Salmonellosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SALMONELLOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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SALMONELLOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Salmonellosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84616-2 1. Salmonellosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on salmonellosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SALMONELLOSIS ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Salmonellosis................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 14 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SALMONELLOSIS ............................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Finding Nutrition Studies on Salmonellosis ............................................................................... 37 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON SALMONELLOSIS ......................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Dissertations on Salmonellosis .................................................................................................... 41 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SALMONELLOSIS .................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patents on Salmonellosis.............................................................................................................. 43 Patent Applications on Salmonellosis.......................................................................................... 53 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON SALMONELLOSIS ....................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 55 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 56 Chapters on Salmonellosis ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SALMONELLOSIS .......................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 59 Academic Periodicals covering Salmonellosis.............................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 63 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 64 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 86

Contents

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SALMONELLOSIS DICTIONARY.............................................................................................. 89 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with salmonellosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about salmonellosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to salmonellosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on salmonellosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to salmonellosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on salmonellosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SALMONELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on salmonellosis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and salmonellosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Home Environment and Salmonellosis in Children Source: Pediatrics. 103(1): E1. January 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Blvd., Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. (847) 981-7903. Fax (847) 228-5088. E-mail: [email protected]. Also available online at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/103/1/e1. Summary: Contaminated food is often linked to infections of Salmonella, a germ that can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fever. However, in many cases, particularly in children and infants, it is not always easy to pinpoint the source of the infection. This article reports on a study to explore the role of foods and the home environment in the development of Salmonella infections in infants and children. The researchers tested

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samples from just about every corner of the homes including food, tap water, countertops, can openers, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, pets, dust bunnies, and even the family members themselves. Home inspections were conducted in approximately 66 percent of eligible homes on an average of 3.4 days after the confirmation of the Salmonella isolate. A total of 526 cultures from 50 homes were obtained from foods (120), household members (73), refrigerators (52), water (47), countertops (46), soil (42), can openers (36), vacuum cleaners (34), animals, pets or insects (26), and others (50). Isolates with a serotype identical to those in the index patient were found in 16 homes, 3 of which included an isolate of a second serotype. The authors stress that these data illustrate the importance of the child's environment in the development of salmonellosis. Contaminated foods in the home play a less significant role in the infection of infants and children. Clinicians should concentrate on educating parents about the environmental spread of Salmonella. 2 figures. 5 tables. 20 references.

Federally Funded Research on Salmonellosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to salmonellosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to salmonellosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore salmonellosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for salmonellosis: •

Project Title: ACTIN-CYTOSKELETON REARRANGEMENTS BY SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhou, Daoguo; Biological Sciences; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Despite improvements in public hygiene, salmonellosis continues to cost the world economy billions of dollars each year and remains to be the number one cause of reported foodborne diseases. The Salmonella infection involves complex and highly orchestrated interactions between the bacterium and host cells. Salmonella injects proteins into host cells via a bacterial type III secretion system. Our working hypothesis is that these bacterial proteins engage host proteins for actin polymerization as well as depolymerization, two processes that are required for Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and invasion of non-phagocytic cells by the bacterium. The goal of this project is to identify and characterize bacterial and host proteins that play a role(s) in modulating actin dynamics both in vitro and in vivo by using microbiological,

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

biochemical and cellular approaches. This proposal focuses on the molecular mechanism of Salmonella-induced actin rearrangements involving SipA. We have shown that SipA binds actin and modulates actin dynamics by decreasing the critical concentration for actin polymerization and by inhibiting depolymerization of actin filaments. We also showed that SipA increases the bundling activity of T-plastin, which increases the stability of actin bundles. Preliminary results indicate that additional host proteins are present in the SipA-actin complex and SipA activities must be turned off by other bacterial or host factors. We propose to investigate how Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements are initiated, maintained and subsequently reversed. We have developed assays and reagents necessary to examine the actin architecture and investigate roles of SipA and host proteins in modulating Salmonella-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Results from this study will help us understand how Salmonella intercepts normal cellular constituents to modulate host actin cytoskeleton. A better understanding of these processes will facilitate the development of new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of salmonellosis. These experiments will also provide new insights into basic host cellular functions, including cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell movement. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BOVINE SPECIFIC VIRULENCE FACTORS OF S TYPHIMURIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Baumler, Andreas J.; Associate Professor; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Salmonellosis is the most frequent food-borne illness in the US. The recent emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant S. typhimurium strains, such as definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has illustrated that the use of antibiotics will no longer combat salmonellosis effectively in the future. In order to devise alternatives to antibiotic therapy for the control or prevention of Salmonella infections, an understanding of the fundamental factors that Salmonella uses to cause infection and disease is needed. Little is known about genes allowing S. typhimurium to infect cattle, an important meat source in the US. The proposed research will characterize bovine virulence factors of S. typhimurium which will facilitate the development of improved strategies for prevention and treatment of infection. This research will also establish a new animal model for the study of human diarrheal disease caused by Salmonella. Overall project goals and supporting objectives: (1) Analysis of the adherence mechanisms which contribute to host adaptation. (2) Analysis of the role of the invasion associated type III secretion system in host-adaptation and diarrhea. Plans to accomplish project goals: The investigators have identified two virulence factors which contribute specifically to disease in cattle. One, a putative adhesin, will be characterized to determine its role in colonization of bovine intestine. The second factor is a secretion system which is specifically required to cause diarrhea in calves. They will determine the identity of the secreted proteins and study their role in causing diarrhea. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CEFTIOFUR USE IN CATTLE: A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN? Principal Investigator & Institution: Sanchez, Susan; Med Microbiol & Parasitology; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective, of this proposal, is to determine if there is a link between the use of antibiotics in food animals and the presence of resistant Salmonella in the human population. The hypothesis is that the therapeutic use of ceftiofur in food animals is selecting for resistance to cephalosporins in members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae. Therefore, our short-term goal is to determine if the use of ceftiofur in sick cattle has resulted in resistant zoonotic salmonellosis in people. Our intention is to investigate the source of ceftiofur/ceftriaxone-resistant isolates cultured in our State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and determine if they are related to ceftriaxone resistant cases of salmonellosis in humans identified by the Public Health Service in Georgia and the Centers for Disease Control. Specific aim 1. Determine whether ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolates identified by our diagnostic laboratory are genetically related to human isolates associated with outbreak or sporadic cases of salmonellosis. The working hypothesis will be tested by determining the genetic relatedness of ceftriaxoneresistant Salmonella from farms and human cases by PFGE and characterizing the cephalosporinase locus using molecular techniques. Specific aim 2. Determine the prevalence of ceftiofur resistance in the normal, gram negative flora of food production animals and potential transmission of ceftriaxone resistance from animal microflora to Salmonella Ceftiofur usage may amplify the gene reservoir by enriching for normal flora containing extended-spectrum cephalosporinases. The working hypothesis will be tested through molecular analysis of cephalosporinase(s) within animal microflora gathered from farms with or without a history of ceftiofur usage. We will also address the potential for plasmid transmission of ceftriaxone resistance to Salmonella from the animals' microflora in vitro as well as with a simulated animal production environment. By surveying the animals on the farm, we will discern whether antibiotic use on the farm influences the acquisition of drug resistance by Salmonella interacting with the resident microflora of cattle. This proposal seeks to involve undergraduate students in molecular epidemiology investigations to increase their exposure to biomedical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN SALMONELLA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schapiro, Jeff M.; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Salmonellosis is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding this organism's mechanism of virulence is central to decreasing its ability to be a pathogen. Mechanisms used by Salmonella to permit infection are the capability to withstand environmental stresses that may damage its DNA and the ability to repair any ensuing damage to its genome. This makes the relationship between DNA repair and replication vital to the organism's survival. As an intracellular pathogen, Salmonella is subject to the host defenses of the macrophage- the respiratory burst and inducible nitric oxide system that produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. To characterize the mechanisms that Salmonella uses for repair of DNA damage by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, strains of Salmonella will be constructed that are deficient in components of DNA repair and replication. These mutants will be characterized by their resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress under laboratory conditions and in mice. These studies will produce insights into complex host-pathogen interactions for this important infection and

Studies

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provide new information on the biochemical interactions that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have with DNA replication and repair. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF CALORIE RESTRICTION ON INFECTION DURING AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fernandes, Gabriel I.; Professor; Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is well established that calorie restriction (3O-4O percent) prolongs the life span in rodents. Increased life span is accompanied by preventing the increase in body weight, maintaining cell-mediated immune function, and decreasing the incidence of malignancies and renal diseases. Although recent studies have revealed that CR alters the expression of various genes, particularly those involved in macromolecular damage, it remains unknown whether animals fed a lifelong CR diet are able to successfully ward off bacterial infection. Our recent studies showed that CR-fed young C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to bacterial infection than AL-fed mice. The differences in susceptibility to infection could be due to differences in strains of mice, energy uptake, supplementation of vitamins and minerals or delayed maturity of humoral immunity. We, therefore, propose to compare 3 different commonly used diets for CR studies in 2 strains of mice (C57LBL/6 and Balb/C) which differ in their response to Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine expression. We will compare 1) the AIN-93 diet with and without additional vitamin supplements, 2) the AIN-93 CR diet with reduced carbohydrates but increased protein, fat and vitamins to equal the AL diet, and 3) NIH-3 1, an undefined but commonly used rodent chow diet for CR studies. We will measure the mortality rate from polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and from salmonellosis in young and old mice. To establish the susceptibility and resistance to infection both in young (8 mo) and old (24 mo) mice, we will carry out detailed functional studies of macrophages, Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine production, and cDNA superarray analysis for Th-1/Th-2 and inflammatory response cytokine genes. These studies will establish the role of CR in developing optimal immune function to ward off infection arising from common bacterial pathogens during aging. This new information may become very useful to prevent any sudden onset of infection during CR studies and/or studies of weight reduction either by diet or by drugs in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HOST CELL RECOGNITION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pistole, Thomas G.; Microbiology; University of New Hampshire Service Building Durham, Nh 038243585 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonellosis continues to be a major infectious disease in both the United States and elsewhere. The overall goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of the early events that occur during Salmonella infections. The proposed studies focus on the initial interactions of salmonellae with host defense cells, specifically neutrophils and macrophages. The first objective is to determine whether structures found on the outer surface of Salmonella, known as porins, are involved in the recognition of this pathogen by human neutrophils. Porin-deficient mutants will be compared with their corresponding wildtype counterparts in their ability to adhere to

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and be internalized and killed by these neutrophils. Microbial attachment will be measured using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy and internalization and killing, by viability assays. The second objective is to determine whether neutrophils that have passed across a model intestinal epithelial cell layer are modified in their ability to recognize and to kill Salmonella. A model has been developed in which Salmonella initiate a series of events in the intestine that result in the migration of neutrophils into the lumen. The goal of this study is to determine whether these neutrophils exhibit an enhanced ability to detect and kill these bacterial pathogens. The third objective focuses on the ability of purified porins to block the attachment of Salmonella to host defense cells. Highly purified porins and porin-lipopolysaccharide complexes will be used in in vitro competition studies. Taken together, these studies are expected to provide a better understanding of the early cellular events in Salmonella infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS INDUCED BY SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Galan, Jorge E.; Professor and Chairman; Microbial Pathogenesis; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonellosis continues to be a major worldwide health concern. Essential to the pathogenicity of these bacteria is a type III protein secretion system (TTSS) encoded within a pathogenicity island (SPI-1) located at centisome 63. This system directs the translocation into host cells of a battery of bacterial effector proteins that stimulate a variety of cellular responses. These responses are critical for pathogenicity as they allow the bacteria to gain access to host cells, avoid host defense mechanisms and reach deeper tissues. Work in our laboratory supported by this Grant has focused on the study of the cell biology of the complex functional interface between Salmonella enterica and host cells. The proposed research project is aimed at gaining a better understanding of the cell biology of the Salmonella host interactions and the function of several SPI-1 TTSS effector proteins whose role in the infection process is poorly understood. More specifically, we propose: 1) To elucidate cellular events that lead to Salmonella-induced actin polymerization and bacterial entry; 2) To investigate the role of the SP1-TTSS effector protein SopB in the formation of the Salmonella-containing macropinosomes; 3) To investigate the effector function of the SPI-1 TTSS secreted protein SipB; and 4) To investigate the potential role of the SPI-1 TTSS in the interaction of Salmonella with the innate immune system. These studies will advance the understanding of the cell biology of Salmonella enterica infections and that of other important pathogens that have evolved close associations with their hosts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LIMITED SALMONELLOSIS

IL-12B2

RECEPTOR

EXPRESSION

DURING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bost, Kenneth L.; Belk Distinguished Professor; Biology; University of North Carolina Charlotte Office of Research Services Charlotte, Nc 282230001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A critical driving force for optimal development of T helper type 1 (TH1) lymphocytes is signaling through the IL-12 receptor. The IL-12 receptor is composed of two subunits, with expression of the IL-12 receptor beta 2 chain

Studies

9

(IL-12RB2) dictating a high affinity IL-12 receptor complex. Signaling through this high affinity IL-12 receptor controls the development of TH1 lymphocytes and the maintenance of this phenotype, while limiting lineage commitment to the TH2 phenotype. Since TH1 lymphocytes mediate cellular immunity, while TH2 lymphocytes enhance humoral responses, early expression of the high affinity IL-12 receptor is critical for a commitment to cell mediated immune responses. Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen of macrophages, epithelial cells and possibly dendritic cells, and requires cellmediated immunity for clearance. Based on recently published work, we demonstrated that Salmonella-infected macrophages can significantly limit IL-12RB2 expression on T lymphocytes early in the response. This finding has profound implications for the early development and commitment of T lymphocytes to the TH1 lineage during Salmonella infection. The overall goal of this proposal is to define the mechanisms for Salmonellainduced reductions in IL-12RB2 expression in vitro and in vivo. At present, it is not clear whether induced reductions in IL-12RB2 expression are solely mediated by soluble factors or require macrophage-T cell contact. IL-12RB2 expression will be quantified at the level of mRNA using quantitative RT-PCR, and at the protein level using Western blot, FACS and radioreceptor analyses. Furthermore, reductions in T lymphocyte function associated with the loss of IL-12RB2 will be assessed, and a functional assessment of developing TH1 and TH2 lymphocytes will be determined by following STAT-4 activation, and T-bet, GATA-3 and c-maf mRNA expression, respectively. Whether infected dendritic cells can induce such alterations in CD4+ T cells will also be determined. Taken together these studies represent the first to define mechanisms whereby an intracellular bacterial pathogen can adversely affect the early development of TH1 lymphocytes upon infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENICITY

GENETIC

ANALYSIS

OF

SALMONELLA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Curtiss, Roy Iii.; Professor; Biology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Our long-term objective has been, and will continue to be, to better understand the mechanisms governing infection and disease by Salmonella when administered by the normal oral route of entry. We will study S. typhimurium infection of chicks to evaluate persistent intestinal colonization and mice as a model of typhoid fever in humans and will make extensive use of murine and human cells in culture. We will continue, in all our endeavors, to develop methods to identify and analyze mechanisms for regulated expression of genes that might contribute to pathogenicity. Specifically, we will: (1) evaluate expression of S. typhimurium genes at ambient temperatures in a simulated polluted water environment with the objective to identify genes enhancing survival and potentiating successful colonization of the warm-blooded animal host and, subsequently, to characterize their functions and means of regulation, (2) define roles of adhesins in targeting Salmonella to specific cell types and tissues in the murine host, in enabling long-term colonization of the intestine and cecum in chicks, and in contributing to surface colonization (biofilm formation) in the simulated polluted water medium at ambient temperatures, and (3) continue to define mechanisms for colonization of the GALT (Peyer's patches) by identification of expressed genes with subsequent generation of mutants for characterization and complementation and to establish the means of their regulation. In these studies, we will extensively employ newly developed molecular genetic tools, such as selective capture of transcribed

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sequences (SCOTS), an easy and efficient method to generate mutant strains with defined deletion mutations, and selective regimens to generate operon fusions in addition to more standard means of genetic and molecular genetic manipulation. Our studies will use a broad range of methods of microbial genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, cell biology, microscopy and animal science. All experiments will be conducted under conditions that preclude infections of workers and inadvertent release of infectious microorganisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NITRIC OXIDE CYTOTOXICITY IN SALMONELLOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fang, Ferric C.; Associate Professor; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The focus of research in my laboratory is on hostpathogen interactions. Toward that end, we are studying how phagocytes inhibit or kill intracellular microbes using reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) produced by the NADPH phagocyte oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The specific antimicrobial effector molecules, their targets, and mechanisms of resistance remain incompletely understood. Both the NADPH oxidase and iNOS are required for innate murine resistance to Salmonella infection. Preliminary studies suggest the hypothesis that direct interactions with intracellular free iron determine the antimicrobial actions of ROS and RNS, and regulate relevant stress responses. We propose a novel model in which intracellular free iron potentiates the antimicrobial actions of nitric oxide (NO) and its synergistic interactions with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Nitrosative stress induces the expression of iron-repressed proteins such as superoxide dismutase and the Hmp flavohemoprotein via direct NO-iron interactions, which in turn enhance microbial resistance to both ROS and RNS. The specific aims of this proposal are to test predictions of our experimental model by: [1] Comparing Salmonella gene regulation by nitric oxide and iron deprivation; [2] Assessing free intracellular iron as a determinant of susceptibility to ROS and RNS; [3] Performing mutagenesis of the Salmonella Hmp flavohemoprotein to identify domains involved in detoxification of ROS and RNS; [4] Determining the relationship between host and microbial intracellular iron availability and RO S/RNS-dependent antimicrobial activity. These aims will be achieved by a combination of genetic, biochemical and in vivo analyses. The results will have important implications for a molecular understanding of microbial pathogenesis as well as of NO-iron interactions in a variety of fundamental biological processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PLASMID MEDIATED VIRULENCE IN SALMONELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Guiney, Donald G.; Professor; Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to define the role of plasmid- mediated genes in the pathogenesis of systemic non-typhoid Salmonella infections. The entire 8.2 kb essential virulence region of the S. dublin plasmid pSDL2 has been sequenced, and mutation analysis has defined required loci within the sequence, now termed the spv genes, conserved in all virulence plasmids. The spv genes are induced in response to growth limitation in vitro, and expression is dependent on the chromosomal starvation

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regulatory locus katF (rpoS), leading to the hypothesis that the plasmid virulence locus is involved in the adaptation of the organism to growth limitation by the host, most likely in the intracellular environment of the macrophage. In this proposal, essential structural genes of the plasmid virulence locus will be defined by site-specific mutations. The molecular mechanism for the regulation of virulence gene expression will be elucidated by a combined biochemical and genetic approach. The site of action of the spv genes in vivo will be determined in the spleen of infected mice, and an in vitro cell culture system will be developed to reflect the activity of the spv locus in vivo. The importance and role of each spv gene will be identified. The following Specific Aims are proposed: l) to define the role of each spv gene in the virulence encoded by the wildtype plasmid in S. dublin. Non-polar spv mutations in the complete virulence plasmid will be constructed and tested in the mouse model of salmonellosis. 2) to define the molecular mechanism for transcriptional activation of the spv operon by the SpvR regulatory protein, using a combination of in vitro DNA binding studies and in vivo genetic analysis. 3) to determine the molecular mechanism for regulation of the spv genes by the chromosomal starvation-induced alternative sigma- factor KatF (RpoS). 4) to establish whether plasmid-mediated proliferation of S. dublin within the spleen takes place within macrophages. Infected spleens will be harvested, the cells dispersed and sorted by FACS into different populations, and the number of viable bacteria per cell will be determined. 5) to establish an in vitro cell culture system using splenic macrophages to examine the role of the spv genes on intracellular growth in resting and cytokine-activated macrophages. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SALMONELLA ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gunn, John S.; Associate Professor; Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JUL-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonellae are facultative intracellular pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals, including enteric (typhoid) fever and gastroenteritis. Typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The overall objectives of this work are to better understand the induction of pathogenic bacterial gene expression in response to eukaryotic cell environments, as well as how bacteria utilize regulatory networks induced within these environments to avoid host innate immune killing. Antimicrobial peptides (AP), found at mucosal surfaces and within phagocytes, are a key weapon in the host innate immune arsenal. Two-component regulatory systems enable bacteria to sense their external environment and to mount an adaptive response by altering gene expression. Two such systems in Salmonella that are induced within the host during infection (PhoP-PhoQ; PmrA-PmrB) interact to remodel the outer membrane, including the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is the primary surface molecule that interacts with AP. We have recently identified a third member of this two-component cascade, UblAUblB. PmrA-PmrB mediated modifications render the LPS less anionic, which leads to a reduced sensitivity to cationic AP, and these modifications have been shown to be necessary for oral virulence in mice. Further study of the in vivo induced PmrA-PmrB system and its role in LPS modification and virulence is necessary to better understand Salmonella pathogenesis and resistance to host innate immune killing. The aims of this grant are: (1) Characterization of novel PmrA-PmrB-regulated genes, (2) The role of PmrA-PmrB-mediated LPS modification in Salmonella virulence, and (3) The interaction

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of the UblA-UblB and PmrA-PmrB two-component regulatory systems. Understanding these regulated mechanisms by which salmonellae survive within the animal host could lead to novel therapeutic, preventative and diagnostic strategies, and are likely to be applicable to the studies of other bacterial pathogens of humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SALMONELLA EVASION OF NADPH OXIDASE-DEPENDENT KILLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Vazquez-Torres, Andres; Microbiology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The appearance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates and the HIV epidemic have contributed to the resurgence of salmonellosis, an infection that annually afflicts more than 1 billion people worldwide. Multiple clinical and experimental lines of evidence point to the NADPH oxidase as a critical host defense mechanism in resistance to acute Salmonella infections. Salmonella, an enteric pathogen adapted to the intracellular environment of phagocytes, resides in remodeled phagosomes that selectively block contact with lysosomes and endocytic vesicles harboring the NADPH oxidase. A recently discovered locus at centisome 30 of the Salmonella chromosome encodes a type III secretory system known as Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) that disrupts maturation of the Salmonella phagosome. The primary goal of my laboratory is to understand the mechanisms by which this intracellular pathogen remodels its phagosome and evades the antimicrobial armamentarium of professional phagocytes. In the present proposal, we plan to test the hypothesis that SPI2 effectors decrease TNFRp55-stimulated ganglioside synthesis, thus blocking the migration of NADPH oxidase-harboring vesicles to the vicinity of the Salmonella phagosome. We specifically plan: 1) To identify SPI2 effector proteins that block trafficking of the NADPH oxidase. Attenuation of SPI2 mutants in macrophages and mice, coupled to techniques in molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and microscopy will be used to identify effector proteins that block NADPH oxidase trafficking. 2) To identify points in the TNFRp55-stimulated sphingomyelin pathway which are inhibited by SPI2 effector proteins. Lipid biochemistry, enzymology and bacterial genetics will be used to identify points in the sphingomyelin pathway inhibited by SPI2 effectors. And 3) To determine the kinetics of secretion and intracellular location of SPI2 effectors that inhibit the trafficking of the NADPH oxidase. Cell biology, immunology and microbial genetics will be used to study the early intracellular expression of SPI2 effectors and their distribution relative to the NADPH oxidase, TNFRp55 and the Salmonella phagosome. These studies will not only shed light on the cell biology of the NADPH oxidase but will also identify potential molecular targets common to intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella, Mycobacterium, and Legionella that are capable of thwarting the normal maturation of the nascent phagosome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSES OF NEONATAL HOST RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Contag, Christopher H.; Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003

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Summary: Host defenses that protect the neonate from infection are varied, complex, and interactive, requiring that individual mechanisms be evaluated in the presence of the contextual influences of the intact living organism. Using noninvasive monitoring, innate host defenses in living animals will be assessed in a murine model of systemic infection. Salmonella typhimurium infections begin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and following penetration of the epithelial barrier, can lead to lethal systemic infections. Nramp1 (natural resistance associated macrophage protein) is critical for limiting infections by Salmonella spp., as well as other intracellular pathogens to the early stages of disease and preventing dissemination. Resistant and sensitive Nramp1 alleles, differing by a single amino acid substitution (G169D), have been identified in mice. Homozygous sensitive mice are more susceptible to systemic salmonellosis than their resistant counterparts. Using noninvasive imaging in live mice, we have demonstrated that Salmonella infections in resistant animals do not extend beyond the GI tract, while sensitive animals demonstrate a disease pattern consistent with systemic infection. Expression of the dominant resistant Nramp1 allele in monocytes/macrophages appears to be required for infection resistance, yet the precise requirement and/or mechanism of Nramp1 action remains enigmatic. Expression of Nramp1 is inducible by IFNgamma and the gene encodes a phosphoglycoprotein with features resembling an ion transporter. The Nramp1 protein localizes to phagosomes and the plasma membrane, appears to be involved in a pathway leading to macrophage activation and antigen presentation, and has been linked to nitric oxide production and apoptosis. To investigate the role of Nramp1 in resistance to infection and the effects of IFNgamma, we propose to assess levels of expression in monocytes obtained from transgenic mice, and cell lines in the presence and absence of bacterial pathogens. Then, the basal levels of expression at various tissue sites in living transgenic mice, at different ages, will be assessed and the location and tempo of activation following oral inoculation of Salmonella determined. This work will involve in vivo monitoring of existing bioluminescent strains of Salmonella in resistant and sensitive strains of mice, as well as engineering and monitoring host promoters fused to a spectrally distinct eukaryotic luciferase in transgenic mice. The different wavelengths of emission permit dual detection allowing the relationship between changes in host gene expression and infection to be evaluated. We will use a luciferase-GFP gene fusion as the reporter such that results from macroscopic detection in living animals can be supported by cell sorting and/or microscopic detection in postmortem tissues. Since homologues of Nramp1 have been found in humans, studying this mode of resistance to microbial infection is significant for understanding disease and minimizing human infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE SLY A REGULON IN SALMONELLA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Libby, Stephen J.; Associate Professor of Microbiology; Microbiology; North Carolina State University Raleigh 2230 Stinson Drive Raleigh, Nc 27695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Salmonella infections continue to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. Our studies have established an essential role for the slyA gene in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections. The SlyA protein belongs to a novel family of low molecular weight transcriptional regulators. SlyA appears to be maximally expressed in stationary phase cultures and in the intracellular environment of phagocytes, slyA mutant Salmonella typhimurium is profoundly attenuated for virulence in a murine model of salmonellosis, unable to survive and replicate within

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phagocytes, and hypersusceptible to oxidative stress. By DNA microarray analysis, we have identified a number of candidate SlyA-regulated genes. To determine the mechanism by which the SlyA regulon defends S. typhimurium against oxidative stress and contributes to Salmonella pathogenesis, the following Specific Aims of this revised proposal are: (1) Identification and characterization of SlyA-dependent genes. Preliminary experiments have successfully identified a number of candidate SlyAdependent loci, which will be confirmed by several independent methods (mRNA, protein, reporter fusions). A SlyA-regulated gene in Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-4 designated STM4261 that encodes a large protein with a serine protease motif will be biochemically characterized. STM4261 expression will be measured in wild type and slyA mutant backgrounds, and the virulence of non-polar mutants of STM4261 will be determined. (2) Definition of the role of SlyA-dependent genes in oxidative stress resistance and virulence. The contribution of individual SlyA-dependent loci to oxidative stress resistance, growth in phagocytes, and S. typhimurium virulence will be determined.(3) Molecular analysis of slyA regulation. Transcriptional and translational mechanisms governing slyA expression in S. typhimurium will be determined. Regulatory interactions between SlyA and PhoPQ will be explored. A novel twocomponent regulatory locus that appears to be essential for slyA expression will be characterized, slyA-dependent promoters will be analyzed, and a consensus binding sequence will be determined. The overall goal of this project is to understand mechanisms by which the SlyA regulon confers resistance to the oxidative stress encountered by Salmonella in host phagocytes. The slyA gene family is conserved among Gram-negative enteric pathogens, as well as several important plant pathogens. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the SlyA regulon functions in Salmonella promises to reveal novel mechanisms for intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria as well as provide important general insights into the evolutionary adaptation of bacteria to oxygen-rich environments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for salmonellosis in the PubMed Central database: •

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A Randomized Controlled Comparison of Azithromycin and Ofloxacin for Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant or Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Enteric Fever. by Chinh NT, Parry CM, Ly NT, Ha HD, Thong MX, Diep TS, Wain J, White NJ, Farrar JJ.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89974 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Absence of All Components of the Flagellar Export and Synthesis Machinery Differentially Alters Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Models of Typhoid Fever, Survival in Macrophages, Tissue Culture Invasiveness, and Calf Enterocolitis. by Schmitt CK, Ikeda JS, Darnell SC, Watson PR, Bispham J, Wallis TS, Weinstein DL, Metcalf ES, O'Brien AD.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98677

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An outer membrane protein (porin) as an eliciting antigen for delayed-type hypersensitivity in murine salmonellosis. by Udhayakumar V, Muthukkaruppan VR.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260416

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Antigenic modification: its relation to protective host resistance in murine salmonellosis. by Bigley NJ, Smith RA, Warren P, Minahan WT, Kreps DP.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351452

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Azithromycin versus Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Uncomplicated Typhoid Fever in a Randomized Trial in Egypt That Included Patients with Multidrug Resistance. by Girgis NI, Butler T, Frenck RW, Sultan Y, Brown, Tribble D, Khakhria R.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89293

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Ceftriaxone therapy in bacteremic typhoid fever. by Ti TY, Monteiro EH, Lam S, Lee HS.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180301

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Cephamycin C treatment of induced swine salmonellosis. by Jacks TM, Welter CJ, Fitzgerald GR, Miller BM.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181477

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Chloramphenicol concentrations in sera of patients with typhoid fever being treated with oral or intravenous preparation. by Ti TI, Monteiro EH, Lam S, Lee HS.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171933

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Ciprofloxacin for treatment of severe typhoid fever in children. by Dutta P, Rasaily R, Saha MR, Mitra U, Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya MK, Lahiri M.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187933

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Clinical Application of a Dot Blot Test for Diagnosis of Enteric Fever Due to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Patients with Typhoid Fever from Colombia and Peru. by Cardona-Castro N, Gotuzzo E, Rodriguez M, Guerra H.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95868

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Construction of a potential live oral bivalent vaccine for typhoid fever and choleraEscherichia coli-related diarrheas. by Clements JD, El-Morshidy S.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261572

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Detection of Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever by polymerase chain reaction. by Song JH, Cho H, Park MY, Na DS, Moon HB, Pai CH.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265558

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Detection of urinary Vi antigen as a diagnostic test for typhoid fever. by Taylor DN, Harris JR, Barrett TJ, Hargrett NT, Prentzel I, Valdivieso C, Palomino C, Levine MM, Blake PA.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270921

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Differential Regulation of Enteric and Systemic Salmonellosis by slyA. by Watson PR, Paulin SM, Bland AP, Libby SJ, Jones PW, Wallis TS.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96835

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Duodenal isolation of Salmonella typhi by string capsule in acute typhoid fever. by Gilman RH, Hornick RB.; 1976 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274324

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Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Avian Salmonellosis. by Henderson SC, Bounous DI, Lee MD.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116547

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Effect of protein malnutrition on salmonellosis and fever. by Bradley SF, Kauffman CA.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259406

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Evaluation of Dipstick Serologic Tests for Diagnosis of Brucellosis and Typhoid Fever in Egypt. by Ismail TF, Smits H, Wasfy MO, Malone JL, Fadeel MA, Mahoney F.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130816

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Eventual Management of Sprout-Transmitted Salmonellosis. by Struijk CB, Mossel DA.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120693

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Evolutionary genetic relationships of clones of Salmonella serovars that cause human typhoid and other enteric fevers. by Selander RK, Beltran P, Smith NH, Helmuth R, Rubin FA, Kopecko DJ, Ferris K, Tall BD, Cravioto A, Musser JM.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258807

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Extraintestinal Salmonellosis in a General Hospital (1991 to 1996): Relationships between Salmonella Genomic Groups and Clinical Presentations. by Rodriguez M, de Diego I, Mendoza MC.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105317

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Failure of Short-Course Ceftriaxone Chemotherapy for Multidrug-Resistant Typhoid Fever in Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial in Pakistan. by Bhutta ZA, Khan IA, Shadmani M.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89704

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Fatal salmonellosis originating in a clinical microbiology laboratory. by Blaser MJ, Lofgren JP.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273903

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Histopathological study of protective immunity against murine salmonellosis induced by killed vaccine. by Nakoneczna I, Hsu HS.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347955

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Human salmonellosis associated with exotic pets. by Woodward DL, Khakhria R, Johnson WM.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230062

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Identification of a carrier by using Vi enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology in an outbreak of typhoid fever on an Indian reservation. by Engleberg NC, Barrett TJ, Fisher H, Porter B, Hurtado E, Hughes JM.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272900

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Immune response to the iron-deprivation-induced proteins of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever. by Fernandez-Beros ME, Gonzalez C, McIntosh MA, Cabello FC.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313260

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Immunization against experimental murine salmonellosis with liposome-associated O-antigen. by Desiderio JV, Campbell SG.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261222

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Improved Serodiagnosis of Salmonella Enteric Fevers by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Beasley WJ, Joseph SW, Weiss E.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273732

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Induction and characterization of heat shock proteins of Salmonella typhi and their reactivity with sera from patients with typhoid fever. by Tang SW, Abubakar S, Devi S, Puthucheary S, Pang T.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175419

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Interleukin-6, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor receptors in typhoid fever related to outcome of antimicrobial therapy. by Butler T, Ho M, Acharya G, Tiwari M, Gallati H.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192401

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Intracellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Plays a Key Role in Acquired Immunity to Salmonellosis. by Clare S, Goldin R, Hale C, Aspinall R, Simmons C, Mastroeni P, Dougan G.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201057

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Lactose-fermenting, multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhi strains isolated from a patient with postoperative typhoid fever. by Kohbata S, Takahashi M, Yabuuchi E.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270931

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Liposome-entrapped ampicillin in the treatment of experimental murine listeriosis and salmonellosis. by Fattal E, Rojas J, Youssef M, Couvreur P, Andremont A.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245097

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Liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin in treatment of murine salmonellosis. by Magallanes M, Dijkstra J, Fierer J.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192381

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Lizards in the ecology of salmonellosis in Panama. by Kourany M, Telford SR.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243897

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Mechanism of protective immunity induced by porin-lipopolysaccharide against murine salmonellosis. by Muthukkumar S, Muthukkaruppan VR.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280954

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Mechanism of Therapeutic Effectiveness of Cefixime against Typhoid Fever. by Matsumoto Y, Ikemoto A, Wakai Y, Ikeda F, Tawara S, Matsumoto K.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90676

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mig-14 Is a Horizontally Acquired, Host-Induced Gene Required for Salmonella enterica Lethal Infection in the Murine Model of Typhoid Fever. by Valdivia RH, Cirillo DM, Lee AK, Bouley DM, Falkow S.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97824

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Molecular Analysis of a Hospital Cafeteria-Associated Salmonellosis Outbreak Using Modified Repetitive Element PCR Fingerprinting. by Johnson JR, Clabots C, Azar M, Boxrud DJ, Besser JM, Thurn JR.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88371

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Molecular Analysis of incHI1 Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids from Salmonella Serovar Typhi Strains Associated with Typhoid Fever. by Wain J, Diem Nga LT, Kidgell C, James K, Fortune S, Song Diep T, Ali T, O Gaora P, Parry C, Parkhill J, Farrar J, White NJ, Dougan G.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182646

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Molecular analysis of isolates of Salmonella typhi from patients with fatal or nonfatal typhoid fever or aberrant clinical presentations. by Arya SC.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=229251

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Molecular analysis of isolates of Salmonella typhi obtained from patients with fatal and nonfatal typhoid fever. by Thong KL, Passey M, Clegg A, Combs BG, Yassin RM, Pang T.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228948

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Molecular Typing of Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi from Vietnam: Application to Acute and Relapse Cases of Typhoid Fever. by Wain J, Hien TT, Connerton P, Ali T, M. Parry C, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Phuong CX, Ho VA, Diep TS, Farrar JJ, White NJ, Dougan G.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85257

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Outer membrane protein antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Salmonella enteric fever and meningococcal meningitis. by Sippel JE, Mamay HK, Weiss E, Joseph SW, Beasley WJ.; 1978 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274970

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Persistence of Salmonellae in Blood and Bone Marrow: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol Treatments against Enteric Fever. by Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, van der Meer JW.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153327

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Pet Reptiles Associated with a Case of Salmonellosis in an Infant Were Carrying Multiple Strains of Salmonella. by Willis C, Wilson T, Greenwood M.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154656

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Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in patients with typhoid fever. by Acharya G, Crevoisier C, Butler T, Ho M, Tiwari M, Stoeckel K, Bradley CA.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284754

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Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ofloxacin in children with multidrugresistant typhoid fever. by Bethell DB, Day NP, Dung NM, McMullin C, Loan HT, Tam DT, Minh LT, Linh NT, Dung NQ, Vinh H, MacGowan AP, White LO, White NJ.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163492

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Plasmid profile analysis of a salmonellosis outbreak and identification of a restriction and modification system. by Whiley SJ, Lanser JA, Manning PA, Murray C, Steele TW.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202701

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Prospective Investigation of Cryptic Outbreaks of Salmonella agona Salmonellosis. by Taylor JP, Barnett BJ, del Rosario L, Williams K, Barth SS.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105077

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Quantitation of Bacteria in Blood of Typhoid Fever Patients and Relationship between Counts and Clinical Features, Transmissibility, and Antibiotic Resistance. by Wain J, Diep TS, Ho VA, Walsh AM, Hoa NT, Parry CM, White NJ.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104900

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Quantitation of Bacteria in Bone Marrow from Patients with Typhoid Fever: Relationship between Counts and Clinical Features. by Wain J, Bay PV, Vinh H, Duong NM, Diep TS, Walsh AL, Parry CM, Hasserjian RP, Ho VA, Hien TT, Farrar J, White NJ, Day NP.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87972

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Randomized comparison of aztreonam and chloramphenicol in treatment of typhoid fever. by Gotuzzo E, Echevarria J, Carrillo C, Sanchez J, Grados P, Maguina C, DuPont HL.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284497

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Rapid Protection of Gnotobiotic Pigs against Experimental Salmonellosis following Induction of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by Avirulent Salmonella enterica. by Foster N, Lovell MA, Marston KL, Hulme SD, Frost AJ, Bland P, Barrow PA.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152035

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Rapid, economical diagnosis of enteric fever by a blood clot culture coagglutination procedure. by Mikhail IA, Sanborn WR, Sippel JE.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272688

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Restaurant-associated outbreak of typhoid fever in Maryland: identification of carrier facilitated by measurement of serum Vi antibodies. by Lin FY, Becke JM, Groves C, Lim BP, Israel E, Becker EF, Helfrich RM, Swetter DS, Cramton T, Robbins JB.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266560

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Role of gamma interferon in late stages of murine salmonellosis. by Muotiala A, Makela PH.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281151

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Role of Nitric Oxide in Host Defense in Murine Salmonellosis as a Function of Its Antibacterial and Antiapoptotic Activities. by Alam MS, Akaike T, Okamoto S, Kubota T, Yoshitake J, Sawa T, Miyamoto Y, Tamura F, Maeda H.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127959

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Safety and immunogenicity of a live oral bivalent typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi Ty21a)-cholera (Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR) vaccine in healthy adults. by Cryz SJ Jr, Que JU, Levine MM, Wiedermann G, Kollaritsch H.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173155

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Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Influences Both Systemic Salmonellosis and Salmonella-Induced Enteritis in Calves. by Bispham J, Tripathi BN, Watson PR, Wallis TS.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97892

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Salmonella typhi O:9,12 polysaccharide-protein conjugates: characterization and immunoreactivity with pooled and individual normal human sera, sera from patients with paratyphoid A and B and typhoid fever, and animal sera. by Aron L, Di Fabio J, Cabello FC.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263597

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Salmonellosis in Mice Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG I. Role of Endotoxin in Infection. by Senterfitt VC, Shands JW Jr.; 1968 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252295

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Secreted Effector Proteins of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Elicit HostSpecific Chemokine Profiles in Animal Models of Typhoid Fever and Enterocolitis. by Zhang S, Adams LG, Nunes J, Khare S, Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166006

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Serology of Typhoid Fever in an Area of Endemicity and Its Relevance to Diagnosis. by House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV, Vinh H, Duc M, Parry CM, Dougan G, White NJ, Hien TT, Farrar JJ.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87864

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The Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid mediates systemic but not enteric phases of salmonellosis in cattle. by Wallis TS, Paulin SM, Plested JS, Watson PR, Jones PW.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173368

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Treatment of enteric fever with pefloxacin for 7 days versus 5 days: a randomized clinical trial. by Unal S, Hayran M, Tuncer S, Gur D, Uzun O, Akova M, Akalin HE.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163645

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Treatment of experimental salmonellosis in mice with ampicillin-bound nanoparticles. by Fattal E, Youssef M, Couvreur P, Andremont A.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172698

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Treatment of experimental salmonellosis in mice with streptomycin entrapped in liposomes. by Tadakuma T, Ikewaki N, Yasuda T, Tsutsumi M, Saito S, Saito K.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176303

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Treatment of typhoid fever with ceftriaxone for 5 days or chloramphenicol for 14 days: a randomized clinical trial. by Islam A, Butler T, Kabir I, Alam NH.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188021

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Two or three days of ofloxacin treatment for uncomplicated multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in children. by Vinh H, Wain J, Vo TN, Cao NN, Mai TC, Bethell D, Nguyen TT, Tu SD, Nguyen MD, White NJ.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163238

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Typhoid Fever Due to Salmonella Kapemba Infection in an Otherwise Healthy Middle-Aged Man. by Sarnighausen HE, Benz C, Eickenberg M, Bockemuhl J, Tschape H, Riemann JF.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85176

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Typhoid fever. by Maskalyk J.; 2003 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164981

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Use of a DNA probe to detect Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever. by Rubin FA, McWhirter PD, Punjabi NH, Lane E, Sudarmono P, Pulungsih SP, Lesmana M, Kumala S, Kopecko DJ, Hoffman SL.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267496

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Value of a Single-Tube Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Vietnam. by Parry CM, Hoa NT, Diep TS, Wain J, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Hien TT, White NJ, Farrar JJ.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85403

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Virulence of non-type 1-fimbriated and nonfimbriated nonflagellated Salmonella typhimurium mutants in murine typhoid fever. by Lockman HA, Curtiss R 3rd.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257654

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Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Turkey. by Willke A, Ergonul O, Bayar B.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120044

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with salmonellosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for salmonellosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A note on incidence of typhoid fever in diverse age groups in Kolkata, India. Author(s): Saha MR, Dutta P, Palit A, Dutta D, Bhattacharya MK, Mitra U, Bhattacharya SK. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 56(3): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944681

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A randomized controlled comparison of azithromycin and ofloxacin for treatment of multidrug-resistant or nalidixic acid-resistant enteric fever. Author(s): Chinh NT, Parry CM, Ly NT, Ha HD, Thong MX, Diep TS, Wain J, White NJ, Farrar JJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 July; 44(7): 1855-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858343

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A review of the Salmonellosis surveillance systems in Italy: evolution during the course of time within the international framework. Author(s): Scuderi G, Gabriella S. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(9): 861-8. Erratum In: Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16(12): 1187. Gabriella S [corrected to Scuderi G]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11297229

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A weighted composite dose-response model for human salmonellosis. Author(s): Latimer HK, Jaykus LA, Morales RA, Cowen P, Crawford-Brown D. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 2001 April; 21(2): 295-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11414538

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Acute encephalopathy associated with nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Author(s): Arii J, Tanabe Y, Miyake M, Noda M, Takahashi Y, Hishiki H, Kohno Y. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2001 July; 16(7): 539-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453456

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An outbreak of domestically acquired typhoid fever in Queens, NY. Author(s): Yoon J, Segal-Maurer S, Rahal JJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004 March 8; 164(5): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006835

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An outbreak of salmonellosis linked to a marine turtle. Author(s): O'Grady KA, Krause V. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 June; 30(2): 324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10774704

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An unusually high occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi A in patients with enteric fever. Author(s): Tankhiwale SS, Agrawal G, Jalgaonkar SV. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 January; 117: 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866820

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Analysis of physical and laboratory findings in nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Author(s): Kayaba H, Kodama K, Shirayama K, Kobayashi Y, Adachi T, Chihara J. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 8(3): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12373486

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Animal sources of salmonellosis in humans. Author(s): Sanchez S, Hofacre CL, Lee MD, Maurer JJ, Doyle MP. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 August 15; 221(4): 492-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12184697

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Antibacterial activity of black tea (Camelia sinensis) extract against Salmonella serotypes causing enteric fever. Author(s): Ciraj AM, Sulaim J, Mamatha B, Gopalkrishna BK, Shivananda PG. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2001 July; 55(7): 376-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11883337

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Antibiotic therapy of enteric fever. Author(s): Nishioka S. Source: Intern Med. 2000 December; 39(12): 1001. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197778

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Antimicrobial drug resistance in isolates of Salmonella enterica from cases of salmonellosis in humans in Europe in 2000: results of international multi-centre surveillance. Author(s): Threlfall EJ, Fisher IS, Berghold C, Gerner-Smidt P, Tschape H, Cormican M, Luzzi I, Schnieder F, Wannet W, Machado J, Edwards G. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 February; 8(2): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631974

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Asymptomatic salmonellosis among children in day-care centers in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Author(s): Oberhelman RA, Flores-Abuxapqui J, Suarez-Hoil G, Puc-Franco M, HerediaNavarrete M, Vivas-Rosel M, Mera R, Gutierrez-Cogco L. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 August; 20(8): 792-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734743

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Asymptomatic salmonellosis and drug susceptibility in the Buea District, Cameroon. Author(s): Nkuo-Akenji TK, Ntemgwa ML, Ndip RN. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2001 November-December; 47(11-12): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12808778

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Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis in free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas of Uganda. Author(s): Nizeyi JB, Innocent RB, Erume J, Kalema GR, Cranfield MR, Graczyk TK. Source: J Wildl Dis. 2001 April; 37(2): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11310873

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Ceftibuten in enteric fever. Author(s): Dubey AK, Vidyashankar C, Bhatia SS, Sharma RK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2000 February; 37(2): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10745426

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Cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli among summer camp attendees with salmonellosis. Author(s): Prats G, Mirelis B, Miro E, Navarro F, Llovet T, Johnson JR, Camps N, Dominguez A, Salleras L. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 9(10): 1273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609463

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Changing antibiotic sensitivity in enteric fever. Author(s): Gupta A, Swarnkar NK, Choudhary SP. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2001 December; 47(6): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11827308

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Clinical application of a dot blot test for diagnosis of enteric fever due to Salmonella enterica serovar typhi in patients with typhoid fever from Colombia and Peru. Author(s): Cardona-Castro N, Gotuzzo E, Rodriguez M, Guerra H. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 March; 7(2): 312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10702512

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Common source outbreak of salmonellosis in a food factory. Author(s): Wilson D, Patterson WJ, Hollyoak V, Oldridge S. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 January; 2(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10462892

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Comparative evaluation of microtitre and tube agglutination technique for serodiagnosis of enteric fever. Author(s): Banerjee U, Mukherjee A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1984 March; 16(1): 82-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055793

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Comparison of blood, bone marrow aspirate, stool and urine cultures in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Author(s): Tanyigna KB, Bello CS, Okeke N, Onwukeme KE. Source: Niger J Med. 2001 January-March; 10(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11705049

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Current trends in typhoid Fever. Author(s): Crum NF. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2003 August; 5(4): 279-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12864957

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Decreasing clinical response of quinolones in the treatment of enteric fever. Author(s): John M. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2001 April; 55(4): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11665388

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Detection of a nosocomial outbreak of salmonellosis may be delayed by application of a protocol for rejection of stool cultures. Author(s): Bruins MJ, Fernandes TM, Ruijs GJ, Wolfhagen MJ, van Rijn-van Berkel JM, Schenk BE, van Duynhoven YT. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 June; 54(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818580

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Detection of Salmonella typhi by polymerase chain reaction: implications in diagnosis of typhoid fever. Author(s): Kumar A, Arora V, Bashamboo A, Ali S. Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 2002 December; 2(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797986

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Early diagnosis of typhoid fever by the detection of salivary IgA. Author(s): Herath HM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 September; 56(9): 694-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944555

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Early events in the pathogenesis of avian salmonellosis. Author(s): Henderson SC, Bounous DI, Lee MD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 July; 67(7): 3580-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10377142

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Enteric fever and other extraintestinal salmonellosis in University Hospital, Nottingham, UK, between 1980 and 1997. Author(s): Ispahani P, Slack RC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 September; 19(9): 679-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057501

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Enteric fever due to Salmonella Weltevreden in a four-year-old child. Author(s): Ghadage DP, Bal AM. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002 June; 56(6): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12649949

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Enteric fever in Mumbai, India: the good news and the bad news. Author(s): Rodrigues C, Shenai S, Mehta A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 February 15; 36(4): 535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567317

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Enteric fever treatment failures: a global concern. Author(s): Chandel DS, Chaudhry R. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 July-August; 7(4): 762-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11585550

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Epidemiology of salmonellosis in California, 1990-1999: morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs. Author(s): Trevejo RT, Courtney JG, Starr M, Vugia DJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 January 1; 157(1): 48-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12505890

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Escherichia coli in enteric fever. Author(s): Thiruvengdam KV, Sharmila K, Mohamed N. Source: Lancet. 1967 October 21; 2(7521): 895-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389570

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Eventual management of sprout-transmitted salmonellosis. Author(s): Struijk CB, Mossel DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 August; 40(8): 3109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149395

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Fatal hemoptysis in dissecting aortic aneurysm and salmonellosis: a case report. Author(s): Chung SL, Ding YA. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1999 November; 62(11): 817-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10575811

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Follow up in north west England of cases of enteric fever acquired abroad, April 1996 to March 1998. Author(s): Lighton LL. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 June; 2(2): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402753

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Growth of Salmonella during sprouting of alfalfa seeds associated with salmonellosis outbreaks. Author(s): Stewart DS, Reineke KF, Ulaszek JM, Tortorello ML. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 May; 64(5): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11357873

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Human salmonellosis associated with young poultry from a contaminated hatchery in Michigan and the resulting public health interventions, 1999 and 2000. Author(s): Wilkins MJ, Bidol SA, Boulton ML, Stobierski MG, Massey JP, RobinsonDunn B. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 August; 129(1): 19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211587

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Intracerebral haemorrhage as a complication of enteric fever. Author(s): Maheshwari VD, Jain MK, Karant VN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 October; 49: 1035. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848315

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Lipschutz genital ulceration: a rare manifestation of paratyphoid fever. Author(s): Pelletier F, Aubin F, Puzenat E, Deprez P, Blanc D, Estavoyer JM, Humbert P. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 May-June; 13(3): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804994

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Localization to chicken chromosome 5 of a novel locus determining salmonellosis resistance. Author(s): Mariani P, Barrow PA, Cheng HH, Groenen MM, Negrini R, Bumstead N. Source: Immunogenetics. 2001 December; 53(9): 786-91. Epub 2001 November 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862411

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Microbiological study of ready-to-eat salad vegetables from retail establishments uncovers a national outbreak of salmonellosis. Author(s): Sagoo SK, Little CL, Ward L, Gillespie IA, Mitchell RT. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 March; 66(3): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12636292

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Minced beef and human salmonellosis: review of the investigation of three outbreaks in France. Author(s): Haeghebaert S, Duche L, Gilles C, Masini B, Dubreuil M, Minet JC, Bouvet P, Grimont F, Delarocque Astagneau E, Vaillant V. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2001 February; 6(2): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11682708

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Molecular analysis of a hospital cafeteria-associated salmonellosis outbreak using modified repetitive element PCR fingerprinting. Author(s): Johnson JR, Clabots C, Azar M, Boxrud DJ, Besser JM, Thurn JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 39(10): 3452-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11574555

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Multidrug resistant salmonellosis: an escalating problem. Author(s): Chogle AR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 March; 50: 375-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922225

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Nephritis and cerebellar ataxia: rare presenting features of enteric fever. Author(s): Parmar RC, Bavdekar SB, Houilgol R, Muranjan MN. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 July-September; 46(3): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298467

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Non-thyphoidal salmonellosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of fifty patients and a review of the literature. Author(s): Lim E, Koh WH, Loh SF, Lam MS, Howe HS. Source: Lupus. 2001; 10(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11237131

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Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Author(s): Hohmann EL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 January 15; 32(2): 263-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11170916

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Non-typhoidal salmonellosis: emerging problems. Author(s): Rabsch W, Tschape H, Baumler AJ. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 March; 3(3): 237-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358718

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Nosocomial salmonellosis: implications for microbiologic processing of stools in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Matlow A, Streitenberger L. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2001 February; 29(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172321

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Outbreak of salmonellosis caused by ingestion of cuttlefish chips contaminated by both Salmonella Chester and Salmonella Oranienburg. Author(s): Tsuji H, Hamada K. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 June; 52(3): 138-9. Erratum In: Jpn J Infect Dis 1999 August; 52(4): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10508002

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Outbreak of salmonellosis caused by ingestion of cuttlefish chips: epidemiological analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Hamada K, Tsuji H, Masuda K, Uemura K. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 April; 52(2): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10816618

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Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes: implications for public health. The Investigation Team. Author(s): Hedberg CW, Angulo FJ, White KE, Langkop CW, Schell WL, Stobierski MG, Schuchat A, Besser JM, Dietrich S, Helsel L, Griffin PM, McFarland JW, Osterholm MT. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1999 June; 122(3): 385-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459640

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Pancreatitis in enteric fever. Author(s): Kadappu KK, Rao PV, Srinivas N, Shastry BA. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 January-February; 21(1): 32-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11871836

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Pattern of multiple drug resistance in enteric fever in Manipal, India. Author(s): Kadappu KK, Bhat R, Kurian B. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 July; 33(3): 189-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870619

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Perforation due to ileocaecal salmonellosis. Author(s): Bos WT, Willemsen PJ. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2002 October; 102(5): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12471770

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Persistence of Salmonellae in blood and bone marrow: randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol treatments against enteric fever. Author(s): Gasem MH, Keuter M, Dolmans WM, Van Der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Djokomoeljanto R, Van Der Meer JW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 May; 47(5): 1727-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709347

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Persistent efficacy of Vi conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever in young children. Author(s): Mai NL, Phan VB, Vo AH, Tran CT, Lin FY, Bryla DA, Chu C, Schiloach J, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Szu SC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 October 2; 349(14): 1390-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14523155

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Pet reptiles associated with a case of salmonellosis in an infant were carrying multiple strains of Salmonella. Author(s): Willis C, Wilson T, Greenwood M, Ward L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 40(12): 4802-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454202

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Pharyngeal palsy in enteric fever. Author(s): Ghosh JB. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1995 September-October; 62(5): 627-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10829935

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Postmarketing safety surveillance for typhoid fever vaccines from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, July 1990 through June 2002. Author(s): Begier EM, Burwen DR, Haber P, Ball R; Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Working Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 March 15; 38(6): 771-9. Epub 2004 February 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999618

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Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin. Author(s): Salzman NH, Ghosh D, Huttner KM, Paterson Y, Bevins CL. Source: Nature. 2003 April 3; 422(6931): 522-6. Epub 2003 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660734

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Qualitative and quantitative risk assessment for human salmonellosis due to multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 from consumption of Danish dry-cured pork sausages. Author(s): Alban L, Olsen AM, Nielsen B, Sorensen R, Jessen B. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2002 January 22; 52(3-4): 251-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11849720

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Quantitative risk assessment of human salmonellosis from the consumption of a turkey product in collective catering establishments. Author(s): Bemrah N, Bergis H, Colmin C, Beaufort A, Millemann Y, Dufour B, Benet JJ, Cerf O, Sanaa M. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003 January 15; 80(1): 17-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12430768

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Quinolone resistant enteric fever--problems and remedies. Author(s): Rodrigues C, Mehta A, Joshi VR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 August; 46(8): 751-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229301

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Rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever by PCR assay using one pair of primers from flagellin gene of Salmonella typhi. Author(s): Massi MN, Shirakawa T, Gotoh A, Bishnu A, Hatta M, Kawabata M. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 9(3): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513391

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Rapid protection of gnotobiotic pigs against experimental salmonellosis following induction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by avirulent Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Foster N, Lovell MA, Marston KL, Hulme SD, Frost AJ, Bland P, Barrow PA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 April; 71(4): 2182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654840

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Re: “epidemiology of salmonellosis in California, 1990-1999: morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs”. Author(s): Mulla ZD, Cole SR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004 January 1; 159(1): 104; Author Reply 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693666

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Relationship between home food-handling practices and sporadic salmonellosis in adults in Louisiana, United States. Author(s): Kohl KS, Rietberg K, Wilson S, Farley TA. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 October; 129(2): 267-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403102

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Reptile-associated salmonellosis: a preventable pediatric infection. Author(s): Bandy U, McCarthy H, Hannafin C. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2003 January; 86(1): 27-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12633020

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Reptile-associated salmonellosis--selected states, 1998-2002. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2003 December 12; 52(49): 1206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14668712

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Reptile-related salmonellosis. Author(s): Warwick C, Lambiris AJ, Westwood D, Steedman C. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 March; 94(3): 124-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11285792

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Risk factors for primary bacteremia and endovascular infection in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who have nontyphoid salmonellosis. Author(s): Hsu RB, Tsay YG, Chen RJ, Chu SH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(7): 829-34. Epub 2003 March 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652381

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Role of modified Widal test in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Author(s): Pai AP, Koppikar GV, Deshpande S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 January; 51: 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693446

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Role of neutrophils in murine salmonellosis. Author(s): Cheminay C, Chakravortty D, Hensel M. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 January; 72(1): 468-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688128

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Salmonella serotype Virchow causing salmonellosis in a Spanish region. Characterization and survey of clones by DNA fingerprinting, phage typing and antimicrobial resistance. Author(s): Martin MC, Gonzalez-Hevia, Alvarez-Riesgo JA, Mendoza MC. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523573

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Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is approximately 50,000 years old. Author(s): Kidgell C, Reichard U, Wain J, Linz B, Torpdahl M, Dougan G, Achtman M. Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 2(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797999

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Salmonellosis in children in developing and developed countries and populations. Author(s): Graham SM. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2002 October; 15(5): 507-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686884

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Salmonellosis in North Thames (East), UK: associated risk factors. Author(s): Banatvala N, Cramp A, Jones IR, Feldman RA. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1999 April; 122(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10355783

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Salmonellosis in the Republic of Georgia: using molecular typing to identify the outbreak-causing strain. Author(s): Sulakvelidze A, Kekelidze M, Turabelidze D, Tsanava S, Tevsadze L, Devdariani L, Gautom R, Myers R, Morris JG Jr, Imnadze P. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2000 January-February; 6(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10653574

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Secreted effector proteins of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium elicit hostspecific chemokine profiles in animal models of typhoid fever and enterocolitis. Author(s): Zhang S, Adams LG, Nunes J, Khare S, Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 August; 71(8): 4795-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874363

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Serological survey of salmonellosis in grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) in Asejire, Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. Author(s): Ogunsanmi AO, Taiwo VO, Iroeche PC, Sobaloju SO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001 March-June; 30(1-2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510164

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Serum C-reactive protein concentrations in Malaysian children with enteric fever. Author(s): Choo KE, Davis TM, Henry RL, Chan LP. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2001 August; 47(4): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523761

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Sexual transmission of typhoid fever: a multistate outbreak among men who have sex with men. Author(s): Reller ME, Olsen SJ, Kressel AB, Moon TD, Kubota KA, Adcock MP, Nowicki SF, Mintz ED. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 1; 37(1): 141-4. Epub 2003 June 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12830419

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Short-course ciprofloxacin treatment for enteric fever: caveat emptor! Author(s): Thomas MG, Woodhouse AF, Shore KP, Ellis-Pegler RB. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 September-October; 33(9-10): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511204

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Subdural empyema with extension to vertebral canal secondary to salmonellosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Alvarez Sastre C, Villarejo F, Lopez Robledillo JC, Martin-Gamero AP, Perez Diaz C. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 18(9-10): 528-31. Epub 2002 August 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12382181

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Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis. Author(s): Barker J, Bloomfield SF. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 July; 89(1): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945790

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The changing pattern of multi-drug resistant enteric fever--a physician's dilemma. Author(s): Hassan KM, Murthy D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 October; 49: 1043. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848320

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The liver in enteric fever and leptospirosis. Author(s): Sorabjee JS. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2001 March; 20 Suppl 1: C44-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11293179

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The use of sequential studies in a salmonellosis outbreak linked to continental custard cakes. Author(s): Ward B, Andrews R, Gregory J, Lightfoot D. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 October; 129(2): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403104

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Turtle-associated human salmonellosis. Author(s): Stam F, Romkens TE, Hekker TA, Smulders YM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 December 1; 37(11): E167-9. Epub 2003 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14614690

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Typhoid fever as cellular microbiological model. Author(s): de Andrade DR, de Andrade Junior DR. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 July-August; 45(4): 185-91. Epub 2003 September 17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14502344

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Typhoid fever. Author(s): Maskalyk J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 July 22; 169(2): 132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874163

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Typhoid fever: clinical diagnosis versus laboratory confirmation. Author(s): Ngwu BA, Agbo JA. Source: Niger J Med. 2003 October-December; 12(4): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768191

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Typhoid vaccination after enteric fever. Author(s): Joshi SK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1999 July; 36(7): 724-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10740315

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Use of vaccines for the prevention of typhoid fever. Author(s): Levine MM. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 November; 40(11): 1029-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660833

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Usefulness of different techniques in the study of the epidemiology of salmonellosis. Author(s): Ruiz M, Rodriguez JC, Sirvent E, Escribano I, Cebrian L, Royo G. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 September; 111(9): 848-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510642

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Validation of salmonellosis and shigellosis diagnostic test kits at a provincial hospital in Thailand. Author(s): Sonjai K, Soisangwan R, Sakolvaree Y, Kurazono H, Chongsa-nguan M, Tapchaisri P, Mahakunkijcharoen Y, Nair GB, Hayashi H, Chaicumpa W. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001 June; 19(2): 115-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699718

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SALMONELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and salmonellosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Salmonellosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “salmonellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “salmonellosis” (or a synonym): •

Development of defined cultures of indigenous cecal bacteria to control salmonellosis in broiler chicks. Author(s): Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, USDA, College Station, Texas 77845. Source: Corrier, D E Nisbet, D J Hollister, A G Scanlan, C M Hargis, B M DeLoach, J R Poult-Sci. 1993 June; 72(6): 1164-8 0032-5791

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Experimental salmonellosis in guinea-pigs: haematological and biochemical studies. Source: Gupta, R.P. Verma, P.C. Chaturvedi, G.C. Vet-res-commun. Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers. November 1999. volume 23 (7) page 415424. 0165-7380

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Foodborne salmonellosis: current international concerns. Source: D'Aoust, J.Y. Foodsaf-mag. Glendale, CA : Target Group, c2001-. Apr/May 2001. volume 7 (2) page 10, 13-14, 16-17, 51.

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Humoral responses and salmonellosis protection in chickens given a vitamindependent Salmonella typhimurium mutant. Author(s): Department of Applied Biology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia. Source: Alderton, M R Fahey, K J Coloe, P J Avian-Dis. 1991 Jul-September; 35(3): 435-42 0005-2086

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Iguanas and Salmonella marina infection in children: a reflection of the increasing incidence of reptile-associated salmonellosis in the United States. Author(s): Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Disease, National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. Source: Mermin, J Hoar, B Angulo, F J Pediatrics. 1997 March; 99(3): 399-402 0031-4005

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Infant diet and salmonellosis. Author(s): Department of Public Health and Social Services, Agana, Guam 96910. Source: Haddock, R L Cousens, S N Guzman, C C Am-J-Public-Health. 1991 August; 81(8): 997-1000 0090-0036

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Interregional foodborne salmonellosis outbreak due to powdered infant formula contaminated with lactose-fermenting Salmonella virchow. Author(s): Carlos III Public Health Institute, Madrid, Spain. Source: Usera, M A Echeita, A Aladuena, A Blanco, M C Reymundo, R Prieto, M I Tello, O Cano, R Herrera, D Martinez Navarro, F Eur-J-Epidemiol. 1996 August; 12(4): 377-81 0393-2990

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Investigation of a food-borne outbreak of salmonellosis among hospital employees. Author(s): Brown University Program in Medicine, Providence 02912. Source: Opal, S M Mayer, K H Roland, F Brondum, J Heelan, J Lyhte, L Am-J-InfectControl. 1989 June; 17(3): 141-7 0196-6553

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Nationwide outbreak of human salmonellosis in Germany due to contaminated paprika and paprika-powdered potato chips. Author(s): Institute of Hygiene, National Reference Centre for Enteric Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany. Source: Lehmacher, A Bockemuhl, J Aleksic, S Epidemiol-Infect. 1995 December; 115(3): 501-11 0950-2688

Nutrition

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•

Non-specific resistance induced by a low-toxic lipid A analogue, DT-5461, in murine salmonellosis. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan. Source: Onozuka, K Shimada, S Yamasu, H Osada, Y Nakano, M Int-JImmunopharmacol. 1993 August; 15(6): 657-64 0192-0561

•

Raw egg ingestion and salmonellosis in body builders. Author(s): Infection Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, UK. Source: Mackenzie, A R Laing, R B Cadwgan, A M Reid, T M Smith, C C Scott-Med-J. 1998 October; 43(5): 146-7 0036-9330

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Relationship of dietary carbohydrate and lactic acid to the resistance of yogurt-fed male weanling rats to gastrointestinal salmonellosis. Source: Hitchins, A.D. McDonough, F.E. Wells, P. Wong, N.P. Nutr-Rep-Int. Los Altos, Calif. : Geron-X, Inc. April 1986. volume 33 (4) page 641-649. 0029-6635

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Treatment and control of an outbreak of salmonellosis in hatchling Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). Author(s): Lydenburg Veterinary Clinic, Republic of South Africa. Source: Huchzermeyer, K D J-S-Afr-Vet-Assoc. 1991 March; 62(1): 23-5 0301-0732

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to salmonellosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html

41

CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON SALMONELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to salmonellosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “salmonellosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on salmonellosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Salmonellosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to salmonellosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Experimental Salmonellosis in Mice: Studies on the Nature of the Immunity by Rose, Esmie A; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12513

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

43

CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON SALMONELLOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “salmonellosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on salmonellosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Salmonellosis By performing a patent search focusing on salmonellosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on salmonellosis: •

Determination of lymphocyte reactivity to specific Inventor(s): Levine; Robert A. (31 Pilgrim La., Guilford, CT 06437), Wardlaw; Stephen C. (191 N. Cove Rd., Old Saybrook, CT 06475) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,360,719 Date filed: September 30, 1992 Abstract: A patient's blood sample is incubated with an antigen and tested for lymphocyte response, i.e. an activation of lymphocytes and/or a conversion of lymphocytes to lymphoblasts, which indicates prior exposure of the patient to the antigen. A positive response indicates the presence of prior exposure to prior diseases or clinical conditions such as parasitic diseases, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, gonorrhea, fungal infections, rickettsial infections, Lyme disease or allergens. Whole blood from the patient is incubated with the antigen of the disease or condition for which the patient is being tested. After a suitable time, a fluorescent dye or colorant which has an affinity for a discriminant characteristic of the activated lymphocytes or lymphoblasts, such as: intracellular calcium; surface activation antigens such as transferrin receptor; HLA-Dr; Leu-23; and the like. The incubated blood is then drawn into a transparent tube containing a float which concentrates the buffy coat constituent layers upon centrifugation of the blood sample. The concentrated lymphocyte layer is then examined for fluorescence or coloration which is indicative of the presence of the activated lymphocytes or lymphoblasts, and their concentration. The fluorescence or coloration can be qualified and/or quantified by a reader instrument. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a procedure for determining whether a patient has been previously exposed to certain antigens, and more particularly, to antigens indicative of diseases, infections, allergies or the like maladies. When diagnosing patients for possible illness or the like, the physician will typically perform blood tests to determine the presence or absence of agents in the blood which are indicative of prior exposure to various diseases or other maladies. Traditional tests to determine a patient's previous exposure to antigens, generally infectious agents, have usually relied upon tests for the presence or absence of a circulating humoral antibody directed against the proposed antigen. An example of such tests include blood tests to detect: immunity to Rubella (German measles); and a multitude of other viral and bacterial antigens. The means of detecting the antibody are many and include: latex agglutination in which the agglutination or lack of agglutination of antigen-coated latex particles is observed; enzyme linked immuno substrate assay (ELISA) in which the development of a color is observed either visually or spectrophotometrically; radioimmunoassay in which the measurement of radioactivity is measured; liposome technology in which the presence and intensity (or absence) of a color or fluorescent dye contained in the liposomes is detected; radio immuno sorbant assay (RAST) in which the measurement of radioactivity adherent to a solid substrate is measured; and indirect immunofluorescence in which the immobilized antigen to which the antibody to be detected is allowed to react with the specimen being tested, the antigen being washed to remove non-specifically adherent antibodies, and a fluorescently tagged antibody directed against the class of the antibody being tested for is applied, and the presence or absence of fluorescence is determined; as well as other methodologies. Antibodies, when

Patents 45

present, can be titered, and their immune globulin class (of most interest are: IgM, signifying acute exposure; IgG, signifying past exposure; and IgE, signifying an allergic state) can be determined thereby determining the subject's previous exposure to the given antigen. All of the above tests are measurements of the function of a group of lymphocytes called B-lymphocytes. In cases, or disease processes: where little or no antibody response is made, the above tests will fail to determine the subject's previous exposure. Many diseases and clinical states, however, may not result in detectable humoral antibodies, i.e., a B-lymphocyte response, but do in fact produce cellular immunity, i.e., a T-lymphocyte response. Examples of such diseases and clinical conditions where the T-lymphocyte response predominates include many parasitic diseases, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, gonorrhea, fungal infections, rickettsial infections, and Lyme disease. As recently reported by Dattwyler et al (New England Journal; of Medicine, Vol. 319, at 1441, 1988) a significant proportion of patients, including some who have received some antibiotic therapy early in the course of the disease, do not produce detectable antibodies to the Lyme disease spirochete, but do have a measurable T-lymphocyte response There are two general ways for determining whether a Tlymphocyte response has taken place in the blood due to prior exposure to diseases, infectious agents, or the like. The first procedure relies on the presence of morphologic cell changes which arise from prior exposure. Previously exposed T-lymphocytes will assume blast-like characteristics when re-exposed to the particular antigens. For example, the T-lymphocytes will develop a larger than normal nucleus and an abundant basophilic cytoplasm. Biochemical changes indicative of activation will also occur, such as increased turnover of membrane phospholipids; increased synthesis of RNA and proteins; changes in intra-cellular Ca++ concentration; expression of surface receptor for T-cell growth factor interleukin-2; and increase in the incorporation 3H-thymidine, as well as other events summarized in a recent article by Chatila, T. et al (New England Medical Journal, Vol. 320, page 696, 1989). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05360719__ •

Heterophil-adapted poultry vaccine Inventor(s): Kramer; Theodore T. (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. (ames, Ia) Patent Number: 6,120,774 Date filed: February 14, 1997 Abstract: A method for vaccinating poultry to prevent salmonellosis and other microbial-related health problems in humans is described. The method involves isolation of a poultry heterophil-adapted strain of a microorganism that may be used in a vaccine. A vaccine comprising a preparation of the poultry heterophil-adapted strain is administered to poultry to reduce the transmission of microorganisms causing salmonellosis and other illnesses. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vaccine for poultry to prevent salmonellosis and other microorganism-related health problems in humans. In particular, this invention relates to use of a heterophil-adapted strain of microorganism to vaccinate poultry. Salmonellosis is caused by a group of gram negative bacteria from the genus Salmonella, and is responsible for approximately 2 million cases of food poisoning annually in the United States. Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in eggs has been the most important food-born public health Salmonella hazard. Most outbreaks have been traced to consumption of insufficiently cooked eggs. A number of

46

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phage types of SE exist but the majority of outbreaks have been traceable to a single or a few phage types of SE. Human SE food poisoning epidemics have also been reported from many other countries, but the phage types reported have not necessarily been those prevailing in the United States. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06120774__ •

Immune lymphokine-mediated control of Salmonellosis in swine Inventor(s): Genovese; Kenneth J. (College Station, TX), Kogut; Michael H. (College Station, TX), Stanker; Larry H. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): The Texas A&m University System (college Station, Tx), The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of Agriculture (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 6,221,348 Date filed: September 24, 1998 Abstract: A method and composition for treating swine to increase their resistance to pathogenic microorganisms are disclosed. Microbial infections may be prevented or reduced in swine populations by administration of immune lymphokines which have been produced by the splenic T cells of immunized swine. The process and compositions are particularly useful for the control of Salmonella in swine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of immune lymphokines and the use of those lymphokines to combat microbial infections. Despite the efforts of researchers and public health agencies, the incidence of human salmonellosis has increased over the past 20 years. The number of actual reported cases of human Salmonella infection exceeds 40,000 per year. However, the Communicable Disease Center estimates that the true incidence of human Salmonella infections in the U.S. each year may be as high as 2 to 4 million. Animal food products, including swine, remain a significant source of human infection. In addition to the impact of Salmonella on human health, Salmonella infections in swine cost the United States swine industry more than 100 million dollars annually (Schwartz, 1990, "Salmonellosis in Midwestern Swine", In: Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Assoc., pp. 443-449). In the U.S., salmonellosis caused by S. choleraesuis, the etiologic agent of swine paratyphoid, occurs most frequently. While pigs can be exposed to a broad host range of salmonellae, such as S. typhimurium, from a variety of sources, S. choleraesuis is a host adapted pathogen rarely isolated from nonswine sources (Schwartz, ibid). Thus, natural infection of new animals by S. cholerasuis occurs primarily via horizontal transmission from infected animals which shed the pathogens from their gastrointestinal tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221348__

Patents 47

•

Live vaccine for the prevention of salmonellosis in water fowl, a process for making and applying the same Inventor(s): Guschin; Vyacheslav N. (Kubinka, 10, kv. 31, Moscow, SU), Kirzhaev; Fedor S. (ulitsa Pobedy, 23, kv. 9, Leningradskaya oblast, Lomonosov, SU), Kosikov; Anatoly M. (ulitsa Artema, 7a, kv. 14, Stavropol, SU), Likhoded; Vladimir G. (Smolenskaya ulitsa, 10, kv. 32, Moscow, SU), Malakhov; Jury A. (Veshnya kovskaya ulitsa, 27, korpus 2, kv. 57, Moscow, SU), Persov; Arkady S. (ulitsa Pobedy, 21a, kv. 58, Leningradskaya oblast, Lomonosov, SU), Sedov; Vladimir A. (Polimernaya ulitsa, 7, kv. 120, Moscow, SU), Shuster; Boris J. (Vostrya kovsky proezd, 3, korpus 1, kv. 13, Moscow, SU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,472,378 Date filed: November 29, 1982 Abstract: A novel live vaccine for the prevention of salmonellosis in water fowl comprising essentially a suspension of living culture of the attenuated strain Salmonella typhi-murium No. 3, deposited at the All-Union State Research Control Institute for Veterinary Preparations, the USSR Ministry of Agriculture (No. 121), in a concentration of 2-4 billion microbe cells per 10 cm.sup.3 of drinking water. A process for making said vaccine, wherein the attenuated strain Salmonella typhi-murium No. 3 is cultivated in a culture medium containing sources of carbon, nitrogen, mineral salts, biologically active substances at a temperature of 37.degree.-38.degree. C. to produce the highest attainable accumulation of biomass during a period of 10-14 hours with subsequent drying and obtainment of the vaccine.A method of specific prophylaxis of salmonellosis in water fowl, wherein the live vaccine is administered to the poultry twice orally at a 2-3 days interval in a dose of 2 billion microbe cells at the first, and 4 billion microbe cells at the second, feeding, being combined with drinking water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of veterinary medicine, but more particularly to a novel live vaccine for the prevention of salmonellosis in water fowl, a process for making the same and its prophylactic application in water fowl to combat salmonellosis caused by Salmonella typhi-murium. S. typhi-murium caused salmonellosis affecting water fowl is marked by high incidence, very contagious character and often fatal outcome. Furthermore, S. typhi-murium has been implicated as one of the principal agents causing food toxicoinfections in man while the water fowl is the major host of the microbe in natural conditions and the products obtained from slaughtering the infested poultry constitute the basic source of infections in man. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04472378__

•

Method of identification of animals resistant or susceptible to disease such as ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis Inventor(s): Adams; L. Garry (College Station, TX), Davis; Donald S. (College Station, TX), Feng; Jianwei (College Station, TX), Gros; Philippe (Montreal, CA), Schurr; Erwin (Montreal, CA), Smith, III; Roger (College Station, TX), Templeton; Joe W. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): Mcgill University (montreal, Ca), Texas A&m University System (college Station, Tx) Patent Number: 6,114,118 Date filed: July 30, 1997

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Abstract: The present invention relates to materials and methods for identifying animals that are resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. More particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of a gene, called NRAMP1, which is associated with the susceptibility or resistance of an animal, such as an artiodactyla to diseases such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of specific sequences of bovine NRAMP1 which associate with resistance or susceptibility to ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis, and to the method of identifying said sequences to identify animals who are susceptible or resistant to disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for identifying animals that are resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites. More particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of a gene, called NRAMP1, associated with the susceptibility or resistance of an animal, such as an artiodactyla, to diseases such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of specific sequences of the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of bovine NRAMP1 which associate with resistance or susceptibility to bovine brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis, and to the use of the general sequence patterns to identify artiodactyl animals containing those sequences in situ, allowing therefore the identification of animals predicted to be either resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites. Intracellular zoonotic bacterial diseases like brucellosis and tuberculosis cause significant losses in livestock industries despite widespread application of antimicrobials, vaccination, isolation and quarantine, test and slaughter, or a combination of these. The lack of success in eradicating infectious diseases of animals using these approaches indicates a need for a different strategy, such as the development of a means to identify genetic sequences associated with resistance and/or susceptibility, where such means could allow the identification of animals that are resistant or susceptible to disease. This could then allow the treatment, prophylactic or therapeutic, or elimination of susceptible animals, and the use of and/or selective breeding of resistant animals (see, for example, Templeton et al. 1988). Diseases such as ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis cause an estimated $250,000,000 loss annually to the U.S.A. beef and dairy industry. Further, tuberculosis especially is a health threat to all ungulates including rare and endangered mammals. These are diseases for which the usual eradication programs have been longterm, expensive, and somewhat unsuccessful. For example, bovine tuberculosis was thought to be a disease of antiquity in 1970 but has re-emerged as an endemic disease in the El Paso, Tex. dairy herds. Outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis have been reported in the past 5 years in California, Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Wisconsin, and Virginia (Essey and Koller 1994; and Essey M. A. 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06114118__

Patents 49

•

Nucleic acid probe and method for the rapid detection of typhoid fever bacteria Inventor(s): Barson; Louis S. (Silver Spring, MD), Kopecko; Dennis J. (Rockville, MD), Rubin; Fran A. (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Army (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,055,394 Date filed: June 23, 1986 Abstract: This invention relates to a nucleic acid probe and method for the rapid detection of typhoid fever bacteria by use of a nucleic acid hybridization probe, equivalent to the DNA region encoding the Vi antigen of enteric bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi C, or Citrobacter freundii, in a nucleic acid hybridization reaction with a clinical specimen containing typhoid fever bacteria. Excerpt(s): All publications or patents mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference. This invention relates to a unique nucleic acid hybridization probe and method for the rapid detection of typhoid fever bacteria. Diarrheal diseases caused by enteric bacteria are still a major cause of illness and death worldwide, especially among infants and young children in developing nations. Also, these maladies are an important military problem in deployed soldiers. Although the incidence of diarrheal disease is highest in tropical countries, geography is not as important a factor as socioeconomic conditions; e.g. as manifested by drinking water purity, sewage disposal methods, and the availability of balanced diets. Some enteric diseases are short-lived, self-limiting and result in a mild gastroenteritis (e.g. certain Salmonella serotypes). In contrast, typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, is a prolonged, generalized, and usually serious infection of humans of all age groups. Similar enteric diseases are caused by related bacteria such as Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C and by other Salmonella serotypes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05055394__

•

Nucleic acid probe for the detection of Salmonella human pathogens Inventor(s): Madonna; M. Jane (Middlesex, NJ), Woods; Derek (Flemington, NJ) Assignee(s): Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc. (new Brunswick, Nj) Patent Number: 5,486,454 Date filed: May 17, 1994 Abstract: Nucleic acid probes that detect Salmonella human pathogens are generated from the nucleotide sequences of a gene encoding a virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of Salmonella, especially the Type 1 fimbriae protein. Preferred probe lengths are about 20 to about 100 nucleotide bases. The probes are highly specific and sensitive for detecting Salmonella organisms pathogenic to humans and are thus clinically useful in the detection of infection in diarrhea specimens. They also may be used in the detection of food-borne Salmonella, the causative agent of most salmonellosis in humans. Excerpt(s): Described herein are nucleic acid probes that can detect Salmonella human pathogens. The probes are generated from the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding a protein factor involved in the pathogenesis of Salmonella, especially the Type 1 fimbrial protein. Microorganisms from the genus Salmonella are responsible for the majority of

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cases of bacterial diarrhea occurring in humans. Typically, screening and identification of a Salmonella infection is accomplished by microbial culturing techniques followed by biochemical testing. This takes from one to three days, sometimes ending in equivocal results. Identification of Salmonella spp. by use of an assay using DNA probes would be less labor intensive for the clinician, provide unequivocal results, and would enable quicker diagnosis of salmonellosis. Nucleic acid hybridization technology is a new approach in the diagnostic industry. This methodology exploits the property that sequences unique to an organism comprise its genome. In a hybridization test, a positive signal is generated when these unique genomic sequences in the bacterial or the viral target hybridize with nucleic acid probes, which are tagged with a detection label. U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,295 to Taber, et al. describes Salmonella DNA probes which are Salmonella DNA fragments common to more than 80% of the known Salmonella species. The fragments do not code for any protein or any other material known to contribute to pathogenicity. Thus, the probes are constructed from a library of fragments without regard to genetic function, and are principally used to detect the presence of Salmonella in a food sample. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05486454__ •

Preparation of Salmonella abortus ovis strains and vaccine compositions containing them Inventor(s): Bourgy; Gerard (Monnaie, FR), Lantier; Frederic (Monnaie, FR), Marly; Jose (Monnaie, FR), Pardon; Pierre (Tours, FR) Assignee(s): Institut National DE LA Recherche Agronomique (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 4,350,684 Date filed: August 27, 1980 Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation of novel immunogenic agents and compositions of vaccines to combat salmonellosis caused by Salmonella abortus ovis and Salmonella typhimurium.The preparation is that of the mutant strains of Salmonella abortus ovis and comprises:(a) the seeding and culture of bacteria from a virulent wild strain, on a medium containing an antibiotic enabling the development of "resistant" mutants;(b) the culture by replication of the resistant bacteria on a medium free of antibiotic to determine those which are "dependent";(c) the seeding of the culture of the dependent bacteria derived from (b) on medium free of antibiotic until the appearance of reverse colonies.The immunogen agents obtained are useful for the preparation of vaccines. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the preparation of novel immunogenic agents and vaccine compositions for combatting salmonellosis caused by Salmonella abortus ovis, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella strains the antigenic structure of which is similar to the antigenic structure of Salmonella abortus ovis and Salmonella typhimurium. It relates more particularly to the preparation of novel immunogenic agents and vaccine compositions for combatting salmonellosis caused by Salmonella abortus ovis. Salmonella abortus ovis infection attacks small ruminants and notably sheep. This infection is rampant in the endemic state in the large sheep-rearing regions in France and in the majority of sheep-producing countries, where it causes significant losses. The preventive fight against this disease relies essentially on the use of vaccines constituted from killed Salmonella abortus ovis. The innocuousness of this type of vaccine is complete but their efficiency is generally at least considered as being insufficient to comply with the requirements of practice.

Patents 51

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04350684__ •

Synthesis of typhoid fever vaccine from a plant or fruit polysaccharide Inventor(s): Bystricky; Slavomir (Silver Springs, MD), Szu; Shousun Chen (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,738,855 Date filed: October 17, 1994 Abstract: The present invention is a modified plant, fruit or synthetic oligo- or polysaccharide which has been structurally altered so as to render the modified saccharide antigenically similar to the Vi of Salmonella typhi. The modified saccharide may be conjugated to a carrier to form a conjugate that is immunogenic against S. typhi. Antibodies produced in response to the immunogenic conjugate are protective against typhoid fever. Methods are provided for making the modified saccharide and the immunogenic conjugate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immunoprophylaxis and vaccines. More particularly it relates to modifying a plant, fruit or synthetic polysaccharide such that it is immunogenic and may be used as a vaccine to prevent typhoid fever in infants and young children. Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, remains a common and serious disease in many parts of the world. The capsular polysaccharide (Vi) is both an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen of Salmonella typhi ›19!. Tacket et al. in J. Infect. Dis. 154:342-345 (1986) disclose a vaccine made from the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. Field trials in Nepal and in the Republic of South Africa showed that a single injection of Vi conferred about 70% protection against typhoid fever in older children and in adults ›1,13!. The mechanism of its protective action, similar to other polysaccharide vaccines, is to elicit a critical level of serum antibodies. The immunologic properties of the Vi that limits its use as a vaccine are: 1) only.about.70% efficacy in individuals 5 to 45 years of age; 2) an age-dependent serum antibody response, Vi elicited a comparatively short-lived antibody responses in 2 to 5 year old children and only low levels of antibodies in a fraction of children

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