RINGWORM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ringworm: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83637-X 1. Ringworm-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
v
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ringworm. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
vi
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vii
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
ix
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RINGWORM ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ringworm ..................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RINGWORM ..................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ringworm .................................................................................... 23 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 24 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND RINGWORM ............................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON RINGWORM............................................................................................ 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patents on Ringworm .................................................................................................................. 35 Patent Applications on Ringworm .............................................................................................. 43 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON RINGWORM ............................................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 45 Chapters on Ringworm ................................................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON RINGWORM .................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Bibliography: Multimedia on Ringworm..................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RINGWORM ................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 51 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 52 Academic Periodicals covering Ringworm................................................................................... 54 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 The Genome Project and Ringworm ............................................................................................ 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 65 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 71 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 71 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 77
x
Contents Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 79
RINGWORM DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................ 81 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 105
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ringworm is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ringworm, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ringworm, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ringworm. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ringworm, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ringworm. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RINGWORM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ringworm.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ringworm, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Tinea Infections: Athlete's Foot, Jock Itch, and Ringworm Source: American Family Physician. 58(1): 177-178. July 1998. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have tinea infections with information on these fungal conditions of the skin, hair, or nails. Fungal infections can be contracted by touching a person or a pet who has an infection or walking through public showers or locker rooms. Fungal infections are named for the part of the body they infect. Tinea corporis is an infection of the skin; tinea pedis is an infection of the feet (usually called athlete's foot); tinea cruris is an
4
Ringworm
infection of the groin; and tinea capitis causes itchy, red areas on the scalp. The best way for a person to determine whether he or she has a fungal infection is to consult a doctor. Different medicines can be used to treat fungal infections. Oral medications usually need to be taken for a long time to eradicate the infection. Although a fungus rarely spreads below the surface of the body, people with weak immune systems may have a hard time getting rid of a fungal infection. The article presents ways of preventing tinea infections. •
Tinea Capitis: Focus on African American Women Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 46(2): S120-S124. February 2002. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a retrospective study that investigated all adult patients with positive cases of tinea capitis seen from June 1997 to March 2000 at a hospital dermatology department in New York City. Seventy-nine patients who were either culture positive or had a positive potassium hydroxide examination, or both, were identified. All the cultures were positive for Trichophyton tonsurans as indicated by color change of the medium from yellow to red and growth of colonies with typical morphology. Of the 79 patients, 9 were adults and 70 were children. Among the pediatric patients, 58 were African American. Fifty-seven pediatric patients had varying degrees of alopecia. Seven of the nine adults were African American women who were an average of 46 years old. Seven had seborrheic type tinea capitis, two had black dot, and one had alopecia areata type and a kerion. Two patients were known to have a culture positive household contact. By self report, comb sharing was not a practice in any patient's household. Three of these patients had prior exposure to a child with tinea capitis. The length of clinical disease ranged from 2 weeks to at least 5 years. Results suggest that tinea capitis affects adult African Americans, particularly women. The worldwide prevalence in women is undoubtedly the result of various gender specific factors as well as high level exposure from the background population. Widespread scalp culture is indicated for papulosquamous disease and alopecia in this segment of the population. 2 figures, 1 table, and 34 references. (AA-M).
•
Effective Management of Tinea Capitis in the Pediatric Population Source: Journal of New Developments in Clinical Medicine. 19(2): 93-104. Second Quarter 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of tinea capitis in the pediatric population. Tinea capitis is caused by various dermatophytic fungi in the genera Microsporum and Trichophyton. Shifts in immigration patterns and increased worldwide travel have contributed to changes in the epidemiology of tinea capitis worldwide. Although the true incidence of tinea capitis is unknown, there is evidence that, in the United States, it is correlated with large family size, crowded living conditions, and low socioeconomic situations in urban settings. The prevalence of tinea capitis in the United States is usually estimated to be between 3 percent and 8 percent of the pediatric population. Fungal infections involving the hair and scalp are either ectothrix or endothrix. Tinea capitis infection can be spread by infected people, asymptomatic carriers, and contaminated objects. The most distinctive presentation of tinea capitis is that of black dot ringworm. Other presentations include kerion formation, seborrheic or atopic like dermatitis, and pustules and scabbing. Methods of diagnosis include fungal culture and the potassium hydroxide test. The standard treatment for tinea capitis is systemic antifungal therapy with griseofulvin.
Studies
5
Although this drug is highly effective, therapeutic failures have been reported. Failure to comply with hygienic measures, along with inadequate dosing, seems to have contributed to the high number of patients who fail to respond to griseofulvin therapy. Adjunctive therapy consists of using antifungal shampoos or broad spectrum topical antifungal agents. Although the antifungals ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, and terbinafine possess pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics that theoretically make them likely alternative therapies, few randomized, double blind, controlled studies using these agents have been published, and none have been conducted in the United States. 35 references.
Federally Funded Research on Ringworm The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ringworm. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ringworm. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ringworm. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ringworm: •
Project Title: FUNGAL PROTEIN/GLYCOPROTEIN EXPRESSION IN TINEA CAPITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Abdel-Rahman, Susan M.; Pediatrics; University of Missouri Kansas City Kansas City, MO 64110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: Worldwide, tinea capitis remains a persistent and highly infection in children with as many as 1 in 10 children at any ne time demonstrating active infection or serving as carriers of the fungus. At the applicant institution we treated 4.5 children per day in 1999. Although tinea capitis is not life threatening, it is a major pediatric health concern for a number of reasons: 1) the causative organisms are communicable and nonopportunistic, 2) the infection does not adequately respond to topical therapy requiring systemic antifungal treatment for months to years, 3) concerns regarding appearance and spread of infection lead to the exclusion of children from participation in academic and social activities and 4) psychological concerns surround those children who develop permanent alopecia as a result of infection. Moreover, the cost of health care systems from clinic visits, drug failure, adverse events, drug interactions, non-compliance, drug acquisition and monitoring costs and associated morbidity present an overwhelming problem in pediatric medicine. Despite the fact that tinea capitis was described over a
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
6
Ringworm
century ago, the rate of infection continues to grow and little remains known regarding the factors involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. For example, it is unclear why a single species of fungus is capable of resulting in vastly divergent clinical presentations including an asymptomatic carrier state, a chronic non-inflammatory disease state and an acute severely-inflammatory disease state. It is likely that both host and fungal factors are involved in a complex interaction that defines disease progression in the human host. We hypothesize that strain- specific variability in the balance between antigenic protease expression and immunoinhibitory glycoprotein production dictates the variability in the response seen between different children with tinea capitis. This study is designed to determine whether strain specific differences exist in (1) the type of fungal proteases liberated, (2) the extent of fungal proteases activity and (3) the type of fungal glycoproteins produced for fungal isolates collected from children with inflammatory and non-inflammatory disease. Identification of a correlation between fungal protein/glycoprotein expression and the severity of clinical disease will more clearly define the role of these factors in disease pathogenesis. Successful characterization of these fungal elements is the first step toward developing potential treatment that targets critical steps in fungal intermediary metabolism and is critical for the isolation of fungal epitopes sufficient to evoke an immune response that can subsequently serve as the basis for the development of a vaccine sufficient to prevent infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for ringworm in the PubMed Central database: •
In Vitro Antifungal Activity of KP-103, a Novel Triazole Derivative, and Its Therapeutic Efficacy against Experimental Plantar Tinea Pedis and Cutaneous Candidiasis in Guinea Pigs. by Tatsumi Y, Yokoo M, Arika T, Yamaguchi H. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90494
•
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Tinea Unguium and Tinea Pedis in the General Population in Spain. by Perea S, Ramos MJ, Garau M, Gonzalez A, Noriega AR, del Palacio A. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87362
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
Studies
7
•
Results of German multicenter study of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains causing tinea unguium. German Collaborative Dermatophyte Drug Susceptibility Study Group.. by Korting HC, Ollert M, Abeck D. 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162715
•
Short-term topical therapy of experimental tinea pedis in guinea pigs with lanoconazole, a new imidazole antimycotic agent.. by Niwano Y, Tabuchi T, Kanai K, Hamaguchi H, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162944
•
Therapeutic Efficacy of Topically Applied KP-103 against Experimental Tinea Unguium in Guinea Pigs in Comparison with Amorolfine and Terbinafine. by Tatsumi Y, Yokoo M, Senda H, Kakehi K. 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=132781
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ringworm, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for “ringworm” (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of black dot ringworm with a review of Japanese cases. Author(s): Ooka S, Kashima M, Kubota Y, Noguchi A, Kawai S, Nakamura Y, Kano R, Watanabe S, Hasegawa A, Mizoguchi M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 27(10): 658-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092271&dopt=Abstract
•
A case of human ringworm due to Trichophyton verrucosum in South Australia. Author(s): Hunter GA, Sheppard RA. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1966 December; 8(4): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5977945&dopt=Abstract
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
8
Ringworm
•
A double-blind controlled trial of Whitfield's ointment and Variotin in ringworm infections with a two year “follow-up”. Author(s): Holti G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1970; 50(3): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4193225&dopt=Abstract
•
A new approach to the investigation of scalp ringworm in London schoolchildren. Author(s): Clayton YM, Midgley G. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1968 November; 21(6): 791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5717558&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute suppurative ringworm (kerion) caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Author(s): Gupta G, Burden AD, Roberts DT. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 February; 140(2): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233246&dopt=Abstract
•
An analysis of infiltrating cells in human ringworm. Author(s): Sugiura H, Uehara M, Watanabe S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1987; 67(2): 166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2438884&dopt=Abstract
•
An epidemic of human ringworm due to T. verrucosum. Author(s): de Brito Caldeira J, Cardoso JM, Figueiredo MM. Source: Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc. 1965; 51(1): 97-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5890637&dopt=Abstract
•
An epidemiological, clinical, and mycological study of human ringworm due to Trichophyton verrucosum in Japan. Author(s): Takahashi S, Makino Y, Fukushi G, Kasai T, Sato M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1975 March; 2(1): 31-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1104681&dopt=Abstract
•
An outbreak of animal ringworm. Author(s): Mulroy R. Source: Practitioner. 1971 May; 206(235): 673-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5103921&dopt=Abstract
Studies
9
•
An outbreak of ringworm in karakul sheep caused by a physiological variant of Trichophyton verrucosum Bodin. Author(s): Scott DB. Source: The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 1975 March; 42(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1187096&dopt=Abstract
•
Animal ringworm in upper Egypt. Author(s): Abou-Gabal M, El-Galil GA, El-Nor EA, El-Rehim DA. Source: Sabouraudia. 1976 March; 14(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1265571&dopt=Abstract
•
Animal ringworm--its aetiology, public health significance and control. Author(s): Pier AC, Smith JM, Alexiou H, Ellis DH, Lund A, Pritchard RC. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1994; 32 Suppl 1: 133-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7722782&dopt=Abstract
•
Animals as a reservoir of human ringworm in New Zealand. Author(s): Smith JM, Rush-Munro FM, McCarthy M. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1969 December; 10(3): 169-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5392968&dopt=Abstract
•
Annular skin eruptions. Not every ring on the skin is ringworm. Author(s): Bart BJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1994 July; 96(1): 37-41, 45, 48-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8022716&dopt=Abstract
•
Australian aborigines and ringworm (tinea). Author(s): Green AC. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 39(3): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9737052&dopt=Abstract
•
Black dot ringworm: the first report of a patient from the San'in District. Author(s): Dekio S, Jidoi J, Yamada Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 February; 21(2): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182211&dopt=Abstract
10 Ringworm
•
Bovine ringworm. An outbreak caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulare in Greece. Author(s): Kakepis E, Marcelou-Kindi U, Stratigos J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1986 November; 25(9): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3793357&dopt=Abstract
•
Canine ringworm caused by Trichophyton rubrum; probable transmission from man to animal. Author(s): Kushida T, Watanabe S. Source: Sabouraudia. 1975 March; 13 Pt 1: 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1124460&dopt=Abstract
•
Case report. First report on human ringworm caused by Arthroderma benhamiae in Japan transmitted from a rabbit. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Kano R, Nakamura E, Saito K, Watanabe S, Hasegawa A. Source: Mycoses. 2002 April; 45(3-4): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000518&dopt=Abstract
•
Changing pattern of ringworm infections. Author(s): Erwin CR, Wagner GR. Source: Wis Med J. 1977 October; 76(10): 128. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=919577&dopt=Abstract
•
Chemicals used topically for ringworm in Australia. Author(s): Green A. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 October 20; 2(16): 777-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4202164&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of clotrimazole cream, Whitfield's ointment and Nystatin ointment for the topical treatment of ringworm infections, pityriasis versicolor, erythrasma and candidiasis. Author(s): Clayton YM, Connor BL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 September; 89(3): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4582719&dopt=Abstract
•
Cutaneous 'ringworm' lesions of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Author(s): Cox NH, Irving B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 December; 129(6): 726-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8286260&dopt=Abstract
Studies 11
•
Danger of contact infection from pig ringworm. Author(s): Baxter M. Source: New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 1969 April; 17(4): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5257572&dopt=Abstract
•
Diagnosis and management of scalp ringworm. Author(s): Fuller LC, Child FJ, Midgley G, Higgins EM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 8; 326(7388): 539-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623917&dopt=Abstract
•
Elastase: production by ringworm fungi. Author(s): Rippon JW. Source: Science. 1967 August 25; 157(3791): 947. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5212526&dopt=Abstract
•
Endemic scalp ringworm: an object lesson in control of a common fungal infection. Author(s): Hay RJ. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2001 April; 14(2): 121-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979119&dopt=Abstract
•
Epidemiology and public health significance of ringworm in animals. Author(s): Kaplan W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1967 October; 96(4): 404-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4859897&dopt=Abstract
•
Estimation of dermatophytes (ringworm fungi) and candida spores in the environment. Author(s): Clayton YM, Midgley G. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1971 May; 4(2): P3-P4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5570108&dopt=Abstract
•
Etiology of ringworm of the scalp, beard and body in Rome, Italy. Author(s): Caprilli F, Mercantini R, Marsella R, Farotti E. Source: Sabouraudia. 1980 June; 18(2): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7423332&dopt=Abstract
•
Fungus invasion into human hair tissue in black dot ringworm: light and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Okuda C, Ito M, Sato Y. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1988 May; 90(5): 729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2452213&dopt=Abstract
12 Ringworm
•
Hazards from hedgehogs: two case reports with a survey of the epidemiology of hedgehog ringworm. Author(s): Philpot CM, Bowen RG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1992 May; 17(3): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451288&dopt=Abstract
•
Hazards of domestic pets. Ringworm and other skin conditions. Author(s): Keep JM. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1977 December; 6(12): 1527-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=603448&dopt=Abstract
•
Human cases of cattle ringworm due to Trichophyton verrucosum in Victoria, Australia. Author(s): Maslen MM. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 41(2): 90-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812701&dopt=Abstract
•
Human dermatophilosis mimicking ringworm. Author(s): Harman M, Sekin S, Akdeniz S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453932&dopt=Abstract
•
Inflammatory ringworm with unusual features. Author(s): Pryce DW, Verbov JL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1992 May; 17(3): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451297&dopt=Abstract
•
Israel compensates for ringworm treatment. Author(s): Siegel-Itzkovich J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 February 11; 310(6976): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866211&dopt=Abstract
•
Letter: Atypical scalp ringworm caused by Microsporum canis. Author(s): Findlay GH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 May; 90(5): 584-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4833798&dopt=Abstract
•
Leucocyte chemotaxis to antigens of dermatophytes causing scalp ringworm. Author(s): Suite M, Moore MK, Hay RJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1987 May; 12(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3690879&dopt=Abstract
Studies 13
•
Mass treatment of scalp ringworm by a single dose of griseofulvin. Author(s): Vanbreuseghem R, Gatti F, Ceballos JA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1970 January-March; 9(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5425325&dopt=Abstract
•
Mating behaviour of Microsporum canis from human ringworm cases in Hokkaido prefecture in Japan. Author(s): Kubo H, Iizuka H, Shibaki H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1987 June; 14(3): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3312343&dopt=Abstract
•
Microsporon canis--an actual cause of ringworm in Sweden. Author(s): Bjornberg A, Gip L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1965; 45(6): 483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4162873&dopt=Abstract
•
Microsporum canis scalp ringworm: its primary or secondary ectothrix character. Author(s): Vismer HF. Source: Scanning Microsc. 1993 June; 7(2): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8108682&dopt=Abstract
•
Microsporum distortum ringworm in New Zealand. Author(s): Smith JM. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1970 December; 11(3): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5532023&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular confirmation of a Trichophyton violaceum isolate from human black-dot ringworm. Author(s): Okabayashi K, Kano R, Nakamura Y, Ooka S, Kashima M, Mizoguchi M, Watanabe S, Hasegawa A. Source: Mycopathologia. 1999; 146(3): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10823184&dopt=Abstract
•
Mortality after radiotherapy for ringworm of the scalp. Author(s): Ron E, Modan B, Boice JD Jr. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 April; 127(4): 713-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3354538&dopt=Abstract
14 Ringworm
•
Non-domestic animals in New Zealand and in Rarotonga as a reservoir of the agents of ringworm. Author(s): Marples MJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1967 May; 66(417): 299-302. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5230120&dopt=Abstract
•
Non-fluorescent ringworm of the scalp due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosoum. Author(s): Koblenzer JP, Lopresti PS, Blank F. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1967 April; 6(4): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6067078&dopt=Abstract
•
Nosocomial ringworm in a neonatal intensive care unit: a nurse and her cat. Author(s): Drusin LM, Ross BG, Rhodes KH, Krauss AN, Scott RA. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2000 September; 21(9): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001268&dopt=Abstract
•
Occurrence of dermatomycosis (ringworm) due to Trichophyton verrucosum in dairy calves and its spread to animal attendants. Author(s): Wabacha JK, Gitau GK, Bebora LC, Bwanga CO, Wamuri ZM, Mbithi PM. Source: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1998 December; 69(4): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192093&dopt=Abstract
•
OTC agents for ringworm? Author(s): Landow K. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 January; 109(1): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198251&dopt=Abstract
•
Preseptal cellulitis caused by trichophyton (ringworm). Author(s): Velazquez AJ, Goldstein MH, Driebe WT. Source: Cornea. 2002 April; 21(3): 312-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917183&dopt=Abstract
•
Rapid clearing of kerion ringworm with terbinafine. Author(s): Gordon PM, Stankler L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 October; 129(4): 503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8217773&dopt=Abstract
Studies 15
•
Relapse and resistance of ringworm infection following griseofulvin treatment. Author(s): Banerjee AK. Source: Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1969 April; 17(2): 52-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5401890&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm caused by Microsporum nanum in New Zealand. Author(s): Baxter M. Source: N Z Med J. 1969 July; 70(446): 24-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5258849&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm contracted from cattle in western New York State. Author(s): Hall FR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1966 July; 94(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5949328&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm due to Microsporum canis in cats and dogs in New Zealand. Author(s): Baxter M. Source: New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 1973 March; 21(3): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4513420&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm fungi: more on specimen collection and isolation results. Author(s): Long JR. Source: Can Vet J. 1979 January; 20(1): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=761152&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm in a child due to Microsporum distortum. Author(s): Frey D, Flood J. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1968 June; 9(3): 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5673925&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm in an infant. Author(s): Alden ER, Chernila SA. Source: Pediatrics. 1969 August; 44(2): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5806256&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut. Author(s): Abdallah IS, Gelil GA, Hamid YM, Refai M. Source: Mykosen. 1971 April 1; 14(4): 175-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5102750&dopt=Abstract
16 Ringworm
•
Ringworm in Indian medicine. Author(s): Singh G, Singh G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1973 May-June; 12(3): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4574268&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm in the South-West of England, 1960-1970, with special reference to onychomycosis. Author(s): English MP, Lewis L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 January; 90(1): 67-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4272848&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm infection among agricultural workers. Author(s): Chmel L, Buchvald J, Valentova M. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1976 September; 5(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=992934&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm infection among Sudanese school children. Author(s): Mahgoub ES. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1968; 62(2): 263-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4230638&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm infections in the nomadic Fulani of Nigeria, with particular reference to favus. Author(s): Jacyk WK. Source: Mycopathologia. 1988 February; 101(2): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3344032&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm of the chin. Alopecia mucinosa (follicular mucinosis). Author(s): Strumia R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 February; 125(2): 288-9, 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2783646&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm of the scalp in children. Author(s): Neil G, van Dyk A, Hanslo D, Kibel MA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1987 May 2; 71(9): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3576406&dopt=Abstract
Studies 17
•
Ringworm of the scalp in primary-school children in Alexandria: infection and carriage. Author(s): Omar AA. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2000 September-November; 6(5-6): 961-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197355&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm of the skin and nails. Author(s): Pegum JS. Source: Practitioner. 1968 May; 200(199): 645-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4231260&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm on the scalp due to Epidermophyton floccosum. Author(s): Nikpoor N, Leppard BJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1977 March; 2(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=862222&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm outbreak. Author(s): Pepin GA, Oxenham M. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1986 April 12; 118(15): 434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3705403&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm outbreak. Author(s): Scott WA. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1986 March 22; 118(12): 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3705375&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm resulting from swimming with a polyurethane cast. Author(s): Marks MI, Guruswamy A, Gross RH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1983 September; 3(4): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6630499&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm treated with variotin ointment. A preliminary clinical study. Author(s): Holti G, Lyell A, McCallum DI, Morgan JK, Smith PA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1966 December; 78(12): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5955591&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm-like cutaneous candidiasis: report of a case of localized type. Author(s): Dekio S, Jidoi J. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 December; 20(12): 783-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8120242&dopt=Abstract
18 Ringworm
•
Ringworm-like late syphilides. Author(s): Starzycki Z. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2564239&dopt=Abstract
•
Scalp ringworm among Black children in South Africa and the occurrence of Trichophyton yaoundei. Author(s): Young CN. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1976 April 24; 50(18): 705-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1273736&dopt=Abstract
•
Scalp ringworm epidemic in Birmingham: a decline? Author(s): Buckley DA, Brockwell M, Leeming JG, Moss C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 June; 25(4): 349. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971499&dopt=Abstract
•
Sensitivity patterns to griseofulvin of Trichophyton rubrum and other ringworm fungi. Author(s): Young CN. Source: Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc. 1972; 58(2): 226-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4665984&dopt=Abstract
•
Single-locus, two-allele basis for inheritance of the granular and adowny form of the ringworm fungus Arthroderma benhamiae (=Trichophyton metagrophytes var. granulosum). Author(s): Maniotis J, Chu-Cheung SS. Source: Mycologia. 1973 January-February; 65(1): 48-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4734425&dopt=Abstract
•
Skin cancer after X-ray treatment for scalp ringworm. Author(s): Shore RE, Moseson M, Xue X, Tse Y, Harley N, Pasternack BS. Source: Radiation Research. 2002 April; 157(4): 410-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893243&dopt=Abstract
•
Skin cancer incidence among children irradiated for ringworm of the scalp. Author(s): Shore RE, Albert RE, Reed M, Harley N, Pasternack BS. Source: Radiation Research. 1984 October; 100(1): 192-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6494429&dopt=Abstract
Studies 19
•
Soil dermatophytes in Madras, India, in relation to human ringworm. Author(s): Balajee SA, Ranganathan S, Menon T. Source: Mycoses. 1997 November; 40(7-8): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9476517&dopt=Abstract
•
Strategies for the development of a vaccine against ringworm. Author(s): Smith JM, Griffin JF. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1995 March-April; 33(2): 87-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658307&dopt=Abstract
•
Terbinafine (Lamisil) therapy for Microsporum canis scalp ringworm. Author(s): del Palacio A, Cuetara S, Valle A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 May; 23(3): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861751&dopt=Abstract
•
The distribution of ringworm infections among primary school children in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria. Author(s): Ogbonna CI, Robinson RO, Abubakar JM. Source: Mycopathologia. 1985 February; 89(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3990759&dopt=Abstract
•
The distribution of ringworm infections amongst Nigerian nomadic Fulani herdsmen. Author(s): Ogbonna CI, Enweani IB, Ogueri SC. Source: Mycopathologia. 1986 October; 96(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3796710&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of dermatophyte species and density of infection on the pathology of ringworm. Author(s): Samdani AJ, Dykes PJ, Marks R. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1991; 29(4): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1941433&dopt=Abstract
•
The ringworm riddle: an outbreak of Microsporum canis in the nursery. Author(s): Snider R, Landers S, Levy ML. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 February; 12(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8426773&dopt=Abstract
20 Ringworm
•
The unitary concept of ringworm. Author(s): Neves H. Source: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1966 October 4; 30(1): 1-18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5973425&dopt=Abstract
•
The use of fluorescence microscopy in the study of in vitro hair penetration by ringworm fungi. Author(s): Verma BS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1966 April; 78(4): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5910908&dopt=Abstract
•
This child has ringworm--or does he? Author(s): Monroe JR. Source: Jaapa. 1999 April; 12(4): 48-50, 52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728081&dopt=Abstract
•
Tinea incognito on the hand causing a facial dermatophytid reaction. Author(s): Al Aboud K, Al Hawsawi K, Alfadley A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(1): 59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636029&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of ringworm in calves using griseofulvin. Author(s): Andrews AH, Edwardson J. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1981 June 6; 108(23): 498-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7303434&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of ringworm: old remedy vs. new. Author(s): Russell D, Russell AD. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1992 May; 24(3): 333. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1602153&dopt=Abstract
•
Trichophyton violaceum scalp ringworm. Author(s): Verbov J. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1978 March; 32(3): 89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=666960&dopt=Abstract
•
Two outbreaks of Microsporum canis ringworm in Israel. Author(s): Alteras I, Feuerman EJ. Source: Mycopathologia. 1979 July 16; 67(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=481563&dopt=Abstract
Studies 21
•
Unsuspected extent of irradiation for ringworm of the scalp in childhood. Author(s): Kunkler IH. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1987 April; 32(2): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3585840&dopt=Abstract
•
When it's not ringworm: annular lesions of childhood. Author(s): Nopper A, Markus R, Esterly N. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1998 March; 27(3): 136-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568620&dopt=Abstract
•
Wristwatch ringworm. Author(s): Ayres S Jr, Mihan R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1970 August; 102(2): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5430326&dopt=Abstract
•
Zoonotic dermatophytosis (ringworm) Author(s): Pepin GA, Oxenham M. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1986 January 25; 118(4): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952959&dopt=Abstract
23
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RINGWORM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ringworm.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Ringworm The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
24 Ringworm
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ringworm” (or a synonym): •
Fungitoxic studies on bark extract of Lawsonia inermis against ringworm fungi. Source: Singh, V K Pandey, D K Hindustan-Antibiot-Bull. 1989 Feb-May; 31(1-2): 32-5 0018-1935
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
Nutrition 25
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to ringworm; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •
Vitamins Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
•
Food and Diet Athlete’s Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
27
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND RINGWORM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ringworm. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ringworm and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ringworm: •
Adhesion of dermatophytes to healthy feet and its simple treatment. Author(s): Watanabe K, Taniguchi H, Katoh T. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(1-2): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10838846&dopt=Abstract
•
Ajoene in the topical short-term treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis in humans. Randomized comparative study with terbinafine. Author(s): Ledezma E, Lopez JC, Marin P, Romero H, Ferrara G, De Sousa L, Jorquera A, Apitz Castro R. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 June; 49(6): 544-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417874&dopt=Abstract
•
Allergic contact dermatitis from ciclopirox olamine. Author(s): Foti C, Diaferio A, Bonamonte D.
28 Ringworm
Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 42(2): 145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309043&dopt=Abstract •
An isolate of Arthroderma benhamiae with Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei anamorph isolated from a four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) in Japan. Author(s): Takahashi Y, Haritani K, Sano A, Takizawa K, Fukushima K, Miyaji M, Nishimura K. Source: Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese Journal of Medical Mycology. 2002; 43(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402026&dopt=Abstract
•
Antidermatophytic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) in vitro. Author(s): Venugopal PV, Venugopal TV. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 34(4): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7790146&dopt=Abstract
•
Australian aborigines and ringworm (tinea). Author(s): Green AC. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 39(3): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9737052&dopt=Abstract
•
Australian aborigines and their dermatophytes. Author(s): Green AC, Kaminski GW. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1977 December; 18(3): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=350221&dopt=Abstract
•
Broad spectrum herbal therapy against superficial fungal infections. Author(s): Shahi SK, Shukla AC, Bajaj AK, Banerjee U, Rimek D, Midgely G, Dikshit A. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2000 January-February; 13(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10657767&dopt=Abstract
•
Burnaid. Author(s): Price J. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1998 February; 24(1): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9601599&dopt=Abstract
•
Children, pets, and disease. Author(s): Altamura RF.
Alternative Medicine 29
Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1982 January; 81(5): 334-40. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7035416&dopt=Abstract •
Clinical evaluation of Acalypha ointment in the treatment of superficial fungal skin diseases. Author(s): Oyelami OA, Onayemi O, Oladimeji FA, Ogundaini AO, Olugbade TA, Onawunmi GO. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 May; 17(5): 555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748998&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of two topical preparations for the treatment of onychomycosis: Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and clotrimazole. Author(s): Buck DS, Nidorf DM, Addino JG. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1994 June; 38(6): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8195735&dopt=Abstract
•
Contact dermatitis due to tea tree oil. Author(s): Bruynzeel DP. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1999 September; 4(9): 630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10540304&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of ajoene in the treatment of tinea pedis: a double-blind and comparative study with terbinafine. Author(s): Ledezma E, Marcano K, Jorquera A, De Sousa L, Padilla M, Pulgar M, ApitzCastro R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 1): 829-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050588&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of ajoene, an organosulphur derived from garlic, in the short-term therapy of tinea pedis. Author(s): Ledezma E, DeSousa L, Jorquera A, Sanchez J, Lander A, Rodriguez E, Jain MK, Apitz-Castro R. Source: Mycoses. 1996 September-October; 39(9-10): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9009665&dopt=Abstract
•
Folkloric treatment of tinea capitis with Epilobium angustifolium. Author(s): Kilic A, Kilic A, Inandi T. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 November; 108(6): 1824-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11711979&dopt=Abstract
30 Ringworm
•
Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin for treatment of tinea pedis. A placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Author(s): Yamauchi K, Hiruma M, Yamazaki N, Wakabayashi H, Kuwata H, Teraguchi S, Hayasawa H, Suegara N, Yamaguchi H. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(5): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948819&dopt=Abstract
•
Personal hygiene as an alternative to griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea cruris. Author(s): Akinwale SO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000 March; 29(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379466&dopt=Abstract
•
Ringworm in Indian medicine. Author(s): Singh G, Singh G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1973 May-June; 12(3): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4574268&dopt=Abstract
•
Screening of medicinal plants of Chhindwara District against Trichophyton mentagrophytes: a causal organism of Tinea pedis. Author(s): Rai MK, Upadhyay S. Source: Hindustan Antibiot Bull. 1988 February-May; 30(1-2): 33-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3170261&dopt=Abstract
•
Tea tree oil in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Tong MM, Altman PM, Barnetson RS. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1992; 33(3): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1303075&dopt=Abstract
•
Tinea corporis due to Microsporum canis from an asymptomatic dog. Author(s): Katoh T, Maruyama R, Nishioka K, Sano T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1991 June; 18(6): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1939864&dopt=Abstract
•
Tinea pedis et unguium in the Muslim community of Durban, South Africa. Author(s): Raboobee N, Aboobaker J, Peer AK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 759-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802686&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis with 25% and 50% tea tree oil solution: a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study. Author(s): Satchell AC, Saurajen A, Bell C, Barnetson RS.
Alternative Medicine 31
Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 43(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121393&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to ringworm; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •
General Overview Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Athlete's Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
32 Ringworm
Ringworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Chinese Medicine Baixianpi Alternative names: Densefruit Pittany Root-bark; Cortex Dictamni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengfang Alternative names: Honeycomb; Nidus Vespae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiusheng San Alternative names: Jiusheng Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiusheng%20San&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Kulianpi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Bark; Cortex Meliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luhui Alternative names: Aloes; Luhui (Lu Hui); Aloe Source: Chinese Materia Medica Naoyanghua Alternative names: Yellow Azalea Flower; Flos Rhododendri Mollis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianjinzi Alternative names: Caper Euphorbia Seed; Semen Euphorbiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfen Alternative names: Calomel; Calomelas Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qishe Alternative names: Long-noded Pit Viper; Qishe (Qi She); Agkistrodon Source: Chinese Materia Medica
•
Herbs and Supplements Antifungal Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 33
Black Walnut Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Bloodroot Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Boswellia Alternative names: Boswellia serrata Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Econazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Griseofulvin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ketoconazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lapacho Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Pau d'Arco Alternative names: Tabebuia avellanedae, Lapacho Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senna Alternative names: Cassia senna, Cassia angustifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Tabebuia avellanedae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tea Tree Alternative names: Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
34 Ringworm
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
35
CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON RINGWORM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ringworm” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ringworm, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Ringworm By performing a patent search focusing on ringworm, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
36 Ringworm
example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ringworm: •
Adhesive treatment for tinea corporis Inventor(s): Szabo; Gabriel N. (Raleigh, NC), Sherbondy; Anthony (Raleigh, NC), Narang; Upvan (Raleigh, NC), Hedgpeth; Daniel L. (Raleigh, NC), Nicholson; William S. C. (Raleigh, NC) Assignee(s): Closure Medical Corporation (Raleigh, NC) Patent Number: 6,602,496 Date filed: July 5, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating or preventing tinea corporis, commonly known as ringworm of the skin, includes applying a polymerizable monomer adhesive composition to an area of skin afflicted with or susceptible to tinea corporis, optionally with at least one of an additional anti-fungal agent or a skin care additive, and allowing the polymerizable monomer composition to polymerize to form a polymer film over the area of skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to treatment and prevention of tinea corporis, commonly known as ringworm of the body.... Monomer and polymer adhesives are used in both industrial (including household) and medical applications. Included among these adhesives are the 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers and polymers, such as the.alpha.-cyanoacrylates. Since the discovery of the adhesive properties of such monomers and polymers, they have found wide use due to the speed with which they cure, the strength of the resulting bond formed, and their relative ease of use. These characteristics have made the.alpha.-cyanoacrylate adhesives the primary choice for numerous applications such as bonding plastics, rubbers, glass, metals, wood, and, more recently, biological tissues.... It is known that monomeric forms of.alpha.-cyanoacrylates are extremely reactive, polymerizing rapidly in the presence of even minute amounts of an initiator, including moisture present in the air or on moist surfaces such as animal (including human) tissue. Monomers of.alpha.-cyanoacrylates are anionically polymerizable or free radical polymerizable, or polymerizable by zwitterions or ion pairs to form polymers. Once polymerization has been initiated, the cure rate can be very rapid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602496__
•
Herbal composition for treatment of tinea infections and method of making same Inventor(s): Shao; Yong Fu (1215 Summit Rd., McLean, VA 22101) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,254,897 Date filed: September 11, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel herbal composition having antimycotic activity effective against tinea infections, comprising plant substances as main ingredients, and method of treating a patient having a tinea infection. More particularly, the present invention relates to an antimycotic composition effective against tinea infections utilizing natural substances obtained from a combination of
Patents 37
Angelicae Pubescentis Radix, Notopterygium Radix and Haliotis Diversicolor Reeve, and in some embodiments further comprising Pheretima Aspergillum (Perrier). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel herbal composition having antimycotic activity effective against tinea infections comprising plant substances as main ingredients, a method of manufacture and method of treating a patient having a tinea infection. More particularly, the present invention relates to an antimycotic composition effective against tinea infections utilizing natural substances obtained from a combination of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix, Notopterygium Radix and Haliotis Diversicolor Reeve, and in some embodiments further comprising Pheretima Aspergillum (Perrier).... The body normally serves as host for a variety of bacteria and fungi. Most of the time, the balance between the body as host and the microorganisms is maintained. Sometimes, however, conditions exist that permit the microorganisms to tip that balance, causing an infection.... Certain fungal infections of the skin known as tinea infections are caused by dermatophytes, which are members of the Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton species. These mold-like fungi thrive in warm, moist areas, thriving on the dead tissues of hair, nails, and outer skin layers. Tinea infections include tinea pedis, known as athlete's foot; tinea corporis, known as ringworm; tinea capitis which is a fungal infection of the scalp that can cause hair loss; tinea cruris known as jock itch or tinea of the groin; tinea unguum which is tinea of the nails; and tinea versicolor, a superficial fungal infection that produces brown, tan, or white spots on the trunk of the body. Tinea infections are contagious and can be passed through direct contact or by contact with clothing, from shower and pool surfaces, and even from pets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06254897__ •
M. canis containing ringworm vaccine Inventor(s): Werner; Mark (Faribault, MN), Strobel; Michael (Northfield, MN) Assignee(s): Jefferson Labs, Inc. (Northfield, MN) Patent Number: 5,453,273 Date filed: October 15, 1991 Abstract: A ringworm vaccine comprising an effective amount of a homogenized, formaldehyde-killed Microsporum canis culture in a carrier. The vaccine can include an effective amount of the homogenized, formaldehyde-killed Microsporum canis culture in a combination with homogenized, formaldehyde-killed pure Microsporum gypsum culture and homogenized, formaldehyde-killed pure Trichophyton mentagrophytes culture. Methods of treating a patient employing the vaccines are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vaccine containing antigens from parasitic organisms which cause ringworm to methods of manufacturing such a vaccine and to methods of treating patients with such vaccine.... Humans and other mammals, including many types of domesticated animals from dairy cattle to the family cat, are plagued by ringworm (dermatomycosis) which is caused by infection by one or more of a number of parasitic fungi generically called "dermatophytes" (i.e., organisms which upon infection cause ringworm). Dermatophytes include without limitation the species listed in Table I.... Extensive additional information relating to dermatophytes and dermatophyte mycology can be found in "The Medical Mycology Handbook" by Campbell and Stewart (John Wiley & Sons, 1980) (hereinafter the "Campbell/Stewart Handbook"), which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth.
38 Ringworm
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05453273__ •
Method of treating tinea pedis and related dermatophytic infections Inventor(s): Blank; Lynne B. (Brighton, NY), Gettings; Richard L. (Freeland, MI), White; William C. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): Dow Corning Corporation (Midland, MI) Patent Number: 4,865,844 Date filed: May 20, 1988 Abstract: A therapeutic method of treating the chronic human superficial fungus infection tinea pedis produced by the pathogenic dermatophytic fungi Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp., and Epidermophyton sp., which invade and attack keratinized skin areas of the body by repeatedly applying topically to the itching, macerated, cracked, and scaling skin areas of the body at the site of the infection a fungicidally effective amount of a silane-containing lotion antagonistic to the dermatophytic fungi in order to exert at least an inhibitory growth effect upon the dermatophytes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a therapeutic method of treating the chronic human superficial fungus infection tinea pedis produced by the pathogenic dermatophytic fungi Microsporum sp., Trichopyton sp., and Epidermophyton sp., which invade and attack keratinized skin areas of the body, by repeatedly applying topically to the itching, macerated, cracked, and scaling skin areas of the body at the site of the infection a fungicidally effective amount of a lotion antagonistic to the dermatophytic fungi in order to exert at least an inhibitory growth effect upon the dermatophytes, the lotion including an antimicrobially active silane which is a quaternary ammonium salt.... Antimicrobial agents are chemical compositions that are used to prevent microbiological contamination and deterioration of products, materials, and systems. Particular areas of application of antimicrobial agents and compositions are, for example, cosmetics, disinfectants, sanitizers, wood preservation, food, animal feed, cooling water, metalworking fluids, hospital and medical uses, plastics and resins, petroleum, pulp and paper, textiles, latex, adhesives, leather and hides, and paint slurries. Of the diverse categories of antimicrobial agents and compositions, quaternary ammonium compounds represent one of the largest of the classes of antimicrobial agents in use. At low concentrations, quaternary ammonium type antimicrobial agents are bacteriostatic, fungistatic, algistatic, sporostatic, and tuberculostatic. At medium concentrations they are bactericidal, fungicidal, algicidal, and viricidal against lipophilic viruses. Nonsilicone quaternary antimicrobials are not known to be or taught to be effective against dermatophytic fungi and in fact are known not to be effective in such uses because of interferences caused by the organic matter present on skin specifically the active infection sites. Silicone quaternary ammonium salt compounds are well known as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,385, issued Feb. 2, 1971, and the use of such compounds as antimicrobial agents is taught, for example, in a wide variety of patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,730,701, issued May 1, 1973, and 3,817,739, issued June 18, 1974, where the compounds are used to inhibit algae; 3,794,736, issued Feb. 26, 1974, and 3,860,709, issued Jan. 14, 1975, where they are employed for sterilizing or disinfecting a variety of surfaces and instruments; 3,865,728, issued Feb. 11, 1975, where the compounds are used to treat aquarium filters; 4,259,103, issued Mar. 31, 1981; and in British Pat. No. 1,386,876, of Mar. 12, 1975. Published unexamined European application No. 228464 of July 15, 1987, teaches the microorganisms on plants can be killed by the application thereto of an aqueous mixture of a surfactant and an organosilicon
Patents 39
quaternary ammonium compound. In a particular application of an antimicrobial silicone quaternary ammonium compound, a paper substrate is rendered resistant to the growth of microorganisms in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,366, issued Aug. 4, 1981. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,541, issued Mar. 12, 1985, an antimicrobial fabric is disclosed which is resistant to discoloration and yellowing by treatment of the fabric with a quaternary ammonium base containing an organosilicone. U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,937, issued Oct. 7, 1986, as well as its companion U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,374, issued Sept. 8, 1987, relate to wet wiper towelettes having an antimicrobial agent substantive to the fibers of the web and being an organosilicon quaternary ammonium compound. In a series of Burlington Industries, Inc. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,408,996, issued Oct. 11, 1983, 4,414,268, issued Nov. 8, 1983, 4,425,372, issued Jan. 10, 1984, and 4,395,454, issued July 26, 1983, such compounds are disclosed to be useful in surgical drapes, dressings, and bandages. This same assignee also discloses these compounds as being employed in surgeons' gowns in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,411,928, issued Oct. 25, 1983, and 4,467,013, issued Aug. 21, 1984. Organosilicon quaternary ammonium compounds have been employed in carpets, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,577, issued Feb. 1, 1983; applied to walls, added to paints, and sprayed into shoes, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,378, issued July 19, 1983; applied to polyethylene surfaces and used in pillow ticking in U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,511, issued Jan. 26, 1988; in flexible polyurethane foams of fine-celled, soft, resilient articles of manufacture in U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,297, issued Dec. 23, 1986; and mixed with a surfactant in Japanese Kokai application No. 58-156809, filed Aug. 26, 1983, of Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., for the purpose of achieving uniformity of distribution of the compounds to a surface. Thus, the versatility of such compositions is readily apparent. However, no one, as far as is known, has used an organosilicon quaternary ammonium compound in lotion form in order to provide a topical skin application for the treatment of diseases such as tinea pedis. This infection has typically been treated with such compositions as morpholine hydroperfiodide as evidenced by U.S. Pat. No. 2,290,710; griseofulyin antifungous antibiotic drug; and a combination of undecylenic acid and zinc undecylenate. Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, it has been found that compositions which are antimicrobial can be formed in soothing lotion form and since they possess the characteristics and advantages of the silicone quaternary ammonium salts can be used to effectively treat skin infections such as tinea pedis. It has been further shown that substrates treated with organosilicon quaternary ammonium compounds provide for protection against organisms known to cause tinea pedis, tinea corpus and tinea captis. Thus, the compositions of the present invention act in preventing microbiological contamination and deterioration. For example, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride, hereinafter referred to as TMS, is an effective antimicrobial agent in which the active ingredient reacts with substrates with which it is brought into contact. These substrates demonstrate nonleaching broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. By including an antimicrobial component in the lotion composition, a convenient delivery system is realized. Hence, the compositions set forth in the present invention possess unique features and advantages over existing antimicrobial treating agents and provide improved results thereover. Thus, the disadvantages of the prior art are overcome with the present invention wherein improved antimicrobial agents are provided.... where y denotes an organic or a hydrolyzable radical, R denotes a divalent hydrocarbon radical with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R', R" and R'" independently denote saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 18 carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated organic radicals consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur; or carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, and X denotes an anion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04865844__
40 Ringworm
•
Pharmaceutical preparation for tinea pedis Inventor(s): Egawa; Shohei (Hyogo, JP), Kido; Shigeru (Osaka, JP), Ikeda; Kaori (Osaka, JP), Saitoh; Izumi (Hyogo, JP), Doi; Yoshio (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,935,241 Date filed: November 3, 1988 Abstract: A pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of tinea pedis, containing as basic components about 0.1% to about 2.5% of croconazole hydrochloride and about 1%15% of an ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer in an aqueous alcohol, and if necessary, about 0.1% to about 2.5% of a thickening agent and/or a plasticizer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to external preparations of croconazole hydrochloride (hereinafter abbreviated as CCZ) known as an antifungal agent.... However, in many cases, mycosis as represented by athlete's foot primarily occurs at moist parts of the body. So, when an ointment or a gel preparation is applied to the affected part, it makes the affected part even more moist, thereby giving a strange feeling or staining of clothing. These are shortcomings in using ointments or gel preparations. A tincture has such shortcomings as to take a longer time to dry on the application parts.... To solve these shortcomings, a film-formation-type anti-fungal composition consisting of halopropargylaryl ether, a cellulose derivative and a solvent of a low boiling point was proposed (JPN KOKOKU 55-49570). Generally speaking, however, the coating film formed by a cellulose derivative is coarse and, therefore, gives a bad feeling on an applied part unless softening agents are added. Further, the film is apt to come off easily. Therefore, the addition of a softening agent or the like was suggested to solve these shortcomings in the said patent publication. However, it is not desirable to use such softening agents, because those are irritative. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04935241__
•
Preparation for treating dermatitis in the nature of tinea pedis Inventor(s): Sichak; Stephen (Dolton, IL) Assignee(s): Scholl, Inc. (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,201,765 Date filed: September 20, 1978 Abstract: A preparation for treating dermatitis of the nature of tinea pedis or athlete's foot, which preparation may be applied directly to the foot as a cream, gel, powder, liquid, aerosol liquid, or aerosol powder, and may be held in a controlled release dispenser in a shoe or the like overnight to deodorize and sanitize the shoe for wear the next day without direct application of the preparation to the foot, relying on the residual effect of the overnight treatment in the shoe. The invention also embodies a method of using the preparation. Excerpt(s): In article (A) these doctors stated that interdigital lesions of the feet (athlete's foot) are invariably regarded as infections caused by ringworm fungi. The doctors also stated that as they see it, athlete's foot becomes an itching, malodorous, uncomfortable disorder when large numbers of ordinary, nonvirulent bacteria proliferate in the fungus
Patents 41
infected interspace. Symptomatic athlete's foot, therefore, is a fungal-bacterial complex, a collaborative enterprise. They also stated on page 1009 that suppression of bacteria is an essential requirement in treating symptomatic athlete's foot. Further, that the ideal, perhaps, would be a single agent with very broad spectrum coverage against dermatophytes, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida. It was further stated that their preference, aluminum chloride, combines broad spectrum antimicrobial activity with chemical drying, a two-pronged attack, and that they viewed drying as the decisive element. At the end publication (A), the doctors stated that they did not find aluminum chloride to be superior to carbol-fuchsin solution. The difference, an important one in their opinion, lies in aesthetics. That statement was probably made because carbol-fuchsin is a purple stain.... In the second publication (B) these same doctors stated that they were reformulating the concept of interdigital athlete's foot as a simple ringworm infection, and that it is only when native diphtheroids grow extensively in a site previously colonized by ringworm fungi that the disturbing signs of the disorder appear. The doctors pointed out that simple scaling is the work of the fungi (dermatophytosis simplex) but that it is the luxurious growth of the diphtheroids that brings on the sogginess, maceration, itching and malodor that typifies the condition (dermatophytosis complex). The doctors further point out that since symptomatic athlete's foot is a product of collaboration between a ringworm fungus and the resident bacterial population, the disease can be controlled, though not cured, by repressing the bacteria.... Regarding the instant invention, it is an important object of this invention to provide a treatment for athlete's foot that is economical, and may be sold over the counter rather than require a prescription. Applicant has discovered that vanillin is antimicrobial; that is, vanillin possesses antifungal and antibacterial activity. That antimicrobial activity covers the spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and mold, to the special regard to Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum, the "athlete's foot" molds. Vanillin may be formulized with other well known chemicals to provide a treatment in the form of a cream, gel, powder, liquid, aerosol liquid, aerosol powder, ointments, and the like. The vanillin may also be utilized in powder form in a controlled release dispenser for foot treatment of a shoe or other article of footwear overnight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04201765__ •
Ringworm vaccine Inventor(s): Strobel; Michael (Northfield, MN), Werner; Mark (Northfield, MN) Assignee(s): Jefferson Labs, Inc. (Northfield, MN) Patent Number: 6,428,789 Date filed: June 13, 2000 Abstract: A ringworm vaccine is disclosed comprising antigen isolated from at least one dermatophyte and a suitable carrier. The "antigen" can include a single antigen from a dermatophyte or a plurality of antigens as long as at least one antigen is included which will produce a sufficient immune response to confer resistance to ringworm infection upon the recipient of the vaccine. The antigen can also be isolated from more than one dermatophyte. If a preparation from more than one dermatophyte is made the antigen can include antigens which are common to all species of dermatophytes employed and/or antigens which are only specific to certain species. A method of producing such a ringworm vaccine is also disclosed. The method comprises making an antigen preparation comprising the dermatophyte antigen described above and combining the
42 Ringworm
antigen preparation with a suitable carrier. Methods of treating a patient are also disclosed employing the vaccine of the present invention and vaccines produced according to the method of the present invention. Methods are also disclosed for treating a pregnant patient with such vaccines such that the progeny of the pregnancy exhibit resistance to ringworm infection at birth. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vaccine containing antigens from parasitic organisms which cause ringworm, to methods of manufacturing such a vaccine and to methods of treating patients with such vaccine.... Humans and, other mammals, including many types of domesticated animals from dairy cattle to the family cat, are plagued by ringworm (dermatomycosis) which is caused by infection by one or more of a number of parasitic fungi, generically called "dermatotphytes" (i.e., organisms which upon infection cause ringworm). Dermatophytes include without limitation the species listed in Table I.... Extensive additional information relating to dermatophytes and dermatophyte mycology can be found in "The Medical Mycology Handbook" by Campbell and Stewart (John Wiley & Sons, 1980) (hereinafter the "Campbell/Stewart Handbook"), which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06428789__ •
Therapeutic agent for the external treatment of psoriasis, tinea and eczemas Inventor(s): Evers; Walter (Pinneberg, DE) Assignee(s): Pharmazeutische Fabrik Evers & Co. (Pinneberg, DE) Patent Number: 4,235,889 Date filed: April 25, 1979 Abstract: The subject of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the external treatment of psoriasis, tinea and eczemas, comprising coconut oil, palm kernel oil, an extract of Laurus nobilis (Linn.) and an emulsifier. Excerpt(s): The object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for the external treatment of psoriasis, tinea and eczemas, with which treatment on humans has proved very successful. Even "hopeless cases" have shown distinct healing. A further object of the invention is that the composition for topical application makes possible a therapy which is free from side effects.... Therapeutic agents which are known for the external treatment of psoriasis, tinea and eczemas have not yet proved sufficiently effective, so that topical ointments based on tars have frequently been used in combination with an X-ray treatment.... The subject of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for topical application for the external treatment of psoriasis, tinea and eczemas, which comprises 30 to 50 percent by weight of coconut oil, 30 to 50 percent by weight of palm kernel oil, 5 to 15 percent by weight of laurel oil from Laurus nobilis (Linn.), and 5 to 15 percent by weight of an emulsifier, the percentages by weight summing up to 100 percent by weight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04235889__
Patents 43
•
Therapeutic agent for tinea Inventor(s): Shimamura; Tadakatsu (4-4, Nishihara 1-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Shimamura; Tadakatsu (Tokyo, JP), Mitsui Norin Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,135,957 Date filed: June 5, 1990 Abstract: A method of treating a patient suffering from tinea comprising applying to an affected part of the skin of the patient an anti-tinea effective amount of at least one tea polyphenol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a therapeutic agent for tinea. More particularly, the present invention relates to a therapeutic agent for tinea, which comprises a tea extract as a main component.... As diseases caused by the parasitism of tinea fungus (filamentous fungus belonging to the genus Trichophyton), there can be mentioned tinea pedis (foot ringworm), tinea capitis (head ringworm), tinea corpis (body ringworm), tinea cruris (inguinal ringworm), tinea manis (hand ringworm), tinea unguim (nail ringworm) and tinea scrotis. These diseases are generally called "tinea", a kind of skin diseases peculiar to men. Iodine tincture, salicylic acid vaseline, tar paste, Griseofulvin ointment, ichthyol/zinc oxide oil, aqueous boric acid and other medicines are known as therapeutic agents for remedy of tinea. However, the therapeutic effects of these agents are not satisfactory, and it often happens that even if tinea is once seemingly cured, it recurs and becomes chronic. Moreover, direct external application of these agents to the affected parts involves troubles such as toxicity and skin irritation. Therefore, development of an effective therapeutic agent for tinea, which can be applied to the affected parts with safety, is eagerly desired.... The inventor searched for a substance having an intended therapeutic affect among natural products, apart from chemical synthetic products, and as the result, it was found that the target substance is contained in tea and tea polyphenols. The inventor has now completed the present invention based on this finding. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05135957__
Patent Applications on Ringworm As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ringworm: •
Combination tanning and antifungal topical system for treating tinea versicolor Inventor(s): Hauan, Diana L. (Clarksville, TN) Correspondence: Wheeler Law Offices, P.C. 222 Washington Trust Building; Washington; PA; 15301; US Patent Application Number: 20020009422 Date filed: July 24, 2001
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
44 Ringworm
Abstract: A combination tanning and antifungal topical system for treating tinea versicolor that includes a body wash, a tanning lotion and anti-fungal topical and a body spray devised to treat tinea versicolor and promote even tanning. The present invention includes the active ingredients tolnaftate and miconazole nitrate. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/220,372 filed on Jul. 24, 2000.... The present invention relates generally to tanning products. More specifically, the present invention relates to tanning products that treat tinea versicolor while working to enhance user's tan.... Tinea versicolor is an infection of the skin. It generally occurs on the skin of the upper body around the shoulders and upper trunk with the fungus Malasezzia furfur. The fungus de-pigments the skin as it grows and the disease appears as little patches perhaps an eighth to a quarter of an inch in diameter on the affected upper body areas. A tan generally makes the depigmentation stand out more making the disease appear to be a disease of the summer months. It is not. Tinea versicolor can occur at any time of the year. It is prominent among tanning bed users. It is caused when fungal spores from the hair fall onto the upper body and germinate on the skin. Once treated, the light areas of the skin will gradually fill back in with normal skin pigment. Various methods and treatments are available to treat the disease, but they are often unpleasant in smell, or leave the skin feeling dry and rough. Accordingly, there is a need for a means by which those who suffer from tinea versicolor can be afforded a method to treat the skin disease in a manner that is quick, easy and effective without being detrimental to the user's skin. The present invention fulfills this need. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ringworm, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ringworm. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ringworm. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
45
CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON RINGWORM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ringworm. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ringworm include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
A short treatise on the external character, nature, and treatment of the different forms of porrigo, or scalled head and ringworm. Author: Dick, Walter.; Year: 1956; Glasgow: F. Orr; Sons, 1838
•
An essay on ringworm: with plates drawn from nature illustrative of the disease, cured by a medicated soap, without the use of mercury: likewise on some forms of opthalmia connected therewith... by Andrew Paul... Author: Paul, Andrew.; Year: 1838; Oxford: John Henry Parker, 1849
•
Animal ringworm in public health; diagnosis and nature, by Lucille K. Georg. Author: Communicable Disease Center (U.S.); Year: 1960; [Washington] 1960
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
46 Ringworm
•
Control of ringworm of the scalp among school children in Hagerstown Maryland, 1944-45, by Louis Schwartz [et al.]. Author: Schwartz, Louis,; Year: 1946; Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1946
•
Isolation and identification of ringworm fungi Author: Mackenzie, D. W. R.; Year: 1892; London: H.M.S.O., 1981; ISBN: 0118871064
•
On ringworm, scall-head, baldness, and other parasitical diseases of the head and face; with an appendix. On the constitutional relations of diseases of the skin and principles of treatment. Author: Ross, George,; Year: 1862; London, Renshaw, 1862
•
On ringworm: an inquiry into the pathology, causes and treatment of the several diseases to which the term has been applied. Author: Smith, William John.; Year: 1867; London, Hardwicke, 1867
•
On ringworm: its causes, pathology, and treatment. By Erasmus Wilson... Author: Wilson, Erasmus,; Year: 1849; London, J. Churchill, 1847
•
Pathology and treatment of ringworm. Author: Thin, George.; Year: 1887; London, Churchill, 1887
•
Ringworm: its constitutional nature and cure Author: Burnett, J. Compton (James Compton),; Year: 1953; Delhi: B. Jain, 1995; ISBN: 8170216818
•
Ringworm and alopecia areata; their pathology, diagnosis and treatment. Author: Aldersmith, Herbert,; Year: 1897; London, Lewis, 1897
•
Ringworm and its successful treatment, by John P. Turner... Illustrated by eight halftone engravings. Author: Turner, John P.,; Year: 1921; Philadelphia, F. A. Davis company, 1921
•
Ringworm and some other scalp affections; their cause and cure. Author: Brown, Haydn,; Year: 1899; London, Churchill, 1899
•
Ringworm in the light of recent research pathology, treatment, prophylaxis. Author: Morris, Malcolm Alexander,; Year: 1898; London, Cassell, 1898
•
Ringworm, its diagnosis and treatment. Author: Smith, Alder.; Year: 1885; London, Lewis, 1885
•
Ringworm; its constitutional nature and cure. Author: Burnett, J. Compton (James Compton),; Year: 1892; Philadelphia, Boericke; Tafel [c1892]
•
The hair and its diseases, including ringworm, greyness, and baldness; an introductory handbook. Author: Walsh, David.; Year: 1902; London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, 1902
•
The hair and its diseases, including ringworm, greyness, and baldness; an introductory handbook. Author: Walsh, David.; Year: 1981; London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, 1908
•
The problem of ringworm in Northern Ireland; a survey of data collected during the period May 1949 to July 1951. A report to the Northern Ireland Hospitals Authority, May 1952, by J. Martin Beare and E. A. Cheeseman. Author: Beare, John Martin.; Year: 1958; [Belfast] 1953
Chapters on Ringworm In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ringworm, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ringworm using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink:
Books 47
http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ringworm: •
Chapter 202: Fungal Skin Infections Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 5 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have fungal skin infections with information on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ringworm, candidiasis, and tinea versicolor. Fungi that infect the skin live only in the topmost, dead layer. ringworm is a fungal skin infection caused by several different fungi and is generally classified by where it appears on the body. Athlete's foot occurs on the feet and is caused by either Trichophyton or Epidermophyton. Jock itch occurs in the groin and can be caused by various fungi and yeasts. Scalp ringworm is caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum. Nail and body ringworm is caused by Tricophyton. Beard ringworm is rare. Most fungal skin infections can be cured with antifungal creams. Corticosteroids can be used to relieve itching and pain. Griseofulvin may be prescribed to treat more serious infections. Good hygiene is important to thwart fungal growth and promote healing. Candidiasis is caused by the yeast Candida, which usually infects the skin and mucous membranes. Symptoms vary with the location of the infection. Infections in the skinfolds usually cause a red rash. Vaginal Candida infections produce a white or yellow discharge from the vagina and burning, itching, and redness along the walls and external area of the vagina. Penile Candida infections produce a red, scaling, sometimes painful rash on the underside of the penis. Thrush, an infection inside the mouth, produces creamy white patches on the tongue and sides of the mouth. Perleche creates cracks and tiny cuts at the corners of the mouth. Candidal paronychia, which affects the nail beds, produces painful swelling and pus. Diagnosis is based on examination or culture of a skin sample. Most Candida skin infections are cured by medicated creams and lotions. Tinea versicolor causes white to light brown patches on the skin. The infection is diagnosed by its appearance. Dandruff shampoos usually cure this infection.
•
Skin Care Source: in American Diabetes Association. Diabetes A to Z: What You Need to Know About Diabetes, Simply Put. 4th ed. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2000. p. 156-159. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $12.95 for members; $14.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400353. Summary: This chapter provides people who have diabetes with information on skin care. People with diabetes may experience skin problems including bacterial infections such as sties, boils, and carbuncles. These infections appear as red, painful, pus-filled lumps. People with diabetes may also develop fungal infections including jock itch,
48 Ringworm
athlete's foot, ringworm, and vaginal infections. Diabetic dermopathy is a harmless skin condition that occurs in some people with diabetes. Digital sclerosis, which is another condition that occurs in some people with diabetes, causes the skin on the hands, fingers, or toes to become thick and tight and waxy and shiny. Other symptoms include aching and stiffness. The chapter offers tips for skin care, including maintaining good diabetes control, keeping skin clean and moist or dry as needed, protecting the skin from the sun, treating minor skin problems, and seeing a dermatologist about skin problems. 2 figures.
49
CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON RINGWORM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on ringworm. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Ringworm The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in ringworm (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on ringworm: •
Ringworm (dermatophyte) infection transmitted from dogs and cats to man [slide] Source: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota; Year: 1981; Format: Slide; St. Paul, Minn.: The College, c1981
51
CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RINGWORM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ringworm.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ringworm is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ringworm. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ringworm” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ringworm: •
FDA expands labeling of Bertek's Mentax topical product to treat tinea Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 11, 2001 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2001/06/11/business/links/20010611rglt007. html
52 Ringworm
The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ringworm” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ringworm, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ringworm” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
Periodicals and News 53
to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on ringworm: •
Fingernail Infections Source: EDucator, The. p. 4. January-February 2000. Contact: Available from National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias. 410 East Main Street, P.O. Box 114, Mascoutah, IL 62258-0114. (618) 566-2020. Fax (618) 566-4718. Website: www.nfed.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have ectodermal dysplasia (ED) with information on the causes and treatment of fingernail infections. Infection of the nail and surrounding skin, known as paronychia, is caused by bacteria and yeasts as well as by fungi associated with ringworm infections on other parts of the body. Acute paronychia is usually caused by bacteria and preceded by trauma to the nail, cuticle, or skin. Unless very mild, these infections need to be treated promptly by a physician. People who have experienced acute paronychial infections are more susceptible to chronic nail infections. Chronic paronychia may be caused by bacteria but is more often caused by the yeast known as Candida albicans. Chronic nail infections require fastidious care to achieve healing, including protecting the hands with gloves, using only mild soaps, avoiding nail cosmetics, and applying topical antibiotics or antifungal agents. Fungal infections of the nails require treatment for many months with an oral medication. Nail changes associated with ED may mimic an infection, so appropriate medical advice needs to be sought.
•
Common Causes of Hair Loss in Children Source: Skin and Allergy News. 30(7): 43. July 1999. Contact: Available from Skin and Allergy News, Circulation. 12230 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 816-8796. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on the common causes of hair loss in children and on diagnosis and treatment. One disorder, aplasia cutis congenita, is a form of alopecia that is characterized by scalp erosions or scarlike plaques encircled by long dark hair. One of the most common causes of alopecia is alopecia areata. Although the cause is unknown, it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder. Androgenetic alopecia results from androgen excess or end-organ hypersensitivity. Cosmetic practices, such as tight braids or ponytails, can also damage hair. Loose anagen hair is another common cause of hair loss in children that results from poorly formed roots. As a result, bald patches can occur following minor trauma. Generalized hair loss may be caused by metabolic abnormalities. Nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn, another cause of hair loss, is an overgrowth of sebaceous glands with miniaturized or absent hair follicles that can occur on the face, neck, and scalp. Telogen effluvium, which is the diffuse shedding of hair, can occur in the 2 to 3 months following a major metabolic change. Tinea capitis, commonly known as scalp ringworm, is very common in urban areas. Features include seborrhea, inflammation, or small black dots. Another common condition, trichotillomania, involves compulsive hair pulling and results in very characteristic patterns of hair loss.
54 Ringworm
Academic Periodicals covering Ringworm Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ringworm. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ringworm that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
55
APPENDICES
57
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
58 Ringworm
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources 59
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
60 Ringworm
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6823 72 41 7 0 6943
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “ringworm” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources 61
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Ringworm In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and ringworm. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
62 Ringworm
To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for ringworm: •
Tinea Imbricata, Susceptibility to Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?275240 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
Physician Resources 63
•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
64 Ringworm
select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
23
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
65
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ringworm can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ringworm. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ringworm. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ringworm”:
66 Ringworm
•
Other Guides Athlete's Foot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/athletesfoot.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Nail Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/naildiseases.html Skin Pigmentation Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinpigmentationdisorders.html Tinea Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tineainfections.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to ringworm, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Ringworm of the Body Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00489 Tinea Infections: Athlete's Foot, Jock Itch and Ringworm Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/316.html
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Jock Itch Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/skin/jock_itch.html Tinea Versicolor Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/pamphlets/tineav.html
•
Children Tinea (Ringworm, Jock Itch, Athlete's Foot) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/fungal/ringworm.html
•
Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
Patient Resources 67
•
Prevention/Screening Fungus Infections: Preventing Recurrence Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/fungus_preventing.html
•
Teenagers Ringworm Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/fungal/ringworm.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on ringworm. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Fungus Infections: Tinea Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have tinea with information on the features, treatment, and prevention of this fungal skin infection. Tinea pedis, or athlete's foot, is the most common type of fungal infection. It is spread through direct contact, usually through bare feet in bathrooms and health clubs. The skin usually becomes white and soft, and it peels away between the toes. Tinea unguium, or onychomycosis, is toenail infection associated with tinea pedis. The nail yellows, then thickens and breaks easily after years of infection. Tinea cruris, or jock itch, is a rash in the groin area. It affects men more than women. Tinea corporis, or ringworm, is characterized by itchy red scaly patches that often develop into a ring. It is spread from person to person, from contact with an infected animal, or from exposure to fungus in the soil. Tinea capitis, or scalp ringworm, usually occurs in children and causes scaling and patchy hair loss. Tinea infections can be treated with various medications. Tinea pedis, cruris, and corporis can be treated with nonprescription or prescription antifungal creams. Oral medications such as griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole are
68 Ringworm
sometimes needed. Other tinea infections are difficult to eliminate completely and require oral medications. Prevention of tinea pedis involves keeping the feet as dry as possible, wearing open toed sandals whenever possible, and using antifungal foot powder. 5 figures. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Tinea Infections: Athlete's Foot, Jock Itch and Ringworm Summary: This online fact sheet defines tinea, a fungus that can grow on skin, hair or nails. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4810 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ringworm. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources 69
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ringworm. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ringworm. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ringworm. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ringworm” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ringworm”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ringworm” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
70 Ringworm
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ringworm” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
71
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
25
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
72 Ringworm
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
26
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 73
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
74 Ringworm
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 75
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
76 Ringworm
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
77
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on ringworm: •
Basic Guidelines for Ringworm Ringworm Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001439.htm Tinea capitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000878.htm Tinea corporis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000877.htm Tinea cruris Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000876.htm Tinea pedis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000875.htm Tinea versicolor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001465.htm
78 Ringworm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Ringworm Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Dry skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.htm Hyperpigmentation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003242.htm Hypopigmentation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003224.htm Increased sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Reddened patch Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin redness or inflammation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin, abnormally dark or light Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003242.htm Vaginal itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003159.htm
•
Diagnostics and Tests for Ringworm Skin lesion biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Skin lesion KOH exam Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003761.htm Skin scraping Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm
Online Glossaries 79
Wood's lamp Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003386.htm •
Background Topics for Ringworm Chafing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002034.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Penis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002279.htm Potassium hydroxide Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002482.htm Scales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003226.htm Scrotum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002296.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
81
RINGWORM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aborigines: Native inhabitants or indigenous individuals of a country. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonium Compounds: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia:
A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of
82 Ringworm
hemoglobin. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition,
Dictionary 83
or hormonal changes. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and
84 Ringworm
formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH]
Dictionary 85
Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and
86 Ringworm
C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]
Dictionary 87
Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanoacrylates: A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]
Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatomycosis: A superficial infection of the skin or its appendages by fungi. The term includes dermatophytosis and the various clinical forms of tinea, as well as deep fungous infections. Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Ectodermal Dysplasia: A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They
88 Ringworm
are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrasma: A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH]
Dictionary 89
Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]
90 Ringworm
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless,
Dictionary 91
odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]
The activity of the immune system against foreign substances
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
92 Ringworm
Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]
Services offered to the library user. They include reference and
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to
Dictionary 93
humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Medical Records: illnesses. [NIH]
Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH]
94 Ringworm
Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mycological: Relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]
Dictionary 95
Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitism: A) The mode of life of a parasite; b) The relationship between an organism (parasite) that derives benefits from, and at the expense of, another organism (host). [NIH] Paronychia: Inflammation involving the folds of tissue surrounding the nail. Called also
96 Ringworm
perionychia. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile
Dictionary 97
strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU]
98 Ringworm
Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]
Dictionary 99
Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]
Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Sex Determination: female or male. [NIH]
The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as
Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the
100 Ringworm
circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Dictionary 101
Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolnaftate: A synthetic antifungal agent. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is
102 Ringworm
analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichophyton: A mitosporic fungal genus and an anamorphic form of Arthroderma. Various species attack the skin, nails, and hair. [NIH] Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or
Dictionary 103
brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH]
105
INDEX A Aborigines, 9, 28, 81 Adhesives, 36, 38, 81 Adverse Effect, 81, 100 Aerosol, 40, 41, 81 Aetiology, 9, 81 Affinity, 81, 92 Algorithms, 81, 83 Alopecia, 4, 16, 31, 46, 53, 81 Alternative medicine, 52, 81 Aluminum, 41, 81 Amino acid, 81, 94, 97, 100 Ammonium Compounds, 38, 81 Anatomical, 81, 85, 99 Anemia, 63, 81 Antibacterial, 41, 82, 87, 100 Antibiotic, 39, 82, 100 Antibody, 81, 82, 85, 91, 92, 94, 98, 103 Antifungal, 4, 6, 32, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 53, 67, 82, 89, 92, 94, 101 Antifungal Agents, 5, 32, 53, 82 Antigen, 41, 81, 82, 86, 91 Anti-infective, 82, 100 Antimicrobial, 7, 38, 41, 82, 101 Antimycotic, 7, 36, 37, 82, 85 Antiseptic, 82, 103 Anus, 82, 85 Aplasia, 53, 82, 88 Aqueous, 38, 40, 43, 82, 83, 92 Arterial, 82, 97 Arteries, 82, 83, 86, 94 Aspergillosis, 82, 92 Astringent, 82, 103 Asymptomatic, 4, 30, 82 Ataxia, 62, 63, 82, 101 Atopic, 4, 82 Atrophy, 62, 82 B Bacteria, 37, 40, 53, 82, 83, 94, 99, 100, 102 Bacterial Infections, 47, 83 Bactericidal, 38, 83 Bacteriostatic, 38, 83 Basal Ganglia, 82, 83 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 82, 83 Base, 39, 83, 87, 92 Benign, 83, 95, 98 Biopsy, 78, 83
Biotechnology, 6, 7, 45, 52, 59, 61, 62, 63, 83 Bladder, 83, 97, 102 Blastomycosis, 83, 92 Blood vessel, 83, 85, 92, 101, 102 Brachytherapy, 83, 92, 98, 103 Branch, 75, 83, 96, 98, 100 C Candidiasis, 6, 10, 17, 47, 83, 89 Candidosis, 83, 84 Carcinogenic, 84, 91 Carcinogens, 84, 95 Case report, 10, 12, 84, 85 Case series, 84, 85 Causal, 30, 84 Caustic, 84, 100 Cell, 62, 63, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101 Cell Division, 62, 83, 84, 96 Cell membrane, 84, 85 Cellobiose, 84 Cellulitis, 14, 84 Cellulose, 40, 84, 89, 96 Cerebellar, 82, 84, 98 Cerebral, 82, 83, 84 Cerebral Cortex, 82, 84 Cerebrum, 84, 102 Character, 13, 45, 84, 87 Chemotaxis, 12, 84 Chin, 16, 85, 93 Chlorophyll, 85, 89 Chronic, 38, 43, 53, 62, 79, 83, 85, 88, 91, 92, 96, 98, 100 Chronic renal, 85, 96 Ciliary, 85, 99 Ciliary Body, 85, 99 Clinical study, 17, 85 Clinical trial, 59, 85, 87, 94, 98 Cloning, 83, 85 Clotrimazole, 10, 29, 85 Cofactor, 85, 97 Collagen, 81, 85 Colon, 62, 85 Complement, 85, 86 Complementary and alternative medicine, 27, 34, 86 Complementary medicine, 27, 86 Computational Biology, 59, 61, 86
106 Ringworm
Congenita, 53, 86, 88 Connective Tissue, 84, 85, 86, 89, 93 Constitutional, 46, 86 Contact dermatitis, 27, 29, 86 Contamination, 38, 86 Contraindications, ii, 86 Corneum, 86, 87, 88 Coronary, 86, 87, 94 Coronary Thrombosis, 87, 94 Corpus, 39, 87, 96 Cutaneous, 6, 10, 17, 83, 86, 87 Cyanoacrylates, 36, 87 Cytotoxic, 87, 98 D Degenerative, 87, 93 Density, 19, 87, 95, 96 Dermal, 87, 88 Dermatitis, 4, 40, 87 Dermatologist, 48, 87 Dermatology, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 66, 67, 87 Dermatomycosis, 14, 37, 42, 87 Dermatophytosis, 21, 41, 87 Deuterium, 87, 91 Diagnostic procedure, 35, 52, 87 Diploid, 87, 96 Direct, iii, 37, 40, 43, 67, 87, 98 Dispenser, 40, 41, 87 Domesticated, 37, 42, 87, 90 Double-blind, 8, 29, 30, 87 Dysplasia, 63, 87 Dystrophy, 62, 87 E Ectoderm, 87 Ectodermal Dysplasia, 53, 87 Edema, 86, 88 Elastic, 88, 100 Electrolyte, 88, 97 Emollient, 88, 95 Endocarditis, 83, 88 End-stage renal, 85, 88, 96 Environmental Exposure, 88, 95 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 88 Enzyme, 85, 88, 100, 102 Epidemic, 8, 18, 88, 100 Epidemiological, 8, 88 Epidermis, 86, 87, 88 Epidermomycosis, 87, 88 Erectile, 88, 96 Erythema, 86, 88 Erythrasma, 10, 88
Erythrocytes, 81, 88 Essential Tremor, 62, 88 Ether, 40, 88 Extensor, 89, 98 External-beam radiation, 89, 92, 98, 102 F Facial, 20, 89 Family Planning, 59, 89 Fat, 89, 92, 99, 100 Fatty acids, 89, 100 Fetus, 89, 93, 102 Fibrosis, 63, 89, 99 Fluconazole, 5, 67, 89 Fluorescence, 20, 89 Follicles, 89 Foot Care, 89 Foramen, 85, 89 Fungi, 4, 11, 15, 18, 20, 24, 37, 38, 40, 42, 46, 47, 53, 82, 87, 89, 94, 100, 101, 103 Fungicides, Industrial, 82, 89 Fungistatic, 38, 89 Fungus, 4, 11, 18, 38, 40, 43, 44, 67, 68, 83, 89, 94 G Gamma Rays, 89, 98 Gas, 89, 91, 95 Gene, 45, 63, 64, 83, 90, 95 Gland, 90, 95, 97, 99, 101 Glucose, 62, 84, 90 Governing Board, 90, 97 Graft, 90 Groin, 4, 37, 47, 67, 90, 91 Growth, 4, 38, 41, 47, 62, 82, 83, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 102 Guinea Pigs, 6, 7, 90 H Habitual, 84, 90 Hair follicles, 53, 90 Haploid, 90, 96 Hemoglobin, 82, 88, 90 Hemoglobinuria, 62, 90 Hereditary, 87, 90, 99 Heredity, 90 Heterotrophic, 89, 90 Histology, 90, 93 Hormonal, 83, 90 Host, 37, 84, 90, 95, 102 Hydrogen, 39, 83, 87, 90, 94, 95, 97 Hygienic, 5, 91 Hypersensitivity, 53, 91 Hypoplasia, 88, 91
Index 107
I Id, 24, 31, 66, 68, 74, 76, 91 Imidazole, 7, 85, 91, 94 Immune response, 41, 82, 91 Immune system, 4, 91, 93, 102 Immunodeficiency, 62, 91 Immunologic, 91, 98 Implant radiation, 91, 92, 98, 102 In vitro, 20, 28, 91 In vivo, 91 Infarction, 87, 91, 94 Inflammation, 53, 78, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 96, 102 Infusion, 91, 94 Inguinal, 43, 91 Inhalation, 81, 91, 96 Initiator, 36, 91 Intensive Care, 14, 91 Internal radiation, 92, 98, 102 Interstitial, 83, 92, 102 Intestinal, 92, 93 Intracellular, 91, 92, 97 Intravenous, 91, 92, 94 Involuntary, 83, 88, 92, 94, 100 Ionizing, 88, 92, 98 Ions, 83, 88, 91, 92 Irradiation, 21, 92, 103 Ischemia, 82, 92 Itraconazole, 5, 67, 92 K Kb, 58, 92 Ketoconazole, 5, 33, 92 Kidney Disease, 58, 63, 92 L Lens, 86, 92 Lethal, 83, 92 Leukemia, 62, 92 Library Services, 74, 92 Life cycle, 89, 92 Ligament, 92, 97 Lipophilic, 38, 92 Localized, 17, 91, 92, 96, 102 Locomotion, 92, 96 Lubricants, 93, 96 Lymphatic, 91, 93 Lymphocyte, 82, 93 Lymphoid, 93 Lymphoma, 62, 93 M Maceration, 41, 93 Malabsorption, 62, 93 Malignant, 62, 93, 95, 98
Malnutrition, 82, 93, 94 Mandible, 85, 93 Mannans, 89, 93 Medical Records, 93, 99 MEDLINE, 59, 61, 63, 93 Melanocytes, 93 Melanoma, 62, 93 Membrane, 84, 85, 86, 93, 99 Meningitis, 89, 92, 93 Mental, v, 58, 60, 64, 84, 85, 93, 98 Mental Health, v, 58, 60, 93, 98 Mercury, 45, 93 Methionine, 94, 100 MI, 17, 38, 79, 94 Miconazole, 44, 94 Microbe, 94, 101 Microbiological, 38, 94 Microbiology, 11, 94 Micro-organism, 94, 96 Microscopy, 20, 94 Molecular, 13, 59, 61, 83, 86, 94 Molecule, 82, 83, 86, 94, 98 Monoclonal, 92, 94, 98, 103 Morphological, 89, 93, 94 Morphology, 4, 94 Multicenter study, 7, 94 Muscle Fibers, 94 Muscular Atrophy, 62, 94 Muscular Dystrophies, 87, 94 Mycological, 8, 94 Mycosis, 40, 94, 95 Myocardium, 94 Myotonic Dystrophy, 62, 94 N Need, 3, 4, 44, 46, 47, 52, 53, 69, 85, 94 Neonatal, 14, 95 Neoplasia, 62, 95 Neoplasms, 84, 95, 98, 101 Neoplastic, 93, 95 Nephropathy, 92, 95 Nerve, 82, 85, 89, 95, 99 Neutrons, 92, 95, 98 Nitrogen, 39, 95 Nucleic acid, 95 O Obstetrics, 93, 95 Ointments, 40, 41, 42, 95, 100, 103 Oncogene, 62, 95 Onychomycosis, 16, 29, 67, 95 Opacity, 87, 95 P Pancreas, 95
108 Ringworm
Pancreatic, 62, 95 Pancreatic cancer, 62, 95 Parasite, 95 Parasitic, 37, 42, 95 Parasitism, 43, 95 Paronychia, 47, 53, 95 Paroxysmal, 62, 96 Patch, 78, 96 Pathogenesis, 4, 96 Pathologic, 83, 84, 86, 91, 96, 98 Patient Education, 67, 72, 74, 79, 96 Pelvic, 96, 97 Penis, 47, 79, 96 Petroleum, 38, 96 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 84, 96 Pharmacokinetic, 5, 96 Pharmacologic, 5, 96, 101 Pigmentation, 44, 66, 96 Pigments, 44, 96 Pityriasis, 10, 96 Plana, 96, 99 Plant Oils, 95, 96 Plants, 30, 38, 90, 94, 96, 100, 101 Pneumonia, 86, 96 Poisoning, 93, 96 Polycystic, 63, 96 Polyethylene, 39, 96 Polymers, 36, 97 Polysaccharide, 82, 84, 97 Posterior, 82, 95, 97 Potassium, 4, 79, 97, 100 Potassium hydroxide, 4, 79, 97 Practice Guidelines, 60, 97 Prevalence, 4, 6, 97 Progeny, 42, 97 Progressive, 85, 90, 94, 97 Prophylaxis, 46, 97 Prostate, 62, 97 Protein S, 45, 63, 83, 97 Proteins, 81, 82, 84, 85, 94, 95, 97, 101 Protons, 91, 92, 97, 98 Protozoa, 94, 97, 100 Pruritic, 97, 101 Psoriasis, 42, 98 Public Health, 9, 11, 45, 60, 98 Public Policy, 59, 98 Pulmonary, 98, 100 Q Quaternary, 38, 98 R Radiation, 18, 88, 89, 92, 98, 102 Radiation therapy, 89, 92, 98, 103
Radioactive, 91, 92, 98, 103 Radioimmunotherapy, 98 Radiolabeled, 92, 98, 103 Radiotherapy, 13, 83, 92, 98, 103 Randomized, 5, 27, 30, 98 Receptor, 82, 98 Rectum, 82, 85, 89, 97, 98 Red Nucleus, 82, 98 Refer, 1, 85, 89, 92, 95, 98 Refraction, 99, 100 Retina, 85, 92, 99 Retinoblastoma, 62, 99 Retrospective, 4, 99 Retrospective study, 4, 99 Rigidity, 96, 99 S Salicylic, 43, 99 Salivary, 95, 99 Sclerosis, 48, 62, 99 Screening, 30, 67, 85, 99 Sebaceous, 53, 99 Sebaceous gland, 53, 99 Seborrhea, 53, 99 Sebum, 99 Secretion, 99 Seizures, 96, 99 Semen, 32, 97, 99 Senna, 33, 99 Serrata, 33, 85, 99 Serrated, 99 Sex Determination, 63, 99 Shedding, 53, 99 Shock, 99, 102 Side effect, 42, 81, 100, 101 Sneezing, 99, 100 Soaps, 53, 100 Solvent, 40, 100 Specialist, 69, 100 Species, 19, 37, 41, 42, 87, 90, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102 Spectrum, 5, 28, 39, 41, 85, 92, 100 Sporadic, 99, 100 Spores, 11, 44, 100 Stool, 85, 100 Subacute, 91, 100 Subclinical, 91, 99, 100 Subcutaneous, 84, 88, 100 Subspecies, 100 Substrate, 39, 100 Sulfur, 39, 94, 100 Suppression, 41, 100 Surfactant, 38, 100
Index 109
Sweat, 99, 101 Sweat Glands, 99, 101 Symphysis, 85, 97, 101 Symptomatic, 41, 101 Systemic, 4, 79, 83, 91, 92, 98, 101, 103 T Tea Tree Oil, 29, 30, 33, 101 Telangiectasia, 63, 101 Thalamic, 82, 101 Thalamic Diseases, 82, 101 Thigh, 90, 101 Thrombosis, 97, 101 Thrush, 47, 83, 101 Tinea Pedis, 3, 6, 7, 29, 30, 37, 38, 40, 43, 67, 87, 101 Tissue, 11, 36, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101 Tolnaftate, 44, 101 Tone, 46, 101 Tonus, 101 Topical, 5, 7, 10, 27, 29, 39, 42, 43, 44, 51, 53, 82, 100, 101, 103 Toxic, v, 88, 97, 101 Toxicity, 43, 93, 101 Toxicology, 60, 101 Toxins, 82, 91, 98, 101 Transfection, 83, 101 Trauma, 53, 83, 101, 102
Trichophyton, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 28, 30, 37, 38, 41, 43, 47, 101, 102 Trichotillomania, 53, 102 Tuberculostatic, 38, 102 Tuberous Sclerosis, 63, 102 U Ulcer, 84, 102 Unconscious, 91, 102 Urethra, 96, 97, 102 Urine, 83, 90, 102 Uterus, 87, 93, 102 V Vaccine, 19, 37, 41, 42, 102 Vagina, 47, 83, 102 Vaginal, 47, 48, 78, 102 Vaginitis, 83, 102 Vascular, 91, 102 Venous, 97, 102 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 59, 102 Virulence, 101, 102 Viruses, 38, 94, 99, 102 Vitro, 6, 102 X X-ray, 18, 42, 89, 92, 98, 102 X-ray therapy, 92, 102 Y Yeasts, 47, 53, 84, 89, 103 Z Zinc Oxide, 43, 103
110 Ringworm
