

Attack of the scabies: what to do when an outbreak occurs. Author(s): Haag ML, Brozena SJ, Fenske NA. Source: Geriatrics. 1993 October; 48(10): 45-6, 51-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8406051&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical crusted scabies in an Iranian man. Author(s): Namazi MR, Barikbin B. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2002 October; 8(2): 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546772&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical presentation of scabies among nursing home residents. Author(s): Wilson MM, Philpott CD, Breer WA. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2001 July; 56(7): M424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445601&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical scabies in HIV-positive patients. Author(s): Portu JJ, Santamaria JM, Zubero Z, Almeida-Llamas MV, Aldamiz-Etxebarria San Sebastian M, Gutierrez AR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 May; 34(5 Pt 2): 915-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8621828&dopt=Abstract

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Awareness about scabies among general medical practitioners (GPs) of Karachi, Pakistan. Author(s): Rathi SK, Rathi HS, Lakhani H, Hansotia MF. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2001 October; 51(10): 370-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768941&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteriology and urinary changes in infected scabies. Author(s): Verma KC, Chugh TD, Bhatia KK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1983 April; 77: 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6874032&dopt=Abstract

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Before using ivermectin therapy for scabies. Author(s): Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 November-December; 16(6): 478-9; Discussion 480. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632951&dopt=Abstract

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Behaviour of Sarcoptes scabiei in its burrow in hyperkeratotic scabies. A scanning electron microscopic study. Author(s): Van Neste D. Source: Dermatologica. 1985; 171(5): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3935495&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-haemolytic streptococci group A in the skin and throat of patients of scabies with nephritis. Author(s): Jerath VP, Singh R, Kumari S. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1979 June; 69: 933-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=381189&dopt=Abstract

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Biopsies of nails. Subungual scabies. Author(s): Scher RK. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1983 April; 5(2): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6410932&dopt=Abstract

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Boils complicating scabies. Author(s): Frisbie JH. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1990 November; 46(5): 442. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2261804&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous eruption associated with scabies: evidence for scabetic induction of true bullous pemphigoid. Author(s): Konishi N, Suzuki K, Tokura Y, Hashimoto T, Takigawa M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 July-August; 80(4): 281-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028862&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous hematoma of the palm: an unusual complication of scabies in a child with congenital prothrombin deficiency. Author(s): Lee AC, Li CH. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 19(6): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437569&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous pemphigoid-like scabies. Author(s): Parodi A, Saino M, Rebora A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 May; 18(3): 293. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348736&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous scabies in an adult. Author(s): Kaur S, Thami GP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 January; 28(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558642&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous scabies mimicking bullous pemphigoid. Author(s): Brar BK, Pall A, Gupta RR. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 September; 30(9): 694-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14578561&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous scabies. Author(s): Veraldi S, Scarabelli G, Zerboni R, Pelosi A, Gianotti R. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 March; 76(2): 167-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8740286&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous scabies. Author(s): Haustein UF. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 190(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894105&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous scabies. Author(s): Bean SF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 November 11; 230(6): 878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4138733&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: teledermatology and epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of scabies. Author(s): Weinstock MA, Kempton SA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 July; 66(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10916694&dopt=Abstract

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CD30 antigen expression in cutaneous inflammatory infiltrates of scabies: a dynamic immunophenotypic pattern that should be distinguished from lymphomatoid papulosis. Author(s): Gallardo F, Barranco C, Toll A, Pujol RM. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 July; 29(6): 368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135469&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood scabies mistaken for Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Author(s): Tidman MJ, Adamson B, Allan S, Wallace WH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 January; 28(1): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558653&dopt=Abstract

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Comment on “Is a single dose of ivermectin sufficient in crusted scabies?”. Author(s): Kopera D, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Hofmann C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 41(9): 618. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358839&dopt=Abstract

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Concerns over lindane treatment for scabies and lice. Author(s): Wooltorton E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 May 27; 168(11): 1447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771080&dopt=Abstract

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Control of transmission of Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Zafar AB, Beidas SO, Sylvester LK. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2002 May; 23(5): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026155&dopt=Abstract

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Controversies concerning the treatment of lice and scabies. Author(s): Elston DM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 May; 46(5): 794-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004328&dopt=Abstract

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Cost-benefit analysis of ivermectin, permethrin and benzyl benzoate in the management of infantile and childhood scabies. Author(s): Elgart ML. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 September; 4(9): 1521-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943481&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted (Norwegian) scabies in a patient with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Author(s): Van Der Wal VB, Van Voorst Vader PC, Mandema JM, Jonkman MF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 141(5): 918-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583180&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted (Norwegian) scabies in a patient with smoldering adult T-cell leukemia. Author(s): Takeshita T, Takeshita H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 27(10): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092275&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted (Norwegian) scabies in leprosy. Author(s): Vijaikumar M, Thappa DM, Vijayakumar M. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2001 January-March; 73(1): 55-8. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Indian J Lepr 2001 April-June; 73(2): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326599&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted (Norwegian) scabies in two old-age home residents. Author(s): Chan LY, Tang WY, Ho HH, Lo KK. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2000 December; 6(4): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177168&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted (Norwegian) scabies induced by use of topical corticosteroids and treated successfully with ivermectin. Author(s): Marliere V, Roul S, Labreze C, Taieb A. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 July; 135(1): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393619&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted scabies in a girl with epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Author(s): Torrelo A, Zambrano A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 142(1): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819560&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted scabies in an immunocompetent child: treatment with ivermectin. Author(s): Gladstone HB, Darmstadt GL. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 March-April; 17(2): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792808&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted scabies looking like psoriasis. Author(s): Gach JE, Heagerty A. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 19; 356(9230): 650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968439&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted scabies: A molecular analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei variety hominis populations from patients with repeated infestations. Author(s): Walton SF, McBroom J, Mathews JD, Kemp DJ, Currie BJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 November; 29(5): 1226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524967&dopt=Abstract

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Current treatments for scabies and pediculosis. Author(s): Elgart ML. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 1999; 5(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10751840&dopt=Abstract

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Current treatments for scabies. Author(s): Buffet M, Dupin N. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 April; 17(2): 217-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667233&dopt=Abstract

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Current trend in ivermectin usage for scabies. Author(s): Santoro AF, Rezac MA, Lee JB. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 August; 2(4): 397-401. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884462&dopt=Abstract

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Dealing with scabies. Author(s): Hadfield-Law L. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2001 April 18-24; 15(31): 37-42; Quiz 44-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216245&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths associated with ivermectin for scabies. Author(s): Coyne PE, Addiss DG. Source: Lancet. 1997 July 19; 350(9072): 215-6; Author Reply 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250202&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths associated with ivermectin for scabies. Author(s): Reintjes R, Hoek C. Source: Lancet. 1997 July 19; 350(9072): 215; Author Reply 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250201&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths associated with ivermectin treatment of scabies. Author(s): Barkwell R, Shields S. Source: Lancet. 1997 April 19; 349(9059): 1144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9113017&dopt=Abstract

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Dermacase. Crusted Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Adams SP. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1999 June; 45: 1455, 1462. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386207&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatoimmunopathology of scabies. Author(s): Hoefling KK, Schroeter AL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1980 September; 3(3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7451689&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic patient with crusted plaques. Crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Author(s): Yarbrough GK, Iriondo M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 June; 123(6): 811, 814. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3579360&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing and treating scabies. Author(s): Burgess IF. Source: The Practitioner. 1997 December; 241(1581): 739-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926604&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing and treating scabies. Author(s): Moore P. Source: The Practitioner. 1994 September; 238(1542): 632-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937512&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of scabies. Author(s): Estes SA. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1982 July; 66(4): 955-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6178912&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of childhood scabies and pediculosis. Author(s): Hogan DJ, Schachner L, Tanglertsampan C. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1991 August; 38(4): 941-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1870912&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of human scabies infestations. Author(s): Fennewald CL, Anderson PC. Source: Mo Med. 1980 June; 77(6): 291-4, 298. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6772935&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of scabies. Author(s): Hodge SJ, Owen LG. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1974 April; 72(4): 205-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4821472&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of scabies. Author(s): Lyell A. Source: British Medical Journal. 1967 April 22; 2(546): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6023109&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of scabies: a practical guide. Author(s): Chouela E, Abeldano A, Pellerano G, Hernandez MI. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(1): 9-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817965&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of human scabies by epidermal shave biopsy. Author(s): Martin WE, Wheeler CE Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1979 October; 1(4): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=512081&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of scabies. Author(s): Kavli G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 May; 114(5): 798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=417676&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminated scabies evolving in a patient undergoing induction chemotherapy for acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Author(s): Trendelenburg M, Buchner S, Passweg J, Ratz Bravo AR, Gratwohl A. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2001 February; 80(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261322&dopt=Abstract

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Does etretinate exacerbate scabies? Author(s): Zlotogorski A, Leibovici V. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 June; 116(6): 882. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3620351&dopt=Abstract

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Drugs in current use. Parasitic skin infections (cont.). Part II. Scabies--”the itch”. Author(s): Walker E. Source: Aust Nurses J. 1979 March; 8(8): 27, 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87188&dopt=Abstract

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Easing that itch. treatments for lice and scabies. Author(s): Cresswell J. Source: Community Nurse. 1999 August; 5(7): 29-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524037&dopt=Abstract

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Eccrine ductal mucinosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient with probable scabies. Author(s): Dauden E, Martin R, Feal C, Munoz E, Fraga J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 143(6): 1335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122055&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of natural synergised pyrethrins in a new thermo labile foam formulation in topical treatment of scabies: a prospective, randomised, investigatorblinded, comparative trial vs. permethrin cream. Author(s): Amerio P, Capizzi R, Milani M. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609786&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerance of oral ivermectin in scabies. Author(s): Dourmishev A, Serafimova D, Dourmishev L. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 November; 11(3): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9883437&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and transdermal absorption of permethrin in scabies patients. Author(s): van der Rhee HJ, Farquhar JA, Vermeulen NP. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(2): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2564238&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of an epidemic of sarcoptic scabies. Author(s): Marty P, Gari-Toussaint M, Le Fichoux Y, Gaxotte P. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1994 August; 88(4): 453. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7979634&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemic Norwegian scabies in a geriatric unit. Author(s): Hopper AH, Salisbury J, Jegadeva AN, Scott B, Bennett GC. Source: Age and Ageing. 1990 March; 19(2): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2337008&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemic scabies in four Caribbean islands, 1981-1988. Author(s): Reid HF, Birju B, Holder Y, Hospedales J, Poon-King T. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 March-April; 84(2): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2389327&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic aspects of scabies in Mali, Malawi, and Cambodia. Author(s): Landwehr D, Keita SM, Ponnighaus JM, Tounkara C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 37(8): 588-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732003&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic characteristics of scabies in the Israel Defense Force. Author(s): Kimchi N, Green MS, Stone D. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 April; 28(3): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2707942&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological studies on human scabies in Cairo. Author(s): el Okbi LM, Sarwat MA, el Sayed MH, el Deeb HK. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1993 December; 23(3): 795-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8308356&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and control of scabies in an Egyptian village. Author(s): Hegazy AA, Darwish NM, Abdel-Hamid IA, Hammad SM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 April; 38(4): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321946&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of scabies. Author(s): Green MS. Source: Epidemiologic Reviews. 1989; 11: 126-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2509232&dopt=Abstract

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Equivalent therapeutic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and lindane in the treatment of human scabies. Author(s): Chouela EN, Abeldano AM, Pellerano G, La Forgia M, Papale RM, Garsd A, Balian MC, Battista V, Poggio N. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 June; 135(6): 651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10376691&dopt=Abstract

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Eradication of ectoparasites in children. How to treat infestations of lice, scabies, and chiggers. Author(s): Potts J. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 July; 110(1): 57-9, 63-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467042&dopt=Abstract

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Eradication of scabies with a single treatment schedule. Author(s): Behl PN. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 January; 12(1 Pt 1): 1178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3980790&dopt=Abstract

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Eradication of scabies with a single treatment schedule. Author(s): Taplin D, Arrue C, Walker JG, Roth WI, Rivera A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 October; 9(4): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6195200&dopt=Abstract

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European guideline for the management of scabies. Author(s): Scott GR. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 October; 12 Suppl 3: 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589798&dopt=Abstract

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Exaggerated scabies: a marker of HIV infection. Author(s): Thappa DM, Karthikeyan K. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 September; 39(9): 875-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368537&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental canine scabies in humans. Author(s): Estes SA, Kummel B, Arlian L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 September; 9(3): 397401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6415133&dopt=Abstract

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Factors associated with pediculosis pubis and scabies. Author(s): Hart G. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 October; 68(5): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1427798&dopt=Abstract

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Factors supporting sustainability of a community-based scabies control program. Author(s): Wong LC, Amega B, Barker R, Connors C, Dulla ME, Ninnal A, Cumaiyi MM, Kolumboort L, Currie BJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 43(4): 274-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423434&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of scabies treatment. Author(s): Leibowitz MR. Source: N Z Med J. 1993 July 28; 106(960): 317-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8341460&dopt=Abstract

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Familial occurrence of crusted (Norwegian) scabies with adult T-cell leukaemia. Author(s): Egawa K, Johno M, Hayashibara T, Ono T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 July; 127(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1637698&dopt=Abstract

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Field trials on the management of scabies in Jengka Triangle, Pahang. Author(s): Kaur GA, Nadeswary K. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1980 September; 35(1): 14-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6166839&dopt=Abstract

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First therapeutic trials in the treatment of scabies with thiabendazole cream. Author(s): Biagi F, Delgado y Garnica R. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1974 March-April; 13(2): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4824639&dopt=Abstract

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Flame figures in scabies: a case report. Author(s): Seraly MP, Shockman J, Jacoby RA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 December; 127(12): 1850-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1845291&dopt=Abstract

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G.C. Bonomo and D. Cestoni. Discoverers of the parasitic origin of scabies. Author(s): Montesu MA, Cottoni F. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1991 August; 13(4): 425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1928627&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma benzene hexachloride resistant scabies. Author(s): Judd LE. Source: N Z Med J. 1993 February 24; 106(950): 61-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7679786&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized pruritic psoriasiform lesions. Scabies. Author(s): Chan LS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 December; 127(12): 1833, 1836. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1845286&dopt=Abstract

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Genetically distinct dog-derived and human-derived Sarcoptes scabiei in scabiesendemic communities in northern Australia. Author(s): Walton SF, Choy JL, Bonson A, Valle A, McBroom J, Taplin D, Arlian L, Mathews JD, Currie B, Kemp DJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 October; 61(4): 542-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548286&dopt=Abstract

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Gonorrhoea in patients with scabies. Author(s): Nielsen AO, Scher L, Seier K. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1976 December; 52(6): 394-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1009419&dopt=Abstract

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Granuloma annulare induced by scabies. Author(s): Wilsmann-Theis D, Wenzel J, Gerdsen R, Uerlich M, Bieber T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(4): 318. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926818&dopt=Abstract

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Hailey-Hailey disease: exacerbation by scabies. Author(s): Gerdsen R, Hartl C, Christ S, Uerlich M, Bauer R, Bieber T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167724&dopt=Abstract

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Head lice and scabies in children. Author(s): Reeves JR. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 June; 6(6): 598-602. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2441345&dopt=Abstract

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Hidden scabies: diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Bezold G, Lange M, Schiener R, Palmedo G, Sander CA, Kerscher M, Peter RU. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 614-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260027&dopt=Abstract

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High-magnification videodermatoscopy: a new noninvasive diagnostic tool for scabies in children. Author(s): Lacarrubba F, Musumeci ML, Caltabiano R, Impallomeni R, West DP, Micali G. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737693&dopt=Abstract

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Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in Egyptians with two parasitic skin diseases (scabies and leishmaniasis). Author(s): Morsy TA, Romia SA, al-Ganayni GA, Abu-Zakham AA, al-Shazly AM, Rezk RA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1990 December; 20(2): 565-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2230312&dopt=Abstract

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Histologic and clinical findings in human scabies. Author(s): Falk ES, Eide TJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1981 November; 20(9): 600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7309317&dopt=Abstract

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Hospital outbreak of scabies stemming from two AIDS patients with Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Sirera G, Rius F, Romeu J, Llibre J, Ribera M, Soriano V, Tor J, Ferrandiz C, Clotet B. Source: Lancet. 1990 May 19; 335(8699): 1227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1971073&dopt=Abstract

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Hospital outbreak traced to a case of Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Bannatyne RM, Patterson TA, Wells BA, MacMillan SA, Cunningham GA, Tellier R. Source: Can J Infect Control. 1992 Winter; 7(4): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1292729&dopt=Abstract

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Host-parasite relationships in hyperkeratotic (Norwegian) scabies: pathological and immunological findings. Author(s): Van Neste D, Lachapelle JM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1981 December; 105(6): 667-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6797458&dopt=Abstract

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How do I treat scabies? Author(s): Verbov J. Source: The Practitioner. 1987 May 22; 231(1430): 732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2447574&dopt=Abstract

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How to spot scabies in infants. Author(s): Tanphaichitr A, Brodell RT. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 January; 105(1): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924502&dopt=Abstract

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HTLV-I and scabies in Australian aborigines. Author(s): Mollison LC, Lo ST, Marning G. Source: Lancet. 1993 May 15; 341(8855): 1281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8098422&dopt=Abstract

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Human notoedric scabies from contact with cats infested with Notoedres cati. Author(s): Chakrabarti A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1986 December; 25(10): 646-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3804549&dopt=Abstract

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Human scabies acquired from a pet puppy. Author(s): Morsy TA, Bakr ME, Ahmed MM, Kotb MM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1994 August; 24(2): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8077749&dopt=Abstract

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Human scabies from contact with water buffaloes infested with Sarcoptes scabiei var. bubalis. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Chatterjee A, Chakrabarti K, Sengupta DN. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1981 June; 75(3): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7305505&dopt=Abstract

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Human scabies in perspective. Author(s): Van Neste DJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 January-February; 27(1): 10-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3126158&dopt=Abstract

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Human scabies of wombat origin. Author(s): Skerratt LF, Beveridge I. Source: Aust Vet J. 1999 September; 77(9): 607. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10561798&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperkeratotic (Norwegian) scabies and onychomycosis in an immunosuppressed patient. Author(s): Van Neste D, Minne G, Thomas P, Gosselin X. Source: Dermatologica. 1985; 170(3): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3156776&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperkeratotic (Norwegian) scabies with gram-negative bacteremia as the initial presentation of AIDS. Author(s): Hulbert TV, Larsen RA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 May; 14(5): 1164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1600025&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperkeratotic plantar plaques in an HIV-positive patient. Crusted scabies, localized to the soles. Author(s): Bitman LM, Rabinowitz AD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 August; 134(8): 1019, 1022-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9722734&dopt=Abstract

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Images in clinical medicine. Norwegian scabies in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Spach DH, Fritsche TR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 September 22; 331(12): 777. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8065406&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical nuclear staining for P53 in nodular scabies. Author(s): Mohammad MM, Ali MM, Aidarous HM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2000 December; 30(3): 661-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198364&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile acropustulosis revisited: history of scabies and response to topical corticosteroids. Author(s): Mancini AJ, Frieden IJ, Paller AS. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796580&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile acropustulosis--how often is it a sequela of scabies? Author(s): Prendiville JS. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1995 September; 12(3): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7501565&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile scabies or Langerhans cell histiocytosis? Author(s): Janik-Moszant A, Tomaszewska R, Szczepanski T, Sonta-Jakimczyk D, Pobudejska A. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2003 February; 40(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461795&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions for treating scabies. Author(s): Walker GJ, Johnstone PW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (3): Cd000320. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908470&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions for treating scabies. Author(s): Walker GJ, Johnstone PW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000320. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796527&dopt=Abstract

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Is a single oral dose of ivermectin sufficient in crusted scabies? Author(s): Haas N, Henz BM, Ohlendorf D. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 40(9): 599-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737459&dopt=Abstract

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Is it scabies? How to tell. Author(s): Lafuente CR. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 2003 June; 28(6): 57-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796625&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin alone or in combination with benzyl benzoate in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated scabies. Author(s): Alberici F, Pagani L, Ratti G, Viale P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 142(5): 969-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809857&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin and crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Author(s): Currie BJ, Maguire GP, Wood YK. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 November 20; 163(10): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8538537&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin for crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Author(s): Aubin F, Humbert P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 March 2; 332(9): 612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838209&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin for scabies. Author(s): Altman JS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 December; 135(12): 1550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606072&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin for the treatment of resistant scabies. Author(s): Cook AM, Romanelli F. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 February; 37(2): 279-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549961&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin in scabies. Author(s): del Giudice P. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2002 April; 15(2): 123-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964911&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin is better than benzyl benzoate for childhood scabies in developing countries. Author(s): Brooks PA, Grace RF. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2002 August; 38(4): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174005&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin use in scabies. Author(s): Fawcett RS. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 September 15; 68(6): 1089-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14524395&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin: a few caveats are warranted before initiating therapy for scabies. Author(s): Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 December; 135(12): 1549-50. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol 2000 March; 136(3): 378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606071&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin-responsive crusted scabies in four patients. Author(s): Larralde M, Mijelshon LM, Gonzalez A, Mora E, Constantakos N. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 16(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028007&dopt=Abstract

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Ivermectin-responsive crusted scabies in HTLV1 carrier. Author(s): Cordoliani F, Vasseur E, Baccard M, Fournier S, Feuilhade de Chauvin M, Tancrede E, Morel P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(4): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864373&dopt=Abstract

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Keratotic (Norwegian) scabies. Author(s): Ramsay B, Powell FC. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1987 January; 156(1): 13-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3557913&dopt=Abstract

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Keratotic scabies (Norwegian scabies): case reports and literature review. Author(s): Leibowitz M, Dogliotti M, Freedman AM. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1980 March 8; 57(10): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7403987&dopt=Abstract

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Laboratory diagnosis of scabies. Author(s): Palicka P, Malis L, Samsinak K, Zitek K, Vobrazkova E. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1980; 24(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6772710&dopt=Abstract

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Lesson of the week: Norwegian scabies misdiagnosed as an adverse drug reaction. Author(s): Almond DS, Green CJ, Geurin DM, Evans S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 January 1; 320(7226): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617527&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: An “epidemic” of scabies. Author(s): Biro L, Price E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 December 24; 226(13): 1568. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4800941&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Comments on scabies. Author(s): Southby R. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1974 July; 85(1): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4852728&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Hospital epidemic of scabies. Author(s): Bernstein B, Mihan R. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1973 December; 83(6): 1086-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4757525&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Norwegian scabies and monocytic leukemia. Author(s): Evans DI. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 December 8; 4(5892): 613. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4519013&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Scabies and bullae. Author(s): Herman PS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 March 17; 231(11): 1134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1172808&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Scabies eradication: national policy needed. Author(s): Nair KP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1973 December; 10(12): 749. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4788859&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Scabies in babies. Author(s): Behrman J. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1974 June; 127(6): 910. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4134898&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Scabies in Greece. Author(s): Rigatos GA, Kappos-Rigatou I. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 October; 112(10): 1466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=962347&dopt=Abstract

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Lice & scabies control. Author(s): Currier RW. Source: Iowa Med. 1986 February; 76(2): 80, 82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3957613&dopt=Abstract

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Lice and scabies treatment. Author(s): Pigott KG. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1997 March-April; 1(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166617&dopt=Abstract

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Lice and scabies. Author(s): Pigott KG. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1997 March-April; 1(1): 93-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166613&dopt=Abstract

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Lice and scabies. Myths and reality. Author(s): Maunder JW. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1998 October; 16(4): 843-5, Xv. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9891692&dopt=Abstract

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Lindane for scabies in Bangladesh. Author(s): Codington HB, Coghlan SE. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 11; 342(8872): 677-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7689677&dopt=Abstract

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Lindane-resistant scabies. Author(s): Witkowski JA, Parish LC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 October; 27(4): 648. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1383296&dopt=Abstract

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Localized bullous scabies. Uncommon presentation of scabies. Author(s): Said S, Jay S, Kang J, Liem WH, Jensen JL, Jeffes EW 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1993 December; 15(6): 590-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8311194&dopt=Abstract

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Localized crusted scabies in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Porras-Luque JI, Valks R, Dauden E, Fernandez-Herrera J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 July; 77(4): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228234&dopt=Abstract

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Localized crusted scabies in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Arico M, Noto G, La Rocca E, Pravata G, Bivona A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1992 September; 17(5): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1458639&dopt=Abstract

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Localized crusted scabies of the scalp and feet. Author(s): Lewis EJ, Connolly SB, Crutchfield CE 3rd, Rest EB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 February; 61(2): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9515214&dopt=Abstract

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Macular scabies with annular arrangement of papules. Author(s): Terui T, Takahashi M, Tagami H. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1986 November; 25(9): 597. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3793362&dopt=Abstract

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Management of an outbreak of Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Clark J, Friesen DL, Williams WA. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1992 August; 20(4): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1381877&dopt=Abstract

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Management of chronic, resistive scabies: a case study. Author(s): Morris Hicks LE, Lewis DJ. Source: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 1995 September-October; 16(5): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7590459&dopt=Abstract

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Management of crusted scabies. Author(s): O'Donnell BF, O'Loughlin S, Powell FC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 May; 29(4): 258-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1695210&dopt=Abstract

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Management of endemic outbreaks of scabies with allethrin, permethrin, and ivermectin. Author(s): Paasch U, Haustein UF. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 June; 39(6): 463-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10944095&dopt=Abstract

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Management of scabies in patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. Author(s): Funkhouser ME, Omohundro C, Ross A, Berger TG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1993 July; 129(7): 911-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8323321&dopt=Abstract

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Managing scabies infestations. Author(s): Sherman DS. Source: Contemporary Longterm Care. 1994 June; 17(6): 91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10134683&dopt=Abstract

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Mellanby on scabies. Author(s): Savin JA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 January; 27(1): 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952687&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiology of secondary bacterial infection in scabies lesions. Author(s): Brook I. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 August; 33(8): 2139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559963&dopt=Abstract

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Mite dermatitis other than scabies. Author(s): Blankenship ML. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1990 April; 8(2): 265-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2191799&dopt=Abstract

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Mite infestations other than scabies. Author(s): Millikan LE. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1993 March; 12(1): 46-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8476733&dopt=Abstract

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Mites in the environment of cases of Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Carslaw JW, Dobson RM, Hood AJ, Taylor RN. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1975 March; 92(3): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=807230&dopt=Abstract

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Modern aspects of scabies. Author(s): Orkin M, Maibach HI. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1985; 13: 109-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3882334&dopt=Abstract

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More cases of scabies. Author(s): Shrank AB, Alexander SL. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 February 17; 1(589): 445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5639636&dopt=Abstract

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Nail scabies as an initial lesion of ordinary scabies. Author(s): Isogai R, Kawada A, Aragane Y, Tezuka T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 147(3): 603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207611&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal scabies treated with permethrin 5% cream. Author(s): Quarterman MJ, Lesher JL Jr. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 September; 11(3): 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971563&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal scabies. Author(s): Camassa F, Fania M, Ditano G, Silvestris AM, Lomuto M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1995 October; 56(4): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8575219&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies

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Neonatal scabies. Author(s): Sterling GB, Janniger CK, Kihiczak G. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1990 April; 45(4): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2109675&dopt=Abstract

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Nodular scabies detected by computed dermatoscopy. Author(s): Bauer J, Blum A, Sonnichsen K, Metzler G, Rassner G, Garbe C. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(2): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586026&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian crusted scabies treated with ivermectin. Author(s): O'Callaghan J, Bourke JF, Plant B. Source: Ir Med J. 1999 April; 92(3): 308-9. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Ir Med J 1999 May-June; 92(4): 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394758&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies and a toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in a patient with trisomy 21. Author(s): Bonomo RA, Jacobs M, Jacobs G, Graham R, Salata RA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 September; 27(3): 645-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9770170&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies complicated by fatal brain abscess in a renal transplant patient. Author(s): Mansy H, Somorin A, el-Sherif M, Eze C, al-Dusari S, Filobbos P. Source: Nephron. 1996; 72(2): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8684551&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Author(s): Hall JC, Brewer JH, Appl BA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1989 April; 43(4): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2471608&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Guggisberg D, de Viragh PA, Constantin C, Panizzon RG. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(3): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812044&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Donabedian H, Khazan U. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 January; 14(1): 162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1571423&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies in a patient with AIDS: report of a case. Author(s): Suarez Fernandez R, Martin Rodriguez F, Lopez Bran E, Nunez Alonso C, Sanchez De Paz F, Sanchez Yus E. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1995 July; 56(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7555105&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies in an elderly patient who died after treatment with gammaBHC. Author(s): Katsumata K, Katsumata K. Source: Intern Med. 2003 April; 42(4): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729329&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies in an infant with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Jucowics P, Ramon ME, Don PC, Stone RK, Bamji M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 December; 125(12): 1670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2480080&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian scabies in the elderly. Author(s): Schewach-Millet M, Kaplan B, Trau H, Sofer E, Shpiro D. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1990 May; 26(5): 291-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2380029&dopt=Abstract

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Norwegian-type scabies mimicking contact dermatitis in an immunosuppressed patient. Author(s): Wolf R, Wolf D, Viskoper RJ, Sandbank M. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1985 July; 78(1): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4011520&dopt=Abstract

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Nosocomial outbreak of scabies associated with Norwegian scabies in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Rostami G, Sorg TB. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1990 May; 1(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083297&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies

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Nosocomial outbreak of scabies clinically resistant to lindane. Author(s): Boix V, Sanchez-Paya J, Portilla J, Merino E. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1997 October; 18(10): 677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9350454&dopt=Abstract

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Nosocomial outbreak of scabies. Author(s): Hsueh PR, Lin BH, Hwang CC, Hsieh BL, Liu JC, Lin M. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1992 February; 91(2): 228-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1364225&dopt=Abstract

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Novel approach to scabies control. Author(s): Bhalerao VR, Fernandes RJ. Source: Trop Doct. 1984 January; 14(1): 41-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6428009&dopt=Abstract

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O tempora o mores: the cost of managing institutional outbreaks of scabies. Author(s): Papini M, Maccheroni R, Bruni PL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 38(8): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10487459&dopt=Abstract

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Observations on itch mites recovered from human scabies cases in Calcutta. Author(s): Bhattacharya NC, Banerjee AK, Sur S. Source: Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1967 October; 15(4): 146-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5615450&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational scabies in healthcare workers. Author(s): Voss A, Wallrauch C. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1995 January; 16(1): 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7897173&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational scabies. Author(s): Rycroft RJ, Calnan CD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 July 30; 2(6082): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=871872&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational scabies. Author(s): Engel HO. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 September 3; 2(6087): 642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=902028&dopt=Abstract

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Of mites and men--lessons in scabies for the infectious diseases clinician. Author(s): Mathisen GE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 September; 27(3): 646-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9770171&dopt=Abstract

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Office dermatologic testing: the scabies preparation. Author(s): Brodell RT, Helms SE. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 August; 44(2): 505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1858608&dopt=Abstract

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Operation dunking--a new dimension to scabies control. Author(s): Fernandez RJ, Bhalerao VR, Kumar R, Chaturvedi RM, Sunder S, Kowli SS. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1984 January; 30(1): 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6716304&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal treatment for scabies remains undetermined. Author(s): Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568765&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ivermectin in scabies patients: a comparison with 1% topical lindane lotion. Author(s): Madan V, Jaskiran K, Gupta U, Gupta DK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 28(9): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603388&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Elmogy M, Fayed H, Marzok H, Rashad A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 December; 38(12): 926-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632775&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ivermectin treatment in two cases of scabies: effective in crusted scabies induced by corticosteroid but ineffective in nail scabies. Author(s): Ohtaki N, Taniguchi H, Ohtomo H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 30(5): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773808&dopt=Abstract

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Oral treatment of crusted scabies with ivermectin: report of two cases. Author(s): Cestari SC, Petri V, Rotta O, Alchorne MM. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 September-October; 17(5): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11085675&dopt=Abstract

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Our scabies treatment is archaic, but ivermectin has arrived. Author(s): Burkhart KM, Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 January; 37(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9522247&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of scabies in a small community hospital. Author(s): Cooper CL, Jackson MM. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1986 August; 14(4): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2428270&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of scabies in Norwegian nursing homes and home care patients: control and prevention. Author(s): Andersen BM, Haugen H, Rasch M, Heldal Haugen A, Tageson A. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2000 June; 45(2): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10860693&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of an interventional program for scabies in an Indigenous community. Author(s): Wong LC, Amega B, Connors C, Barker R, Dulla ME, Ninnal A, Kolumboort L, Cumaiyi MM, Currie BJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 October 1; 175(7): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700814&dopt=Abstract

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Parasitic skin infestations II, scabies, pediculosis, spider bites: unapproved treatments. Author(s): Orion E, Matz H, Ruocco V, Wolf R. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 20(6): 618-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490354&dopt=Abstract

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Parasitological and clinical studies on human scabies in Cairo. Author(s): Sarwat MA, el Okbi LM, el Sayed MM, el Okbi SM, el Deeb HK. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1993 December; 23(3): 809-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8308357&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric drug information. A potpourri: scabies, hazards of refrigerating medications, and aspirin--tartrazine dye cross sensitivity. Author(s): Robinson LA, Fischer R. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1980 July-August; 6(4): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6900985&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric scabies. Author(s): Arya V, Molinaro MJ, Majewski SS, Schwartz RA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 March; 71(3): 193-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661745&dopt=Abstract

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Pediculosis and scabies. What to look for in patients who are crawling with clues. Author(s): Forsman KE. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1995 December; 98(6): 89-90, 93-5, 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7501583&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptions of the incidence of scabies and efficacy of treatment in U.K. hospitals. Author(s): Bennett CE, Keefe M, Reynolds JC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 143(6): 1337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122057&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous absorption of DDT from a parasiticide used for treatment of scabies. Author(s): Kolmodin-Hedman B, Borglund E, Werner Y. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1979; 59(3): 276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87095&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous absorption of lindane in healthy volunteers and scabies patients. Dependency of penetration kinetics in serum upon frequency of application, time and mode of washing. Author(s): Lange M, Nitzsche K, Zesch A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1981; 271(4): 387-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6174081&dopt=Abstract

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Permethrin 5% dermal cream: a new treatment for scabies. Author(s): Taplin D, Meinking TL, Porcelain SL, Castillero PM, Chen JA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 November; 15(5 Pt 1): 995-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2431015&dopt=Abstract

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Permethrin treatment in scabies infestation: importance of the correct formulation. Author(s): Cox NH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 January 1; 320(7226): 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617528&dopt=Abstract

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Permethrin versus crotamiton and lindane in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Amer M, el-Gharib I. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 31(5): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1375206&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent pustulosis in children adopted from Asia: a sequela of scabies? Author(s): Bjornberg A, Friis B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1978 January-February; 17(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=627445&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent scabies in nursing home patients. Author(s): Paules SJ, Levisohn D, Heffron W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1993 July; 37(1): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7688408&dopt=Abstract

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Picture quiz: scabies. Author(s): Iveson-Iveson J. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1979 March 1; 148(9): 40, 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=254248&dopt=Abstract

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Policy decisions in scabies control. Author(s): Foutes JA, Spencer S, Tucker J, Hoff GL. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1981 December; 51(10): 673-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6916039&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing scabies outbreaks. Author(s): Wachtel D. Source: Nursing. 1979 June; 9(6): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=255803&dopt=Abstract

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Prioderm lotion in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Thianprasit M, Schuetzenberger R. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1984 March; 15(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6740372&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudo T-cell lymphoma due to scabies in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Walton S, Bottomley WW, Wyatt EH, Bury HP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 March; 124(3): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2018734&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudouremic pruritus: a scabies epidemic in a dialysis unit. Author(s): Lempert KD, Baltz PS, Welton WA, Whittier FC. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1985 February; 5(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2578731&dopt=Abstract

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Pyoderma and scabies: a benign association? Author(s): Hay RJ. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 16(2): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734437&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid and preferential sebum secretion of ivermectin: a new factor that may determine drug responsiveness in patients with scabies. Author(s): Haas N, Lindemann U, Frank K, Sterry W, Lademann J, Katzung W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 December; 138(12): 1618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472363&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivation of scabies rash by methotrexate. Author(s): Burrows D, Bridges JM, Morris TC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1975 August; 93(2): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1058039&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in psoroptic acariasis and demodectic mange of domestic animals and sarcoptic scabies of humans. Author(s): Fisher WF. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1981 November; 20(9): 585-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7030987&dopt=Abstract

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Recent insights into the childhood “social diseases”--gonorrhea, scabies, pediculosis, pinworms. Author(s): Welch NM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1978 April; 17(4): 318-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=639414&dopt=Abstract

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Recent resurgence of scabies. Author(s): Dutta AK. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1981 October; 25(4): 1-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7030933&dopt=Abstract

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Recent trends in scabies in the United States. Author(s): Shaw PK, Juranek DD. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1976 October; 134(4): 414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=978006&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent scabies with unusual clinical features in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Venning VA, Millard PR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 126(2): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536792&dopt=Abstract

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Refractory pseudo-scabies. Author(s): Maunder JW. Source: The Practitioner. 1989 February 22; 233(1463): 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2587481&dopt=Abstract

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Remedies for common family ailments: 7. Head lice and scabies. Author(s): Sinclair A. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1994 November-December; 4(8): 241-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8680205&dopt=Abstract

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Resurgence of scabies. Author(s): Orkin M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 August 2; 217(5): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5109208&dopt=Abstract

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Resurgence of scabies. Author(s): Pace WE, Purres J. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1971 April 17; 104(8): 719. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4101358&dopt=Abstract

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Review of ivermectin in scabies. Author(s): Vaidhyanathan U. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2001 November-December; 5(6): 496-504. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907859&dopt=Abstract

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Role of prolonged surveillance in the eradication of nosocomial scabies in an extended care Veterans Affairs medical center. Author(s): Jimenez-Lucho VE, Fallon F, Caputo C, Ramsey K. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1995 February; 23(1): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7762874&dopt=Abstract

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Role of race in scabies infestation. Author(s): Alexander AM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 April; 114(4): 627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=646390&dopt=Abstract

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Role of sociocultural and environmental factors in the cause of scabies. Author(s): Gulati PV, Singh KP, Braganza C. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1977 May; 16(4): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=863573&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies and head-lice infestations in different environmental conditions of Lower Silesia, Poland. Author(s): Lonc E, Okulewicz A. Source: J Parasitol. 2000 February; 86(1): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701586&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies and pediculosis pubis: an update of treatment regimens and general review. Author(s): Wendel K, Rompalo A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 October 15; 35(Suppl 2): S146-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353201&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies and pediculosis. Author(s): Chosidow O. Source: Lancet. 2000 March 4; 355(9206): 819-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711939&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies associated with radiation therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Author(s): McGregor DH, Yang Q, Fan F, Talley RL, Topalovski M. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2001 January; 31(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314859&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies in some workers living in crowded area, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Abou Zinada NY. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2000 April; 30(1): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10786043&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies incognito presenting as urticaria pigmentosa in an infant. Author(s): Kim KJ, Roh KH, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 19(5): 409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383096&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies therapy for the millennium. Author(s): Meinking TL, Elgart GW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2000 March-April; 17(2): 154-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792811&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies. Author(s): Gibbs S. Source: Trop Doct. 2000 October; 30(4): 232-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075661&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies. Author(s): Walker G, Johnstone P. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1543-8. Review. No Abstract Available. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230770&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies: a differential diagnosis of pruritus following subarachnoid opioid administration. Author(s): Kuczkowski KM. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 November; 58(11): 1140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14616629&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies: a practical approach. Author(s): Blanshard ME, Schofield J. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1999; 9(1): 15-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401408&dopt=Abstract

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Scraping versus videodermatoscopy for the diagnosis of scabies: a comparative study. Author(s): Micali G, Lacarrubba F, Lo Guzzo G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 September; 79(5): 396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494727&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonality trends of scabies in a young adult population: a 20-year follow-up. Author(s): Mimouni D, Ankol OE, Davidovitch N, Gdalevich M, Zangvil E, Grotto I. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 149(1): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890210&dopt=Abstract

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Severe and Norwegian scabies are strongly associated with retroviral (HIV-1/HTLV-1) infection in Bahia, Brazil. Author(s): Brites C, Weyll M, Pedroso C, Badaro R. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 June 14; 16(9): 1292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045498&dopt=Abstract

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Stopping the itch of scabies and lice. Author(s): Stewart KB. Source: Nursing. 2000 July; 30(7): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983095&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of scabies with oral ivermectin in Nigeria. Author(s): Nnoruka EN, Agu CE. Source: Trop Doct. 2001 January; 31(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205591&dopt=Abstract

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Sulfur for scabies outbreaks in orphanages. Author(s): Pruksachatkunakorn C, Damrongsak M, Sinthupuan S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 19(5): 448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383106&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of head lice and scabies in the UK. Author(s): Downs AM, Harvey I, Kennedy CT. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1999 June; 122(3): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459652&dopt=Abstract

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The saga of ectoparasitoses: scabies and pediculosis. Author(s): Parish LC, Witkowski JA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 38(6): 432-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397581&dopt=Abstract

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The use of ivermectin in controlling an outbreak of scabies in a prison. Author(s): Leppard B, Naburi AE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 September; 143(3): 520-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971323&dopt=Abstract

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Topical ivermectin: a new successful treatment for scabies. Author(s): Victoria J, Trujillo R. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 January-February; 18(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207977&dopt=Abstract

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Treating asymptomatic bodily contacts of patients with scabies. Author(s): Chambliss ML. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 May; 9(5): 473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10810954&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment and prevention of head lice and scabies. Author(s): Droogan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 July 21-27; 95(29): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568974&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of 18 children with scabies or cutaneous larva migrans using ivermectin. Author(s): del Mar Saez-De-Ocariz M, McKinster CD, Orozco-Covarrubias L, TamayoSanchez L, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 June; 27(4): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139665&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of human scabies with oral ivermectin. Author(s): Conti Diaz IA, Amaro J. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1999 July-August; 41(4): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10564922&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment with ivermectin reduces the high prevalence of scabies in a village in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Bockarie MJ, Alexander ND, Kazura JW, Bockarie F, Griffin L, Alpers MP. Source: Acta Tropica. 2000 February 25; 75(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708015&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment-resistant scabies and lice infections. Author(s): Romanelli F. Source: Jaapa. 2002 December; 15(12): 51-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555739&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding scabies. Author(s): Burgess IF. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 February 18-24; 99(7): 44-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12655753&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual features of scabies associated with topical fluorinated steroids. Author(s): Burgess I. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 May; 88(5): 519-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4715133&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual features of scabies associated with topical fluorinated steroids. Author(s): Macmillan AL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1972 November; 87(5): 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4647123&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual features of scabies complicating human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection. Author(s): Sadick N, Kaplan MH, Pahwa SG, Sarngadharan MG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 September; 15(3): 482-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3760272&dopt=Abstract

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Update on the treatment of pediculosis and scabies. Author(s): Molinari F. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1992 November-December; 18(6): 600-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1470496&dopt=Abstract

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Update: scabies in childhood. Author(s): Hurwitz S. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1982 February; 11(2): 226-7, 230-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6178077&dopt=Abstract

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Use of ivermectin for the management of scabies in a nursing home. Author(s): Dannaoui E, Kiazand A, Piens M, Picot S. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 1999 September; 9(6): 443-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10491498&dopt=Abstract

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Use of ivermectin, given orally, to control scabies in homes for the elderly mentally ill. Author(s): Millership S, Readman R, Bracebridge S. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2002 June; 5(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166302&dopt=Abstract

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Usual scabies with nail infestation. Author(s): Saruta T, Nakamizo Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 June; 114(6): 956-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=666337&dopt=Abstract

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Venereal disease in patients with scabies: a five-year survey. Author(s): Munkvad JM, Nielsen AO, Secher L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1982; 62(3): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6179382&dopt=Abstract

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Vesicular scabies in an adult. Author(s): Dhawan SS, Weitzner JM, Phillips MG, Zaias N. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1989 March; 43(3): 267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2495901&dopt=Abstract

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Vesicular scabies. Author(s): Dourmishev AL, Moalla M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 February; 33(2): 149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8157405&dopt=Abstract

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Virus enhancement with a growth product of Streptomyces scabies. I. Production and properties of scaben. Author(s): Konowalchuk J. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1968 October; 14(10): 1079-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4971463&dopt=Abstract

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Virus enhancement with a growth product of Streptomyces scabies. II. Increased release of coxsackievirus B5 from HEp-2 monolayers treated with scaben. Author(s): Konowalchuk J, Speirs JI. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1968 October; 14(10): 1111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5681522&dopt=Abstract

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We can get rid of scabies: new treatment available soon. Author(s): Lawrence GW, Sheridan JW, Speare R. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 August 1; 161(3): 232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8080547&dopt=Abstract

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We can get rid of scabies: new treatment available soon. Author(s): Commens CA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 March 21; 160(6): 317-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133810&dopt=Abstract

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What is your assessment? Scabies. Author(s): Komelasky AL. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1995 March-April; 21(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7746681&dopt=Abstract

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What's your assessment? Scabies. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1992 October; 4(5): 377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1482627&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SCABIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and scabies.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Scabies The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “scabies” (or a synonym): •

4-Nitrotryptophans associated with the in vitro production of thaxtomin A by Streptomyces scabies. Source: King, R.R. Lawrence, C.H. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1995. volume 40 (1) page 41-43. 0031-9422

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A systematic review of the treatment of scabies. Source: Bigby, M Arch-Dermatol. 2000 March; 136(3): 387-9 0003-987X

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An epidemiologic and therapeutic reassessment of scabies. Source: Burkhart, C G Burkhart, C N Burkhart, K M Cutis. 2000 April; 65(4): 233-40 00114162

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An outbreak of scabies in a school for children with learning disabilities. Author(s): East Lancashire Health Authority. Source: Marshall, R Barkess Jones, L Sivayoham, S Commun-Dis-Rep-CDR-Revolume 1995 May 26; 5(6): R90-2 1350-9349

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Before using ivermectin therapy for scabies. Author(s): Department of Bioscience, Medical College of Ohio, Sylvania, Ohio, USA. Source: Burkhart, C N Burkhart, C G Pediatr-Dermatol. 1999 Nov-December; 16(6): 4789; discussion 480 0736-8046

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Control of human scabies by topical application of ivermectin. Author(s): Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. Source: Yeruham, I Hadani, A Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1998 July; 92(5): 627-9 0003-4983

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Control of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis with ivermectin: influence on scratching behaviour of fattening pigs and occurrence of dermatitis at slaughter. Author(s): MSD AgVet, Steenweg op Waterloo, Brussels, Belgium. Source: Hollanders, W Harbers, A H Huige, J C Monster, P Rambags, P G Hendrikx, W M Vet-Parasitol. 1995 May; 58(1-2): 117-27 0304-4017

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Control of transmission of Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Prince George's Hospital Center, Cheverly, Maryland 20785, USA. Source: Zafar, A B Beidas, S O Sylvester, L K Infect-Control-Hosp-Epidemiol. 2002 May; 23(5): 278-9 0899-823X

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Crusted (“Norwegian”) scabies in a specialist HIV unit: successful use of ivermectin and failure to prevent nosocomial transmission. Author(s): HIV/AIDS Unit Camden & Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK. Source: Corbett, E L Crossley, I Holton, J Levell, N Miller, R De Cock, K M GenitourinMed. 1996 April; 72(2): 115-7 0266-4348

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Crusted (Norwegian) scabies in a patient with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands. Source: Van Der Wal, V B Van Voorst Vader, P C Mandema, J M Jonkman, M F Br-JDermatol. 1999 November; 141(5): 918-21 0007-0963

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Crusted scabies in an immunocompetent child: treatment with ivermectin. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.

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Source: Gladstone, H B Darmstadt, G L Pediatr-Dermatol. 2000 Mar-April; 17(2): 144-8 0736-8046 •

Crusted scabies in two immunocompromised children: successful treatment with oral ivermectin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia. Source: Patel, A Hogan, P Walder, B Australas-J-Dermatol. 1999 February; 40(1): 37-40 0004-8380

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Crusted scabies of the scalp in dermatomyositis patients: three cases treated with oral ivermectin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria. Source: Dourmishev, A L Serafimova, D K Dourmishev, L A Mualla, M A Papaharalambous, V Malchevsky, T Int-J-Dermatol. 1998 March; 37(3): 231-4 0011-9059

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Current treatments for scabies and pediculosis. Author(s): The George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. Source: Elgart, M L Skin-Therapy-Lett. 1999; 5(1): 1-3 1201-5989

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Diagnosis and treatment of scabies: a practical guide. Author(s): Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Cosme Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] Source: Chouela, Edgardo Abeldano, Alejandra Pellerano, Graciela Hernandez, Maria Ines Am-J-Clin-Dermatol. 2002; 3(1): 9-18 1175-0561

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Economic aspects of controlling scabies on an open fattening farm with ivermectin in feed. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. Source: Smets, K Vercruysse, J Vet-Rec. 2002 March 23; 150(12): 379-80 0042-4900

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Efficacy and tolerance of oral ivermectin in scabies. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria. [email protected] Source: Dourmishev, A Serafimova, D Dourmishev, L J-Eur-Acad-Dermatol-Venereol. 1998 November; 11(3): 247-51 0926-9959

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Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of an epidemic of sarcoptic scabies. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, University Hospital of Cimiez, Nice, France. Source: Marty, P Gari Toussaint, M Le Fichoux, Y Gaxotte, P Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1994 August; 88(4): 453 0003-4983

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Efficacy of topically applied ivermectin against sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis) of cattle. Author(s): Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065. Source: Soll, M D d'Assonville, J A Smith, C J Parasitol-Res. 1992; 78(2): 120-2 0932-0113

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Elimination of mange mites Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis from two naturally infested Danish sow herds using a single injection regime with doramectin. Author(s): Pfizer Animal Health, Ballerup, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Jensen, J C Nielsen, L H Arnason, T Cracknell, V Acta-Vet-Scand. 2002; 43(2): 7584 0044-605X

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Elimination of Sarcoptes scabiei in pig herds by single or double administrations of an avermectin. Author(s): Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Jacobson, M Bornstein, S Palmer, E Wallgren, P Acta-Vet-Scand. 2000; 41(3): 22735 0044-605X

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Equivalent therapeutic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and lindane in the treatment of human scabies. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, the Hospital General de Agudos Dr Cosme Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] Source: Chouela, E N Abeldano, A M Pellerano, G La Forgia, M Papale, R M Garsd, A Balian, M C Battista, V Poggio, N Arch-Dermatol. 1999 June; 135(6): 651-5 0003-987X

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Evaluation of the therapeutic and protective efficacy of doramectin against psoroptic scabies in cattle. Author(s): CAVL, Amarillo 79114 TX, USA. Source: Clymer, B C Janes, T H McKenzie, M E Vet-Parasitol. 1997 September; 72(1): 7989 0304-4017

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Experimental transmission of a goat strain of Sarcoptes scabiei to desert sheep and its treatment with ivermectin. Author(s): Leather Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan. Source: Ibrahim, K E Abu Samra, M T Vet-Parasitol. 1987 December; 26(1-2): 157-64 0304-4017

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How to spot scabies in infants. Author(s): Akron General Medical Center, Ohio, USA. Source: Tanphaichitr, A Brodell, R T Postgrad-Med. 1999 January; 105(1): 191-2 00325481

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Human scabies of wombat origin. Author(s): School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria. Source: Skerratt, L F Beveridge, I Aust-Vet-J. 1999 September; 77(9): 607 0005-0423

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Interventions for treating scabies. Author(s): Country Support Team for Central and South Asia, UNFPA, PO Box 5940, Kathmandu, Nepal. [email protected] Source: Walker, G J Johnstone, P W Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (3): CD000320 1469-493X

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Ivermectin alone or in combination with benzyl benzoate in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated scabies. Author(s): Unit of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera di Piacenza, Via Taverna 49, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy. Source: Alberici, F Pagani, L Ratti, G Viale, P Br-J-Dermatol. 2000 May; 142(5): 969-72 0007-0963

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Ivermectin for crusted Norwegian scabies induced by use of topical steroids. Author(s): Dermatology Section, School of Medicine, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Columbia. Source: Jaramillo Ayerbe, F Berrio Munoz, J Arch-Dermatol. 1998 February; 134(2): 143-5 0003-987X

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Ivermectin for Sarcoptes scabiei hyperinfestation. Author(s): Royal Darwin Hospital, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Source: Huffam, S E Currie, B J Int-J-Infect-Dis. 1998 Jan-March; 2(3): 152-4 1201-9712

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Ivermectin in scabies. Author(s): Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Bonnet Hospital, Frejus, France. [email protected] Source: del Giudice, Pascal Curr-Opin-Infect-Dis. 2002 April; 15(2): 123-6 0951-7375

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Ivermectin is better than benzyl benzoate for childhood scabies in developing countries. Author(s): Outpatients Department, Vila Central Hospital, Port Vila, Vanuatu. [email protected] Source: Brooks, P A Grace, R F J-Paediatr-Child-Health. 2002 August; 38(4): 401-4 10344810

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National guideline for the management of scabies. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). Source: Anonymous Sex-Transm-Infect. 1999 August; 75 Suppl 1S76-7 1368-4973

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New antimicrobial substances against Streptomyces scabies from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Author(s): National Inst. of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki (Japan) Source: Takenaka, M. Watanabe, T. Sugahara, K. Harada, Y. Yoshida, S. Sugawara, F. Bioscience,-Biotechnology,-and-Biochemistry (Japan). (September 1997). volume 61(9) page 1440-1444. rosmarinus officinalis extracts antimicrobial properties streptomyces scabies 0916-8451

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Norwegian crusted scabies treated with ivermectin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, South Infirmary-Victoria Hospital, Cork. Source: O'Callaghan, J Bourke, J F Plant, B Ir-Med-J. 1999 April; 92(3): 308-9 0332-3102

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Oral ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Egypt. Source: Elmogy, M Fayed, H Marzok, H Rashad, A Int-J-Dermatol. 1999 December; 38(12): 926-8 0011-9059

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Persistent efficacy of doramectin and ivermectin against experimental infestations of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in swine. Author(s): S & J Farms Animal Health, Willow Springs, NC 27592, USA. Source: Arends, J J Skogerboe, T L Ritzhaupt, L K Vet-Parasitol. 1999 March 22; 82(1): 719 0304-4017

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Preventing transmission of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis from infested sows to nursing piglets by a prefarrowing treatment with doramectin injectable solution. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA. [email protected] Source: Firkins, L D Jones, C J Keen, D P Arends, J J Thompson, L King, V L Skogerboe, T L Vet-Parasitol. 2001 August 31; 99(4): 323-30 0304-4017

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Production of thaxtomin A by Streptomyces scabies strains in plant extract containing media. Source: Beausejour, J. Goyer, C. Vachon, J. Beaulieu, C. Can-j-microbiol. Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada. Sept 1999. volume 45 (9) page 764-768. 0008-4166

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Response of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis (Acari: Sarcoptidae) to lipids of mammalian skin. Source: Arlian, L.G. Vyszenski Moher, D.L. J-med-entomol. Lanham, Md. : The Entomological Society of America. January 1995. volume 32 (1) page 34-41. 0022-2585

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Review of ivermectin in scabies. Author(s): B-10, NFB, SCT Quarters, Poonthy Road, Kumarapuram Trivandrum, Kerala695 011, India. Source: Vaidhyanathan, U J-Cutan-Med-Surg. 2001 Nov-December; 5(6): 496-504 12034754

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Scabies and pediculosis pubis: an update of treatment regimens and general review. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. [email protected] Source: Wendel, K Rompalo, A Clin-Infect-Dis. 2002 October 15; 35(Suppl 2): S146-51 1537-6591

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Scabies in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Author(s): Veterinary Unit, Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala. Source: Kalema Zikusoka, G Kock, R A Macfie, E J Vet-Rec. 2002 January 5; 150(1): 12-5 0042-4900

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Scabies in infants and small children. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614. Source: Paller, A S Semin-Dermatol. 1993 March; 12(1): 3-8 0278-145X

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Scabies in long-term care facilities. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, MN. Source: Degelau, J Infect-Control-Hosp-Epidemiol. 1992 July; 13(7): 421-5 0899-823X

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Scabies therapy for the millennium. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA. Source: Meinking, T L Elgart, G W Pediatr-Dermatol. 2000 Mar-April; 17(2): 154-6 07368046

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Scabies therapy--1993. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Robbinsdale. Source: Orkin, M Maibach, H I Semin-Dermatol. 1993 March; 12(1): 22-5 0278-145X

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Scabies, lice, and fungal infections. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida. Source: Taplin, D Meinking, T L Prim-Care. 1989 September; 16(3): 551-76 0095-4543

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Scabies. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center at San Diego, CA 92123, USA. Source: Peterson, C M Eichenfield, L F Pediatr-Ann. 1996 February; 25(2): 97-100 00904481

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Scabies. Treating the symptom and masking the cause. Source: Todaro, W Geriatr-Nurs. 1987 Nov-December; 8(6): 316-8 0197-4572

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Scratching the itch: management of scabies in A&E. Author(s): ATNC Committee, Baileys Consulting, Church Street, Charlbury, UK. [email protected] Source: Hadfield Law, L Accid-Emerg-Nurs. 2000 October; 8(4): 230-2 0965-2302

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Serum antibody to Sarcoptes scabiei and house dust mite prior to and during infestation with S. scabiei. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA. [email protected] Source: Arlian, L G Morgan, M S Vet-Parasitol. 2000 July 4; 90(4): 315-26 0304-4017

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Studies in vitro on the relative efficacy of current acaricides for Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Author(s): Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. [email protected] Source: Walton, S F Myerscough, M R Currie, B J Trans-R-Soc-Trop-Med-Hyg. 2000 JanFebruary; 94(1): 92-6 0035-9203

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Successful use of ivermectin in the treatment of endemic scabies in a nursing home. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Royal Newcastle Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Sullivan, J R Watt, G Barker, B Australas-J-Dermatol. 1997 August; 38(3): 137-40 0004-8380

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The spread of porcine sarcoptic mange during the fattening period revealed by development of antibodies to Sarcoptes scabiei. Author(s): Department of Ruminant and Porcine Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Wallgren, P Bornstein, S Vet-Parasitol. 1997 December 31; 73(3-4): 315-24 03044017

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Therapy of scabies: nursing homes, hospitals, and the homeless. Source: Estes, S A Estes, J Semin-Dermatol. 1993 March; 12(1): 26-33 0278-145X

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Transmission of Sarcoptes scabiei from animal to man and its control. Author(s): Additional Block Animal Health Centre, Kirnahar. Source: Mitra, M Mahanta, S K Sen, S Ghosh, C Hati, A K J-Indian-Med-Assoc. 1995 April; 93(4): 142-3 0019-5847

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Treatment of 18 children with scabies or cutaneous larva migrans using ivermectin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, National Institute of Pediatrics, Insurgentes Sur 3700 C, Mexico City 04530, Mexico. Source: del March Saez De Ocariz, M McKinster, C D Orozco Covarrubias, L Tamayo Sanchez, L Ruiz Maldonado, R Clin-Exp-Dermatol. 2002 June; 27(4): 264-7 0307-6938

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Treatment of HIV-related scabies with emphasis on the efficacy of ivermectin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA. Source: Taplin, D Meinking, T L Semin-Cutan-Med-Surg. 1997 September; 16(3): 235-40 1085-5629

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Treatment of human scabies with oral ivermectin. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Montevideo, Uruguay. Source: Conti Diaz, I A Amaro, J Rev-Inst-Med-Trop-Sao-Paulo. 1999 Jul-August; 41(4): 259-61 0036-4665

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Treatment of scabies with ivermectin. Author(s): Clinica Dermatologica, Ospedale Umberto I, Piazza Cappelli 1, 60100 Ancona, Italy. Source: Offidani, A Cellini, A Simonetti, O Fumelli, C Eur-J-Dermatol. 1999 March; 9(2): 100-1 1167-1122

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Treatment with ivermectin reduces the high prevalence of scabies in a village in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Division of Geographic Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospital of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. [email protected] Source: Bockarie, M J Alexander, N D Kazura, J W Bockarie, F Griffin, L Alpers, M P Acta-Tropage 2000 February 25; 75(1): 127-30 0001-706X

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Unusual production of 5-nitroanthranilic acid by Streptomyces scabies. Source: King, R.R. Lawrence, C.H. Calhoun, L.A. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. November 1998. volume 49 (5) page 1265-1267. 0031-9422

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Use of ivermectin for the management of scabies in a nursing home. Author(s): Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Mycologie Medicale et Pathologie Exotique, Universite Claude-Bernard Lyon I, 8, avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex, France. [email protected] Source: Dannaoui, E Kiazand, A Piens, M Picot, S Eur-J-Dermatol. 1999 September; 9(6): 443-5 1167-1122

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Use of ivermectin, given orally, to control scabies in homes for the elderly mentally ill. Author(s): Department of Health Policy and Public Health, North Essex Health Authority, Collingwood Road, Witham, Essex CM8 2TT. [email protected] Source: Millership, S Readman, R Bracebridge, S Commun-Dis-Public-Health. 2002 June; 5(2): 144-6

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SCABIES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to scabies. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to scabies and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “scabies” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to scabies: •

An outbreak of lindane-resistant scabies treated successfully with permethrin 5% cream. Author(s): Purvis RS, Tyring SK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 December; 25(6 Pt 1): 1015-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1725779&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of scabies in a school for children with learning disabilities. Author(s): Marshall R, Barkess-Jones L, Sivayoham S. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1995 May 26; 5(6): R90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7606277&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual surgical complication of traditional scabies prevention measures. Author(s): Vickery C, Lander EA.

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Source: Trop Doct. 1994 January; 24(1): 38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8134947&dopt=Abstract •

Asthma in an AIDS patient with Norwegian scabies induced by bathing. Author(s): Corbett EL, Crossley I, De Cock KM. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 June; 71(3): 200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7635506&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous scabies mimicking bullous pemphigoid. Author(s): Brar BK, Pall A, Gupta RR. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 September; 30(9): 694-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14578561&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of 5% permethrin cream and 1% lindane lotion for the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Schultz MW, Gomez M, Hansen RC, Mills J, Menter A, Rodgers H, Judson FN, Mertz G, Handsfield HH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 February; 126(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1689135&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing antiscabies treatments. Author(s): Downs A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 April; 133(4): 526. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126030&dopt=Abstract

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Control of transmission of Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Zafar AB, Beidas SO, Sylvester LK. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2002 May; 23(5): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026155&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Author(s): Kolar KA, Rapini RP. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 October; 44(4): 1317-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1718155&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted (Norwegian) scabies. A simple office test demystifies the 'great imitator'. Author(s): Nowak MA, Mirando WS, Brodell RT. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 May 1; 105(5): 153, 156. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335327&dopt=Abstract

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Crusted scabies in pregnancy. Author(s): Judge MR, Kobza-Black A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 January; 132(1): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756121&dopt=Abstract

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Current treatments for scabies and pediculosis. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10908470
Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD000320 Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 1999; 5(1): 1-3. <Title>Dermacase. Crusted Norwegian scabies. Author(s): Adams SP. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1999 June; 45: 1455, 1462. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386207&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of natural synergised pyrethrins in a new thermo labile foam formulation in topical treatment of scabies: a prospective, randomised, investigatorblinded, comparative trial vs. permethrin cream. Author(s): Amerio P, Capizzi R, Milani M. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609786&dopt=Abstract

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Factors supporting sustainability of a community-based scabies control program. Author(s): Wong LC, Amega B, Barker R, Connors C, Dulla ME, Ninnal A, Cumaiyi MM, Kolumboort L, Currie BJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 43(4): 274-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423434&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of scabies treatment. Author(s): Leibowitz MR. Source: N Z Med J. 1993 July 28; 106(960): 317-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8341460&dopt=Abstract

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Grover's disease associated with Sarcoptes scabiei. Author(s): Kaddu S, Mullegger RR, Kerl H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 202(3): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385234&dopt=Abstract

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Human scabies of wombat origin. Author(s): Skerratt LF, Beveridge I.

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Source: Aust Vet J. 1999 September; 77(9): 607. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10561798&dopt=Abstract •

Interventions for treating scabies. Author(s): Walker GJ, Johnstone PW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (3): Cd000320. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908470&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions for treating scabies. Author(s): Walker GJ, Johnstone PW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000320. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796527&dopt=Abstract

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Is it scabies? How to tell. Author(s): Lafuente CR. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 2003 June; 28(6): 57-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796625&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal scabies treated with permethrin 5% cream. Author(s): Quarterman MJ, Lesher JL Jr. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 September; 11(3): 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971563&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal treatment for scabies remains undetermined. Author(s): Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568765&dopt=Abstract

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Parasitic skin infestations II, scabies, pediculosis, spider bites: unapproved treatments. Author(s): Orion E, Matz H, Ruocco V, Wolf R. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 20(6): 618-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490354&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous absorption of lindane in healthy volunteers and scabies patients. Dependency of penetration kinetics in serum upon frequency of application, time and mode of washing. Author(s): Lange M, Nitzsche K, Zesch A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1981; 271(4): 387-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6174081&dopt=Abstract


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Permethrin treatment in scabies infestation: importance of the correct formulation. Author(s): Cox NH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 January 1; 320(7226): 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617528&dopt=Abstract

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Permethrin versus crotamiton and lindane in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Amer M, el-Gharib I. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 31(5): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1375206&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent scabies in nursing home patients. Author(s): Paules SJ, Levisohn D, Heffron W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1993 July; 37(1): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7688408&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular esterase from pathogenic Streptomyces scabies that is inducible by zinc. Author(s): McQueen DA, Schottel JL. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1987 May; 169(5): 1967-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571156&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivation of scabies rash by methotrexate. Author(s): Burrows D, Bridges JM, Morris TC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1975 August; 93(2): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1058039&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in psoroptic acariasis and demodectic mange of domestic animals and sarcoptic scabies of humans. Author(s): Fisher WF. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1981 November; 20(9): 585-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7030987&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of permethrin vs lindane for the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Meinking TL, Taplin D. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 August; 132(8): 959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8712847&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies in infants and small children. Author(s): Paller AS. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1993 March; 12(1): 3-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7682835&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies in nursing homes: an eradication program with permethrin 5% cream. Author(s): Yonkosky D, Ladia L, Gackenheimer L, Schultz MW. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 December; 23(6 Pt 1): 1133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2273114&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Bastian HM, Lindgren AM, Alarcon GS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 March; 102(3): 305-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217603&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies resistant to lindane 1% lotion and crotamiton 10% cream. Author(s): Roth WI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 March; 24(3): 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1712027&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies therapy--1993. Author(s): Orkin M, Maibach HI. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1993 March; 12(1): 22-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7682833&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies, lice, and fungal infections. Author(s): Taplin D, Meinking TL. Source: Primary Care. 1989 September; 16(3): 551-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2477865&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies. Author(s): Peterson CM, Eichenfield LF. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1996 February; 25(2): 97-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822033&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies. Author(s): Sterling GB, Janniger CK, Kihiczak G, Schwartz RA, Fox MD. Source: American Family Physician. 1992 October; 46(4): 1237-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1384301&dopt=Abstract

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Scabies: a practical approach. Author(s): Blanshard ME, Schofield J. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1999; 9(1): 15-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401408&dopt=Abstract


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Scabies: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Elgart ML. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1993 December; 5(6): 464-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8274355&dopt=Abstract

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Scratching the itch: management of scabies in A&E. Author(s): Hadfield-Law L. Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing. 2000 October; 8(4): 230-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760327&dopt=Abstract

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Study of Rwandese medicinal plants used in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Heyndrickx G, Brioen P, Van Puyvelde L. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1992 January; 35(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1548897&dopt=Abstract

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Success of a scabies control program in an Australian aboriginal community. Author(s): Carapetis JR, Connors C, Yarmirr D, Krause V, Currie BJ. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 May; 16(5): 494-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154544&dopt=Abstract

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The role of mast cells in treatment of scabies. Author(s): Amer M, Mostafa FF, Nasr AN, el-Harras M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 March; 34(3): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7538495&dopt=Abstract

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The use and efficacy of Azadirachta indica ADR ('Neem') and Curcuma longa ('Turmeric') in scabies. A pilot study. Author(s): Charles V, Charles SX. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1992 January; 44(1-2): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1496714&dopt=Abstract

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Therapy of scabies: nursing homes, hospitals, and the homeless. Author(s): Estes SA, Estes J. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1993 March; 12(1): 26-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7682834&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of human scabies by sulfur and permethrin. Author(s): Kenawi MZ, Morsy TA, Abdalla KF, el Hady HM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1993 December; 23(3): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8308344&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of scabies with permethrin versus lindane and benzyl benzoate. Author(s): Haustein UF, Hlawa B. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(4): 348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2472724&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to scabies; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Alternative Therapy Homeopathy Alternative names: homeopathic medicine homeotherapeutics homoeopathy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Raktamoksha Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html


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Chinese Medicine Badou Alternative names: Croton Fruit; Fructus Crotonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baifan Alternative names: Alum; Baifan (Bai Fan); Alume Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baixianpi Alternative names: Densefruit Pittany Root-bark; Cortex Dictamni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kulianpi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Bark; Cortex Meliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kushen Alternative names: Lightyellow Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Flavescentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liuhuang Alternative names: Sulfur; Sulfur Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfen Alternative names: Calomel; Calomelas Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qishe Alternative names: Long-noded Pit Viper; Qishe (Qi She); Agkistrodon Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wushaoshe Alternative names: Black-tail Snake; Zaocys Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zaojiaoci Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Spine; Spina Gleditsiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Herbs and Supplements Calamus Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Calophyllum Alternative names: Punna, Kamani; Calophyllum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ivy Leaf Alternative names: Hedera helix Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lindane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tanacetum V Alternative names: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Turmeric Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10062,00.html Viburnum Alternative names: Cramp Bark, Highbush Cranberry; Viburnum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SCABIES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “scabies” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on scabies, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Scabies By performing a patent search focusing on scabies, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on scabies: •

Bis-S-alkylbenzene derivatives Inventor(s): Fukaya; Chikara (Osaka, JP), Naito; Youichiro (Kyoto, JP), Sugiura; Masanori (Osaka, JP), Yamaura; Yasunari (Shiga, JP), Yokoyama; Kazumasa (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Green Cross Corporation (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,933,329 Date filed: December 6, 1988 Abstract: Novel bis-S-alkylbenzene derivatives capable of inhibiting lipoxygenase, inparticular, 5-lipoxygenase are disclosed. It is expected that the compounds, which are hardly metabolized in vivo, are highly useful in the treatment and/or prevention of various diseases, including allergic diseases such as asthma, inflammation, myocardial infarction, nephritis, scabies and gout. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel bis-S-alkylbenzene derivatives which exert an inhibition effect on lipoxygenase, in particular, 5-lipoxygenase, and to a lipoxygenase inhibitor composition containing the same. 5-lipoxygenase is an enzyme involved in the in vivo synthesis of leukotrienes and 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE). These compounds are believed to be involved in the outbreak of various diseases, including allergic diseases such as asthma, inflammation, myocardial infarction, nephritis, scabies and gout. Therefore, a compound capable of inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase is useful in the treatment and prevention of various diseases, including allergic diseases such as asthma, inflammation, myocardial infarction, nephritis, scabies and gout. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04933329__

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Composition and method for inhibiting plant disease Inventor(s): Anderson; Neil A. (St. Paul, MN), Kinkel; Linda L. (Forest Lake, MN), Liu; Daqun (St. Paul, MN), Schottel; Janet L. (Roseville, MN) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,074,638 Date filed: May 6, 1996 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods and compositions for biological control of plant diseases using suppressive avirulent strains of Streptomyces spp. to control disease on a vegetable or other susceptible crop. The method includes applying one or more naturally occurring, suppressive avirulent strains of Streptonmces spp. to the crop to inhibit the growth of Streptomyces scabies or other plant pathogenic organisms that cause scab, wilt, or seedling blight disease. Preferably, at least two suppressive avirulent strains of Streptomyces spp. are applied to reduce the change of resistance from occurring. The suppressive avirulent strains ame compatible and will grow in the presence of one another and, when combined with the pathogenic organism, at least one of the suppressive avirulent strains preferably substantially outgrows the pathogen. Excerpt(s): Scab disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) is caused by several species of Streptomyces. The pathogen was first isolated in 1890 in the state of Connecticut and

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named Oospora scabies based on its melanin production and gray spores borne in spiral chains. Thaxter, Aqric. Expt. Sta. Rept., 81:95 (1890). The organism was later renamed as Streptomyces scabies. Waksman et al., J. Bacteriol., 46:337-341 (1948). Taxonomy of the organism has changed significantly over the years as different isolates of Streptomyces causing scab disease on potatoes have been given different names. S. scabies was eventually reevaluated and the original description of the organism was changed to include smooth spores and use of all ISP sugars. Elesaway et al., ACTA Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung., 26:311-20 (1979). At present, the taxonomy of S. scabies is based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. The confusion over Streptomyces taxonomy may be attributed to the organism's ability to produce sectors readily in culture and extreme sensitivity to physical variations of cultural conditions. Erikson, J. Gen Microbiol., 13:136-148 (1955). A number of different strains causing potato scab in the eastern United States and Canada were isolated, determined to be the same species, and grouped as Streptomyces scabies. Lambert et al., Intl. J. Systematic Bact. 39:387-392 (1989). Data indicated that S. scabies formed a homogeneous group characterized by smooth gray spores borne in spiral chains, melanin production, and utilization of all ISP sugars. It was thus proposed to revive the name S. scabies for the group of organisms which caused common scab of potato. At present, the species S. scabies is not listed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (8th edition), Buchanan et al., Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. (1974). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06074638__ •

Control of parasitic mites with alkyl amines Inventor(s): Fisher; William F. (Kerrville, TX), Robbins; William E. (Silver Springs, MD), Thompson; Malcolm J. (Baltimore, MD), Wright; Fred C. (Kerrville, TX) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,230,726 Date filed: June 29, 1979 Abstract: Certain secondary and tertiary straight and branched chain amines and amides are found to be highly effective for controlling scabies mites and other parasitic mites. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the control of scabies mites and other parasitic mites and more specifically to the control of these parasites with certain straight and branched-chain amines and amides. A particular shortcoming in the control of scabies mites in livestock is the fact that at present there are only four chemicals registered with the Environmental Protection Agency for use in the United States as dips on cattle and sheep. Although the four chemicals are effective in the control of scabies, their use presents certain disadvantages. Three of the chemicals, toxaphene, coumaphos, and phosmet, cannot be used on lactating dairy cattle and beef cattle treated with phosmet and toxaphene must be held 21 and 28 days, respectively, before slaughter to avoid pesticide residue problems. In fact, toxaphene, one of the most widely used agricultural insecticides in the world, has been found by the National Cancer Institute to cause liver cancer in male and female mice (Chemical and Engineering News, Volume 57, No. 12, March 19, 1979, page 20). The fourth chemical, lime-sulfur, which is used on lactating dairy cattle must be heated to 95.degree. to 105.degree. F. to be effective. Some of the compounds of the present invention are also useful in the control of nematodes and other helminths, U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,987 and No. 4,073,939.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04230726__ •

Control of parasitic mites with alkyl carbamates Inventor(s): Kochansky; Jan (Adelphi, MD), Wright; Fred C. (Kerrville, TX) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,464,390 Date filed: November 23, 1982 Abstract: Certain aliphatic carbamates and thiocarbamates are useful in controlling scabies mites and other parasitic mites. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the control of scabies mites and other parasitic mites and more specifically to the control of these parasites with certain aliphatic carbamates and thiocarbamates. A particular shortcoming in the control of scabies mites in livestock is the fact that at present there are only four chemicals registered with the Environmental Protection Agency for use in the United States as dips on cattle and sheep and approved by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, for quarantine purposes. Although the four chemicals are effective in the control of scabies, their use presents certain disadvantages. Three of the chemicals, toxaphene, coumaphos, and phosmet, cannot be used on lactating dairy cattle, and beef cattle treated with phosmet and toxaphene must be held 21 and 28 days, respectively, before slaughter to avoid pesticide residue problems. In fact, toxaphene, one of the most widely used agricultural insecticides in the world, has been found by the National Cancer Institute to cause liver cancer in male and female mice. The fourth chemical, lime-sulfur, which is used on lactating dairy cattle, must be heated to 95.degree. to 105.degree. F. to be effective. An object of this invention is to provide new chemicals useful in the control of scabies mites and other parasitic mites. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04464390__

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Ectoparasite detection method Inventor(s): Spiesel; Sydney Z. (77 Everit St., New Haven, CT 06511) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,997,847 Date filed: January 7, 1998 Abstract: A method of detecting the infestation of a host by arthropod ectoparasites uses a fluorescent dye which stains the ectoparasites and/or their eggs but not the adjacent skin or hair to which they are attached. The dye can be incorporated into a shampoo or a rinsing solution and is applied to the scalp or other region of the host. After a suitable period of time has elapsed, the dye-containing solution or shampoo is rinsed off and the hair and adjacent area of the host examined under ultraviolet or near-ultraviolet light. Such illumination will cause the stained ectoparasites and/or eggs to glow and, thus, become easily detectable for diagnosis and subsequent removal. The method may be applied to detect scabies (i.e. skin-burrowing mites), head lice, body and pubic lice and to any other arthropod ectoparasites and their eggs containing a substantial percentage of chitin.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the field of ectoparasite detection. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and apparatus for the detection of arthropod ectoparasites and their eggs which have infested live hosts such as humans or other animals. Accordingly, the general objects of the present invention are to provide novel and improved methods and apparatus of such character. Arthropod ectoparasite infestation is an enormously persistent and troubling condition today even in industrialized nations. For example, pediculosis capitis or head lice infestation presently afflicts an estimated 12 million patients or hosts in the United States alone. Most of these hosts are school children. These arthropod ectoparasites are easily spread from child to child and are hard to eliminate once the host child has been infested. The lice themselves, which generally remain at or near scalp level, are small and difficult to find. Naturally, once infestation has begun in a host, the condition persists and is exacerbated by the reproductive cycle of the lice. Thus, the lice produce eggs, or nits, which are tenaciously affixed near the bottom of the hair shafts by a cement produced by female lice. Given this, it has long been recognized that the key to pediculosis diagnosis and treatment lies in the detection and removal of nits. In early days, control of this parasite was accomplished by a variety of wholly manual treatments. For example, lice detection and removal has long been effected by laboriously searching the scalp of an infested host and hand-removing individual louse eggs, or nits, attached to the hairs of the host. Painful and slow combing with a fine-tooth comb has also been commonly used to remove nits. This method is generally considered to be a slightly faster and more effective variant of the hand-removal method. Other methods of nit and/or louse removal include shaving the scalp or soaking the hair and scalp with dangerous materials such as kerosene. More recently, efforts have concentrated on developing chemical pediculicides to treat lice infestation. One significant drawback of such pediculicides is that evolutionary selective pressures inevitably give rise to strains of head lice which are resistant to the pediculicides. Thus, newly developed pediculicides rapidly lose effectiveness. Accordingly, removal of nits by hand or with a fine-tooth comb remains the most effective method of removing head lice. Since nits are generally less than a millimeter in diameter, they are quite hard to detect, especially in children with thick, fine hair. Thus, it is still common for a thorough delousing of the scalp using a fine-tooth comb to require over one and one half hours. Further, this combing process often needs to be repeated daily because it is so easy to overlook nits. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05997847__ •

Treatment for scabies Inventor(s): Berger; Richard S. (Plainsboro, NJ) Assignee(s): Johnson & Johnson (New Brunswick, NJ) Patent Number: 4,150,141 Date filed: June 28, 1977 Abstract: Levamisole, a known anthelmintic, is effective in treating scabies when given systemically at dosage levels of about 2.5 mg/kg/day, two consecutive days per week until the patient is disease free. From one to four weeks of such treatment has been found to be generally adequate for cure, without causing significant side effects. Topical treatment with levamisole in a suitable vehicle may be used as an alternative to systemic treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a treatment for scabies in humans and other mammals. More particularly, it relates to the use of an anthelmintic, levamisole, as well

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as its racemate, tetramisole, and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, to treat this condition. The mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, is the cause of scabies. It burrows under the upper layer of the skin, producing an inflammatory response and intense itching. The cutaneous diagnostic signs include multiple papules, minute vesicles and occasional linear tracts. The transmission of scabies has always been associated with close personal contact, and no age or socioeconomic group escapes the disease. The presence of scabies as a disease affecting humans occurs in thirty year cycles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04150141__ •

Treatment of skin disorders Inventor(s): Bowser; Paul A. (Wirral, GB2), White; Richard J. (Wirral, GB2) Assignee(s): Lever Brothers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,824,865 Date filed: January 12, 1987 Abstract: The use of a curative agent chosen from 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 2ketooctanoic acid and certain esters thereof in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of skin disorders such as Ichthyosiform dermatoses, Conradi's syndrome, Localized hyperkeratotic conditions, Dandruff, Callous forming disorders, Psoriasis, Eczema, Xerosis, Warts, Tinea pedis, Pityriasis, Lichen planus and simplex chronicus, Darier's disease, Pruritus, Seborrhoeic conditions and Scabies. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the treatment of certain skin disorders, and more particularly to the use of a curative agent chosen from a specific hydroxy acid, keto acid and derivatives thereof in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of certain specified skin disorders. The conventional treatment of skin disorders such as ichthyotic dermatoses, hyperkeratosis and related conditions has included topical application to the affected area of skin of ointments, creams, lotions or powders containing one or more of a wide variety of active ingredients such as organic and inorganic acids, steroids, fungicides, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory substances. Usually, remission of the disorder is slow and frequently incomplete. Complete remission and cure of some skin conditions can usually only be obtained by the use of potent drugs, such as steroids, having often severe contra indications which limit their widespread use without medical supervision. Also, the topical application of caustic chemicals in the treatment of localised conditions, such as warts, is often accompanied by pain or discomfort which also limits their use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04824865__

Patent Applications on Scabies As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to scabies: 9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Methods and compositions for treating ectoparasite infestation Inventor(s): Campbell, William R.; (Jamestown, NC), Palma, Kathleen G.; (McLeansville, NC), Paulsen, Neil E.; (Davidson, NC) Correspondence: Foley & Lardner; P.O. Box 80278; San Diego; CA; 92138-0278; US Patent Application Number: 20030202997 Date filed: April 29, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods for killing ectoparasites on a subject. Compositions containing a fatty acid ester, e.g., isopropyl myristate, effective for killing ectoparasites is described. Also described are compositions containing a fatty acid ester and a siloxane (e.g. decacyclomethicone). The compositions can also contain a mectin and/or a mycin, and S-methoprene. The compositions are useful against a variety of ectoparasites that afflict humans, animals, and plants, e.g., head lice, fleas, body lice, crab lice, scabies, ticks, and plant parasites. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions for killing ectoparasites. Head lice infestation is a persistent problem with as many as 6-12 million people worldwide affected each year. The problem is particularly prevalent in children with preschool and elementary-age children aged 3-10 and their families becoming infested most often. Head lice infestation is produced by the common head louse Pediculus humanus capitis, and typically causes itching of the scalp. As the lice feed on human blood, they may cause lesions to develop on the scalp, swollen glands on the neck or under arms, or other symptoms. Head lice infestation causes serious problems due to the negative social implications of the infestation. Body lice are also bothersome to humans and carry the additional hazard of being the vectors of certain diseases, such as exanthematic or epidemic typhus and recurrent fever. Various compositions are available for treating these infestations, which generally take a topical approach to treatment. Most of these treatments involve the use of insecticides that are harsh agents, thus raising toxicity concerns. The lice can also become resistant to the insecticides used and therefore the compositions can lose their effectiveness over time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Style-n-sleeve Inventor(s): Carraway, Eric Unedsa; (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: Eric U. Carraway; 156 E. Chatham Street; Cary; NC; 27611; US Patent Application Number: 20010039673 Date filed: January 19, 2001 Abstract: The Style-N-Sleeve is designed to alleviate the saturation of clothing by potentially harmful pathogens such as lice, ringworms, scabies, hair particles, dandruff, etc. It is also designed to keep these pathogens out of direct contact with the skin of the stylists. In doing so, the sleeve is constructed of a light thin breathable material that is either worn over clothing or the bare arm. The texture of this material is semi-water repellant and very smooth allowing hair particles and these pathogens to easily slide off. Without the clothing being saturated with these pathogens, the invention assists in the improvement of the overall hygiene of the stylists and the sanitation of the profession. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a protective garment, even more specifically, the present invention relates to a sleeve for preventing contamination of the skin and

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clothing of barbers and cosmetologist from potentially harmful pathogenic particles that may come from the hair and/or scalp of individual clients. Although the nature of this contamination originates in the salon or barber shop, it is not limited to the place of employment. Often times, stylists transport these parasitic pathogens as they perform their normal duties throughout the working day. These pathogens are transported to beauty supply stores, restaurants and even to the homes of individual stylists. Once these pathogens are transported to the home, the clothing and living areas may become infected. Examples of a number of these pathogens range from: ringworms; lice; scabies, dandruff, hair particles, and blood to name a few. There is a need for this invention in terms of sanitation for the working environment of barbers and stylists. This endeavor is a highly effective device designed to eliminate the contamination of the skin and clothing of stylists, as well as their food, homes and families. The clients are protected by a protective cape and neck strips, while barbers and stylists are protected by smocks, aprons and vests. However, these protective garments currently used by barbers and stylists offer minimal protection as they only cover the main body of the stylist. Vest and aprons are sleeveless, while smocks, male/female are typically short-sleeved, three quarter-sleeved respectively, leaving the portion below the elbow exposed, therefore venerable to direct contact with these pathogens. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Vaccines for the protection of cattle from psoroptic scabies Inventor(s): Fisher, William F.; (Kerrville, TX), Kunz, Sidney E.; (Kerrville, TX), Pruett, John H.; (Kerrville, TX), Temeyer, Kevin B.; (Boerne, TX) Correspondence: Usda-ars-office OF Technology Transfer; National Ctr For Agricultural Utilization Research; 1815 N. University Street; Peoria; IL; 61604; US Patent Application Number: 20020136734 Date filed: May 18, 2001 Abstract: A novel antigenic protein which is effective for stimulating antibody production in animals against the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis is disclosed. In cattle, administration of the protein provides protection from infestation by P. ovis by eliciting an immediate-type hypersensitivity response and/or immunizing the animal against P. ovis. The protein is also effective for producing and/or binding antibodies to P. ovis, and may be used as an immunodiagnostic reagent. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a novel protein from the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis, which may be used for eliciting host-protective grooming behavior and/or immune response in cattle. Psoroptes ovis (Hering) (Acarina: Psoroptidae), the globally distributed sheep scab mite, is an economically important parasite of domestic cattle and sheep, and a serious threat to wild populations of bighorn sheep (Boyce & Brown, 1991, J. Parasitol. 77:675-679). Mite infestation of susceptible cattle can result in the development of scabies lesions. The lesion is consistent with allergic dermatitis (Stromberg & Fisher, 1986, Am. J. Vet. Res., 47:1551-1560) characterized histologically by superficial perivascular dermatitis, marked edema in the superficial dermis, numerous eosinophils, and mast cells (Stromberg & Guillot, 1989, Am. J. Vet. Res., 50: 594-601). The dermatitis can become extensive and lead to the death of cattle in poor condition, and under extremes of environmental stress. It has been suggested that death may occur as a result of the high demand, and consumption of neutrophils at the lesion site, leaving other tissues such as the lungs susceptible to secondary bacterial infection (Stromberg & Guillot, 1987, Vet. Pathol., 24: 365-370). Stanchioned cattle repeatedly infested with P.

Patents 75

ovis appear to develop some level of resistance, defined by a slower rate of lesion and mite population growth (Stromberg & Fisher, 1986, ibid). Guillot & Stromberg (1987, Vet. Parasitol., 10:73-78) suggested that the slow progression of lesion and mite population expansion on stanchioned resistant cattle could be attributed to a lowered ovipositional rate of the female mites, by some unexplained mechanism. Losson et al. (1988, Res. Vet. Sci., 44:197-201) reexposed unstanchioned cattle to P. ovis and the cattle exhibited signs of immediate hypersensitivity including pruritus, scratching, and exudation. Scabies lesions developed on these cattle but healed rapidly and none of the cows developed clinical scabies. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with scabies, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on scabies. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning scabies. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON SCABIES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to scabies. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on scabies include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on scabies: •

Social Diseases Source: The Serious Sides of Sex. Contact: Nevbet Company, 2843 Brownsboro Rd, Louisville, KY, 40206, (502) 897-1664. Summary: This book chapter discusses a dozen Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), including Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chancroid, chlamydia, gonorrhea, nonspecific urethritis, syphilis, vaginitis, genital herpes, genital warts, Hepatitis B, pubic lice, and scabies. Symptoms, treatment, diagnosis, and consequences for sexual partners are covered for each. The chapter also looks at public health, education, and ethical, legal, medical and psychological issues involved in STD transmission.

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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “scabies” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “scabies” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “scabies” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Lice and Scabies by David T. Roberts (Editor); ISBN: 0901144517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901144517/icongroupinterna

•

Scabies by K. Mellanby (1998); ISBN: 0900848618; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900848618/icongroupinterna

•

Scabies and pediculosis; ISBN: 039759061X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039759061X/icongroupinterna

•

The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Scabies: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597834393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597834393/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Contributions to dermatology: eczema, impetigo, scabies, ecthyma, rupia, lupus Author: Durkee, Silas.; Year: 1963; Boston: J. Campbell, 1870

•

Scabies, civil and military; its prevalence, prevention and treatment. Author: Friedman, Reuben,; Year: 1948; New York, Froben Press, 1941

•

Scabies. Author: Mellanby, Kenneth.; Year: 1950; London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1943

•

The diagnosis and management of scabies Author: Estes, Stephen A.; Year: 1951; Piscataway, NJ: Reed; Carnrick, c1981

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

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The Emperor's itch; the legend concerning Napoleon's affliction with scabies, by Reuben Friedman. with ten illustrations. Author: Friedman, Reuben,; Year: 1940; New York, Froben press, 1940

Chapters on Scabies In order to find chapters that specifically relate to scabies, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and scabies using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on scabies: •

Chapter 239: Scabies and Pediculosis Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 2677-2684. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of scabies and pediculosis. Scabies, which occurs in both sexes and in any age group, is transmitted by skin to skin contact. Itching, a symptom of classic scabies, is usually nocturnal. Diagnosis is made by microscopic identification of the mites, eggs, or fecal pellet. Treatment involves application of scabicides such as permethrin 5 percent cream, lindane, sulfur, crotamiton cream, and ivermectin. Special forms of scabies include scabies in patients with good hygiene, scabies incognito, nodular scabies, scabies in infants and young children, scabies in the elderly, crusted scabies, scabies in patients with human immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, scabies of the scalp, and bullous scabies. Pediculosis is an infestation by the head louse, the body or clothing louse, or the pubic or crab louse. Pruritus is the most common symptom in any type of pediculosis. Head lice infestations, which are usually confined to the scalp, are common in children. The main symptom is intense itching. Diagnosis is confirmed by plucking the hairs and studying them microscopically to differentiate the nits from seborrheic scales, hair casts, and artifacts of the hair that may be brushed off easily. Agents used to treat head lice include a 1 percent synthetic pyrethroid permethrin cream rinse, synergized pyrethrins, and lindane shampoo. Pubic lice are transmitted sexually. The pubis is the most commonly affected site. Diagnosis is usually made by identifying the more numerous nits cemented on the pubic or perianal hair. Agents used to treat pubic lice include synergized pyrethrins and lindane shampoo. Body lice are mainly transmitted by contaminated clothing or bedding. The characteristic eruption consists of numerous vertical excoriations caused by intense itching. Therapy for body lice consists mainly of proper hygiene, bathing, use of clean clothing and bedding, and proper nutrition. 10 figures, 2 tables, and 22 references.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON SCABIES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on scabies. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Scabies The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in scabies (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on scabies: •

Scabies [videorecording] Source: produced and filmed by Health Education Video Inc; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Bloomington, MN: Health Education Video, [1989]

•

Scabies [videorecording] Source: A-V Scientific Aids, inc; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; Los Angeles: A-V Scientific Aids; [Massillon, Ohio: for sale by Medfact], c1977

•

Scabies [videorecording]: a new epidemic Source: developed and produced by University of California at Irvine, California College of Medicine; Year: 1976; Format: Videorecording; Irvine: The University; [Glendale, Calif.: for sale by Telephone Marketing Services], c1976

•

Scabies [videorecording]: the insidious mite Source: presented by Reed & Carnrick; Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; Piscataway, N.J.: Reed & Carnrick, c1984

•

Skin diseases: scabies, malignant melanoma [videorecording]: a report Source: Donald P. Lookingbill; [made by] Penn State Television; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University: [for loan or sale by its Audio-Visual Services], c1977

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SCABIES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover scabies.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on scabies is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to scabies. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “scabies” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for scabies: •

FDA stiffens warnings on lindane-containing lice, scabies treatments Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 28, 2003

•

FDA stiffens warnings on lindane treatments for lice, scabies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 28, 2003

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FDA places new warnings on scabies, lice therapies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 28, 2003

•

Single Oral Dose Of Anthelmintic Effective For Treatment Of Scabies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 07, 1995

•

Scabies, Gastric Infections Reported In Groznyy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 03, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “scabies” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to scabies, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “scabies” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Scabies Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to scabies. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering scabies that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for scabies. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with scabies. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to scabies: Antihistamines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Aller-med; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Conta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html

Calamine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Calamox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202748.html

Corticosteroids •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html

•

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Decadron Respihaler; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pr http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html

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Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectosol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Ivermectin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Stromectol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202311.html

Lindane •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Bio-Well; GBH; G-well; Kildane; Kwell; Kwildane; Scabene; Thionex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202329.html

Permethrin •

Topical http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202329.html

Researching Medications

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Sulfur •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Finac; Sulpho-Lac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202543.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Scabies

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2336 98 22 36 1 2493

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “scabies” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on scabies can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to scabies. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to scabies. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “scabies”:

100 Scabies

•

Other guides Child Day Care http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdaycare.html Head Lice http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headlice.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html Scabies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scabies.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to scabies, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Information to Live By: Scabies Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/scabies.html Scabies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/scabiesloader.html Scabies Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/pamphlets/Scabies.html

•

Treatment FDA Issues Health Advisory Regarding Labeling Changes for Lindane Products Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01205.html Scabies Source: Virtual Naval Hospital http://www.vnh.org/OBGYN/Vulva/Scabies.htm

•

Children Scabies Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/scabies.html Stamp Out Scabies Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/scabies.html

•

Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/

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American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/ National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/default.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ •

Pictures/Diagrams Scabies Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/ImageLibrary/SZ/Scabies/body_Scabies_il1.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on scabies. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Scabies Source: Schaumberg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology. 2001. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. 930 N. Meacham Road, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumberg, IL 60168. (888)462-DERM ext.22. Website: www.aad.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure discusses scabies, a skin condition caused by mites burrowing into the skin that causes intense itching. This condition can affect individuals of all races and ages regardless of personal hygiene. Scabies is most common in children, mothers of young children, and elderly individuals in nursing homes. It is spread by being in close contact with someone who has been infected. The mite that causes scabies has eight legs and burrows in to the warm parts of the skin. Bacterial infections may occur as a result of scratching, which is worse at night. Crusted scabies is a form of the disease that occurs mostly among the elderly or in some AIDS patients. The crusts hide thousands of mites and their eggs. Scabies is easily treated with prescription creams. Antihistamines can be prescribed to help relieve itching. Oral medications may be used for difficult or resistant cases. 5 figures.

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•

STD Facts: Pubic Lice ('Crabs') and Scabies (Pubic Lice Caused by Phthirus Pubis, the Crab Louse, and Scabies Caused by Sarcoptes Scabiei, a Mite) Contact: Minnesota Department of Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Prevention and Control Division, PO Box 9441, Minneapolis, MN, 55440-9441, (612) 676-5414, http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/dpc/idepc.html. Summary: This information sheet presents the signs and symptoms of pubic lice and scabies, sexually transmitted diseases caused by the crab louse and Sarcoptes scabiei, a mite, respectively. It covers transmission factors, complications and consequences if left untreated, prevention, and treatment. Additional information sources are included. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “scabies” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

2002 national guideline on the management of scabies Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3047&nbr=2273&a mp;string=scabies The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to scabies. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to scabies. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with scabies. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about scabies. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “scabies” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

104 Scabies

your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “scabies”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “scabies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “scabies” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on scabies: •

Basic Guidelines for Scabies Sarcoptes scabiei Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000830.htm Scabies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000830.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Scabies Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Eczema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003259.htm Erosion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003225.htm

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Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Itchy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Pruritus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Vesicles Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Scabies Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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SCABIES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aborigines: Native inhabitants or indigenous individuals of a country. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Adenopathy: Large or swollen lymph glands. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of

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pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the

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leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning

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technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffaloes: Ruminants of the family Bovidae consisting of Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer. This concept is differentiated from bison, which refers to Bison bison and Bison bonasus. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH]

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Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a

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bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,

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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which

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results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried

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until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex: Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and by serous bullae that heal without scarring. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

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External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Filarioidea: A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder Spirurina. Its organisms possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae. [NIH] Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when

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cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of

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water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH]

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Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH]

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Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kerosene: A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most

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prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to

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humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphomatoid Papulosis: Clinically benign, histologically malignant, recurrent cutaneous eruption characterized by an infiltration of large atypical cells surrounded by inflammatory cells. The atypical cells resemble Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease or the malignant cells of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In some cases, lymphomatoid papulosis progresses to lymphomatous conditions including mycosis fungoides, Hodgkin's disease, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, or Ki-1 lymphoma. [NIH] Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mange: Sarcoptic infestation of human skin, particularly a contagious skin disease caused by invasion of the epidermis with Sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH]

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Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes

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that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Orphanages: Institutions for the housing and care of orphans, foundlings, and abandoned children. They have existed as such since the medieval period but the heading is applicable to such usage also in modern parlance. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH]

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Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins

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that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino

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acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyrethrins: The active insecticidal constituent of pyrethrum flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester. [NIH] Pyrethrum: Species cinerafolium vis. and coccineum willd. of the genus Chrysanthemum (Compositae). The flowers contain pyrethrins, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH]

134 Scabies

Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Scabicide: An agent which has the power to destroy sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and

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cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shave biopsy: A procedure in which the parts of a mole that are above and just below the surface of the skin are removed with a small blade. There is no need for stitches with this procedure. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH]

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Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptomyces: A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the antibiotics of practical value. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiocarbamates: Carbamates in which the -CO- group has been replaced by a -CS- group. [NIH]

Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to

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the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trench Fever: An intermittent fever characterized by intervals of chills, fever, and splenomegaly each of which may last as long as 40 hours. It is caused by Bartonella quintana and transmitted by the human louse. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]

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Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

141

INDEX A Aborigines, 23, 113 Abscess, 32, 113 Acanthocephala, 113, 123 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 29, 32, 33, 79, 113 Adenopathy, 4, 113 Adrenal Cortex, 113, 119 Adverse Effect, 113, 135 Algorithms, 113, 116 Alpha Particles, 113, 134 Alternative medicine, 84, 113 Amber, 113, 124 Amino Acid Sequence, 113, 114 Amino Acids, 113, 131, 132, 136 Anaesthesia, 42, 113, 125 Analog, 114, 122, 129 Androgens, 113, 114, 119 Anionic, 114, 137 Annealing, 114, 132 Anthelmintic, 71, 84, 114, 119 Antiallergic, 114, 119 Antibiotics, 72, 114, 136 Antibodies, 53, 74, 114, 124, 128, 132 Antibody, 53, 74, 114, 117, 124, 125, 129, 134 Antigen, 12, 114, 118, 124, 125 Anti-inflammatory, 72, 114, 115, 119, 122 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 114, 115, 119 Antimicrobial, 51, 114 Antineoplastic, 114, 119, 122 Anus, 114, 131, 132 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 114, 127 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 114, 127 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 114, 127 Arachidonic Acid, 114, 115, 127 Arterial, 115, 122, 132 Arteries, 115, 119, 129 Artifacts, 79, 115 Aspirin, 36, 115 Asymptomatic, 5, 43, 115 Atypical, 9, 10, 115, 128 B Bacteremia, 24, 115 Bacteria, 114, 115, 121, 123, 129, 135, 136, 138 Base, 115, 126 Benign, 39, 115, 128, 130, 134, 139

Benzene, 21, 115 Bewilderment, 115, 118 Bile, 115, 127 Biochemical, 69, 115 Biopsy, 112, 115 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 51, 78, 84, 95, 115 Bone Marrow, 115, 116, 124, 128 Brachytherapy, 116, 125, 134 Branch, 109, 116, 131, 133, 135, 137 Buccal, 116, 124, 128 Buffaloes, 23, 116 Bullous, 9, 11, 12, 29, 58, 79, 116 C Calcium, 116, 117, 133 Calculi, 116, 123 Carbohydrate, 116, 119, 122, 132 Carcinogenic, 115, 116 Cardiac, 116, 121, 129 Cardiovascular, 116, 127 Case report, 12, 21, 27, 116 Caustic, 72, 116 Cell Division, 115, 116, 131 Cellulose, 116, 131 Central Nervous System, 115, 117, 122, 127 Cervical, 4, 117 Cervix, 117 Chancroid, 77, 117 Character, 71, 117 Chemotherapy, 17, 117 Chlamydia, 77, 117 Chromatin, 117, 121, 130 Chromosome, 117, 123, 138 Chronic, 30, 117, 125, 126, 128, 129, 133, 136, 137 Chronic Disease, 117, 126 Clinical Medicine, 24, 117, 132 Clinical trial, 5, 95, 117, 134 Cloning, 6, 115, 117 Coal, 115, 117 Cofactor, 117, 132 Complement, 117, 118, 132 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 66, 118 Complementary medicine, 57, 118 Complete remission, 72, 118, 134 Computational Biology, 95, 118 Confusion, 69, 118, 120

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Connective Tissue, 116, 118, 122, 128, 131, 137 Consumption, 74, 118, 119 Contact dermatitis, 33, 118 Contamination, 73, 118 Contraindications, ii, 118 Conventional therapy, 118 Conventional treatment, 72, 118 Corneum, 5, 118, 121 Coronary, 118, 119, 129 Coronary Thrombosis, 119, 129 Corticosteroid, 35, 119 Coumaphos, 69, 70, 119 Curative, 72, 119, 137 Cutaneous, 8, 11, 12, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45, 52, 53, 72, 118, 119, 126, 128, 134 Cysteine, 119, 136 Cytokine, 5, 119 Cytoplasm, 119, 121, 130 D Databases, Bibliographic, 95, 119 Day Care, 5, 100, 119 Dementia, 113, 119 Denaturation, 119, 132 Dermal, 37, 119, 127 Dermatitis, 31, 48, 74, 119, 120 Developing Countries, 26, 51, 119 Diagnostic procedure, 67, 84, 120 Diarrhoea, 120, 124 Digestion, 115, 120, 125, 127 Diploid, 120, 131, 138 Direct, iii, 3, 73, 74, 87, 117, 120, 134 Disease Vectors, 120, 125 Disorientation, 118, 120 Distal, 120, 133 Drug Interactions, 89, 120 Drug Tolerance, 120, 137 Dyes, 120, 130 Dystrophic, 13, 48, 120, 121 E Eczema, 72, 78, 111, 120 Edema, 74, 118, 120 Effector, 5, 117, 120 Effector cell, 5, 120 Efficacy, 17, 18, 19, 37, 49, 50, 51, 53, 59, 63, 120 Electrolyte, 119, 120, 129, 135 Electrons, 115, 120, 125, 134 Emaciation, 113, 120 Embolus, 120, 125 Embryo, 121, 125

Emollient, 121, 130 Endemic, 21, 30, 53, 121 Endocarditis, 32, 121 Endocardium, 121 Endotoxins, 118, 121, 126 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 121 Enzymatic, 116, 118, 121, 132 Enzyme, 68, 114, 120, 121, 127, 128, 132, 133, 137, 139 Eosinophils, 74, 121, 127 Epidemic, 18, 27, 39, 49, 73, 81, 121 Epidermal, 16, 121, 126, 127, 128, 139 Epidermis, 118, 121, 126, 127, 128, 132, 133 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 13, 14, 48, 121 Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex, 14, 121 Epithelial, 121 Erythema, 112, 118, 121, 138 Etretinate, 17, 121 Exogenous, 120, 121 Extensor, 121, 133 External-beam radiation, 122, 134 Extracellular, 6, 7, 61, 118, 122, 135 Extravasation, 122, 123 F Family Planning, 95, 122 Fat, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122, 127, 134 Fatty acids, 122, 127 Filarioidea, 122, 126 Fleas, 73, 122 Fluorouracil, 122, 127 Fungi, 122, 129, 136 G Gamma Rays, 122, 134 Gasoline, 115, 122 Gastrointestinal, 122, 127, 136 Gastrointestinal tract, 122, 127 Gene, 6, 78, 116, 122, 126 Genetic testing, 122, 132 Genital, 77, 122, 138 Geriatric, 18, 30, 122 Gland, 113, 122, 128, 131, 134, 135, 136 Glomerulus, 122, 130 Glucocorticoids, 113, 119, 122 Glycogen, 117, 122 Gonorrhea, 39, 77, 123 Gout, 68, 123 Governing Board, 123, 132 Graft, 123 Gram-negative, 24, 117, 123 Growth, 46, 68, 114, 119, 123, 128, 129, 130, 131

Index 143

H Habitual, 117, 123 Haploid, 123, 131 Helminths, 69, 123, 125, 130 Hematoma, 11, 123 Hemolytic, 123, 124 Heredity, 122, 123 Herpes, 77, 123 Herpes Zoster, 123 Histiocytosis, 12, 25, 123 Homogeneous, 69, 123 Hormonal, 119, 123 Hormone, 119, 123, 129 Host, 4, 5, 23, 70, 71, 74, 120, 123, 124, 127, 138, 139 Hydrolysis, 123, 133 Hydrophilic, 124, 137 Hyperkeratosis, 72, 124 Hypersensitivity, 74, 75, 124, 127 Hyperuricemia, 123, 124 I Id, 55, 64, 102, 103, 108, 110, 124 Immune response, 4, 5, 74, 114, 119, 124, 136, 138, 139 Immune Sera, 124 Immune system, 120, 124, 127, 128, 138, 139 Immunity, 5, 113, 124, 138 Immunization, 5, 124 Immunocompromised, 49, 124 Immunodeficiency, 17, 25, 30, 50, 77, 79, 113, 124 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 77, 79, 124 Immunogenic, 5, 124 Immunologic, 124, 134 Impetigo, 78, 124 Implant radiation, 124, 125, 134 In vitro, 48, 53, 124, 132 In vivo, 68, 124 Indicative, 78, 125, 131, 138 Induction, 11, 17, 114, 125 Infancy, 125 Infantile, 13, 24, 25, 125 Infarction, 68, 125 Infestation, 4, 5, 37, 41, 45, 53, 61, 70, 71, 73, 74, 79, 125, 128, 131, 139 Infiltration, 125, 128 Inflammation, 68, 114, 115, 118, 119, 123, 125, 127, 130, 134, 136, 137, 138 Ingestion, 124, 125 Inorganic, 72, 125 Insecticides, 69, 70, 73, 125, 133

Intermittent, 125, 128, 138 Internal radiation, 125, 134 Interstitial, 116, 125, 130 Intestine, 123, 125, 136 Intracellular, 125 Invasive, 124, 125 Ions, 115, 120, 125, 133 Isopropyl, 73, 126 J Joint, 126, 137 K Kb, 94, 126 Keratin, 126, 134 Keratinocytes, 5, 126 Kerosene, 71, 126 Keto, 72, 126 Kinetics, 37, 60, 126 L Labile, 17, 59, 117, 126 Larva, 44, 53, 126, 129 Larva Migrans, 44, 53, 126 Leishmaniasis, 22, 126 Leprosy, 13, 126 Lesion, 31, 74, 126, 135 Leucocyte, 126 Leukaemia, 17, 20, 126 Leukemia, 13, 28, 127 Leukocytes, 116, 121, 127, 130 Leukotrienes, 68, 115, 127 Levamisole, 71, 127 Library Services, 108, 127 Lichen Planus, 121, 127 Life cycle, 4, 122, 126, 127 Lindane, 4, 6, 12, 19, 29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 50, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 79, 83, 88, 100, 127 Lipid, 126, 127 Lipopolysaccharide, 123, 127 Lipoprotein, 123, 127 Lipoxygenase, 68, 114, 127 Liver, 69, 70, 115, 122, 127 Liver cancer, 69, 70, 127 Localized, 24, 29, 72, 117, 123, 125, 127, 131, 138 Locomotion, 127, 131 Long-Term Care, 52, 128 Lupus, 78, 128, 137 Lymph, 113, 117, 128, 129 Lymph node, 117, 128, 129 Lymphatic, 125, 128, 137 Lymphocyte, 113, 114, 128 Lymphocyte Count, 113, 128

144 Scabies

Lymphoid, 114, 126, 128 Lymphoma, 38, 41, 128, 129 Lymphomatoid Papulosis, 12, 128 M Malathion, 4, 128 Malignant, 81, 113, 114, 123, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134 Mange, 39, 49, 53, 61, 128, 131 MEDLINE, 95, 128 Melanin, 69, 128 Melanocytes, 128 Melanoma, 81, 128 Membrane, 118, 123, 128, 129 Mental Health, iv, 4, 94, 96, 128, 133 Metabolic disorder, 123, 128 Metamorphosis, 129 Methionine, 129, 136 Methoprene, 73, 129 MI, 16, 112, 129 Microbe, 129, 137 Microorganism, 117, 129, 131, 139 Microscopy, 12, 129 Millimeter, 3, 71, 129 Mineralocorticoids, 113, 119, 129 Molecular, 14, 95, 97, 113, 115, 118, 129 Molecule, 114, 115, 118, 120, 123, 129, 134, 138 Monitor, 129, 130 Monoclonal, 129, 134 Morphological, 69, 121, 128, 129 Mucocutaneous, 126, 129 Mucosa, 128, 129 Mycosis, 128, 129, 130 Mycosis Fungoides, 128, 129 Myocardial infarction, 68, 119, 129 Myocardium, 129 Myristate, 73, 129 N Necrosis, 125, 129 Need, 3, 74, 77, 79, 104, 123, 130, 135, 137 Nematocide, 119, 130 Nematoda, 123, 130 Neoplasia, 121, 130 Neoplasms, 113, 114, 130, 134 Neoplastic, 128, 130 Nephritis, 10, 68, 130 Neutrons, 113, 130, 134 Neutrophils, 74, 114, 127, 130 Nosocomial, 33, 34, 40, 48, 130 Nuclear, 24, 120, 122, 130 Nucleus, 117, 119, 121, 122, 130, 133, 136

O Ointments, 72, 130 Onychomycosis, 24, 130 Opportunistic Infections, 113, 130 Orphanages, 43, 130 Ovum, 127, 130 Oxidative metabolism, 127, 130 P Palliative, 131, 137 Papillary, 124, 131 Parasite, 5, 23, 71, 74, 126, 131 Parasitic, 17, 21, 22, 36, 60, 69, 70, 74, 101, 113, 122, 123, 125, 127, 131 Partial remission, 131, 134 Patch, 9, 131, 138 Pathogen, 6, 68, 131 Pathologic, 115, 119, 124, 131, 133 Patient Education, 101, 106, 108, 112, 131 Pediculosis, 14, 16, 20, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 49, 52, 59, 60, 71, 78, 79, 131 Peptide, 126, 131, 132, 133 Perianal, 79, 131 Pericardium, 131, 137 Peripheral Nerves, 126, 131 Perivascular, 74, 131 Petroleum, 122, 126, 131 Pharmacologic, 131, 137 Phosmet, 69, 70, 131 Pigment, 128, 131 Pilot study, 63, 131 Pituitary Gland, 119, 131 Plant Diseases, 68, 131 Plants, 63, 73, 131, 136, 137 Plasma, 114, 129, 131, 132, 133 Plasma cells, 114, 132 Plasma protein, 132, 133 Platyhelminths, 123, 126, 132 Polymerase, 22, 132 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 22, 132 Polysaccharide, 114, 116, 132 Population Growth, 75, 132 Practice Guidelines, 96, 102, 132 Precursor, 115, 120, 121, 132, 133 Prevalence, 44, 54, 78, 132 Prickle, 126, 132 Progression, 75, 132 Progressive, 119, 120, 123, 129, 132 Prophylaxis, 121, 132, 138 Protein S, 78, 116, 132 Proteins, 113, 114, 117, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137 Proteolytic, 4, 117, 133

Index 145

Prothrombin, 11, 133, 137 Protons, 113, 133, 134 Protozoa, 126, 129, 133, 136 Proximal, 4, 120, 133 Pruritic, 4, 21, 120, 127, 133, 134 Pruritus, 4, 39, 42, 72, 75, 79, 112, 133 Psoriasis, 14, 72, 121, 133 Public Health, 38, 45, 54, 77, 96, 133 Public Policy, 95, 133 Publishing, 6, 133 Pulmonary, 118, 127, 133 Purulent, 113, 133, 138 Pustular, 124, 133 Pyrethrins, 17, 59, 79, 133 Pyrethrum, 133 R Race, 41, 133 Radiation, 41, 122, 125, 134, 139 Radiation therapy, 41, 122, 125, 134 Radioactive, 124, 125, 130, 134 Radiolabeled, 134 Radiotherapy, 116, 134 Randomized, 120, 134 Reagent, 74, 134 Receptor, 114, 134 Recombinant, 134, 138 Refer, 1, 116, 117, 122, 123, 127, 130, 134 Regimen, 120, 134 Remission, 72, 134 Retinoid, 121, 134 Rigidity, 131, 134 S Sanitation, 73, 74, 134 Scabicide, 127, 134 Screening, 117, 134 Sebaceous, 134 Sebaceous gland, 134 Sebum, 39, 134 Secretion, 6, 39, 119, 122, 129, 135 Semisynthetic, 126, 135 Sequela, 25, 38, 135 Sequencing, 6, 132, 135 Serous, 121, 135 Serum, 37, 53, 60, 117, 124, 129, 135 Sexual Partners, 77, 135 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 100, 102, 135 Shave biopsy, 16, 135 Shock, 32, 135 Side effect, 71, 87, 113, 124, 135, 137 Signs and Symptoms, 102, 134, 135 Sodium, 123, 129, 135

Solvent, 115, 126, 135 Specialist, 48, 103, 135 Species, 4, 68, 113, 117, 123, 126, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139 Spectrum, 128, 135 Spinous, 121, 126, 135 Spirochete, 135, 136 Splenomegaly, 135, 138 Spores, 69, 136 Staphylococcus, 32, 124, 136 Staphylococcus aureus, 32, 124, 136 Steroids, 44, 50, 72, 119, 136 Stimulus, 120, 136 Strand, 132, 136 Streptococci, 10, 124, 136 Streptomyces, 6, 7, 46, 48, 51, 54, 61, 68, 126, 136 Stress, 74, 136, 138 Subacute, 125, 136 Subarachnoid, 42, 136 Subclinical, 125, 136 Subcutaneous, 120, 136 Subspecies, 135, 136 Substance P, 135, 136 Sulfur, 43, 63, 65, 69, 70, 79, 89, 129, 136 Suppression, 119, 136 Suppressive, 68, 136 Syphilis, 77, 136 Systemic, 62, 71, 88, 125, 134, 137, 138 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 62, 137 T Tachycardia, 115, 137 Tachypnea, 115, 137 Tartrazine, 36, 137 Teratogenic, 121, 137 Therapeutics, 89, 137 Thermal, 130, 132, 137 Thiocarbamates, 70, 137 Thrombin, 133, 137 Thrombosis, 132, 137 Thrombus, 119, 125, 137 Thymus, 124, 128, 137 Ticks, 73, 125, 137 Tolerance, 18, 49, 137 Topical, 7, 14, 17, 24, 35, 43, 44, 48, 50, 59, 71, 72, 73, 88, 89, 137 Torsion, 125, 137 Toxic, iv, 5, 32, 115, 120, 124, 137 Toxicity, 73, 120, 137 Toxicology, 7, 96, 137 Toxins, 114, 121, 125, 137 Transdermal, 18, 137

146 Scabies

Transfection, 115, 138 Transfer Factor, 124, 138 Transplantation, 124, 138 Trench Fever, 4, 138 Trisomy, 32, 138 Tuberculosis, 118, 128, 138 U Unconscious, 124, 138 Urethra, 138 Urethritis, 77, 138 Uric, 123, 124, 138 Urinary, 10, 116, 138 Urine, 138 Urogenital, 123, 138 Urticaria, 41, 138 Uterus, 117, 138 V Vaccination, 5, 138 Vaccine, 5, 138 Vagina, 117, 138 Vaginitis, 77, 138

Vascular, 125, 137, 138 Vector, 3, 4, 138 Vein, 130, 138 Venereal, 45, 51, 136, 138 Venous, 132, 138 Vesicular, 4, 45, 46, 123, 139 Veterinary Medicine, 48, 49, 50, 51, 95, 139 Viral, 139 Virulence, 137, 139 Virus, 17, 25, 30, 45, 46, 50, 113, 139 Viscera, 126, 129, 139 Visceral, 126, 139 Visceral Larva Migrans, 126, 139 Vitro, 139 Vivo, 139 W Warts, 72, 77, 139 White blood cell, 114, 127, 128, 132, 139 X X-ray, 122, 130, 134, 139

Index 147

148 Scabies

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