Radon - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ADON A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P AR...

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ADON

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D.

AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Radon: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index.

ISBN: 0-597-84059-8

1. Radon-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer

This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements

The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on radon. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications

To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RADON ...................................................................................................... 3

Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3

The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3

Federally Funded Research on Radon ............................................................................................ 4

E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 17

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 17

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RADON ............................................................................................ 61

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61

Finding Nutrition Studies on Radon........................................................................................... 61

Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 64

Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND RADON ...................................................................... 65

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65

Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67

General References ....................................................................................................................... 68

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON RADON ........................................................................................ 69

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69

Dissertations on Radon................................................................................................................ 69

Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 71

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON RADON ................................................................................................... 73

Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73

Patents on Radon ......................................................................................................................... 73

Patent Applications on Radon ................................................................................................... 102

Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 116

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON RADON .................................................................................................... 117

Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 117

The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 136

Chapters on Radon..................................................................................................................... 138

CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RADON....................................................................... 139

Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139

News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 139

Academic Periodicals covering Radon ....................................................................................... 142

CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS ................................................................................... 143

Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143

U.S. Pharmacopeia ..................................................................................................................... 143

Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 144

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 147

Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147

NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 147

NIH Databases ........................................................................................................................... 149

Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 152

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 153

Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153

Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 153

Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 158

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 161

Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161

Preparation................................................................................................................................. 161

viii Contents

Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 161

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 161

ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 167

Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 167

RADON DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................... 169

INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 203

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with radon is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about radon, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to radon, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on radon. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to radon, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on radon. The Editors

1 From

the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON RADON Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on radon.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and radon, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “radon” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Effects of Air Pollution on the Upper Aerodigestive Tract Source: Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 114(2): 201-204. February 1996. Summary: This article discusses the effects of air pollution on the upper aerodigestive tract. The author notes that because of the delicate balance of the mucous membranes with respect to mucociliary activity, local and recruited immune responses, and rapid uptake of chemicals, the ingestion or inhalation of pollutants in the air can be harmful to these internal body barriers. Topics covered include outdoor air pollutants; indoor air pollution, including occupational exposure to pollutants, tobacco smoke, particulate matter in homes and buildings, dust mites and molds, other biologic contaminants, and radon; and hearing loss caused by noise exposure. The article also briefly mentions localized air pollution in the health care field.

4

Radon

Federally Funded Research on Radon The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to radon. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to radon. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore radon. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for radon: •

Project Title: BIOLOGICALLY BASED CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT FOR MIXTURES Principal Investigator & Institution: Luebeck, E Georg.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: In this proposal we address the problems of estimating and predicting carcinogenic risks from exposure to mixtures of carcinogens. Our approach to this problem will be based on the two mutation clonal expansion (TMCE) model of carcinogenesis. This model can explicitly accommodate both initiators and promoters in the risk assessment process. In this proposal, we make a distinction between simple and complex mixtures. Complex mixtures, such as diesel exhaust, emissions from coke oven batteries, and cigarette smoke, contain hundreds of cancer causing chemicals. Often, however, complex mixtures can be treated as single carcinogens when good data on exposure to the entire mixture are available. Thus, the first objective addresses the problem of estimating cancer risk when a small number of component carcinogens is involved. Questions regarding the roles of the carcinogen type (mode of action), exposure pattern, dose-protraction, and dependency on start and stop of exposures are formulated and their impact on cancer risk explored. Specifically, we focus on human exposures to low and high LET radiation and lung cancer (or death from lung cancer) as the endpoint. Three large data sets will serve to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of our approach: the Colorado Plateau Uranium Miners cohort, with detailed individual information on joint exposure to cigarette smoking and exposure to radon; the Chinese Tin Miners data set, with detailed individual information on three lung carcinogens: tobacco smoke, radon progeny and arsenic; and the Life Span Study of the atomic bomb survivors. The second objective concerns the development of appropriate methods for analyzing case-control data using biologically-based models. This provides another tool for assessing the carcinogenic potential of mixtures. The third objective concerns the toxicity equivalency factor (TEF) approach for complex mixtures that may contain numerous chemical components like those mentioned above. To

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

evaluate the usefulness of the TEF approach we propose to analyze the Allegheny/nonAllegheny coke oven cohort data, as an example. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BYSTANDER EFFECTS OF LOW DOSE ALPHA PARTICLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lehnert, Bruce E.; Group Leader; None; University of Calif-Los Alamos Nat Lab Ms G758 Los Alamos, Nm 87545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The mechanism(s) by which alpha (alpha) particles like those emitted by radon and radon progeny cause cancer are not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that one or more components of the process may involve the induction of mechanisms in cells that do not receive direct exposure to alpha particles. These so called "bystander effects" can be mediated via fluid-phase, extracellular factors and, perhaps, direct cell-cell communications. As examples, low doses of alpha particles can cause excessive sister chromatid exchanges and increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) via mechanisms that involve transmissible, extracellular factors present in alpha- irradiated culture medium and in the supernatants from alphairradiated cells. More recent evidence has been obtained for other low dose alpha particle-associated bystander effects that are also mediated by extracellular factors, which appear to include ROS, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-8. One of these effects is a decrease in basal levels of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in cells that have been pretreated with supernatants from alpha-irradiated cells. A second, potentially related bystander effect is that cells that have been treated with supernatants from alpha-irradiated cells show, relative to control cells, diminutions in p53 and p21Waf-1 protein elevations after subsequent exposure to alpha particles. New evidence also suggests that exposure of cells to low dose alpha particles or supernatants from alpha-irradiated cells can enhance cell proliferation. Based on these findings, the Specific Aims of the project are: 1) To determine the mechanistic relationship between the alpha particle-associated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the decreased p53 bystander effect, 2) To elucidate the molecular basis(es) for the decreased p53 bystander response, 3) To ascertain the role(s) the ROS and decreased p53 bystander effects play in regulating cell proliferation, and 4) To examine how the decreased p53 bystander response affects cell cycle arrests/delays following subsequent exposure to alpha particles and gamma-rays. In the proposed investigations, which involve cellular, biochemical, and molecular approaches conducted mainly with primary cultures of normal human lung fibroblasts and bronchial epithelial cells, we will test hypotheses that mechanistically link the alpha particle-associated ROS and the decreased p53 bystander effects, cell proliferation, and cell p53 and cell cycle responses to DNA damaging ionizing radiations, with the ultimate goal being to the elucidate mechanisms that are involved in vivo in airway cell hyperplasia and bronchogenic carcinoma in response to exposure to radon/radon progeny and other alpha-emitters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF ALPHA & GAMMA IRRADIATION ON HUMAN DIPLOID FIBROBLASTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Keng, Peter; University of Calif-Los Alamos Nat Lab Ms G758 Los Alamos, Nm 87545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

6

Radon

Summary: The potential effects of exposure to naturally occurring radon is currently of interest to The DOE and the general public as well. Although a large data base on the effects of gamma irradiation has been accumulated, information on the effects of radonemitting alpha particles on biological systems is rather sparse. We have initiated a study to elucidate biochemical and cell cycle perturbation effects of alpha particles on human diploid fibroblast cells. Particular attention is being focused on the involvement of phase-specific checkpoints in both G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The levels of p53 and Waf1 are increased in cells treated with alpha particles and perturbations in the cell cycle lead to an accumulation of cells in both G1 and G2, while cells in S phase traverse at slightly lower rates than control cells. In most recent studies, we have also noted a DNA-PK independent increase of p53 levels in irradiated cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONE-BEAM METHODS FOR DYNAMIC VOLUMETRIC X-RAY CT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Ge; Director of Ct/Micro-Ct Lab; Radiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Currently, medical CT scanners are under rapid development with an increasingly larger cone angle, while biomedical micro-CT scanners are already in cone-beam geometry. Despite the importance of cone-beam CT, cone-beam image reconstruction algorithms are not fully developed. There is a critical and immediate need for a dynamic volumetric performance of cone-beam CT, subject to multiple constraints such as dose, noise, range, contrast, etc. The overall goal of this project is to develop and optimize analytic cone-beam algorithms with an emphasis on high temporal resolution and short scan range, and directly applicable to major applications such as cardiac imaging, CT fluoroscopy, perfusion studies, CT angiography, oncologic imaging, small animal imaging, as well as PET and SPECT. This project is based on the latest cone-beam CT results, and focuses on both approximate and exact reconstruction in the Feldkamp-type, Grangeat-type and Katsevich-type frameworks respectively. The specific aims are to (1) improve Feldkamp-type algorithms for less than half-scan data by scanning pattern design and weighting scheme optimization; (2) extend Grangeat-type half-scan algorithms for long object reconstruction by correcting cone-beam data, and transform the Radon space based reconstruction into the filtered backprojection format; (3) modify Katsevich-type algorithms for dynamic reconstruction by detection coverage minimization and n-PI geometry-based formulation; and (4) evaluate and validate the proposed cone-beam algorithms in theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and phantom experiments, and demonstrate their feasibility and utilities in mouse and patient studies. On completion, superior and practical cone-beam algorithms will have been systematically developed with excellent image quality for dynamic volumetric CT and micro-CT. These proposed algorithms will have been implemented on a PC cluster. The advantages of the algorithms will have been demonstrated in mouse and patient studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CORE--CHILDHOOD CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Buckley, Jonathan D.; Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 03-MAR-2006

Studies

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Summary: Members of the Childhood Cancer Research Core have conducted, or collaborated on numerous studies that have addressed questions relating to home or parental occupational exposures. The exposures of interest are wide-ranging, but have included pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, radon, electromagnetic fields (EMF), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), infectious agents, N nitroso compounds, and solvents. The mainstay of these studies continues to be data collection through self-administered questionnaires or (more commonly) interviews of the parents of children with specific cancers and a matched control group. This approach is cost-effective. However, the Core members recognize the potential of the new molecular techniques to provide insights into the processes of tumorogenesis and/or to quantitate in-vivo exposure to environmental insult, and the need to do so on a cost-effective basis in large epidemiological studies. The Core is just starting a casecontrol study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children that will assess pesticide exposure and will measure the frequency of two specific chromosomal rearrangements mediated by the VDJ recombinase enzyme system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--ENVIRONMENTAL LUNG DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mitzner, Wayne A.; Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall goal of this research core is to determine predictors of human responsiveness to specific pollutants in the urban environment. This knowledge will be used to set standards, but also can be used for the treatment of airway disease that may be induced by these agents. The fundamental aims of this core are to: 1) investigate the delivery of inhaled particles and pollutants to the respiratory system; 2) determine the molecular genetic and inflammatory susceptibility of exposed respiratory tissues and cells; 3) evaluate the pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with the effects of these inhalants on pulmonary tissues and cellular responses; 4) assess the health risks of these agents to human populations; and 5) train students and fellows in pathophysiologic research related to problems in environmental health. The core consists of individuals with expertise in the mechanisms of uptake into respiratory tissue, experimental assessment of pulmonary function in humans, experimental assessment of acute and chronic forms of inflammation, genetic factors that determine susceptibility, and evaluation of asthma in the urban population. The accomplishments of this core during the previous 5 year funding period are profound. Dr. Swift has used radon aerosols to further understand deposition in the upper airway. Dr. Laube has investigated the effect of asthma on deposition and clearance of aerosols. Dr. Jakab has shown that inert particles change the deposition of gases in the lung. Dr. Kleeberger has shown that genetic predisposition to ozone exists in inbred mice, with susceptibility largely controlled by a single recessive gene. Dr. Wills-Karp is also studying the genetic regulation of airway reactivity in inflamed airways, especially as it relates to Th2 cytokines. Under the direction of Dr. Mitzner, important and substantial contributions have been made regarding airway physiology, smooth muscle, contractility, and airway imaging. Collaborative studies between Drs. Foster and Brown have led to a more fundamental understanding of the heterogeneous airway response to inhaled ozone. Innovative studies by Dr. Croxton have shown that ozone directly affects ion channel activity of the airway epithelia. Human studies include the deposition of fine particles in asthmatic and normal subjects, injury and repair mechanisms in the airway epithelia, and the use of exhaled air as a biomarker for pollutant oxidant exposure. The Core

8

Radon

investigators and facilities have resulted in substantial recruitment of students and fellows to environmental projects within the NIEHS Center. In the future, greater efforts will be made to expand the translation of fundamental scientific knowledge to the community. Plans are made to interact more regularly with Dr. Eggleston, a practitioner who specializes in asthma. In addition, expansion into the area of molecular biology will be promoted through the use of other research cores and facilities from the NIEHS Center. New areas of investigation will include: 1) imaging studies to investigate local transport of aerosol particles in the airway lumen; and 2) genetic studies designed to localize the genes that play a role in the response to environmental toxins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--HEALTH REGISTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lynch, Charles F.; Professor; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The aims of the Health Registry Facility (HRF) are to provide data and services to investigators wishing to use any of its five participating units: the Iowa Cancer Registry, the Iowa Birth Defects Registry, the Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination (CHEEC), the Rural Injury Surveillance System (RISS), and an asthma database still under development. The HRF also provides access to the Agricultural Health Study Registry. In addition to access to these registries, the HRF personnel offer a variety of services related to the use of these databases, including survey design, sampling, programming, and database linkage. The Registry has been used in Iowa?s studies of residential radon and its participation in the Agricultural Health Study, and has facilitated other research projects such as the Iowa Women?s Health Studies. Future directions involve integration of the Birth Defects Registry and asthma database into the core facility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CYTOGENETICS--ALPHA PARTICLE INDUCED CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES Principal Investigator & Institution: Geard, Charles R.; Professor; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The overall research objectives of this program project are directed toward understanding the mechanistic bases for the recognition, processing and consequences of radiation induced lesions, with a particular emphasis on radon progeny alpha particles and their impact on human health. Nuclear DNA changes significantly impact human health with clear relationships to cell death, mutation and oncogenic changes. There is uncertainty however as to the potential contributions of stresses induced in non-nuclear targets to long term deleterious effects. It is clear that molecular interplay between membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus contributes to damage recognition, signaling and response pathways. An understanding of the role of cellular components in radiation responses can efficiently be obtained by use of a microbeam. In this project we will used defined influences (down to 1) or 100 keV/um alpha-particles to irradiate cell nucleus, cytoplasm or known cells in a population. Non-hit cells (bystanders) may be stressed by reactive oxygen species and/or affected by induced mobile cytokines. Mouse embryo fibroblasts derived from knockout mice, wild-type, p53-, and atm- will be irradiated both as single and as pair

Studies

9

wise populations. Responses will be separately assessed in hit versus non-hit cells. We will ask the questions: Does particle spacing influence nucleus based responses? Does cytoplasmic irradiation initiate a biological response? Does cell specific irradiation initiate responses in non-hit cells on a genotype dependent basis? We will examine incidence of micronuclei; apoptosis, cell growth and development; cell cycle delay; and gene expression both by protein expression and localization, and mRNA by RT-PCR. In concert with the other projects of this program project, the combination of endpoints and precise site specific microbeam irradiation to address definitive question will establish mechanistic parameters and will define alpha-particle responsiveness at low doses with emphasis on the contribution of the bystander effect. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETECTION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Petri, Michelle; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) is ten times more common in patients with SLE than in the general population. The purpose of this research study is to determine how frequently SLE patients have an abnormal heart scan, indicative of atherosclerosis. Research participants will undergo a nuclear medicine cardiac SPECT scan as an outpatient. The scan requires an injection of a small amount of radioactive tracer into an arm vein. The testing procedure requires a patient to be present for approximately 6 hours. If a patient weighs over 200 pounds, a second day of testing may be necessary. As part of the scan, patients exercise. Patients who have coronary heart disease (heart problems) might be at risk for angina (heart pain) or myocardial infarction (heart attack). No one with known heart disease will enter this study. The radiation exposure received from participating in this study is equivalent to an exposure of 3.4 rems to the whole body. Naturally occurring radiation (cosmic radiation, radon, etc. ) produces whole body radiation exposures of about 0.3 rems per year. Occupationally exposed individuals are permitted to receive whole body exposures of 5 rems per year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: HIGH LET RADIATION & GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN HUMAN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kronenberg, Amy; Group Leader and Staff Scientist; Division of Life Sciences; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Human exposure to densely ionizing radiation occurs environmentally on the earth and in space. Occupational exposures to neutrons also occur in the nuclear power industry and near medical accelerators. While most of these exposures involve irradiation with a very low fluence of high LET radiations, the carcinogenic risks of such exposures remain poorly understood. The goals of the proposed investigation are focused to test the hypothesis that densely ionizing radiations, such as accelerated iron ions, are more potent inducers of a persistent state of genomic instability in human lymphoid cells, as compared with sparsely ionizing radiations such as energetic protons. Karyotypic heterogeneity will serve as an initial indicator of genomic instability. More comprehensive experiments are outlined to

10 Radon

evaluate other features of chromosomal-scale instability, including increased rates of mutation at defined sequences within the human genome. The applicant will also delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in maintenance of persistent and progressive radiation-induced instability. In particular, she will test the hypothesis that low fluence exposures to high LET radiations induce instability through increased rates of aberrant recombination leading to loss of heterozygosity, as assayed along a segment of chromosome 17q. She presents an experimental plan to test the hypothesis that programmed cell death masks expression of persistent genomic instability following low fluence exposure to densely ionizing iron ions or comparable doses of protons. Specific experimental approaches are outlined to determine when programmed cell death is of critical importance in the selective removal of heavily damaged cells at early times post-exposure, at later times to weed out late-arising clones with inappropriately rearranged genomes, or a combination thereof. The proposed investigations will provide quantitative and mechanistic information regarding iron ion- and protoninduced genomic instability. The approaches outlined focus on the genesis of the types of heritable alterations that have often been associated with human carcinogenesis. The results obtained will be of specific importance in the assessment of radiation risks to astronaut health. The results obtained with low fluence iron-ion exposures will serve as a model for terrestrial exposures to radon and neutrons. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOUSEHOLD ENVIRONMENTAL RISK REDUCTION IN RURAL CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Butterfield, Patricia G.; Associate Professor; University of Montana University Hall 202 Missoula, Mt 598124104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: More than seven million families participate in Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and other pediatric public health programs. Providing environmental health information to these families is a common-sense way of integrating risk reduction efforts into existing public health programs. However, the success of such efforts will be predicated on testing interventions that can be easily delivered in home and clinic settings. The proposed study will yield evidence addressing: 1) baseline estimates of rural children's exposure to multiple agents in the home setting, and 2) the effectiveness of a risk reduction intervention delivered by public health nurses. Subjects will include child-parent dyads residing in rural Montana; there is preliminary evidence that exposures to children living in the rural West may differ significantly from those living in other parts of the country. The research involves four phases. In Phase 1, biomonitoring (i.e., children's blood lead, urinary cotinine), household (i.e., analysis of water for total coliforms, E-coli, lead, nitrate/nitrite, arsenic, mercury, and a pesticide and petroleum screen; air monitoring for radon and carbon monoxide), and parents' knowledge / attitude / behavior data will be collected from 50 families. In Phase 2, these data will be reviewed by an expert panel to identify priority agents--there is preliminary evidence that these will include radon, lead, arsenic, and nitrate/nitrite. Phase 3 will focus on finalizing agent-specific and general risk reduction interventions. General risk reduction actions will be based on national pediatric health recommendations. During Phase 4, the intervention will be tested with a sample of 150 families using private wells; 75 treatment families will receive the home visit intervention and 75 control families will receive an alternate (addressing a nonenvironmental health topic) intervention. The intervention will be delivered by local public health nurses who are already making home visits to families participating in

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child health programs for lower-income families. Outcome measures of interest include: 1) estimates of exposure (biomarkers and household monitoring), and 2) parents' knowledge and attitudes toward reduction actions on behalf of their children. The proposed research is consistent with recommendations that communitybased environmental health programs be framed and delivered in a manner that is meaningful to families and high-risk subgroups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IOWA AND MISSOURI RADON LUNG CANCER STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Field, Robert W.; Epidemiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: Risk estimates, extrapolated from studies of underground miners, predict that residential radon progeny exposure accounts for approximately 19,000 lung cancer deaths each year in the United States. Previous case-control epidemiologic studies, which examined the relationship between residential radon exposure and lung cancer, lacked the ability to verify these risk estimates. Inaccurate dose assessment of radon exposure, a high percentage of proxy respondents, inadequate pathologic review, and low residential radon concentrations led to exposure misclassification and limited the interpretation of these studies. The Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Phase I study was designed to overcome many of these limitations. The Phase I study utilized advanced radon dose assessments, independent histologic review, and a study population that was characterized by geographic stability, high percentage of live cases, and potential for high radon exposure. The Phase I study demonstrated that exposure to residential radon gas increases the risk of developing lung cancer. To refine these estimates, we now propose Phase II studies that examine the association between residential radon product (progeny) exposure and the development of lung cancer. Because radon progeny deliver the actual radiation dose to the lung tissues, rather than radon gas itself, in order to reduce further the exposure misclassification, radon dose estimates need to take into account exposure to residential radon progeny. This requires measuring actual airborne radon progeny concentrations and integrating the exposure to radon progeny over time. The Phase II study will derive more accurate retrospective radon dose estimates by using a novel retrospective radon progeny integrating glass-based detector. Specific Aim I examines the hypothesis that exposure to residential radon progeny is associated with increased risk of developing lung cancer, after controlling for confounders. We will perform field calibration and laboratory validation of the retrospective radon "glass" detectors, and analyze the risk estimates by incorporating exposures to radon progeny, rather than exposures to radon gas. Specific Aim II will determine whether the shape of the dose response curve that best describes the relationship between residential radon progeny exposure and lung cancer risk is linear or nonlinear. Specific Aim III will examine whether exposure to radon progeny contributes to the development of adenocarcinoma, as well as other lung cancer histologic types. For Aims II and III we will use pooled analyses of exposure estimates that are derived from retrospective radon progeny "glass" detectors for subjects from the Iowa and Missouri Radon Lung Cancer Studies. The pooling of data between two largescale epidemiologic studies from a similar geographic area, Iowa and Missouri, will allow us to increase sample size and statistical power. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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•

Project Title: METASTASIS COMPETENT GENES IN LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lader, Alan S.; Postdoctoral; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States and non-small cell lung cancei (NSCLC) represents 80% of all lung cancers. Along with tobacco use, exposure to radon, occupational exposures, exposure to asbestos, diet and family history all contribute to an increase in the risk of lung cancer. Thus, NSCLC represents a significant public health issue. Ninety percent of the deaths associated with NSCLC can be attributed to metastasis. Recent data has identified several genes associated with metastasis. However, no one has taken a global genomic approach to the analysis of molecular changes associated with metastasis in NSCLC. The goal of this project is to establish models of NSCLC invasion and metastasis, there identify changes in gene expression which correlate with enhanced invasion and metastatic potential of cancei cells. We will establish cell lines from which we can directly compare gene expression profiles between 1) cells with an increased metastatic capability, and 2) cells with an increased invasive capability with the parent cell lines from which these cells are derived. Aim 1 select NSCLC cells with enhanced invasion capacity from immortalized human primary NSCLC cell lines. Aim 2 will establish in vivo models of NSCLC metastasis by orthotopic injection of immortalized human primary NSCLC cell lines into the lungs of mice. Gene expressior profiles will then be obtained from cells derived in both aims using DNA microarray technology. Once genes are identified that are altered in metastasis compared to the primary tumor, future studies will focus on the role of gene products in the metastatic process. Our focus will be on examining changes in expression of genes associated with regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics, but this global strategy will allow us to identify other genes important in the metastatic process. This project will lead to additional research addressing important questions in molecular and cellular biology of metastases from a multidisciplinary point of view by fostering collaboration between Dr. Lader (the PI), Dr. Kwiatkowski, an expert in genetics and molecular biology, and are an expert in metastasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING FOR TELEWORKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Harrington, Susan S.; Harrington Software Associates 7431 Wilson Rd Warrenton, Va 20186 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 14-SEP-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this research is to reduce the risk of occupational injury and illness to employees who telecommute from their homes (telework). The rapid growth of teleworking has raised several social and legal issues regarding an employer's responsibility for an employee's home office. OSHA policy states that employers are not responsible for home offices; yet, teleworkers may be more at risk from occupational safety and health hazards than their co-workers who commute. In a traditional workplace, risk factors are controlled or eliminated by the employer, building owner, or fire marshal. In the home workplace, employees must control or eliminate risk factors on their own. The Phase I pilot study on ergonomics demonstrated the need for teleworker safety training. Over 85% of participants indicated that they had never received teleworker training before and 48% indicated

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that they had experienced discomfort while teleworking. In the pilot test of the prototype ergonomics module, the training significantly improved participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Phase II will expand the research to include the development of modules on fire safety, electrical safety, radon, and falls/tripping. HSA will conduct a national field test and follow-up study. The program will be delivered in CD-ROM and web-based formats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION W/ SINGLE ALPHA PARTICLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Richard C.; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Domestic low-level exposure to radon gas is considered a major lung-cancer hazard, involving DNA damage to bronchial cells by alpha particles from radon progeny. At low radon levels, these cells are extremely rarely traversed by more than one alpha particle, whereas at higher levels, where cancer risks are assessable (in uranium miners), cells may experience multiple alpha traversals. Measuring the oncogenic effects of exactly one alpha particle without confounding effects of multiple traversals has not hitherto been feasible, resulting in uncertainty in low-dose radon risk estimates. Charged-particle microbeams irradiate individual cells with predefined exact numbers of particles; whilst previously too slow to assess small oncogenic risks, recent microbeam developments now permit irradiation of large cell numbers, allowing the first oncogenic risk measurements for exactly one alpha particle. Oncogenicity from exactly one alpha particle was significantly lower than for a Poisson-distributed mean of one alpha, implying that cells traversed by multiple alpha particles contribute most of the risk. If this applies generally, extrapolation from high-level radon risks (involving multiple alpha particles) overestimates low level (involving only single alpha particles) risks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: RADIATION BIOLOGY OF SIMULATED RADON-DAUGHTER ALPHAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Eric J.; Director; Radiation Oncology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: OVERALL (Applicant's Description) This program project brings together and links four projects in experimental biology that all address the common theme of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis induced by alpha-particles that stimulate those emitted by radon progeny. The BEIR VI Committee of the National Academy of Sciences on the Health Effects of Radon estimated lung cancer risks from radon in homes by adopting a linear no-threshold extrapolation from the higher risks evident in underground mines. This decision was based largely on the conclusion that a single alpha-particle could produce sufficient damage in a cell nucleus to initiate the carcinogenic process. This program project questions the central dogma that the passage of a charged particle through the nucleus is an essential pre-requisite for the induction of biological systems and endpoints will be used from damage signals to chromosomal aberrations, to mutations to oncogenic transformation. The questions to be addressed include: (1) Can the passage of a charged particle through the cytoplasm cause heritable effects in the nucleus? (2) Can damage to one cell by trans-nuclear or trans-cytoplasmic,

14

Radon

alpha- particle transversals by transmitted to neighboring cells the so-called bystander effect and what are the mechanism(s) mediating the response? (3) How do the spatial and temporal aspects of alpha-particle induced DNA breaks affect the induction of more complex biological damage? (4) Are specific genes consistently up-regulated or downregulated in cells organically transformed by alpha-particles, and is the incidence of transformation modified by the activation of specific genes? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RADON AND HEALTH: EVIDENCE, POLICY AND POLITICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Samet, Jonathan M.; Chair and Professor; Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Radon, a naturally occurring and ubiquitous respiratory carcinogen, has been a focus for public health research and policy debate for nearly a century. This application requests two years of support for the preparation of a book-length monograph on radon and lung cancer, focusing on the linkages between scientific evidence on radon and the development of regulations and public policies to reduce risks to miners and the general population. The book will chronicle the advances in scientific understanding of the lung cancer risk associated with radon exposure and lay over this historical account the key public health and policy issues: I) protection of underground miners against exposure to unacceptable levels, including the very high exposures sustained in the early U.S. and other uranium mines during the "Cold War"; 2) the tension between the ethical imperative to protect the early miners and the need to carry out research on their risks; 3) the evolution of evidence-based regulations to lower exposures in mines; 4) approaches to compensating miners for radon-caused lung cancers; 5) recognition of the problem of indoor radon and the subsequent attempts to characterize its risks; 6) the role of expert committees in evaluating exposures and the use of quantitative risk assessment for this purpose; and 7) risk management approaches and their linkages to the scientific evidence. The Principal Investigator, Jonathan M. Samet, M.D., MS., has gained experience in each of these dimensions of the topic through his epidemiologic research on underground uranium miners in New Mexico, his clinical practice of pulmonary medicine in that state, and his participation in many key committees on radon and lung cancer, including chairing the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VI Committee of the National Research Council. The team will also include Charlotte Gerczak, MbA., who has worked with Dr. Samet in developing several book-length manuscripts. The research team will collect materials from Dr. Samets extensive files, further literature searches, review of archives of the federal and state governments, and personal contacts with researchers, policy-makers, and involved political figures and advocates. Anticipated products from this effort include a published book-length manuscript and expanded chapters submitted to the peer reviewed literature. The lessons from the history of radon and lung cancer will remain as informative examples of the use of scientific evidence for public health protection for decades. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: RSH SPECT--A ROTATING SLANT-HOLE SPECT SCANNER Principal Investigator & Institution: Clackdoyle, Rolf; Associate Professor; Radiology; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2003

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Summary: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning represents a large fraction of nuclear medicine procedures and is a particularly important imaging tool for diagnosing heart disease. However the diagnostic function of SPECT is limited by its low sensitivity for detecting photons. This research project concerns development of the rotating slant- hole (RSH) SPECT scanner, which is a conventional scanner with a modified collimator system. The RSH collimator allows multiple projections of the radiotracer distribution to be simultaneously imaged by the detector, and thereby has the potential to improve photon sensitivity by factors of two to four. This project focuses on evaluating a prototype RSH SPECT scanner and addressing related imaging issues. The demonstrated success of the RSH SPECT concept will lead to a widespread inexpensive enhancement of all SPECT scanners which will only involve minor hardware and software modifications. The increased photon sensitivity translates to a combination of better image resolution, reduced image noise, and reduced scanning times. Each of these developments will improve the diagnostic function of SPECT. The specific aims are: 1) to quantitatively compare the imaging performance of the RSH SPECT prototype scanner to a state-of-the- art conventional SPECT scanner; 2) to devise, implement, and evaluate a self-assessable attenuation correction method for the RSH SPECT scanner that does not use transmission measurements; and 3) to develop mathematical inversion formulas and analytic reconstruction methods for the RSlat SPECT imaging problem, and to develop algorithms to perform transmissionless attenuation- correction. The methods will involve experimentally determining taskindependent imaging measures for the RSH SPECT and conventional scanners. Computer simulations and phantom measurements will be used to study attenuation correction in RSH SPECT and RSlat SPECT. Theoretical foundations for the RSlat system will be based on three-dimensional Radon transform theory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TUMOR ADENOCARCINOMA

SUPPRESSOR

GENE

METHYLATION

IN

LUNG

Principal Investigator & Institution: Belinsky, Steven A.; Director Lung Cancer Program; Lovelace Biomedical & Environmental Res Environmental Research Inst Albuquerque, Nm 87185 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Adenocarcinoma is the major histologic type of lung cancer diagnosed. However, identification of the genes and pathways underlying the development of this tumor type lags behind knowledge for other histologic types of lung cancers. The major hypothesis of this proposal is that tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) shown to be inactivated by CpG island promoter methylation are involved in the initiation and development of adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the frequency for inactivation and thus, the involvement of specific TSGs will vary depending on carcinogen exposure. These hypothesis will be tested by examining adenocarcinomas associated with exposure to cigarette smoke either directly or through environmental tobacco smoke and radiation in the form of radon progeny and arising in the central or peripheral lung, locations where carcinogen deposition may differ. The fact that the type of damage inflicted on DNA differs between these exposures as well as the deposition patterns within the lung suggests that the mechanisms for tumor induction may also be divergent. This supposition has been confirmed in our laboratory; inactivation of the estrogen receptor by CpG island methylation was greater in never-smokers than smokers and greater in rodent tumors induced by radiation than by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK, while inactivation of the p16/INK4a (p16) gene by methylation was greater in rodent

16

Radon

tumors induced by NNK than by radiation. Our studies also indicated that alterations in expression of cytosine DNA-methyltransferase (DNA-MTase) may be integrally linked to the aberrant CpG island methylation and may play a critical role in neoplastic development. The samples selected to test our hypothesis are 240 adenocarcinomas located either centrally or peripherally within the lung from smokers, former uranium miners, or never smokers. The four TSGs selected p16, ER, HIC-1, and E-cadherin, are all inactivated by methylation and involved in adenocarcinoma. Gene status will be evaluated at the protein (immunohistochemistry) and gene level (copy number and methylation state). Expression levels of DNA-MTase will be determined and related to methylation status of these four TSGs. Our studies have also detected p16 methylation in pre-malignant lesions indicating that silencing of these gene may be one of the initiating steps in adenocarcinoma development. Thus, we will also test in a more mechanistic manner the hypothesis of this proposal. The timing for increased DNAMtase activity and methylation of the p16 and ER genes will be directly examined in a target cells (alveolar type II) for adenocarcinoma following exposure of rats to specific carcinogens. These studies will identify genes involved in adenocarcinoma., time key methylation changes during adenocarcinoma, and provide an animal model in which to test intervention and prevention therapies directed against these genetic changes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: USING RANDOM RISK TO MOTIVATE SMOKING REDUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lichtenstein, Edward L.; Senior Scientist; Oregon Research Institute 1715 Franklin Blvd Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1995; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Radon is the leading cause of lung cancer after smoking, killing 7,000-30,000 people annually. The combination of radon exposure and smoking produces a synergy that markedly raises the risk of mortality. For smokers exposure to low to moderate levels of radon, changing smoking behavior is the most efficient risk reduction strategy. The aim of this randomized trial is to test interventions for households where a smoker is present and there are detectable levels of radon. This competing renewal extends ongoing work, which demonstrated that utility, which demonstrated that utility company bill stuffers were an effective recruitment device and found that brief phone counseling produced short-term (3- month follow-up) changes across several outcome measures. This 4-year project will work with a new electric utility in a region with higher levels of radon. Smoking households that return bill stuffer coupons will be randomized to 1 of 4 conditions in a 2 X 2 factorial design: phone counseling versus no counseling by, video/CD-ROM versus no video/CD-ROM. Control households will receive standard EPA written materials on radon and smoking. All households receive feedback on their radon level. Telephone counseling is hypothesized to produce significant changes in smoking comparable to those found in our current study. The visual and potentially interactive displays possible in the video/CD-ROM are expected to produce changes comparable to the phone counseling. The combination condition is expected to be significantly better than either alone. Follow up assessments will be conducted by mail and phone. Sustained quitting of smoking at both 3 and 12 months and changes in household smoking rules are primarily outcome measures. Adjunctively, we will examine participants' mental models of radon smoking risk using revised measures and conducting subanalyses on high radon households. The interventions are potentially disseminable at low cost and, collaboratively with utility companies, could motivate large numbers of households to test for radon and take appropriate risk reduction strategies.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “radon” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for radon in the PubMed Central database: •

What are the risks of low-level exposure to [alpha] radiation from radon? by Little JB.; 1997 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33674

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with radon, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “radon” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for radon (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A combination study of indoor radon and in situ gamma spectrometry measurements in Greek dwellings. Author(s): Clouvas A, Xanthos S, Antonopoulos-Domis M. Source: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2003; 103(4): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797560&dopt=Abstract

3 Adapted 4

from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic

literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a

world-class library of the digital age.

5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse

sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations,

and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of

Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction

with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with

their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

18 Radon

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A consistent two-mutation model of lung cancer for different data sets of radonexposed rats. Author(s): Bijwaard H, Brugmans MJ, Leenhouts HP.

Source: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2001 December; 40(4): 269-77.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_

uids=11820735&dopt=Abstract

•

A cost-effectiveness analysis of a residential radon remediation programme in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Kennedy CA, Gray AM, Denman AR, Phillips PS.

Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 December; 81(7): 1243-7.



•

A critical comparison of the cost-effectiveness of domestic radon remediation programmes in three counties of England. Author(s): Coskeran T, Denman AR, Phillips PS, Gillmore GK.

Source: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2002; 62(2): 129-44.



•

A passive radon dosemeter suitable for workplaces. Author(s): Orlando C, Orland P, Patrizii L, Tommasino L, Tonnarini S, Trevisi R, Viola P.

Source: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2002; 102(2): 163-8.



•

A portable bronchial dosimeter for radon progenies. Author(s): Yu KN, Guan ZJ.

Source: Health Physics. 1998 August; 75(2): 147-52.



•

A review of residential radon case-control epidemiologic studies performed in the United States. Author(s): Field RW.

Source: Rev Environ Health. 2001 July-September; 16(3): 151-67. Review.



•

A review of the cost effectiveness of radon mitigation in domestic properties in Northamptonshire. Author(s): Denman AR, Phillips PS.

Source: Journal of Radiological Protection : Official Journal of the Society for

Radiological Protection. 1998 June; 18(2): 119-24.



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•

A study of radon and thoron release from Egyptian building materials using polymeric nuclear track detectors. Author(s): Hafez AF, Hussein AS, Rasheed NM.

Source: Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods

for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 2001 February; 54(2): 291-8.



•

A study of radon levels in NHS premises in affected areas around the UK. Author(s): Denman AR, Lewis GT, Brennen SE.




•

Absorbed fraction and dose conversion coefficients of alpha particles for radon dosimetry. Author(s): Nikezic D, Yu KN, Vucic D.

Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2001 July; 46(7): 1963-74.



•

Absorbed fraction of radon progeny in human bronchial airways with bifurcation geometry. Author(s): Nikezic D, Novakovic B, Yu KN.

Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2003 March; 79(3): 175-80.



•

Adjustments to the baseline lung cancer mortality for radon-induced lung cancers in the BEIR VI risk models. Author(s): Nelson CB, Puskin JS, Pawel DJ.

Source: Radiation Research. 2001 August; 156(2): 220-1.



•

Alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis and human biomonitoring for genotoxicity: a study on subjects with residential exposure to radon. Author(s): Hellman B, Friis L, Vaghef H, Edling C.

Source: Mutation Research. 1999 June 25; 442(2): 121-32.



•

Alpha hit frequency due to radon decay products in human lung cells. Author(s): Nikezic D, Yu KN.

Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2001 May; 77(5): 559-65.



20 Radon

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An algorithm for source checking continuous air monitors using radon progeny. Author(s): Hogue MG, Smith AB, Hadlock DJ.

Source: Health Physics. 2000 September; 79(3): 299-304.



•

An analysis of the uncertainties in estimates of radon-induced lung cancer. Author(s): Puskin JS.

Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1992 June;

12(2): 277-85.



•

An efficient Fourier method for 3-D radon inversion in exact cone-beam CT reconstruction. Author(s): Schaller S, Flohr T, Steffen P.

Source: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging. 1998 April; 17(2): 244-50.



•

An improved model for the reconstruction of past radon exposure. Author(s): Cauwels P, Poffijn A.

Source: Health Physics. 2000 May; 78(5): 528-32.



•

Analysis of a historical cohort of Chinese tin miners with arsenic, radon, cigarette smoke, and pipe smoke exposures using the biologically based two-stage clonal expansion model. Author(s): Hazelton WD, Luebeck EG, Heidenreich WF, Moolgavkar SH.

Source: Radiation Research. 2001 July; 156(1): 78-94.



•

Analysis of radon-associated squamous cell carcinomas of the lung for a p53 gene hotspot mutation. Author(s): Yang Q, Wesch H, Mueller KM, Bartsch H, Wegener K, Hollstein M.

Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2000 February; 82(4): 763-6.



•

Analysis of radon-induced lung cancer risk by a stochastic state-vector model of radiation carcinogenesis. Author(s): Crawford-Brown DJ, Hofmann W.


Radiological Protection. 2002 September; 22(3A): A61-5.



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Approach to identification of radon areas in Germany. Author(s): Lehmann R, Kemski J, Siehl A, Stegemann R.

Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2001 May 14; 272(1-3): 213-5.



•

Approaches to the assessment of long term exposure to radon and its progeny. Author(s): Mc Laughlin JP.




•

Assessment of exposure to radon decay products in realistic living conditions. Author(s): Wasiolek PT, Hopke PK, James AC.

Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1992 July-

September; 2(3): 309-22.



•

Basic study on radon effects and thermal effects on humans in radon therapy. Author(s): Yamaoka K, Mifune T, Mitsunobu F, Kojima S, Mori S, Shibuya K, Tanizaki

Y, Sugita K.

Source: Physiol Chem Phys Med Nmr. 2001; 33(2): 133-8.



•

Benefits to a life insurance company from providing radon tests for clients. Author(s): Cohen BL.




•

Bio-kinetics of radon ingested from drinking water. Author(s): Ishikawa T, Narazaki Y, Yasuoka Y, Tokonami S, Yamada Y.

Source: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2003; 105(1-4): 65-70.



•

Breast cancer, radon, and brassieres??? Author(s): Nero AV Jr.

Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1997

October; 17(5): 525-6.



22 Radon

•

Bronchial dosimeter for radon progeny. Author(s): Cheung TT, Yu KN, Nikezic D.


for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 2001 November; 55(5): 707-13.



•

Building materials and environmental health: radon in Hong Kong. Author(s): Yu KN.

Source: J R Soc Health. 1992 December; 112(6): 294-6.



•

Calculation of the 1995 lung cancer incidence in The Netherlands and Sweden caused by smoking and radon: risk implications for radon. Author(s): Leenhouts HP, Brugmans MJ.

Source: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2001 March; 40(1): 11-21.



•

Can semi-automated image cytometry on induced sputum become a screening tool for lung cancer? Evaluation of quantitative semi-automated sputum cytometry on radonand uranium-exposed workers. Author(s): Marek W, Kotschy-Lang N, Muti A, Kohler CH, Nielsen L, Topalidis TH,

Atay Z, Nakhosteen JA.

Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for

Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 December; 18(6): 942-50.



•

Cancer risk and radon exposure. Author(s): Forastiere F, Quiercia A, Cavariani F, Miceli M, Perucci CA, Axelson O. Source: Lancet. 1992 May 2; 339(8801): 1115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1349131&dopt=Abstract

•

Case-control study on lung cancer and residential radon in western Germany. Author(s): Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Gerken M, Dingerkus G, Wellmann J, Keller G,

Wichmann HE.

Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 January 1; 153(1): 42-52.



•

CGH analysis of radon-induced rat lung tumors indicates similarities with human lung cancers. Author(s): Dano L, Guilly MN, Muleris M, Morlier JP, Altmeyer S, Vielh P, El-Naggar

AK, Monchaux G, Dutrillaux B, Chevillard S.

Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 2000 September; 29(1): 1-8.



Studies

23

•

Characterization of uncertainty and variability in residential radon cancer risks. Author(s): Krewski D, Rai SN, Zielinski JM, Hopke PK.

Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1999; 895: 245-72.



•

Childhood cancer and residential radon exposure - results of a population-based casecontrol study in Lower Saxony (Germany). Author(s): Kaletsch U, Kaatsch P, Meinert R, Schuz J, Czarwinski R, Michaelis J.

Source: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 1999 September; 38(3): 211-5.



•

Childhood cancers and radon. Author(s): Cartwright RA, Miles JC, Kendall GM.

Source: Lancet. 2003 May 10; 361(9369): 1658.



•

Childhood cancers, radon, and gamma radiation. Author(s): Neuberger JS, Gesell TF.

Source: Lancet. 2002 November 9; 360(9344): 1437-8.



•

Childhood leukaemia in areas with different radon levels: a spatial and temporal analysis using GIS. Author(s): Kohli S, Noorlind Brage H, Lofman O.

Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 November; 54(11): 822-6.



•

Chromosomal aberrations of blood lymphocytes induced in vitro by radon-222 daughter alpha-irradiation. Author(s): Pohl-Ruling J, Lettner H, Hofmann W, Eckl P, Haas OA, Obe G, Grell-

Buchtmann I, van Buul PP, Schroeder-Kurth T, Atzmuller C, Sasaki MS, Fischer P,

Kubiak R, Natarajan AT.

Source: Mutation Research. 2000 April 3; 449(1-2): 7-19.



•

Chromosome aberrations study of pupils in high radon level elementary school. Author(s): Bilban M, Vaupoti J.

Source: Health Physics. 2001 February; 80(2): 157-63.



24 Radon

•

Comment on “On the discrepancies between epidemiologic studies of lung cancer and residential radon and Cohen's ecologic regression”. Author(s): Straja SR, Moghissi AA.

Source: Health Physics. 1999 March; 76(3): 316-9.



•

Comment on Cohen's radon data and smoking. Author(s): Stewart AM.




•

Comparative studies of health hazard from radon (Rn-222) in two selected lithologic formations in the Suwalki region (in Poland). Author(s): Karpinska M, Wolkowicz S, Mnich Z, Zalewski M, Mamont-Ciesla K, Kapala J.




•

Correlation between indoor radon concentration and dose rate in air from terrestrial gamma radiation in Japan. Author(s): Fujimoto K.




•

Correlation of 210Po implanted in glass with radon gas exposure: sensitivity analysis of critical parameters using a Monte-Carlo approach. Author(s): Walsh C, McLaughlin JP.




•

Correlations between radon concentration and indoor gamma dose rate, soil permeability and dwelling substructure and ventilation. Author(s): Makelainen I, Arvela H, Voutilainen A.




•

Cost effectiveness analysis of radon remediation programmes. Author(s): Kennedy CA, Gray AM.




Studies

25

•

Czech miner studies of lung cancer risk from radon. Author(s): Tomasek L.





•

Decrease of respiratory burst in neutrophils of patients with ankylosing spondylitis by combined radon-hyperthermia treatment. Author(s): Reinisch N, Mur E, Herold M, Dunzendorfer S, Kahler CM, Falkenbach A,

Wiedermann CJ.

Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 May-June; 17(3): 335-8.



•

Deposition and clearance for radon progeny in the human respiratory tract. Author(s): Ishikawa T, Yamada Y, Fukutsu K, Tokonami S.




•

Design issues in studies of radon and lung cancer: implications of the joint effect of smoking and radon. Author(s): Upfal M, Divine G, Siemiatycki J.

Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995 January; 103(1): 58-63.



•

Determination of equivalent dose rates and committed effective doses in the respiratory system from the inhalation of radon decay products by using SSNTD and a dosimetric compartmental model. Author(s): Misdaq MA, Ezzahery H, Elabboubi D.




•

Determination of radon and decay products in air by alpha track techniques. Author(s): Urban M.

Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 1993; (109): 163-72. No Abstract Available.



•

Direct comparison of three methods for the determination of radon in well water. Author(s): Kitto ME, Kuhland MK, Dansereau RE.




26 Radon

•

Diseases of uranium miners and other underground miners exposed to radon. Author(s): Samet JM.

Source: Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 1991 October-December; 6(4): 629-39.

Review.



•

Distributions of airborne radon concentrations in Seoul metropolitan subway stations. Author(s): Kim DS, Kim YS.

Source: Health Physics. 1993 July; 65(1): 12-6.



•

Diurnal and seasonal variations of radon levels, effects of climatic conditions, and radon exposure assessment in a former uranium metal production facility. Author(s): Merrill EA, Akbar-Khanzadeh F.




•

Do low dose-rate bystander effects influence domestic radon risks? Author(s): Brenner DJ, Sachs RK.

Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2002 July; 78(7): 593-604.



•

Do the UK workplace Radon Action Levels reflect the radiation dose received by the occupants? Author(s): Denman AR, Barker SP, Parkinson S, Marley F, Phillips PS.


Radiological Protection. 1999 March; 19(1): 37-43.



•

Does exposure to residential radon increase the risk of lung cancer? Author(s): Field RW, Becker K.




•

Does leukemia result from the presence of radon or thoron in the body? Author(s): Lloyd RD, Taylor GN, Miller SC.

Source: Health Physics. 1993 October; 65(4): 439-40.



Studies

27

•

Domestic radon exposure and the frequency of stable or unstable chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes. Author(s): Lindholm C, Makelainen I, Paile W, Koivistoinen A, Salomaa S.

Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1999 August; 75(8): 921-8.



•

Domestic radon risks may be dominated by bystander effects--but the risks are unlikely to be greater than we thought. Author(s): Brenner DJ, Sachs RK.




•

Dose conversion factor for radon concentration in indoor environments using a new equation for the F-fP correlation. Author(s): Vargas A, Ortega X, Porta M.

Source: Health Physics. 2000 January; 78(1): 80-5.



•

Dose to red bone marrow from natural radon and thoron exposure. Author(s): Richardson RB, Eatough JP, Henshaw DL.

Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1991 July; 64(763): 608-24.



•

Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. Author(s): Kendall GM, Smith TJ.


Radiological Protection. 2002 December; 22(4): 389-406.



•

Dosimetry of environmental radon: methods and theory for low-dose, integrated measurements. Author(s): Fleischer RL, Giard WR, Mogro-Campero A, Turner LG, Alter HW, Gingrich

JE.

Source: Health Physics. 1980 December; 39(6): 957-62.



•

Effect of soil parameters on radon entry into a building by means of the transrad numerical model. Author(s): Albarracin D, Font L, Amgarou K, Domingo C, Fernandez F, Baixeras C. Source: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2002; 102(4): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474947&dopt=Abstract

28 Radon

•

Elevation of antioxidant enzymes in the clinical effects of radon and thermal therapy for bronchial asthma. Author(s): Mitsunobu F, Yamaoka K, Hanamoto K, Kojima S, Hosaki Y, Ashida K,

Sugita K, Tanizaki Y.

Source: Journal of Radiation Research. 2003 June; 44(2): 95-9.



•

Energy deposition, cellular radiation effects and lung cancer risk by radon progeny alpha particles. Author(s): Hofmann W, Crawford-Brown DJ, Fakir H, Caswell RS.




•

Environmental radon daughters reveal pathognomonic changes in the brain proteins and lipids in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and cigarette smokers. Author(s): Momcilovic B, Alkhatib HA, Duerre JA, Cooley MA, Long WM, Harris RT,

Lykken GI.

Source: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1999 December; 50(4): 347-69.



•

Epidemiological associations among lung cancer, radon exposure and elevation above sea level--a reassessment of Cohen's county level radon study. Author(s): Van Pelt WR.




•

Errors in Cohen's home radon-lung cancer analyses. Author(s): Archer VE.




•

Estimation of radon concentrations in coal mines using a hybrid technique calibration curve. Author(s): Jamil K, Ali S.




•

Evaluation of the effect of a cover layer on radon exhalation from uranium mill tailings: transient radon flux analysis. Author(s): Ferry C, Richon P, Beneito A, Robe MC.




Studies

29

•

Evidence for and implications of self-background of radon dosimeters with glassfiber filters. Author(s): Put LW, Lembrechts J, van der Graaf ER, Stoop P.




•

Exact radon rebinning algorithm for the long object problem in helical cone-beam CT. Author(s): Schaller S, Sauer F, Tam KC, Lauritsch G, Flohr T.

Source: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2000 May; 19(5): 361-75.



•

Excess lung cancer incidence and radon indoors in a Bulgarian town. Author(s): Pressyanov D, Minev L, Uzunov P, Danon S, Valerianova Z.

Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 July; 53(7): 448.



•

Experience from retrospective radon exposure estimations for individuals in a radon epidemiological study using solid-state nuclear track detectors. Author(s): Falk R, Almren K, Ostergren I.




•

Experimental determination of the absorption rate of unattached radon progeny from respiratory tract to blood. Author(s): Butterweck G, Schuler Ch, Vezzu G, Muller R, Marsh JW, Thrift S, Birchall A. Source: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2002; 102(4): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474944&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental verification of the attachment theory of radon progeny onto ambient aerosols. Author(s): Tokonami S.




•

Explaining the lung cancer versus radon exposure data for USA counties. Author(s): Cohen BL.





30 Radon

•

Exposure to radon. Author(s): O'Riordan MC.

Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 August 22; 305(6851): 475.



•

Exposure to residential radon and lung cancer in Spain: a population-based casecontrol study. Author(s): Barros-Dios JM, Barreiro MA, Ruano-Ravina A, Figueiras A.

Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 September 15; 156(6): 548-55. Erratum

In: Am J Epidemiol. 2003 May 1; 157(9): 859.



•

Extraction of fluorescent dot traces from a scanning laser ophthalmoscope image sequence by spatio-temporal image analysis: Gabor filter and radon transform filtering. Author(s): Yamamoto S, Nakajima Y, Tamura S, Sato Y, Harino S.

Source: Ieee Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering. 1999 November; 46(11): 1357-63.



•

Extrusion of a radon seed after 40 years, a case of mistaken identity. Author(s): Smith GT, Brittain GP.

Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 March; 17(2): 268-70.



•

Eyeglass lenses for personal radon dosimetry. Author(s): Hadley SA, Meyer NR, Fleischer RL, Cavallo A.




•

Factors affecting use of CR-39 surface monitor technology to estimate past exposure to indoor radon. Author(s): Mahaffey JA, Parkhurst MA, Hui TE, Brownson RC, Alavanja MC.

Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1996 October-

December; 6(4): 425-37.



•

Fat cells in red bone marrow of human rib: their size and spatial distribution with respect to the radon-derived dose to the haemopoietic tissue. Author(s): Allen JE, Henshaw DL, Keitch PA, Fews AP, Eatough JP.

Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1995 December; 68(6): 669-78.



Studies

31

•

Field experience with volume traps for assessing retrospective radon exposures. Author(s): Paridaens J, Vanmarcke H, Zunic ZS, McLaughlin JP.




•

Field monitoring versus individual miner dosimetry of radon daughter products in mines. Author(s): Domanski T, Kluszczynski D, Olszewski J, Chruscielewski W.

Source: Pol J Occup Med. 1989; 2(2): 147-60.



•

Field tests of a radon progeny sampler for the determination of effective dose. Author(s): Solomon SB.




•

Function of radon emanation in dosimetric calculations. Author(s): Becker E, Kaletsch K.




•

Gamma activity and geochemical features of building materials: estimation of gamma dose rate and indoor radon levels in Sicily. Author(s): Rizzo S, Brai M, Basile S, Bellia S, Hauser S.


for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 2001 August; 55(2): 259-65.



•

Gamma-spectroscopy investigation of radon daughter deposition on electrostatically charged surfaces. Author(s): Batkin I, Brun del Re R, Boutin JG, Armitage J.

Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1998 March; 43(3): 487-99.



•

Genetic, cytogenetic, and carcinogenic effects of radon: a review. Author(s): Jostes RF.

Source: Mutation Research. 1996 June; 340(2-3): 125-39. Review.



32

Radon

•

Geochemistry and environmental health: radon in Cornwall. Author(s): Grainger CR.

Source: J R Soc Health. 1988 April; 108(2): 57-8. No Abstract Available.



•

Geological controls to the indoor radon distribution in southern Belgium. Author(s): Zhu HC, Charlet JM, Tondeur F.

Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1998 September 18; 220(2-3): 195-214.



•

Glass-based radon-exposure assessment and lung cancer risk. Author(s): Lagarde F, Falk R, Almren K, Nyberg F, Svensson H, Pershagen G.

Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2002

September; 12(5): 344-54.



•

Health effects from radon-222 in drinking water in Algiers. Author(s): Amrani D, Cherouati DE.


Radiological Protection. 1999 September; 19(3): 275-9.



•

Health effects of radon emissions from uranium mill tailings. Author(s): Cohen BL.




•

Health effects of radon from coal burning. Author(s): Cohen BL.




•

Health effects of radon from insulation of buildings. Author(s): Cohen BL.




•

Health risks from radon exposure. Author(s): Shimek S.

Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1991 April; 84(4): 182, 184. No Abstract Available.



Studies

33

•

Health risks of radon are given a new look. Author(s): Palca J.

Source: Nature. 1988 January 14; 331(6152): 107.



•

High domestic and occupational radon exposures: a comparison. Author(s): Ennemoser O, Ambach W, Brunner P, Schneider P, Oberaigner W.

Source: Lancet. 1993 July 3; 342(8862): 47.



•

High indoor radon concentrations in an Alpine region of western Tyrol. Author(s): Ennemoser O, Ambach W, Auer T, Brunner P, Schneider P, Oberaigner W,

Purtscheller F, Stingl V.




•

Higher risk coefficients associated with lower average exposure rates among epidemiological studies of the effects of radon in miners. Author(s): Darby SC.

Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1990 November; 58(5): 860-4.



•

Home radon levels and seasonal correction factors for the Isle of Man. Author(s): Grainger P, Shalla SH, Preece AW, Goodfellow SA.

Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2000 August; 45(8): 2247-52.



•

How serious is the indoor radon health hazard? Author(s): Goldsmith MF.

Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 August 7; 258(5):

578-9.



•

How serious is the radon problem? Author(s): Grande GA, Ling LJ.

Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1990 March; 87(4): 197-8, 201-2.



•

How to live with radon. Author(s): O'Riordan M.

Source: Nature. 1988 January 28; 331(6154): 302.



34 Radon

•

hprt mutant frequencies, nonpulmonary malignancies, and domestic radon exposure: “postmortem” analysis of an interesting hypothesis. Author(s): Ruttenber AJ, Harrison LT, Baron A, McClure D, Glanz J, Quillin R, O'Neill

JP, Sullivan L, Campbell J, Nicklas JA.

Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2001; 37(1): 7-16.



•

Identification of sources of high radon levels in Slovenian schools. Author(s): Vaupotic J.




•

Implications of a two-stage clonal expansion model to indoor radon risk assessment. Author(s): Castren O.

Source: Health Physics. 1999 April; 76(4): 393-7.



•

In vivo measurement of unattached radon progeny deposited in the human respiratory tract. Author(s): Butterweck G, Vezzu G, Schuler C, Muller R, Marsh JW, Thrift S, Birchall A. Source: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2001; 94(3): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487807&dopt=Abstract

•

Increased radon concentrations in classrooms used for pottery workshops. Author(s): Ennemoser O, Schneider P, Ambach W, Brunner P.

Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1992 May 15; 116(3): 291-5.



•

Increased risk of cancer in radon-exposed miners with elevated frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Author(s): Smerhovsky Z, Landa K, Rossner P, Juzova D, Brabec M, Zudova Z, Hola N,

Zarska H, Nevsimalova E.

Source: Mutation Research. 2002 February 15; 514(1-2): 165-76.



•

Indoor dose conversion coefficients for radon progeny for different ambient environments. Author(s): Yu KN, Wong BT, Law JY, Lau BM, Nikezic D.

Source: Environmental Science & Technology. 2001 June 1; 35(11): 2136-40.



Studies

35

•

Indoor radon concentrations caused by construction materials in 23 workplaces. Author(s): Korhonen P, Halonen R, Kalliokoski P, Kokotti H.




•

Indoor radon exposure and cytogenetic damage. Author(s): Albering HJ, Hageman GJ, Kleinjans JC, Engelen JJ, Koulishcer L, Herens C. Source: Lancet. 1992 September 19; 340(8821): 739. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1355847&dopt=Abstract

•

Indoor radon in the region of Brussels. Author(s): Tondeur F, Gerardy I, Christiaens D, Hallez S, Flemal JM.




•

Indoor radon levels and influencing factors in houses of Patras, Greece. Author(s): Papaefthymiou H, Mavroudis A, Kritidis P.




•

Indoor radon/thoron levels and inhalation doses to some populations in Himachal Pradesh, India. Author(s): Virk HS, Sharma N.

Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2002 February; 4(1): 162-5.



•

Indoor radon/thoron survey report from Hamirpur and Una districts, Himachal Pradesh, India. Author(s): Virk HS, Sharma N.


for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 2000 January; 52(1): 137-41.



•

Indoor residential radon exposure and risk of childhood acute myeloid leukaemia. Author(s): Steinbuch M, Weinberg CR, Buckley JD, Robison LL, Sandler DP.

Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 November; 81(5): 900-6.



36 Radon

•

Intercomparison of passive radon-detectors under field conditions in epidemiological studies. Author(s): Kreienbrock L, Poffijn A, Tirmarche M, Feider M, Kies A, Darby SC.




•

Intercomparison of retrospective radon detectors. Author(s): Field RW, Steck DJ, Parkhurst MA, Mahaffey JA, Alavanja MC.

Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 November; 107(11): 905-10.



•

Interpretation of atmospheric pollution phenomena in relationship with the vertical atmospheric remixing by means of natural radioactivity measurements (radon) of particulate matter. Author(s): Avino P, Brocco D, Lepore L, Pareti S.

Source: Ann Chim. 2003 May-June; 93(5-6): 589-94.



•

Investigation of the air pressure characteristics influencing the variability of radon gas and radon progeny in domestic vernacular buildings. Author(s): Marley F.




•

Involvement of radon levels in lung cancer. Author(s): Miles D, O'Brien J, Owen M.

Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 March; 79(9-10): 1621-3.



•

Is chronic lymphocytic leukemia a contraindication for radon and thermotherapy?--a case report. Author(s): Falkenbach A, Jager U.

Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2001 January 15; 113(1-2): 73-5.



•

Is the radon risk overestimated? Neglected doses in the estimation of the risk of lung cancer in uranium underground miners. Author(s): Duport P.




Studies

37

•

Knowledge about indoor radon in the United States: 1990 National Health Interview Survey. Author(s): Eheman CR, Ford E, Garbe P, Staehling N.

Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1996 May-June; 51(3): 245-7.



•

Lack of evidence for an association between the frequency of mutants or translocations in circulating lymphocytes and exposure to radon gas in the home. Author(s): Cole J, Green MH, Bridges BA, Waugh AP, Beare DM, Henshaw D, Last R,

Liu Y, Cortopassi G.

Source: Radiation Research. 1996 January; 145(1): 61-9.



•

Lay understanding of synergistic risk: the case of radon and cigarette smoking. Author(s): Hampson SE, Andrews JA, Lee ME, Foster LS, Glasgow RE, Lichtenstein E. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1998 June; 18(3): 343-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9664729&dopt=Abstract

•

Lifetime risk of lung cancer due to radon exposure projected to Japanese and Swedish populations. Author(s): Doi M, Nakamura Y, Sakashita T, Ogiu N, Lagarde F, Falk R.

Source: Health Physics. 2001 June; 80(6): 552-62.



•

Limits and uncertainties--with special regard to radon measurements. Author(s): Friedmann H.




•

Long-term efficacy of radon spa therapy in rheumatoid arthritis--a randomized, shamcontrolled study and follow-up. Author(s): Franke A, Reiner L, Pratzel HG, Franke T, Resch KL.

Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 August; 39(8): 894-902.



•

Long-term measurements of radon equilibrium factor in Greek dwellings. Author(s): Clouvas A, Xanthos S, Antonopoulos-Domis M.




38 Radon

•

Low radon doses sensitize MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to taxol. Author(s): Soto J, Sainz C, Gonzalez-Lamuno D, Falkenbach A, Cos S.

Source: Oncol Rep. 2000 September-October; 7(5): 941-4.



•

Lower cancer risk in medium high radon. Author(s): Toth E, Lazar I, Selmeczi D, Marx G.

Source: Pathology Oncology Research : Por. 1998; 4(2): 125-9.



•

Lower radiation weighting factor for radon indicated in mechanistic modelling of human lung cancer. Author(s): Brugmans MJ, Leenhouts HP.




•

Lung cancer and radon. Author(s): Miles DP.

Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 July 18; 305(6846): 181.



•

Lung cancer and radon. Author(s): Wozniak SJ.

Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 June 13; 304(6841): 1571.



•

Lung cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation of risk from indoor exposure. Author(s): Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Edling C, Hornung RW, Howe GR, Kunz E, Kusiak RA,

Morrison HI, Radford EP, Samet JM, et al.

Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995 June 7; 87(11): 817-27.



•

Lung cancer rate vs. mean radon level in U.S. counties of various characteristics. Author(s): Cohen BL.




•

Lung cancer risk from indoor radon. Author(s): Auvinen A.

Source: Lancet. 1996 December 14; 348(9042): 1662-3.



Studies

39

•

Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiologic studies. Author(s): Cohen BL.

Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 May 7; 89(9): 664; Author Reply

664-5.



•

Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiologic studies. Author(s): Neuberger J, Allen A.

Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 May 7; 89(9): 663-4; Author Reply

664-5.



•

Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiologic studies. Author(s): Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr.

Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 January 1; 89(1): 49-57.



•

Lung cancer risks from residential radon among smokers and non-smokers. Author(s): Enflo A.





•

Lung dosimetry for thorotrast patients: implications for inhalation of radon progeny. Author(s): Hofmann W, Hornik S.

Source: Radiation Research. 1999 December; 152(6 Suppl): S93-6.



•

Lung exposure from inhalation of radon progeny: calculated from in vivo measurements of 210Pb in the skull. Author(s): Laurer GR, Estrada JJ, Cohen N.




•

Mapping indoor radon-222 in Denmark: design and test of the statistical model used in the second nationwide survey. Author(s): Andersen CE, Ulbak K, Damkjaer A, Kirkegaard P, Gravesen P.




40 Radon

•

Mapping the geogenic radon potential in Germany. Author(s): Kemski J, Siehl A, Stegemann R, Valdivia-Manchego M.




•

Measurement of equilibrium factor and unattached fraction of radon progeny in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Author(s): Chen CJ, Liu CC, Lin YM.


for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 1998 December; 49(12): 1613-8.



•

Measurement of radon decay products and thoron decay products in air by beta counting using end-window Geiger-Muller counter. Author(s): Papp Z, Daroczy S.




•

Measurement of tracheobronchial dose from simultaneous exposure to environmental radon and thoron progeny. Author(s): Yu KN, Guan ZJ, Young EC, Stokes MJ.




•

Measurements of deposition velocity of radon decay products for examination of the correlation between air activity concentration of radon and the accumulated Po-210 surface activity. Author(s): Schmidt V, Hamel P.




•

Measurements of radon around closed uranium mines. Author(s): Furuta S, Ito K, Ishimori Y.




•

Mechanistic model predicts a U-shaped relation of radon exposure to lung cancer risk reflected in combined occupational and US residential data. Author(s): Bogen KT.

Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1998 December; 17(12): 691-6; Discussion

701-4, 708-18. Review.



Studies

41

•

Methodology of radon monitoring and dose estimates in Postojna Cave, Slovenia. Author(s): Vaupoti J, Csige I, Radolic V, Hunyadi I, Planinic J, Kobal I.




•

Microdosimetric approach to the problem of lung cancer induced by radon progeny. Author(s): Sedlak A.




•

Microdosimetric calculation of absorption fraction and the resulting dose conversion factor for radon progeny. Author(s): Nikezic D, Yu KN.

Source: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2001 September; 40(3): 207-11.



•

Mineral dusts and radon in uranium mines. Author(s): Abelson PH.

Source: Science. 1991 November 8; 254(5033): 777.



•

Mitigation of indoor radon in an area with unusually high radon concentrations. Author(s): Ennemoser O, Oberdorfer E, Brunner P, Schneider P, Purtscheller F, Stingl V,

Ambach W.




•

Modeling energy deposition and cellular radiation effects in human bronchial epithelium by radon progeny alpha particles. Author(s): Hofmann W, Menache MG, Crawford-Brown DJ, Caswell RS, Karam LR. Source: Health Physics. 2000 April; 78(4): 377-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10749522&dopt=Abstract

•

Modelling carcinogenic effects of low doses of inhaled radon progenies. Author(s): Balashazy I, Hofmann W, Farkas A, Szoke I.





42 Radon

•

Modelling lung tumour risk in radon-exposed uranium miners using generalizations of the two-mutation model of Moolgavkar, Venzon and Knudson. Author(s): Little MP, Haylock RG, Muirhead CR.

Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2002 January; 78(1): 49-68.



•

Models for retrospective quantification of indoor radon exposure in case-control studies. Author(s): Gerken M, Kreienbrock L, Wellmann J, Kreuzer M, Wichmann HE.




•

More homes at risk from radon. Author(s): Dillner L.

Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 May 25; 312(7042): 1320.



•

Mortality and cancer incidence in Misasa, Japan, a spa area with elevated radon levels. Author(s): Ye W, Sobue T, Lee VS, Tanooka H, Mifune M, Suyama A, Koga T,

Morishima H, Kondo S.

Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1998 August; 89(8): 789-96.



•

Mutation rates at the glycophorin A and HPRT loci in uranium miners exposed to radon progeny. Author(s): Shanahan EM, Peterson D, Roxby D, Quintana J, Morely AA, Woodward A. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 July; 53(7): 439-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8704866&dopt=Abstract

•

National and regional distributions of airborne radon concentrations in U.S. homes. Author(s): Marcinowski F, Lucas RM, Yeager WM.




•

Natural radionuclides contents and radon exhalation rates in building materials used in South Korea. Author(s): Lee SC, Kim CK, Lee DM, Kang HD.




Studies

43

•

New methods of energy efficient radon mitigation. Author(s): Fisk WJ, Prill RJ, Wooley J, Bonnefous YC, Gadgil AJ, Riley WJ.




•

New radon cancer hazard study no cause for alarm in Britain. Author(s): Johnstone B.

Source: Nature. 1987 February 5-11; 325(6104): 475.



•

New radon study: no smoking gun. Author(s): Stone R.

Source: Science. 1994 January 28; 263(5146): 465.



•

Numerical modelling of radon-222 entry into houses: an outline of techniques and results. Author(s): Andersen CE.




•

O(N3 log N) backprojection algorithm for the 3-D radon transform. Author(s): Basu S, Bresler Y.

Source: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2002 February; 21(2): 76-88.



•

Occupational and environmental exposures to radon: cancer risks. Author(s): Axelson O.

Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 1991; 12: 235-55. Review.



•

Occupational doses from radon in Spanish spas. Author(s): Soto J, Gomez J.




•

Occupational exposure of water-plant operators to high concentrations of radon-222 gas. Author(s): Fisher EL, Fuortes LJ, Field RW.

Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of

Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 August; 38(8): 759-64.



44 Radon

•

Occupational exposure to radon daughters in Mammoth Cave National Park. Author(s): Eheman C, Carson B, Rifenburg J, Hoffman D.




•

On air pollution, environmental tobacco smoke, radon, and lung cancer. Author(s): Crawford WA.

Source: Japca. 1988 November; 38(11): 1386-91. Review. No Abstract Available.



•

On the application of epidemiologic methods to the study of radon and lung cancer. Author(s): Lanes SF.




•

On the discrepancy between epidemiologic studies in individuals of lung cancer and residential radon and Cohen's ecologic regression. Author(s): Lubin JH.




•

On the potential of measurement error to induce differential bias on odds ratio estimates: an example from radon epidemiology. Author(s): Heid IM, Kuchenhoff H, Wellmann J, Gerken M, Kreienbrock L, Wichmann

HE.

Source: Statistics in Medicine. 2002 November 15; 21(21): 3261-78.



•

Optimistic biases in public perceptions of the risk from radon. Author(s): Weinstein ND, Klotz ML, Sandman PM.

Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1988 July; 78(7): 796-800.



•

Origin and health risks of indoor radon. Author(s): Hendee WR, Doege TC.

Source: Semin Nucl Med. 1988 January; 18(1): 3-9. Review.



Studies

45

•

Overview of radon, lead and asbestos exposure. Author(s): Demers R.

Source: American Family Physician. 1991 November; 44(5 Suppl): 51S-52S, 55S-61S.

Review.



•

p53 and K-ras in radon-associated lung adenocarcinoma. Author(s): McDonald JW, Taylor JA, Watson MA, Saccomanno G, Devereux TR.

Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American

Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive

Oncology. 1995 October-November; 4(7): 791-3.



•

p53 mutation hotspot in radon-associated lung cancer. Author(s): Taylor JA, Watson MA, Devereux TR, Michels RY, Saccomanno G, Anderson M.

Source: Lancet. 1994 January 8; 343(8889): 86-7.



•

p53 Mutations in lung cancer associated with residential radon exposure. Author(s): Yngveson A, Williams C, Hjerpe A, Lundeberg J, Soderkvist P, Pershagen G. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1999 May; 8(5): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350439&dopt=Abstract

•

Parallel analyses of individual and ecologic data on residential radon, cofactors, and lung cancer in Sweden. Author(s): Lagarde F, Pershagen G.

Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 February 1; 149(3): 268-74.



•

Particle deposition in human and canine tracheobronchial casts: a determinant of radon dose to the critical cells of the respiratory tract. Author(s): Cohen BS.




•

Patterns of lung cancer mortality among uranium miners in West Bohemia with varying rates of exposure to radon and its progeny. Author(s): Tomasek L, Darby SC, Fearn T, Swerdlow AJ, Placek V, Kunz E.

Source: Radiation Research. 1994 February; 137(2): 251-61.



46 Radon

•

Perceived susceptibility and self-protective behavior: a field experiment to encourage home radon testing. Author(s): Weinstein ND, Sandman PM, Roberts NE.

Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology,

American Psychological Association. 1991; 10(1): 25-33.



•

Personal radon dosimetry from eyeglass lenses. Author(s): Fleischer RL, Meyer NR, Hadley SA, MacDonald J, Cavallo A.




•

Physical parameters and dose factors of the radon and thoron decay products. Author(s): Porstendorfer J.




•

Possible association between mutant frequency in peripheral lymphocytes and domestic radon concentrations. Author(s): Bridges BA, Cole J, Arlett CF, Green MH, Waugh AP, Beare D, Henshaw DL,

Last RD.

Source: Lancet. 1991 May 18; 337(8751): 1187-9.



•

Potential lung cancer risk from indoor radon exposure. Author(s): Harley NH, Harley JH.

Source: Ca: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1990 September-October; 40(5): 265-75.

Review.



•

Predicted reduction in lung cancer risk following cessation of smoking and radon exposure. Author(s): Ennever FK.

Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1990 March; 1(2): 134-40.



•

Predicting radon testing among university employees. Author(s): Peterson EW, Howland J.

Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1996 January; 46(1): 2-11.



Studies

47

•

Predictions and maps of county mean indoor radon concentrations in the midAtlantic states. Author(s): Price PN.




•

Predictors of home radon testing and implications for testing promotion programs. Author(s): Sandman PM, Weinstein ND.

Source: Health Educ Q. 1993 Winter; 20(4): 471-87.



•

Probability of causation for lung cancer after exposure to radon progeny: a comparison of models and data. Author(s): Chmelevsky D, Barclay D, Kellerer AM, Tomasek L, Kunz E, Placek V. Source: Health Physics. 1994 July; 67(1): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8200797&dopt=Abstract

•

Problems in the radon vs lung cancer test of the linear no-threshold theory and a procedure for resolving them. Author(s): Cohen BL.




•

Projection of residential radon lung cancer risks: the Beir VI risk models. Author(s): Krewski D, Lubin JH, Samet JM, Hopke PK, James AC, Brand KP.

Source: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2002; 102(4): 371-3; Author Reply 373-4. No Abstract

Available.



•

Public perceptions of radon risk. Author(s): Mainous AG 3rd, Hagen MD.

Source: Fam Pract Res J. 1993 March; 13(1): 63-9.



•

Push-pull partitioning tracer tests using radon-222 to quantify non-aqueous phase liquid contamination. Author(s): Davis BM, Istok JD, Semprini L.

Source: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2002 September; 58(1-2): 129-46.



48 Radon

•

Quality control of mitigation methods for unusually high indoor radon concentrations. Author(s): Huber J, Ennemoser O, Schneider P.




•

Quantification of FISH-painted chromosome aberrations after domestic radon exposure. Author(s): Bauchinger M, Braselmann H, Kulka U, Huber R, Georgiadou-Schumacher V. Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1996 December; 70(6): 657-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8980662&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantification of local deposition patterns of inhaled radon decay products in human bronchial airway bifurcations. Author(s): Balashazy I, Hofmann W.




•

Quantitative aspects of radon daughter exposure and lung cancer in underground miners. Author(s): Edling C, Axelson O.

Source: Br J Ind Med. 1983 May; 40(2): 182-7.



•

Quantitative evaluation of the radon and lung cancer association in a case control study of Chinese tin miners. Author(s): Lubin JH, Qiao YL, Taylor PR, Yao SX, Schatzkin A, Mao BL, Rao JY, Xuan

XZ, Li JY.

Source: Cancer Research. 1990 January 1; 50(1): 174-80.



•

Questionnaire study of the lung cancer risk from radon in homes. Author(s): Cohen BL.




•

Radon concentration in indoor occupational environments in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Author(s): Iyogi T, Ueda S, Hisamatsu S, Kondo K, Sakurai N, Inaba J.




Studies

49

•

Radon concentration in soil gas: a comparison of the variability resulting from different methods, spatial heterogeneity and seasonal fluctuations. Author(s): Winkler R, Ruckerbauer F, Bunzl K.




•

Radon concentration measurements and personnel exposure levels in Bavarian water supply facilities. Author(s): Trautmannsheimer M, Schindlmeier W, Borner K.




•

Radon concentrations in Algerian oil and gas industry. Author(s): Hamlat MS, Kadi H, Djeffal S, Brahimi H.


for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 2003 January; 58(1): 125-30.



•

Radon exhalation from granites used in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): al-Jarallah M.




•

Radon exhalation rate measurements on and around the premises of a former coal mine. Author(s): Jovanovic P.




•

Radon exposure and lung cancer risk--Czech cohort study on residential radon. Author(s): Tomasek L, Kunz E, Muller T, Hulka J, Heribanova A, Matzner J, Placek V,

Burian I, Holecek J.




•

Radon exposure vs. exposure to other sources of ionising radiation. Author(s): Vanmarcke H, Paridaens J.




50 Radon

•

Radon permeability and radon exhalation of building materials. Author(s): Keller G, Hoffmann B, Feigenspan T.




•

Radon progeny dose conversion coefficients for Chinese males and females. Author(s): Yu KN, Cheung TT, Haque AK, Nikezic D, Lau BM, Vucic D.




•

Radon progeny in Egyptian underground phosphate mines. Author(s): el-Hady MA, Mohammed A, el-Hussein A, Ali AE, Ahmed AA.




•

Radon risk management: the future challenge for the nuclear community. Author(s): Steinhausler F.




•

Radon risk mapping in southern Belgium: an application of geostatistical and GIS techniques. Author(s): Zh HC, Charlet JM, Poffijn A.




•

Radon: a possible risk factor in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Bolviken B, Celius EG, Nilsen R, Strand T.

Source: Neuroepidemiology. 2003 January-February; 22(1): 87-94.



•

Radon-222 in Brazil: an outline of indoor and outdoor measurements. Author(s): Magalhaes MH, Amaral EC, Sachett I, Rochedo ER.




•

Regular radon activity concentration and effective dose measurements inside the great pyramid with passive nuclear track detectors. Author(s): Hafez AF, Bishara AA, Kotb MA, Hussein AS.




Studies

51

•

Residential radon and lung cancer among never-smokers in Sweden. Author(s): Lagarde F, Axelsson G, Damber L, Mellander H, Nyberg F, Pershagen G. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 July; 12(4): 396-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416777&dopt=Abstract

•

Residential radon and risk of lung cancer in an Italian alpine area. Author(s): Pisa FE, Barbone F, Betta A, Bonomi M, Alessandrini B, Bovenzi M.

Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2001 May-June; 56(3): 208-15.



•

Results and conclusions of the Austrian radon mitigation project 'SARAH'. Author(s): Maringer FJ, Akis MG, Kaineder H, Kindl P, Kralik C, Lettner H, Lueginger S,

Nadschlager E, Ringer W, Rolle R, Schonhofer F, Sperker S, Stadtmann H, Steger F,

Steinhausler F, Tschurlovits M, Winkler R.




•

Retrospective assessment of historic radon concentrations in Norwegian dwellings by measuring glass implanted Po-210--an international field intercomparison. Author(s): Birovljev A, Falk R, Walsh C, Bissolo F, Trotti F, McLaughlin JP, Paridaens J,

Vanmarcke H.




•

Screening for codon 249 p53 mutation in lung cancer associated with domestic radon exposure. Author(s): Lo YM, Darby S, Noakes L, Whitley E, Silcocks PB, Fleming KA, Bell JI. Source: Lancet. 1995 January 7; 345(8941): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7799721&dopt=Abstract

•

Screening for putative radon-specific p53 mutation hotspot in German uranium miners. Author(s): Bartsch H, Hollstein M, Mustonen R, Schmidt J, Spiethoff A, Wesch H,

Wiethege T, Muller KM.

Source: Lancet. 1995 July 8; 346(8967): 121.



•

Screening radon risks: a methodology for policymakers. Author(s): Eisinger DS, Simmons RA, Lammering M, Sotiros R.

Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1991 December; 14(3): 245-60.

Review.



52 Radon

•

Seeds of discord: the politics of radon therapy in Canada in the 1930s. Author(s): Hayter C.

Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2003 Spring; 77(1): 75-102.



•

Short communication: estimates of radiation dose to National Health Service workers in Northamptonshire from raised radon levels. Author(s): Denman AR, Parkinson S.

Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1996 January; 69(817): 72-5.



•

Should radon be reduced in homes? A cost-effect analysis. Author(s): Stigum H, Strand T, Magnus P.




•

Silicosis, radon, and lung cancer risk in Ontario miners. Author(s): Finkelstein MM.




•

Size distribution, equilibrium ratio and unattached fraction of radon decay products under typical indoor domestic conditions. Author(s): Huet C, Tymen G, Boulaud D.




•

Skeletal 210Pb levels and lung cancer among radon-exposed tin miners in southern China. Author(s): Laurer GR, Gang QT, Lubin JH, Jun-Yao L, Kan CS, Xiang YS, Jian CZ, Yi H,

De GW, Blot WJ.




•

Smoking as a confounder in ecologic correlations of cancer mortality rates with average county radon levels. Author(s): Puskin JS.




Studies

53

•

Smoking as an explanation for the negative relationship between exposure to radon and certain types of cancer. Author(s): Gilbert ES.




•

Spatial distribution of thoron and radon concentrations in the indoor air of a traditional Japanese wooden house. Author(s): Doi M, Fujimoto K, Kobayashi S, Yonehara H.




•

Spatial variation of residential radon concentrations: the Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study. Author(s): Fisher EL, Field RW, Smith BJ, Lynch CF, Steck DJ, Neuberger JS.

Source: Health Physics. 1998 November; 75(5): 506-13.



•

Speleotherapeutic radon exposure of a child suffering from juvenile chronic arthritis. Author(s): Falkenbach A.

Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000

December; 6(6): 551-2.



•

Strategies for revealing dangerous concentrations of radon in buildings. Author(s): Titov VC, Lashkov DP, Khaykovich IM, Chernik DA.


for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 1997 July; 48(7): 997-1001.



•

Study of a predictive methodology for quantification and mapping of the radon-222 exhalation rate. Author(s): Ielsch G, Ferry C, Tymen G, Robe MC.




•

Study of indoor radon levels in high-rise air-conditioned office buildings. Author(s): Chao CY.

Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 1999 December; 14(12): 811

8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633952&dopt=Abstract

54 Radon

•

Study of lung cancer and residential radon in the Czech Republic. Author(s): Tomasek L, Muller T, Kunz E, Heribanova A, Matzner J, Placek V, Burian I,

Holecek J.

Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2001 August; 9(3): 150-3.



•

Systematic indoor radon and gamma measurements in kindergartens and play schools in Slovenia. Author(s): Vaupotic J, Krizman M, Planinic J, Pezdic J, Adamic K, Stegnar P, Kobal I. Source: Health Physics. 1994 May; 66(5): 550-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8175362&dopt=Abstract

•

Systematic indoor radon and gamma-ray measurements in Slovenian schools. Author(s): Vaupotic J, Sikovec M, Kobal I.




•

Temperature calibration of Pico-Rad detectors for radon measurement. Author(s): Bem H, Bem EM, Chruscielewski W, Skalski H.

Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health.

2000; 13(2): 147-54.



•

Testing a BEIR-VI suggestion for explaining the lung cancer vs. radon relationship for U.S. counties. Author(s): Cohen BL.




•

The bystander effect in experimental systems and compatibility with radon-induced lung cancer in humans. Author(s): Little MP, Wakeford R.





•

The cost effectiveness of radon remediation programmes in hospitals, schools and homes in radon affected areas in the UK. Author(s): Denman AR, Phillips PS, Tornberg R.




Studies

55

•

The cost-effectiveness of residential radon remediation programmes: assumptions about benefits stream profiles over time. Author(s): Kennedy CA, Gray AM, Denman AR, Phillips PS.




•

The costs and benefits of radon remediation programmes in existing homes: case study of action level selection. Author(s): Denman AR, Phillips PS, Tornberg R.




•

The costs of radon mitigation in domestic properties. Author(s): Coskeran T, Denman A, Phillips P.

Source: Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001 August; 57(2): 97-109.



•

The ethics of operating radon health spas. Author(s): Eichholz GG.

Source: Health Physics. 2002 March; 82(3): 400.



•

The importance of promotion in lung carcinogenesis for protracted exposures to radon and radon progeny. Author(s): Luebeck EG, Curtis SB, Hazelton WD, Moolgavkar SH.

Source: Radiation Research. 2000 December; 154(6): 730; Discussion 730-1.



•

The influence of the cigarette smoke pollution and ventilation rate on alpha-activities per unit volume due to radon and its progeny. Author(s): Misdaq MA, Flata K.




•

The Iowa radon lung cancer study--phase I: Residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer. Author(s): Field RW, Steck DJ, Smith BJ, Brus CP, Fisher EF, Neuberger JS, Lynch CF. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2001 May 14; 272(1-3): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379939&dopt=Abstract

56 Radon

•

The measurement of radon working levels at a mineral separation pilot plant in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Author(s): Hamid Khan MA, Chowdhury MS.




•

The outcome of the Lithuanian radon survey. Author(s): Morkunas G, Akerblom G.




•

The potential for bias in Cohen's ecological analysis of lung cancer and residential radon. Author(s): Lubin JH.





•

The present status of the radon program in the United States of America. Author(s): George AC, Bredhoff N.




•

The radon hotline Internet site. Author(s): Gillmore GK.

Source: J R Soc Health. 2001 December; 121(4): 212. No Abstract Available.



•

The reliability of radon reduction techniques. Author(s): Howarth CB.




•

The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study of exposure to domestic sources of ionising radiation: 1: radon gas. Author(s): UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators.

Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 June 5; 86(11): 1721-6.



Studies

57

•

Theoretical foundation for a simple method for simultaneous measurements of the unattached fraction and activity median diameter of attached radon progeny. Author(s): Yu KN.


for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 2001 June; 54(6): 961-5.



•

Time activity modelling of domestic exposures to radon. Author(s): Briggs DJ, Denman AR, Gulliver J, Marley RF, Kennedy CA, Philips PS, Field

K, Crockett RM.

Source: Journal of Environmental Management. 2003 February; 67(2): 107-20.



•

U.S. women physicians' residential radon testing practices. Author(s): Baldwin G, Frank E, Fielding B.

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998 July; 15(1): 49-53.



•

Uncertainties abound in radon research: lung cancer risk hard to quantify. Author(s): Smigel K.

Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1989 May 10; 81(10): 728-31.



•

Uncertainties about health effects of radon. Author(s): Abelson PH.

Source: Science. 1990 October 19; 250(4979): 353.



•

Uncertainties in the measurement of airborne radon daughters. Author(s): Busigin A, Phillips CR.




•

Uncertainty analysis of the weighted equivalent lung dose per unit exposure to radon progeny in the home. Author(s): Marsh JW, Birchall A, Butterweck G, Dorrian MD, Huet C, Ortega X,

Reineking A, Tymen G, Schuler Ch, Vargas A, Vezzu G, Wendt J.




58 Radon

•

Unusual high radon exposure in homes and lung cancer. Author(s): Ennemoser O, Ambach W, Brunner P, Schneider P.

Source: Lancet. 1994 July 9; 344(8915): 127-8.



•

Unusually high indoor radon concentrations from a giant rock slide. Author(s): Ennemoser O, Ambach W, Brunner P, Schneider P, Oberaigner W,

Purtscheller F, Stingl V, Keller G.

Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1994 July 18; 151(3): 235-40.



•

Use of a radon mould technique for skin cancer: results from the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute (1975-1984). Author(s): Ashby MA, Pacella JA, de Groot R, Ainslie J.

Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1989 July; 62(739): 608-12.



•

Using radon risk to motivate smoking reduction: evaluation of written materials and brief telephone counselling. Author(s): Lichtenstein E, Andrews JA, Lee ME, Glasgow RE, Hampson SE.

Source: Tobacco Control. 2000 September; 9(3): 320-6.



•

Using willingness to pay to evaluate the implementation of Canada's residential radon exposure guideline. Author(s): Spiegel JM, Krewski D.

Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2002

May-June; 93(3): 223-8.



•

Validation of a geographic information system for the evaluation of the soil radon exhalation potential in South-Tyrol and Veneto, Italy. Author(s): Bertolo A, Verdi L.




•

Validation of a geologically based radon risk map: are the indoor radon concentrations higher in high-risk areas? Author(s): Friis L, Carter N, Nordman O, Simeonidis A, Jardo S.

Source: Health Physics. 1999 November; 77(5): 541-4.



Studies

59

•

Validation of a personal radon monitor for use in residential 22Rn exposure studies. Author(s): Litt BR, Waldman JM, Harley NH, Chittaporn P.




•

Variations in radon working level with household conditions in a single family residence. Author(s): Siegel JM, Wethington JA Jr.




•

Variations in the concentration of radon in parts of the Ogof Ffynnon Ddu system, Penwyllt, South Wales and estimates of doses to recreational cavers. Author(s): Friend CR, Gooding TD.




•

Ventilation and radon transport in Dutch dwellings: computer modelling and field measurements. Author(s): Lembrechts J, Janssen M, Stoop P.




•

Video display terminals and radon. Author(s): Ziegler JF, Zabel TH, Curtis HW.




•

What are the risks of low-level exposure to alpha radiation from radon? Author(s): Little JB.

Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America. 1997 June 10; 94(12): 5996-7. Review.



•

Widespread apathy and the public's reaction to information concerning the health effects of indoor air radon concentrations. Author(s): Cothern CR.

Source: Cell Biology and Toxicology. 1990 July; 6(3): 315-22.



61

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND RADON Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and radon.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Radon The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “radon” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

62 Radon

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “radon” (or a synonym): •

A retrospective lung cancer mortality study of people exposed to insoluble arsenic and radon. Author(s): Institute of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventive

Medicine, Beijing, China.

Source: Liu, Y T Chen, Z Lung-Cancer. 1996 March; 14 Suppl 1S137-48 0169-5002

•

Analysis of a historical cohort of Chinese tin miners with arsenic, radon, cigarette smoke, and pipe smoke exposures using the biologically based two-stage clonal expansion model. Author(s): Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division,

MP-665, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.

[email protected]

Source: Hazelton, W D Luebeck, E G Heidenreich, W F Moolgavkar, S H Radiat-Res.

2001 July; 156(1): 78-94 0033-7587

•

Biologic damage resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke and from radon: implication for preventive interventions. Author(s): Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute,

6120 Executive Blvd., Room 8000, Rockville, Maryland, MD 20892, USA.

[email protected]

Source: Alavanja, M C Oncogene. 2002 October 21; 21(48): 7365-75 0950-9232

•

Dose to red bone marrow from natural radon and thoron exposure. Author(s): H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, UK.

Source: Richardson, R B Eatough, J P Henshaw, D L Br-J-Radiol. 1991 July; 64(763): 608

24 0007-1285

•

Increased biopterin production in rats with tumors induced by radon inhalation and benzonaphthoflavone administration. Author(s): Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Toxicologie, Jean Bernard Hospital, Poitiers,

France.

Source: Mura, P Morlier, J P Barriere, M Bredon, P Papet, Y Chameaud, J Cancer-Lett.

1990 October 8; 54(1-2): 57-60 0304-3835

•

Intercomparison of measurement techniques used in radon exposure facilities for animals in Europe. Author(s): Aerosol Science Centre, AEA Technology, 0RA, U.K.

Source: Strong, J C Morlier, J P Monchaux, G Bartstra, R W Groen, J S Baker, S T Appl-

Radiat-Isot. 1996 March; 47(3): 355-9 0969-8043

•

Low radon doses sensitize MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to taxol. Author(s): Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria,

39011 Santander, Spain.

Source: Soto, J Sainz, C Gonzalez Lamuno, D Falkenbach, A Cos, S Oncol-Repage 2000

Sep-October; 7(5): 941-4 1021-335X

•

Mortality and cancer incidence in Misasa, Japan, a spa area with elevated radon levels. Author(s): Cancer Information and Epidemiology Division, National Cancer Center

Research Institute, Tokyo.

Source: Ye, W Sobue, T Lee, V S Tanooka, H Mifune, M Suyama, A Koga, T Morishima,

H Kondo, S Jpn-J-Cancer-Res. 1998 August; 89(8): 789-96 0910-5050

Nutrition

63

•

Overview of radon, lead and asbestos exposure. Author(s): Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.

Source: Demers, R Am-Fam-Physician. 1991 November; 44(5 Suppl): 51S-52S, 55S-61S

0002-838X

•

Personal radon dosimetry from eyeglass lenses. Author(s): Department of Geology, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.

Source: Fleischer, R L Meyer, N R Hadley, S A MacDonald, J Cavallo, A Radiat-Prot-

Dosimetry. 2001; 97(3): 251-8 0144-8420

•

Radium-226 and radon-222 in domestic water of Houston-Harris County, Texas. Source: Cech, I. Lemma, M. Prichard, H.M. Kreitler, C.W. Radon, radium, and other radioactivity in ground water : hydrogeologic impact and application to indoor airborne contamination : proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April 7-9, 1987, Somerset, N.J. / ed. by Barbara Graves. Chelsea, Mich. : Lewis, c1987. page 377-402. maps. ISBN: 0873711173

•

Radon dynamics and reduction in an underground mine in Brazil. Implications for workers' exposure. Author(s): Laboratorio de Ciencias Radiologicas/DBB/IBRAG/Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Evangelista, H Pereira, E B Fernandes, H M Sampaio, M Radiat-Prot-Dosimetry. 2002; 98(2): 235-8 0144-8420

•

Radon estimation in some Indian tobacco, tea and tooth powder using CR-39 nuclear track detector. Author(s): Department of Applied Physics, Z.H. College of Engg. and Technology,

Aligarh Muslim University, India.

Source: Khan, A J Sharma, K C Varshney, A K Prasad, R Tyagi, R K Radiat-Environ-

Biophys. 1988; 27(3): 233-7 0301-634X

•

Radon, tobacco-specific nitrosamine and mutagenesis in mammalian cells. Author(s): Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons,

Columbia University, p60 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Source: Zhou, H Zhu, L X Li, K Hei, T K Mutat-Res. 1999 November 29; 430(1): 145-53

0027-5107

•

Regional distribution of bismuth-214 after inhalation of radon. Source: Lykken, G.I. Ong, H.S. Patrick, D.P. F-A-S-E-B-J-Off-Publ-Fed-Am-Soc-Exp-Biol. Bethesda, Md. : The Federation. February 15, 1989. volume 3 (4) page A1253. 0892-6638

•

Relation of radon exposure and tobacco use to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province, China. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing. Source: Qiao, Y L Taylor, P R Yao, S X Schatzkin, A Mao, B L Lubin, J Rao, J Y McAdams, M Xuan, X Z Li, J Y Am-J-Ind-Med. 1989; 16(5): 511-21 0271-3586

•

Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: an overview of published studies. Author(s): Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Kansas School of

Medicine, Kansas City 66103.

Source: Neuberger, J S Cancer-Detect-Prevolume 1991; 15(6): 435-43 0361-090X

•

Risks from radon progeny exposure: what we know, and what we need to know. Author(s): Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185. Source: Guilmette, R A Johnson, N F Newton, G J Thomassen, D G Yeh, H C Annu-RevPharmacol-Toxicol. 1991; 31569-601 0362-1642

64 Radon

•

The pollutants that matter most: Lead, radon, nitrate. Source: Consum-Rep-Consum-Union-U-S. Yonkers, N.Y. : The Union. January 1990. volume 55 (1) page 30-32. charts. 0010-7174

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND RADON Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to radon. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to radon and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “radon” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to radon: •

Effects of treatment with radon waters in Swieradow spa on tissue blood flow determined by means of radioactive xenon. Author(s): Halawa B, Rog-Malinowski M, Milewicz A. Source: Pol Med Sci Hist Bull. 1969 October; 12(4): 185-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5406897&dopt=Abstract

•

How dangerous is radon in buildings?--some reflections from Europe. Author(s): Becker K.

Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1994

February; 14(1): 1-2.



•

Increased biopterin production in rats with tumors induced by radon inhalation and benzonaphthoflavone administration. Author(s): Mura P, Morlier JP, Barriere M, Bredon P, Papet Y, Chameaud J.

66 Radon

Source: Cancer Letters. 1990 October 8; 54(1-2): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2208090&dopt=Abstract •

Long-term efficacy of radon spa therapy in rheumatoid arthritis--a randomized, shamcontrolled study and follow-up. Author(s): Franke A, Reiner L, Pratzel HG, Franke T, Resch KL.

Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 August; 39(8): 894-902.



•

Low radon doses sensitize MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to taxol. Author(s): Soto J, Sainz C, Gonzalez-Lamuno D, Falkenbach A, Cos S.

Source: Oncol Rep. 2000 September-October; 7(5): 941-4.



•

Occupational doses from radon in Spanish spas. Author(s): Soto J, Gomez J.




•

On the effect of a negative ion-generator and a mixing fan on the plate-out of radon decay products in a radon box. Author(s): Bigu J.




•

Radon exposure in Slovenian spas. Author(s): Vaupotic J, Kobal I.




•

Radon health spas. Author(s): Eichholz GG.

Source: Health Physics. 2001 December; 81(6): 729.



•

Radon progeny activity on skin and hair after speleotherapeutic radon exposure. Author(s): Falkenbach A, Kleinschmidt J, Soto J, Just G.




•

Speleotherapeutic radon exposure of a child suffering from juvenile chronic arthritis. Author(s): Falkenbach A.

Alternative Medicine 67

Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000 December; 6(6): 551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152060&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to radon; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Radon

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

69

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON RADON Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to radon. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “radon” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on radon, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Radon ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to radon. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Design Analysis of Federal Radon Policy in the United States (risk Management, Public Policy) by Nardi, Michael Angelo, Dpa from University of Southern California, 1995, 416 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9616990

•

A Geography of Human Risk to Domestic Radon Exposure in Lenawee County, Michigan by Joseph, Tarek Antony, PhD from Michigan State University, 1996, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9718840

•

A Mental Models Approach to Exploring Perceptions of Hazardous Processes (risk Perception, Indoor Radon) by Bostrom, Ann Helen Haugerud, PhD from CarnegieMellon University, 1990, 292 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9123494

70 Radon

•

An Epidemiological Investigation of the Roles of Dietary Antioxidant Nutrients, Fruits and Vegetables, and Residential Radon Exposure in the Etiology of Lung Cancer by Wright, Margaret Elaine; PhD from Yale University, 2003, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084386

•

Diffusion of Radon-222 in Overburden and Its Application to Uranium Exploration by Soonawala, Noshirwan M; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1976

http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29458

•

Electrostatic Diffusion for Passive Radon Daughter Dosimetry by Khan, A; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65135

•

L(p) Estimates for Some Classes of Radon Transforms and Oscillatory Integral Operators by Yang, Chan Woo; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060574

•

Lung Cancer, Radon Daughter Exposure, and Smoking a Nested Case-control Study Within a Cohort of Uranium Mine Workers by L'Abbe, Kristan A; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46389

•

On Iterates of Radon Transform Along Curves with Torsion and Fractional Integral Operator by Nguyen Thanh, Phi Long; PhD from Columbia University, 2003, 37 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088395

•

On the Radon Transform of Sampled Functions by Vasconcelos, Manuela Alexandra S. Pereira; PhD from Harvard University, 2003, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091713

•

Properties and Measurement of the Progeny of Radon and Thoron by Leung, H; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39672

•

Radium and Radon Transport in Soil and Plant Systems by Kozak, Joseph Alexander; PhD from Northwestern University, 2003, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087933

•

Radon Measures on Topological Groups and Semigroups by Gowrisankaran, Chandra; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14454

•

Radon Methods for Improved Imaging of High-velocity Layers Using Modeconverted Energy by Oppert, Shauna Kaye; MSC from University of Calgary (Canada), 2002, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76248

•

Radon Testing: a Study of Scitech and Life Science Students' Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes by Thrall, Debra Nalene, PhD from The University of New Mexico, 1996, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9709807

•

Radon-222 As an in Situ Partitioning Tracer for Quantifying Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) Saturations in the Subsurface by Davis, Brian Michael; PhD from Oregon State University, 2003, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080145

Dissertations 71

•

The Accuracy and Precision of Total-alpha Measurement Schemes in the Detection of Radon and Thoron Progeny by Pogorski, Stephen R; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL31455

•

The Application of Moment Analysis to the Dynamic Adsorption of Radon by Activated Carbon by Gaul, Wayne C.; PhD from University of South Carolina, 2003, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084784

•

The Surficial Geochemistry of Radium, Radon and Uranium Near Bancroft, Ontario, with Application to Prospecting for Uranium by Morse, Robert Harold; AdvDeg from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05738

•

Toxin or Medicine? Incorporating Radioactive Radon Gas into the Therapeutic Process by Erickson, Barbra Ellen; PhD from University of Nevada, Reno, 2002, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090868

•

Using Excess Radon-222 to Assess Submarine Groundwater Discharge in the Delaware River and Bay Estuary by Schwartz, Matthew Charles; PhD from University of Delaware, 2002, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038333

•

Using Gis to Analyze Radon Distribution (Socioeconomics, Florida) by Fandrich, Judith Ellin, PhD from University of Florida, 1995, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9607365

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

73

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON RADON Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “radon” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on radon, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Radon By performing a patent search focusing on radon, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Radon

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on radon: •

Adaptive detector masking for speed-up of cone beam reconstruction Inventor(s): Samarasekera; Supun (Princeton, NJ), Sauer; Frank (Princeton, NJ) Assignee(s): Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 5,878,103 Date filed: June 30, 1997 Abstract: A scanning and data acquisition technique for three dimensional (3D) computerized tomographic (CT) imaging of an object, wherein scanning at a plurality of positions along a source scanning trajectory causes an area detector to acquire cone beam projection data corresponding to a shadow of said object at each of scanning positions and Radon derivative data is calculated by processing line integral values from cone beam projection data. In order to improve the calculation efficiency of the Radon derivative calculation, calculation of the Radon derivative data uses a determination of the left and right boundaries of the shadow for each of the scanning positions, and calculates the Radon derivative data only using projection data from within the determined boundaries. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to three-dimensional (3D) computerized tomography (CT) and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for improving the computational efficiency of an exact cone beam reconstruction. Recently a system employing cone beam geometry has been developed for 3D imaging that includes a cone beam x-ray source and a 2D area detector. An object to be imaged is scanned, preferably over a 360.degree. angular range, either by moving the x-ray source in a scanning path about the object or by rotating the object while the source remains stationary. In either case, the area detector is fixed relative to the source, and relative movement between the source and object provides the scanning (irradiation of the object by the cone beam energy). The cone beam approach has the potential to achieve 3D imaging in both medical and industrial applications both rapidly and with improved dose utilization. The 2D area detector used for 3D imaging generally has detector elements arranged in a 2D array of rows and columns. Available area detectors have generally been of large size and low quality, such as used with x-ray image intensifiers, or of small size and high quality. High cost and other factors have made large area 2D array detectors having high quality and high resolution, generally unavailable. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,390,112 entitled THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNING METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IMAGING LARGE OBJECTS WITH SMALL AREA DETECTORS issued Feb. 14, 1995, and hereby incorporated by reference, a cone beam CT system is disclosed in which an x-ray source following a spiral scan path is used to image a relatively long object, wherein the x-ray detector is much shorter than the object. The only height requirement for the detector is that it be longer than the distance between adjacent turns in the spiral scan of the x-ray source. As the cone beam source follows the scan path, the detector acquires many sets of cone beam projection data, each set representative of the x-ray attenuation caused by the object at each of the many source/detector positions along the scan path. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05878103__

Patents 75

•

Adaptive mask boundary correction in a cone beam imaging system Inventor(s): Bani-Hashemi; Ali (Belle Mead, NJ), Tam; Kwok C. (Edison, NJ)

Assignee(s): Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. (Princeton, NJ)

Patent Number: 6,084,937

Date filed: September 28, 1998

Abstract: A method and apparatus for three dimensional (3D) computerized tomographic (CT) imaging of a region-of-interest (ROI) in an object, wherein image reconstruction processing is applied to a plurality of sets of 2D cone beam projection data, each set being acquired on a 2D detector at a corresponding plurality of scan path source positions. A first image reconstruction processing step comprises applying a mask to each set of the projection data so that data inside the boundaries of each mask form a corresponding plurality of masked 2D data sets. Next, the data inside each masked 2D data set is filtered along a plurality of parallel lines formed therein, to generate a corresponding plurality of filtered 2D data sets. Each filtered 2D data set corresponds to a calculation of a first estimate of Radon derivative data determined from a given set of the 2D cone beam projection data. The next step comprises adaptively developing 2D correction data for each of the first estimates of Radon derivative data. The final step comprises combining each filtered 2D data set and the adaptively determined 2D correction data calculated therefore, in a weighted 3D backprojection manner into a 3D space, thereby reconstructing a 3D image of the ROI in the object. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to 3D image reconstruction in a cone beam xray imaging system, and more specifically to an adaptive simplification for the correction of image inaccuracies caused by mask boundaries when using a simplified 3D backprojection image reconstruction technique. A filtered backprojection (FBP) cone beam image reconstruction technique is described by Kudo, H. and Saito, T., in their article entitled "Derivation and Implementation of a Cone-Beam Reconstruction Algorithm for Nonplanar Orbits", IEEE Trans.Med. Imag., MI-13 (1994) 196-211, incorporated herein by reference. 3. Normalize the filtered projections with a normalization function M(r,.theta.). Normalization is needed to take into account the number of times the plane of integration Q(r,.theta.) which intersects the source position and the line L(r,.theta.), intersects the scan path, since the data developed at each scan path intersection creates a contribution to the image reconstruction on the plane Q(r,.theta.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06084937__

•

Air purifier using plant root interaction Inventor(s): Alcordo; Isabelo S. (613 E. Summit St., Wauchula, FL 33873) Assignee(s): none reported


Date filed: February 21, 1997 Abstract: The invention is an air filtration and purification system, utilizing the filtering ability of the various elements in a potting medium for plants, water films and free water surface in contact with the roots of these plants, and the power of live plants to assimilate various odors, pollutants and in combination with commercially available air

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filter materials, such as activated charcoal, and other specialized granular air filter materials, to meet many air filtration requirements. The system consists of a unique flower pot, with a potting medium cavity for specially formulated potting medium which permits the free flow of ambient air upon application of a partial vacuum, and sustains the normal growth of the plant in the flower pot, and a built-in filter chamber, which is adaptable to any commercially available granular air filter material. Application of a vacuum condition in the filter chamber purges the micro and macro pores in the potting medium, causing the ambient air to flow into the medium, facilitating an active and turbulent interaction at the micro level in the pores, between the pollutants in the air stream and the various filter elements in the flower pot. The interactions also filter out radon gas, and also its short lived progenies and their long lived decay products. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for purifying air in houses, buildings, and other enclosed structure by combining the purifying action of live plants, elements in the rooting medium, water and water films on the potting medium particles, and on the roots of live plants, ordinary and activated charcoal, and other absorbents, and adsorbents, on air, and also providing a convenient, attractive, and decorative receptacle for house plants, wherein the interactions between the air, and the filter elements mentioned can effectively occur to maximize the filtration effect. The interior air of homes contain many pollutants, including dusts, tobacco smoke, and residuals, organic and inorganic chemical vapors from interior building materials, decorative preservatives, such as paints, and varnishes, and from foods. Recently, the recognition of ambient atmospheric radon gas in homes as one of the causes of lung cancer has intensified the introduction of some very elaborate methods of filtering out these unwanted and dangerous pollutants from homes, school rooms, offices, and other enclosed structures. It has become customary to install air filters of various types in homes in order to filter these various pollutants out of the air, especially for those occupants who are sensitive or allergic to them. These filters are of all types, shapes and materials, and are normally designed for specific purposes, such as odor removing, smoke removing, and dust removing. For radon gas, the main approach has been the installation of special plastic shields under the floors of houses, which are laid on ground during construction, and on which the concrete is poured for the concrete flooring. This procedure is intended to provide a solid shield under the house, impenetrable to the radon gas. However, during pouring of the concrete, setting of the forms, and installation of the supports for reinforcing bars, the plastic shield can be punctured. In older houses, the concrete floors may crack, causing breaks, not only in the concrete, but also in the plastic shields. Any break, or puncture, in these shields allows radon gas to build up in the inside of the house. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05853460__ •

Air-tight sump cover with water inlet Inventor(s): Janesky; Lawrence M. (11 Fawn Meadow La., Huntington, CT 06484) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,276,093 Date filed: November 15, 1999 Abstract: Sump container designed to permit gravity flow of flood water from a basement floor through the cover into the sump container and to permit the pumping of water from the container through a discharge conduit passing through an opening in the

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cover. The cover has a transverse opening to receive a discharge conduit for water pumped from the container to an outside drain, a dividing line through the transverse opening and separating said cover into two removable cover sections, and an air-sealed water inlet through the cover to permit flood water to flow into the container while retarding the escape of odor, radon, moisture and pump noise from the container. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved cover for a sump pump container of the type recessed below floor level in the basement of a home or other building. Conventional sump pump containers or reservoirs are plastic pails or barrels which are seated within a sub-floor stone bed or dry well and sump have porous or perforated walls which admit water accumulated beneath the basement floor. The container or reservoir contains a sump pump associated with a discharge conduit which exits through the container cover and through the basement wall. The sump pump has a level-actuation switch and is energized when the water accumulated within the container rises to a predetermined maximum level to actuate the pump and discharge the water through the conduit to an exterior location. The cover of a conventional sump container is a unitary one-piece cover which is air-tight in order to seal the container against admitting to the basement odors, moisture, insects, radon gas, pump noise, etc. from the container and sump. A disadvantage of such known sump covers is that they require disassembly of the pump discharge conduit in order to remove the cover to provide access to the interior of the container, such as for servicing of the sump pump, replacement thereof, cleaning of the conduit inlet, or other necessary purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06276093__ •

Cone beam volume CT angiography imaging system and method Inventor(s): Ning; Ruola (Penfield, NY) Assignee(s): University of Rochester (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 6,298,110

Date filed: June 8, 2000

Abstract: Only a single IV contrast injection with a short breathhold by the patient is needed for use with a volume CT scanner which uses a cone-beam x-ray source and a 2 D detector for fast volume scanning in order to provide true 3-D descriptions of vascular anatomy with more than 0.5 lp/mm isotropic resolution in the x, y and z directions is utilized in which one set of cone-beam projections is acquired while rotating the x-ray tube and detector on the CT gantry and then another set of projections is acquired while tilting the gantry by a small angle. The projection data is preweighted, partial derivatives are calculated and rebinned for both the circular orbit and arc orbit data The second partial derivative is then calculated and then the reconstructed 3-D images are obtained by backprojecting using the inverse Radon transform. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method of and system for computed tomography (CT) density image reconstruction. More particularly, the present invention is directed to the three-dimensional reconstruction from two-dimensional projections acquired with x-ray cone-beam CT and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanners. Even more particularly, the present invention is directed to a method of and system for intravenous volume tomographic digital angiography imaging. For about the past twenty years, computerized tomography has revolutionized diagnostic imaging systems as well as non-destructive test imaging techniques. Conventional CT scanners use a fan-shaped x-ray beam and one-dimensional detector in order to

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reconstruct a single slice with a single scan of an object However, current CT technology is limited by a trade-off between high longitudinal resolution and fast volume scanning. One method which has been utilized to address the shortcomings of CT scanner technology is the use of cone-beam tomography. A cone-beam volume CT scanner uses a cone-beam x-ray source and a two-dimensional detector to reconstruct the whole volume of an object with a single scan of that object The data obtained from the scan of the object is processed in order to construct an image that presents a two-dimensional slice taken through the object. The current technique for reconstructing an image from 2 D is referred to in the art as the filtered back projection technique. That process converts the attenuation measurements from a scan into integers called "CT numbers" or "Hounsfield units" which are then used to control the brightness of a corresponding pixel on a cathode ray display. In a 3-D scan technique, a cone-shaped x-ray beam is used which diverges to form a cone-beam that passes through the object and impinges on a two-dimensional array of detector elements. In that manner, the volume scanning time of a 3-D object can be at least 10 times shorter than a standard CT on a spiral CT. In contrast to existing CT with an intraslice plane resolution of 1.0 lp/mm, the reconstructions of cone beam CT will have isotropic spatial resolution along all three axes (0.5-2.0 lp/mm). Each view is thus a 2-D array of x-ray attenuation measurements and the complete scan produces a 3-D array of attenuation measurements. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06298110__ •

Fast hierarchical backprojection for 3D Radon transform Inventor(s): Basu; Samit (Urbana, IL), Bresler; Yoram (Urbana, IL) Assignee(s): The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois (Urbana, IL) Patent Number: 6,307,911 Date filed: March 30, 2000 Abstract: Data representing a three-dimensional (3D) sinogram (array of numbers) is backprojected to reconstruct a 3D volume. The transformation requires N.sup.3 log.sub.2 N operations. An input sinogram is subdivided into a plurality of subsinograms using either an exact or approximate decomposition algorithm. The subsinograms are repeatedly subdivided until they represent volumes as small as one voxel. The smallest subsinograrns are backprojected using the direct approach to form a plurality of subvolumes, and the subvolumes are aggregated to form a final volume. Two subdivision algorithms are used. The first is an exact decomposition algorithm, which is accurate, but slow. The second is an approximate decomposition algorithm which is less accurate, but fast. By using both subdivision algorithms appropriately, high quality backprojections are computed significantly faster than existing techniques. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally concerns imaging. More specifically, the present invention concerns a method of reconstructing three-dimensional tomographic volumes from projections. Tomographic volumes are created from line integral measurements of an unknown object at a variety of orientations. These line integral measurements, which may represent measurements of density, reflectivity, etc., are then processed to yield a volume that represents the unknown object. Data generated in this manner is collected into a sinogram, and the sinogram is processed and backprojected to create two-dimensional images or three-dimensional volumes. The process of backprojection of three-dimensional (3D) Radon transform data is a key step in the reconstruction of volumes from tomographic data. The 3D Radon transform underlies a number of existing and emerging technologies, such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR),

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volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), cone-beam X-ray tomography, etc. The backprojection step is intensive from a computation standpoint, and slow. Thus, there is a need for methods for backprojecting 3D Radon data which are less costly and less time consuming. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06307911__ •

Fast hierarchical reprojection algorithms for 3D radon transforms Inventor(s): Basu; Samit (Clifton Park, NY), Bresler; Yoram (Urbana, IL) Assignee(s): The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois (Urbana, IL)


Date filed: September 25, 2000 Abstract: A method for reprojecting a 3D image into a 3D Radon sinogram includes the steps of dividing a three-dimensional image into sub-images as small as one voxel and reprojecting the sub-images at a smaller number of orientations to form subsinograms. These sub-sinograms are then successively aggregated and processed to form a full sinogram. The method uses two algorithms to aggregate the sub-sinograms. In one algorithm, the aggregation is exact, and in the other algorithm, aggregation is an approximation, and involves increasing the number of orientations by interpolation. The first algorithm is accurate, but relatively slow, and the second algorithm is faster, but less accurate. By performing some aggregations with the exact algorithm and some aggregations with the approximate algorithm, switching between the two algorithms in one of a number of suitable ways, an accurate result can be obtained quickly. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to imaging, and more particularly, to the high speed 3D Radon reprojection of tomographic images in three dimensions. Tomographic images are created from line or plane integral measurements of an unknown object at a variety of orientations. These integral measurements, which may represent measurements of density, reflectivity, etc., are then processed to yield an image that represents the unknown object. Projection data generated in this manner is collected into a sinogram, and the sinogram is processed and backprojected to create the image. Tomographic reconstruction is the technique underlying nearly all of the key diagnostic imaging modalities, including X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Count Tomography (SPECT), certain acquisition methods for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and newly emerging techniques such as electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and optical tomography. The 3D Radon transform is the mathematical model that describes some of the true volumetric (i.e., 3D) imaging technologies. A single 3D Radon projection is a one dimensional function corresponding to a collection of integrals of the object function on planes at a given orientation and at different positions. The 3D Radon transform of the object is the collection of its 3D Radon projections at all orientations. In MRI, projection mode imaging collects samples of the 3D Radon transform. Projection mode imaging is considered a good candidate for imaging in the presence of patient motion. The 3D radon transform also underlies true 3D Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06332035__

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Filter for on-line air monitor unaffected by radon progeny and method of using same Inventor(s): Edwards; Howard D. (Augusta, GA), Phillips; Terrance D. (Aiken, SC) Assignee(s): Westington Savannah River Company (Aiken, SC) Patent Number: 5,977,547

Date filed: January 21, 1998

Abstract: An apparatus for testing air having contaminants and radon progeny therein. The apparatus includes a sampling box having an inlet for receiving the air and an outlet for discharging the air. The sampling box includes a filter made of a plate of sintered stainless steel. The filter traps the contaminants, yet allows at least a portion of the radon progeny to pass therethrough.A method of testing air having contaminants and radon progeny therein. The method includes providing a testing apparatus that has a sampling box with an inlet for receiving the air and an outlet for discharging the air, and has a sintered stainless steel filter disposed within said sampling box; drawing air from a source into the sampling box using a vacuum pump; passing the air through the filter; monitoring the contaminants trapped by the filter; and providing an alarm when a selected level of contaminants is reached. The filter traps the contaminants, yet allows at least a portion of the radon progeny to pass therethrough. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to air monitors. Specifically, the present invention relates to on-line air monitors unaffected by the absence or presence of radon progeny. Continuous air monitors are commonly used in radioactive environments. In this environment, a continuous air monitor (CAM) is located downstream of a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. When operating properly, the HEPA filter traps all of the radioactive particles therein and the CAM should detect only a minimum of radioactive particles. However, when not operating properly, the HEPA filter may not trap all of the radioactive particles therein and the CAM will detect the radioactive particles and signal the failure of the HEPA filter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05977547__

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Focused rotating slat-hole for gamma cameras Inventor(s): Gagnon; Daniel (Twinsburg, OH), Zeng; Gengsheng Lawrence (Sandy, UT) Assignee(s): Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. (Eindhoven, NL) Patent Number: 6,627,893 Date filed: March 15, 2001 Abstract:.gamma.-ray emissions (14) are detected by a rotating, one-dimensional detector array (18). Slats of a convergent or divergent collimator (16) are mounted between detector elements. The slats are canted by an angle.alpha. from focusing on a focal spot (40) on a perpendicular bisector to the detector array. As a detector head (30) revolves around a longitudinal axis (36) of the subject, the head is canted (FIG. 5) to generate angularly offset data sets. Data sets with the detector array rotated to 180.degree. opposite orientations are processed (62) to generate a first derivative data set. Parallel lines or planes (64) of the canted data sets are processed (68) to generate a second derivative data set which is backprojected (70) in accordance with the Radon transform into a three-dimensional image representation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the diagnostic imaging arts. It finds particular application in conjunction with SPECT nuclear imaging systems and will be

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described with particular reference thereto. It will be appreciated, however, that the present invention is useful in conjunction with other systems that utilize collimated detectors to detect penetrating radiation, and is not limited to the aforementioned application. In nuclear imaging, a source of radioactivity is used to provide non-invasive diagnostic images. The source is typically injected into a patient, although external sources are also utilized. Radiation from the source traverses at least a portion of the patient and is detected by radiation detectors. Typically, a nuclear camera has one, two, or three detector heads. In rotating laminar emission cameras (ROLEC), a onedimensional detector array or line of detectors is rotated in each head. Collimator vanes which are mounted between the detectors of the array rotate with the detector array. In rotating laminar emission cameras, the one-dimensional collimation results in a plane integral reconstruction as opposed to a line integral reconstruction, as is typical in most Anger camera systems. This distinction illustrates a particular difference between onedimensional and two-dimensional collimation. In a system collimated in one dimension, the detector "sees" that is, receives radiation from, a plane. In a typical Anger camera with two dimensional collimation, each collimated element of the detector sees a line of the imaging volume. Moreover, described more accurately, the typical ROLEC produces only an approximation of a planar integral. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627893__ •

High resolution radon transform seismic traces processing Inventor(s): Herrmann; Philippe Charles (Alberta, CA)

Assignee(s): Compagnie Generale de Geophysique (FR)



Abstract: The present invention comprises a non-iterative method of processing seismic traces. A constrained High Resolution Radon decomposition is performed at various frequencies in which the Radon decomposition at a given frequency is constrained as a function of the Radon decomposition at at least a lower frequency. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract which will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope of meaning of the claims. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved high resolution Radon transform for use in analysing geophysical data. The widespread use of multiple removal in the parabolic Radon domain (Hampson, 1986, Kostov, 1990) is related to its effectiveness and efficiency for most situations. However, when applied under severe conditions reduced spatial aperture (FIGS. 1a-f) and/or coarse offset sampling (FIGS. 2a-c), one may observe a poor focusing of the events in the parabolic Radon domain, combined with severe allasing artifacts. As a consequence, the multiple model loses some multiple energy and include significant primary energy. Once the multiple model is substracted from the input data, this leads to poor multiple removal and deteriorate primaries (see FIGS. 3a-d for illustration). Finite spatial aperture limits the resolution of the Radon transform, while finite spatial sampling introduces aliasing artifacts. To overcome these limitations one has to constrain the parabolic decomposition of the data. This issue was first investigated by Thorson and Claerbout, 1985. More recently Sacchi and Ulrych, 1995, Hugonner and Canadas, 1997, and Cary, 1998 have developed high-resolution

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Radon transforms (in the frequency-space or time-space domain). These constrain the Radon spectra to be sparse in q and t, using a re-welghted iterative approach. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06636809__ •

High-resolution Radon transform for processing seismic data Inventor(s): Kostov; Clement (Katy, TX), Moore; Ian (Shelley, AU), Yingst; David (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): WesternGeco, L.L.C. (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,636,810 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: A method and computer system of processing seismic data is presented. A high-resolution Radon transform is defined for use on seismic data. The high-resolution Radon transform is regularized using a semblance measure of the seismic data. The seismic data is processed using the high-resolution Radon transform to enhance desirable features of the seismic data. A tangible representation of the processed seismic data is presented. The semblance measure of the seismic can include a semblance measure along a dimension of the seismic data. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the computation of high-resolution Radon transforms used in the processing of seismic data. Radon transforms, along with Fourier and several other transforms, are part of the tools available to geophysicists for modeling and analysis of seismic signals. In geophysics and in other application areas, improved Radon transforms have been obtained by overcoming limitations due to the sampling and noise content of the data. The earliest Radon transforms used in geophysics are simply discrete versions of results derived for continuous functions sampled over a large interval. The discrete Radon transform algorithms introduced later (Beylkin, 1987, Hampson, 1986) provide exactly invertible transforms for discretely sampled, aperture-limited data. These transforms, now referred to as conventional, are effective at separating signal and noise provided that the input data and their line integrals (i.e., data in the Radon transform domain) are sampled without aliasing. In practice, processing of aliased-input data is an important issue, and improvements to current practice have been pursued by two approaches. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06636810__

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Image reconstruction for compton camera including spherical harmonics Inventor(s): Basko; Roman (Salt Lake City, UT), Gullberg; Grant T. (Salt Lake City, UT), Zeng; Gengsheng Lawrence (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): The University of Utah (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 5,861,627 Date filed: June 24, 1997 Abstract: A diagnostic imaging system includes a Compton camera (14) disposed on a gantry (16). The camera (14) includes linear detectors (30a, 30b) for detecting radiation emanating from a subject to be imaged. A data processor (32) collects and processes radiation data in accordance with the detected radiation. Position and energy resolving circuitry (34) determines positions and energy deposited by photons striking the

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detectors. A cone projection generator (40) generates cone projection data or cone integrals based on the collected data which determine a possible location of a gamma source of the detected radiation. A conversion processor (41) converts the cone projection data into plane projection data. The conversion processor (41) includes a line integral processor (42) which determines line integrals representing the cone projection data and applies a spherical harmonic expansion to the line integrals. A plane integral generator (43) generates plane integrals such as Radon projection planes based on the line integrals. A reconstruction processor (44) reconstructs an image representation of a region of interest from the subject from the plane projection data using filtered back projection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the art of diagnostic imaging. It finds particular application in conjunction with nuclear or gamma cameras and will be described with particular reference thereto. It is to be appreciated, however, that the present invention will also find application in other non-invasive investigation techniques and imaging systems such as single photon planar imaging, whole body nuclear scans, positron emission tomography (PET), digital x-ray computed tomography and other diagnostic modes. It is to be further appreciated that the present invention will also find application in other Compton-based systems such as Compton-type telescopes used for astronomy. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been used to study a radionuclide distribution in a subject. Typically, one or more radiopharmaceuticals or radioisotopes are injected into a patient subject. The radioisotope preferably travels to an organ of interest whose image is to be produced. The patient is placed in an examination region of the SPECT system surrounded by large area planar radiation detectors. Radiation emitted from the patient is detected by the radiation detectors. The detectors have a mechanical collimator to limit the detector to seeing radiation from a single selected trajectory or ray, often the ray normal to the detector plane. Typically, the detector includes a scintillation crystal that is viewed by an array of photomultiplier tubes. The relative outputs of the photomultiplier tubes are processed and corrected, as is conventional in the art, to generate an output signal indicative of (1) a position coordinate on the detector head at which each radiation event is received, and (2) an energy of each event. The energy is used to differentiate between emission and transmission radiation and between multiple emission radiation sources and to eliminate stray and secondary emission radiation. A two-dimensional projection image representation is defined by the number of radiation events received at each coordinate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05861627__ •

Image reconstruction method for a computed tomography apparatus Inventor(s): Schaller; Stefan (Fuerth, DE) Assignee(s): Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Munich, DE)


Date filed: May 28, 1998 Abstract: An exact image reconstruction method for computed tomography allows the reconstruction of a sub-volume of interest in a long subject from cone beam or pyramid beam CT data using a spiral focus path. A two-stage reconstruction process is utilized that, by line integration over the detector, first calculates 3D radon values of a subvolume of interest defined only for the respective.phi.-plane for each.phi.-plane of a 3D spherical coordinate system. For each.phi.-plane, the sub-volume of interest is limited

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toward the exterior by the radius of the measurement field and is upwardly and downwardly limited by curved surfaces that arise by the locus of a straight line perpendicular to the.phi.-plane under consideration proceeding to each focus point of a spiral segment. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an image reconstruction method of the type suitable for use for producing a displayed image from cone beam data or pyramidal beam data in an x-ray computed tomography apparatus. In all known algorithms, a sub-volume of interest is defined, and a consistent 3D radon set is generated by limiting the plane integration to the sub-volume of interest. U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,883 discloses a computer tomography apparatus with a cone beam or a pyramidal beam, whereby the radon values are calculated using a number of computers that divide the radon space among them such that the individual computers respectively handle regions of the radon space that are of approximately the same size. In detail, each computer handles a number of vertical planes in the radon space that are distributed over 180.degree. in the.phi.-direction at identical angular spacings and that respectively contain a polar coordinate system for the radon values belonging to that vertical plane. A spiral scan is not provided. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05995580__ •

Low pressure radon stripper for wells Inventor(s): Osmond; David W. (181 Oxbow Rd., Wayland, MA 01778) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,287,369 Date filed: March 30, 2000 Abstract: A radon stripper system for removing radon from well water including a draft tube and an air supply line that is interfaced with a gas supply. The draft tube is vertically aligned beneath the surface of the water in a well. Gas is delivered into the draft tube a sufficient distance induces a flow in the well water. The gas interface between the gas delivered to the radon stripper system and the well water is increased. The induced water flow and increased gas to radon-contaminated water interface removes the radon from the well water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to radon gas and more particularly to a method of efficiently removing radon gas from well water contaminated by radon gas. Radon is a naturally occurring, sparingly water soluble radioactive gas that results from the breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water. Research has linked radon to causing cancer. In fact, the Surgeon General has reported that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. Although radon is more prevalent in certain areas of the U.S., radon can be found in all parts of the U.S. Therefore, the risks associated with exposure to radon gas are common throughout all parts of the U.S. Radon can get into any type of building and build up to high levels of concentration. Since most people spend a majority of their time in their homes, people are at the greatest risk of radon exposure in their own homes. Given the potential health hazards presented by radon, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggests and some states even mandate that residential homes be tested for the presence of radon. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06287369__

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Method and apparatus for measuring unattached radon progeny Inventor(s): Lane-Smith; Derek (Billerica, MA)

Assignee(s): Durridge Co. (Bedford, MA)


Date filed: February 6, 1998

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the concentration of unattached Radon progeny in air is described. The method consists of measuring the conductivity of the air or alternatively the concentration of fast ions in the air, and converting the measurement to a concentration of unattached Radon progeny by applying a predetermined ratio found to exist between conductivity and the concentration of unattached Radon progeny on the one hand, or between the concentrations of fast ions and unattached Radon progeny on the other hand. Apparatus for implementing the method includes means for measuring conductivity (or fast ion concentration), means for calculating the concentration of unattached Radon progeny using the predetermined ratios and output means for displaying the result of the calculation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the concentration of unattached Radon progeny in air. Radon 222 and its isotope Radon 220 (Thoron) are radioactive, chemically inert gasses which occur in the natural radioactive decay chains of Uranium and Thorium. As gasses they are able to diffuse out of the soil or concrete where they are formed and collect in spaces where people live and work. The progeny of Radon are metals such as Polonium, Bismuth and Lead which are also radioactive. When breathed in, they tend to stick in the throat or lungs. Subsequent radioactive decays occur on the tissue surface and bombards the tissue with high-energy alpha and beta particles, causing damage to the cells. The radiation damage caused by these radon progeny can result in cancer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06018985__

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Method and apparatus for processing data from a tomographic imaging system Inventor(s): Berenstein; Carlos Alberto (Bethesda, MD), Liu; K. J. Ray (Silver Spring, MD), Rashid-Farrokhi; Farrokh (Greenbelt, MD), Walnut; David Francis (Fairfax, VA) Assignee(s): George Mason University (Fairfax, VA) Patent Number: 5,953,388

Date filed: August 18, 1997

Abstract: An algorithm is created and applied to reconstruct the wavelet coefficients of an image from the Radon transform data for use in computed tomography, with a disclosed method that uses the properties of wavelets to localize the Radon transform such that a local region of the cross section of a body can be reconstructed using almost completely local data to significantly reduce the amount of exposure and computations in X-ray tomography. The described algorithm is based on the observation that for some wavelet bases with sufficiently many vanishing moments, the ramp-filtered version of the scaling function as well as the wavelet function has extremely rapid decay, with the variance of the elements of the nullspace is being negligible in the locally reconstructed image. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to computer tomography (CT) imaging. More specifically, the present invention describes a new method and apparatus for use in CT

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scanning wherein the wavelet transform is constructed directly from the tomographic data for local image reconstruction from local measurements in such a way as to reduce the required radiation dosage while creating a faster image output with improved resolution. Computer tomography (CT) imaging is a relatively recent development that has captivated the interest of those involved in imaging technology. CT has been most accepted and adopted as standard procedure in the medical field, since it provides a more detailed analysis of internal body parts that do conventional X-rays, it offers more control for setting variables according to the particular focus of the image, and is less costly since the results are immediately computerized, thereby eliminating the time delay and cost involved in the development of X-ray negatives. As a result, leading manufacturers of equipment incorporating CT technology have emerged, such as General Electric's Medical System's Division and Siemens, AG. In addition, numerous smaller companies are now manufacturing CT equipment in this developing and competitive field. Some advances in this field fall short of achieving the desired clarity of a reconstructed image. For example, the patent to Katsevich, U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,892, describes a method for determining the location and value of a discontinuity between a first internal density of an object and a second density of a region within the object. However, only relative attenuation data of the radiation beam is determined and used. While this is helpful in enhancing the local tomographic image, the method does not actually reconstruct the image. Its use of LAMBDA as the local tomography function is an algorithm for taking the measurements of the relative attenuation data and manipulating the measurements via the algorithm for determining the location of the discontinuity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05953388__ •

Method and apparatus of compressing images using localized radon transforms Inventor(s): Rising, III; Hawley K. (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): Sony Corporation (Tokyo, JP), Sony Electronics Inc. (Park Ridge, NJ) Patent Number: 6,424,737 Date filed: January 22, 2001 Abstract: A method and an apparatus of compressing data. The method and apparatus include constructing a neural network having a specific geometry using a finite and discrete Radon transform. The data is then fed through the neural network to produce a transformed data stream. The transformed data stream is thresholded. A fixed input signal is fed back through the neural network to generate a decoding calculation of an average value. The thresholded data stream is entropy encoded. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to image compression. More particularly, the present invention relates image compression using neural networks. Wavelet transforms are widely used in analysis, where they are known as "multiresolution analysis", and in image and audio compression, where they are used as a pyramid coding method for lossy compression. The wavelets used are generally from a very small set of analytically designed wavelets, such as Daubechies wavelets, or quadrature mirror filters ("QMF"). For some applications, designing specific wavelets with special coding properties would be beneficial. Presently, compression methods directed to image and video compression attempt to minimize the amount of bandwidth used for a single band. There are no compression methods directed to reducing the amount of total activity in a network.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06424737__ •

Method and system for radon mitigation Inventor(s): Jennemann; Paul V. (3220 Corporate Ct.-Ste. E, Ellicott City, MD 21042) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,836,815


Abstract: A radon mitigation method and system for mitigating the migration of radon into a building structure which includes an in-ground collection basin (200) formed in the foundation of the building structure. A liner (300) is located within the basin (200) with the liner (300) having both a sub-basin portion (320) and a rim portion (310). The rim portion (310) of the liner (300) forms a plenum chamber (400) between the liner (300) and the basin (200). The liner rim portion (310) is sealed to the basin (200) by a seal (410). A conduit (417) leads out of the building structure to remove gas from the plenum chamber (400). A pump (13) is operatively connected to the conduit (417) to exhaust gas through the conduit (17) to remove any radon within the plenum chamber (400) to the outside of the building structure. Excerpt(s): The subject method and system for mitigating radon is generally directed to a system for preventing the entry of radon into the air of the confined area within a building structure. More specifically, the subject radon mitigation system is adapted to mitigate the migration of radon into the building structure through cracks, crevices and openings in the structure foundation and/or slab by depressurizing the soil beneath the structure. In many building structures, particularly residential structures, a ground water collection basin is installed beneath the foundation slab of the lowest level of the structure. The purpose for this collection basin is to collect liquid, particularly ground seepage water, that could otherwise remain beneath the structure foundation slab. This collection basin also serves to collect flood water due to broken water pipes, discharge from high pressure relief valves of water heaters, or heavy rain. During the building's construction stage, various drainage conduits for directing the flow of water from inground and above-ground sources are put in place to discharge into this collection basin. A sump pump assembly with an automatic sensing switch is then installed in the collection basin to discharge the accumulated water to the exterior of the building structure. The collection basin 10 typically employed in the prior art extends through the slab 1 and well below the aggregate layer 3 such that it receives, through openings in its side walls, the discharge from the longitudinal openings of drain tiles 4 and aboveground drainage conduits 5, 8. Collection basin 10 often includes a shoulder portion 11 formed sufficiently near its upper edge to extend radially into the slab 1 so as to serve as a support ledge structure for a collection basin cover 12. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05836815__

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Method for obtaining magnetic dipole density image data of subterranean object Inventor(s): Stanley; John (Armidale, AU), Zhou; Jun (Armidale, AU) Assignee(s): Geophysical Technology Limited (Sydney, AU)



88 Radon

Abstract: A method of processing magnetic field measurements to obtain magnetic dipole density image data is provided. The process involves making measurements of total magnetic field at a plurality of locations over an area of interest, dividing the area of interest into a plurality of narrow parallel strips, performing a strip integral and forming and solving a system of linear equations to obtain a generalized projection. The process is then repeated to produce a plurality of generalized projections from the original measured data by performing strip integrals for a plurality of different orientations of the strips. The process is then completed by performing an inverse Radon transformation on the generalized projections to obtain the magnetic dipole moment density image data. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the analysis of subterranean objects and, more particularly, to the determination of properties of subterranean objects by using principles of computerised tomography to interpret magnetic anomaly data associated with those objects. Magnetic surveying is a well-established method of conducting geophysical exploration based on detecting anomalies in the Earth's magnetic field. A limitation of this method at present is that it is difficult to use wish three dimensional modelling in order to obtain vertical geological sections or profiles from measured magnetic anomaly field data. In the past, efforts have been made to derive automatic methods for interpretation of the magnetic or potential anomaly profiles, but the most widely used methods at present are still various trial-and-error methods which require good a priori knowledge concerning the object being analyzed. In the specification, natural numbers in brackets refer to the list of references at the end of the specification. Suppose that there is a buried two-dimensional magnetic source body of area S with constant magnetic dipole moment per unit area M whose direction is determined by its direction cosines P=cos.alpha. and Q=cos.beta. where.alpha. is M's angle from the (horizontal) x-axis and.beta. is M's angle from the (vertical) z-axis. The Earth's magnetic field is measured along a line parallel to the X-axis at elevation z.sub.0 above the Earth's surface. Suppose also that the direction of the total magnetic field at measuring point (x',z.sub.0) is a unit vector t whose direction cosines are p=cos.alpha.' and q=cos.beta.'. Then the total magnetic field measured by a magnetometer at point: (x',z.sub.0) can be expressed as ›1,2!. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05821753__ •

Method of controlling the quality of seismic data migration by using the generalized radon transform description Inventor(s): Cao; Di (Yokohama, JP), Laurent; Christophe (Gentilly, FR) Assignee(s): Schlumberger Technology Corporation (Sugar Land, TX) Patent Number: 6,625,544 Date filed: February 22, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of controlling the quality of seismic data that has been migrated using the generalized Radon transform, the method serving to pass between a seismic data space and a migrated image space, in which method a parameter table is calculated giving, for a seismic wave going from a point of the image to a source or a sensor, its path length, its travel time, and the angles of incidence of the wave at the beginning and at the end of the path, and in which correspondence is established between at least one zone of a first one of said two spaces and at least one zone of the second space, by using said parameter table to fill in a correspondence table QCimage.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of controlling the quality of seismic data migration by using the generalized Radon transform (GRT). Image(x, z)=Image (x, z)+u.times.w. A method described in "Automatic association of kinematic information to pre-stack images", by S. Geoltrain and E. Chovet (61st Annual International Meeting, Sot. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1991, pages 890 to 892), for Kirchhoff migration. makes it possible to associate each point of the migrated image with a point in data space. Nevertheless, that method does not enable each point in the migrated image to be associated with all of the contributing points along the travel time curve. Nor does it make it possible to find the isochronous curve associated with a point in data space. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06625544__ •

Method of producing a breathing mixture and an apparatus for applying the method Inventor(s): Baranov; Viktor Mikhailovich (Russian Federation, Moscow 123182, ul. Aviatsionnaya, d. 13, kv., RU), Kotov; Alexandr Nikolaevich (Russian Federation, 125057 Moscow, ul. Novopeschanaya, d. 6, kv. 5, RU), Lastochkin; Georgy Ivanovich (Russian Federation, Leningradskaya obl., 189510 Lomonosov, Morskoi pr., d. 10, kv. 7.1, RU), Logunov; Alexei Timofeevich (Russian Federation, Moskovskaya obl., 141700, Dolgoprudny, RU), Pavlov; Boris Nikolaevich (Russian Federation, Moscow 113545, ul. Podolskikh kursantov, d korp. 2, kv.1, RU), Smirnov; Igor Alexeevich (Russian Federation, Moscow 123480, ul. Turistskaya, d. 18, kv.2, RU) Assignee(s): none reported


Date filed: March 20, 1998

Abstract: The gas mixture is fed in a circulating stream at a volume flow rate of 3-120 l/min, the mixture being cleaned and its temperature and qualitative and quantitative composition regulated. The gas mixture contains oxygen and at least one of the following gases in quantities of up to 95%: helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon, radon, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, or a mixture of these gases. Pharmaceutical preparations can also be introduced into the breathing mixture, and the level of inhaled carbon dioxide can be adjusted with the aid of the exhaled carbon dioxide. The apparatus has a circulation loop comprising connecting pipes, a respirator bag, flow booster, temperature regulator, and at least one absorption unit for absorbing the carbon dioxide, moisture, and harmful trace contamination exhaled by the patient. The circulation loop is connected to the oxygen gas analyzer and is also provided with a carbon dioxide gas analyzer and temperature gauge; the latter two elements, together with the oxygen gas analyzer, form a measurement unit that is electrically connected to the control unit. The mask is connected to the loop by a tube with valves. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to medicine and means of medical engineering; it can find application in treating a number of diseases with the aid of breathing gas mixtures, including affections resulting from emergency situations. One prior-art method for producing a gas mixture for intermittent normobaric hypoxia is known to comprise depleting atmospheric air of oxygen by compressing it in a compressor up to 0.3 to 1.5 MPa and passing the thus-compressed air through a polymer membrane made of hollow fibres, followed by feeding the resultant mixture to the patient through a-flow rate meter, a humidifier, and a mask provided with a breathing valve, and a device for carrying said method into effect, comprising a breathing bag, a mask with a breathing valve, to which mask the prepared gas mixture is fed along pipings, a compressor, a

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polymer membrane, a humidifier, a flow rate meter, and a gas analyzer (RU 2,004,261, A2 1994, IPC A61M 16/00). The closest to the method proposed in the present invention is the method for forming a breathing gas mixture by mixing compressed gases fed along a piping, followed by controlled feeding of said gas mixture to the breathing mask, and an apparatus which realizes said method, comprising- a device for producing a gas mixture, having a source of compressed gas, said source communicating therewith through a gas mixture composition regulator and a flow rate meter, a breathing bag, a breathing mask with an inhalation valve and an exhalation valve, an oxygen gas analyzer, and a control unit (SU 1,793,934, A2, 1993, A61M 16/00). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06536429__ •

Method to sputter silicon films Inventor(s): Nakata; Yukihiko (Vancouver, WA), Voutsas; Apostolos (Portland, OR) Assignee(s): Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc. (Camas, WA) Patent Number: 6,429,097 Date filed: May 22, 2000 Abstract: A method of physical vapor deposition includes selecting a target material; mixing at least two gases to form a sputtering gas mixture, wherein a first sputtering gas is helium and a second sputtering gas is taken from the gases consisting of neon, argon krypton, xenon and radon; forming a plasma in the sputtering gas mixture atmosphere to sputter atoms from the target material to the substrate thereby forming a layer of target material on the substrate and annealing the substrate and the deposited layer thereon. An improved physical vapor deposition vacuum chamber includes a target held in a target holder, a substrate held in a substrate holder, a plasma arc generator, and heating rods. A sputtering gas feed system is provided for introducing a mixture of sputtering gases into the chamber; as is a vacuum mechanism comprising at least one turbomolecular pump for evacuating the chamber to a pressure of less than 16 mTorr during deposition. The method and apparatus are particularly suited for forming thin film transistors and liquid crystal displays having thin film transistors therein. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus and method for the deposition of thinfilm materials used in the fabrication of thin film integrated circuit devices, and thin film devices made according to the method and with the apparatus. In the fabrication of thin film (TF) IC devices, such as thin film transistors (TFTs), a method and apparatus is needed to form the various layers constituting the device. Silicon material, typically amorphous silicon (a-Si) or polysilicon, are used for the active layers of the device and silicon-based insulating layers, typically silicon nitride, SiN.sub.x, or silicon oxide, SiO.sub.x, are typically used as insulators between the active layers. There are several methods to deposit these films. Some methods rely on chemical reactions between one or more suitable gas-phase species to deposit the silicon-based film on the substrate where TF devices are to be fabricated. These reactions require energy, which may be supplied in the form of thermal energy, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma energy, such as plasma-enhanced CVD (PE-CVD). photon energy, such as photo-enhanced, or laser-pyrolysis CVD, or the presence of a catalyst, as in the case of hot-wire CVD. Another category of deposition methods are the so-called physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods. In one case, the desired material is deposited by bombarding a suitable "target" of this material with atoms of sufficient energy, of a typically neutral or inert gas element. This process is called sputtering and is typically accomplished by forming gas plasma in a gap between a target material and the substrate where the

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material is to be deposited. Argon is the most common gas used in the sputtering industry. Sputtering is a well-suited method for the formation of the various siliconbased, TF device layers because: (1) it is a safe and environmentally benign technique; (2) it may be used at room temperature and is therefore compatible with any type of substrate; (3) silicon films with very low H.sub.2 content may be typically deposited and there is no need for dehydrogenation to release excessive hydrogen, or, hydrogen may be incorporated into the film if, and when, necessary; (4) it is a simpler and more easily scaled method than competitive methods, which rely on chemistry; and (5) it has been successfully used for metal depositions in TF devices, such as TFT-LCDs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06429097__ •

Narrow band excimer laser with gas additive Inventor(s): Das; Palash P. (Vista, CA), Ershov; Alexander I. (San Diego, CA), Hofmann; Thomas (San Diego, CA), Ishihara; Toshihiko (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Cymer, Inc. (San Diego, CA)


Date filed: May 20, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a very narrow band pulse excimer laser capable of producing pulses at a rate in the range of about 500 to 2000 Hz with enhanced energy dose control and reproducibility. Very small quantities of a stablizing additive consisting of oxygen or a heavy noble gas (xenon or radon for KrF lasers, or krypton, xenon or radon for ArF lasers), are added to the gas mixture. Tests performed show substantial improvements in energy stability with the addition of about 30 ppm of xenon to a KrF laser. Tests show improved performance for the ArF lasers with the addition of about 6-10 ppm of Xe or 40 ppm of Kr. In a preferred embodiment very narrow bandwidth is achieved on a KrF laser by reducing fluorine partial pressure to less than 0.10 percent and by increasing the reflectance of the output coupler to greater than 25 percent. In a preferred embodiment, prior art fused silica beam expansion prisms used in the prior art line-narrowing module were replaced with calcium fluoride prisms. Excerpt(s): The discharge chamber is operated at a pressure of about three atmospheres. These lasers operate in a pulse mode at about 600 Hz to about 1,000 Hz, the energy per pulse being about 10 mJ and the duration of the laser pulses is about 15 ns. Thus, the average power of the laser beam is about 6 to 10 Watts and the average power of the pulses is in the range of about 700 KW. A typical mode of operation is referred to as the "burst mode" of operation. In this mode, the laser produces "bursts" of about 50 to 150 pulses at the rate of 1,000 pulses per second. Thus, the duration of the burst is about 50 to 150 milliseconds. Prior art lithograph, excimer lasers are equipped with a feedback voltage control circuit which measures output pulse energy and automatically adjusts the discharge voltage to maintain a desired (usually constant) output pulse energy. It is very important that the output pulse energy be accurately controlled to the desired level. It is well known that at wavelengths below 300 nm there is only one suitable optical material available for building the stepper lens used for chip lithography. This material is fused silica. An all fused silica stepper lens will have no chromatic correction capability. The KrF excimer laser has a natural bandwidth of approximately 300 pm (full width half maximum). For a refractive system (with NA>0.5)--either a stepper or a scanner--this bandwidth has to be reduced to below 1 pm. Current prior art commercially available laser systems can provide KrF laser beams at a nominal

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wavelength of about 248 nm with a bandwidth of about 0.8 pm (0.0008 nm). Wavelength stability on the best commercial lasers is about 0.25 pm. With these parameters stepper makers can provide stepper equipment to provide integrated circuit resolutions of about 0.3 microns. To improve resolution a narrower bandwidth is required. For example, a reduction of a bandwidth to below 0.6 pm would permit improvement of the resolution to below 0.25 microns. Argon fluoride, ArF excimer lasers which operate at a wavelength of about 190 nm using a gas mixture of about 0.08 to 0.12% fluorine, 3.5% argon and the rest neon, are beginning to be used for integrated circuit lithography. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06014398__ •

Portable apparatus for the measurement of environmental radon and thoron Inventor(s): Negro; Vincent C. (New Hyde Park, NY) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the United States Department (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,288,400 Date filed: August 19, 1999 Abstract: The radometer is a portable instrument for the measurement of the concentration of atmospheric radon/thoron in a test area. A constant velocity pump pulls the air from the outside at a constant flow rate. If the air is too moist, some or all of the sample is passed through a desiccant filter prior to encountering an electrostatic filter. The electrostatic filter prevents any charged particles from entering the sampling chamber. Once the sample has entered the chamber, the progeny of the decay of radon/thoron are collected on a detector and measured. The measured data is compiled by a computer and displayed. Excerpt(s): This invention, a Radometer, relates to an improved method for the measurement of environmental radon and thoron in homes and buildings. More particularly, this invention allows for the accurate measurement of radon and thoron using a portable, handheld electrical instrument and only a few minutes of time. The measurement of radon and thoron in homes and buildings is important in determining the presence of a potential health hazard to persons occupying the structure. The concentration of radon is measured by counting the alpha particles resulting from the radioactive decay of radon,.sup.222 Rn, while the level of thoron is determined by counting the alpha particles from the radioactive decay of thoron,.sup.220 Rn. In the present invention four counting channels are used: two for radon and two for thoron. An electrostatic filtering system is employed to insure that no positively charged particles enter the sampling chamber. In prior art, the filters were either in the form of a physical filter such as an open pore foam or an electrostatic filter. The use of a physical filter greatly increases the power consumption necessary to measure either the radon or the thoron. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06288400__

Patents 93

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Practical cone beam image reconstruction using local regions-of-interest Inventor(s): Samarasekera; Supun (Princeton, NJ), Sauer; Frank (Princeton, NJ), Tam; Kwok (Edison, NJ) Assignee(s): Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. (Princeton, NJ)


Date filed: March 31, 1998 Abstract: A method and apparatus of operating a CT imaging apparatus having a cone beam radiation source and a 2D detector arrangement, for exactly reconstructing an image of a 3D region of interest (ROI) in an object. Measurement data acquired by the 2D detector is processed to develop sub-sets of Radon data. Each of the sub-sets of Radon data is targeted for reconstructing a corresponding local 2D ROI in a 2D parallel projection of the object. Accordingly, after a sub-set of Radon data is completely developed, it is subjected to a first inversion processing step for developing the corresponding local 2D ROI. Multiple ones of the local ROIs are then grouped together and subjected to a second inversion processing step to develop an image reconstruction of a part of the 3D ROI in the object. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to computed tomographic (CT) imaging using a cone beam radiation source for performing an exact image reconstruction of an object, and more specifically to a method and apparatus for performing image reconstruction by individually processing multiple sub-sets of Radon data. Each of the sub-sets of Radon data is targeted for reconstructing a local 2D regionof-interest (ROI) in a 2D parallel projection of the object, and after multiple local 2D ROI's are reconstructed they are jointly processed for developing a portion of the image reconstruction of the object. Recently a system employing cone beam geometry has been developed for three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) imaging that includes a cone beam x-ray source and a 2D area detector. An object to be imaged is scanned, preferably over a 360.degree. angular range and along its entire length, by any one of various methods wherein the position of the area detector is fixed relative to the source, and relative rotational and translational movement between the source and object provides the scanning (irradiation of the object by radiation energy). The cone beam approach for 3D CT has the potential to achieve 3D imaging in both medical and industrial applications with improved speed, as well as improved dose utilization when compared with conventional 3D CT apparatus (i.e., a stack of slices approach obtained using parallel or fan beam x-rays). As a result of the relative movement of the cone beam source to a plurality of source positions (i.e., "views") along the scan path, the detector acquires a corresponding plurality of sets of cone beam projected measurement data (referred to hereinafter as measurement data), each set of measurement data being representative of x-ray attenuation caused by the object at a respective one of the source positions. After completion of measurement data acquisition, the measurement data is processed for reconstructing a 3D image of the object. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06009142__

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Pressurized radon stripper Inventor(s): Reiber; Harold Steven (Seattle, WA)

Assignee(s): HDR Engineering, Inc. (Bellevue, WA)



Abstract: The present invention is a method and device for removing radon from groundwater without substantially reducing wellhead pressure. The pressurized radon stripper of the present invention has two principal components: a novel Venturi injector assembly which introduces air into a water process stream from a water source such as a well or the like; and a packed bed contactor which enhances air-liquid contact and serves as a gas-liquid separator. Over two thirds of the radon removal occurs in the Venturi injectors due to the intense gas-liquid turbulence in the throat of the Venturi valve. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention relates generally to gas liquid separators, and specifically to a radon stripper that uses gas liquid turbulence to separate the gas from the liquid. Radon is a naturally occurring, water soluble, radioactive gas that evolves in the soil from the breakdown of heavier radioactive elements. Underground well water can transport the radon from the soil into the house, such as when taking a shower, doing laundry, washing dishes, or cooking with tap water. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that it takes about 10,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) of radon in water to contribute 1.0 pCi/L of radon in air throughout the house. The ratio of radon in water to radon in bathroom air while showering can be much higher, typically from 100 to 1; to about 300 to 1. The level of radon activity recommended by the EPA is only 4.0 pCi/L and is an "action level" based upon the correlation between radon exposure and lung cancer. Scientists believe radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer and, in retrospect, it is now believed that many cases of "miner's disease" were cancers due to radon exposure. When radon decays, it emits alpha particles. These are small, heavy, electrically charged, sub-atomic particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons. If an alpha particle strikes the chromosomes in a lung cell, it may alter the way that cell reproduces and, over time, develop into a recognizable cancerous growth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05980613__

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Process and devices for characterizing ground water measurement points by distinguishing ground water from subterranean water accumulation Inventor(s): Dehnert; Joerg (Berggiesshubel, DE), Freyer; Klaus (Holzhausen, DE), Nestler; Wolfgang (Dresden, DE), Treutler; Hanns-Christian (Naunhof, DE) Assignee(s): UFZ-Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle GmbH (DE) Patent Number: 6,232,598 Date filed: November 13, 1998 Abstract: The invention describes a method and apparatuses for characterizing groundwater measuring sites by differentiating between groundwater and static water and serves, for example, for determining the pumping-out times of groundwater measuring sites, optimum for investigations of the representative nature, as well as for identifying and localizing defects at groundwater measuring sites. The invention is

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based on measuring the radon activity concentration or the total activity concentration of the groundwater samples. The measurement of the concentrations by offline or online methods permits the ratio of groundwater to static water in a groundwater measuring site to be determined reliably. A novel flow-through measurement cell, as well as a borehole probe are described. The invention can be employed wherever investigations of the nature of groundwater are carried out. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method and apparatuses for characterizing groundwater measuring sites by differentiating between groundwater and static water by determining groundwater parameters at measuring sites and can be used for the onsite determination of the optimum sampling time, for the determination of the pumping-out times optimum for investigations of the representative condition and for monitoring groundwater measuring sites for defects. The invention can be used, in particular, within the scope of investigating the condition of groundwater. The protection of groundwater for producing drinking water, as well as the checking of suspected abandoned polluted areas, the investigation of abandoned polluted areas and the clean-up of damage make it necessary to obtain a constantly increasing number of groundwater samples. Groundwater observation pipes and groundwater measuring sites were and are being set up in order to sample the groundwater. At the same time, the analytical methods for determining the components of the water were refined and the spectrum of individual materials detectable was expanded. Both led to new demands for the quality of groundwater samples. The high requirements of analysis and the financial expense involved in obtaining groundwater samples likewise require a careful depth-oriented and representative sampling. A prerequisite for this is the correct selection of measurement site type, sampling techniques and sampling technology. Moreover, for ensuring that a groundwater sample is representative, it is necessary to know the optimum pumping-out time. If a sample, because the pumping-out time selected has been too short, contains larger amounts of static water from the groundwater observation pipe, the evaluation of the results of analysis can lead to wrong conclusions. On the other hand, excessively long pumping-down times can attract water bodies from other levels, which is also undesirable. The correct determination of pumping-down times for groundwater observation pipes is a problem, which heretofore has not been solved completely. Before any sample is taken, the groundwater observation pipe, which is to be sampled, must be pumped out until the pumped water corresponds to that of the surrounding groundwater and is no longer influenced by the measuring site. In this connection, it is known that the pumping out should be continued until the electrical conductivity, the temperature and the pH reach constant values. At the same time, it is known that the electrical conductivity is only an orienting parameter. Further known methods, such as the repeated exchange of the contents of the pipe, are rules of thumb. In summarizing, it can be surmised that the constancy of the electrical conductivity is the generally employed criterion at the present time for determining the time for taking a representative sample, although only little is known about the processes, which cause the decrease in electrical conductivity in a ground water observation pipe. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06232598__

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Radon moveout Inventor(s): Chambers; Ronald E. (Houston, TX)

Assignee(s): Baker Hughes Incorporated (Houston, TX)



Abstract: A conventional CMP gather is Radon transformed from t-x space to the.tau.-p domain. The Radon-transformed data are windowed or zoned into a plurality of data sets, each having an common independent range of selected characteristics. All except one data set are muted. The zero ordinate of the p-axis is shifted to become centered through the contents of the retained data set which is then inverse-transformed back to t-x space. The process is repeated for each of the remaining windowed data sets. The processed windowed data sets are summed. Excerpt(s): This is a method for processing seismic signals to improve the resolution of desired signals in the presence of unwanted signals. The art of seismic exploration for natural resources is very well known. Nevertheless, a brief tutorial follows. An acoustic source of any well-known type is caused to radiate a wavefield (fire a shot) into a body of water from a source location at or near the surface. The wavefield may be radiated by an impulsive device such as air gun, by a chirp-signal generator or by an implosive device. The acoustic radiator may be a single point-source or an array of point sources arranged in a desired pattern. Hereinafter for brevity, we will simply use the term "source". Activation of a source is a "shot". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06018500__

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Spray and aeration system for removing volatile compounds Inventor(s): Espinal; Daniel (Windham, NH) Assignee(s): New England Radon, Ltd (Salem, NH) Patent Number: 6,123,750 Date filed: October 30, 1998 Abstract: An aeration system for removing radon and other volatile compounds from a water or other liquid source. Water supplied from a well and/or water pressure/storage tank enters an aeration tank and is sprayed through a clog resistant nozzle. The nozzle creates a cone shaped spray of very fine water droplets or particles. Such spraying exposes the maximum amount of water surface area to the air stream and hence removes about 50% of the existing radon and other volatile compounds contained within the water. The sprayed water is then collected and fills the aeration tank and the collected water is then exposed to a source of high pressure, filtered air which is blown through a conventional sparger to vigorously agitate and aerate the sprayed and collected water in the aeration tank thereby removing any remaining radon and other volatile compounds from the water. The purified water is then re-pressurized and conveyed to the end user facility for use while the radon and other volatile compounds from the water removed from the water are exhausted to the outside environment. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus and method for removing volatile contaminants from well water, in particular, removing radon and other gaseous compounds which pose significant potential health risks to riparian property owners. It is known in the art that removal of harmful contaminants from water is essential to the

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health, safety and welfare of individuals and the public at large. It is of particular importance to ensure the adequacy of potable water supplies as these supplies become increasingly burdened and threatened by pollutants and other contaminants. In particular, there is substantial concern regarding the long term effects on humans of particularly volatile compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, VOC's (volatile organic compounds), radon, etc., all of which can be found infiltrating and contaminating existing water supplies. The typical procedure for removing volatile gaseous components from a contaminated water supply is by aeration of the water. Aeration is the process of contacting water with a supply of air and is currently the most preferred method of removing the above mentioned volatile compounds prior to domestic use of water. In conventional aeration processes, generally as much air as possible is introduced into a liquid in order to provide an increased water surface area for absorption of gases, volatile or otherwise, dissolved within the liquid to be aerated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06123750__ •

Sump alarm with radon detection Inventor(s): Schepka; Louis F. (1739 Brandon Ave., Youngstown, OH 44514) Assignee(s): none reported


Date filed: February 18, 1997 Abstract: A galvanic cell is formed when ground water within a sump reservoir, tub or other pool, rises to contact electrodes constructed of dissimilar metals, the electrodes mounted in a bridge, with recessing, expansion brackets, to facilitate covering the sump hole and including an alarm device adapted to provide a warning signal should the water level exceed a predetermined level to contact the electrodes. Because an unsealed sump well is the major point of entry of radon gas, an scintillator with associated circuitry monitors the sump well to protect against the undesirable intrusion of radon gas. When the presence of radon is detected, an audible alarm is sounded when the level exceeds 4 picocuries per liter (4 pCi/L.). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a liquid level detection and alarm system having a pair of electrodes of dissimilar metals to sense the level of liquids, such as water, by producing a voltage and more particularly, to such a detection system utilizing a radon detector. This novel liquid level detection system protects against water damage by alarming when the level becomes appreciably high. The present invention finds application in sump pump water level alarms, Jacuzzi water overflow alarms and bilge water alarm systems. Other areas of application may include hot tubs, spas, saunas, whirlpools and swimming or wading pools. A newly designed bracket provides for the universal mounting of the sensor probes in the sump reservoir. It is adjustable from a 9 inch to an infinite radius. Inhalation of radon is known to be extremely hazardous to one's health. Because an unsealed sump well is the major point of entry of radon gas, the present invention finds application to protect against the undesirable intrusion of radon gas. When the presence of radon is detected, an audible alarm is sounded when the level exceeds 4 picocuries per liter (4 pCi/L.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05898374__

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System and method for removing contaminating gases from water Inventor(s): Prescott; Perrin T. (110 Watson Rd., Exeter, NH 03833), Prescott; Russell E. (8 Little River Rd., Kingston, NH 03848) Assignee(s): none reported


Date filed: June 7, 2000 Abstract: The system removes contaminating gases, such as radon, from water using a bubbling action. Contaminated water is sprayed together with air through a duct to a bottom region of a bubbling container. The water and air move generally in the same direction through the system, allowing the flow rate to be varied while maintaining forced air/water contact. The aerated contaminated water bubbles upwardly through the bubbling container and passes through one or more diffusing or mixing plates causing the aerated contaminated water to further break out contaminating gases into the air. At the top region of the bubbling container, the contaminating gases are vented while the decontaminated water flows into a tank. The decontaminated water can then be pumped to a desired location, for example, to a house water system. A control system controls the operation of the system based upon water needs by stopping the introduction of air and water into the system when the decontaminated water in the tank has reached a predetermined level. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to systems and methods for removing contaminating gases from water and more particularly, to a system and method for removing radon from water by bubbling the radon gas out of the contaminated water. The presence of the radioactive gas radon has been found in water supplies of New England and elsewhere in the world. Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas produced from the natural decay of uranium. In outdoor air, radon is diluted and not recognized as a health hazard. However, when radon gas is trapped indoors in air or water, in sufficiently high concentrations, it can be dangerous. Radon has been shown in several epidemiological studies to be a very potent carcinogen that causes lung cancer in humans. Uranium, and therefore radon, is frequently found in granite bedrock deposits, which are common throughout the United States and the world. Radon typically enters a home along with the water from a bedrock well. Because radon is a volatile gas, it is given off by the water during common household activities such as bathing, showering, and washing dishes. Thus, the radon given off by the water becomes an inhalation hazard within a home or other building. The EPA has estimated that, on an average annual basis, each 10,000 pico-curies per liter (pCi/L) concentration of radon in the water supply will translate into an indoor air concentration of 1 pCi/L for homes having average air exchange rates. Currently, acceptable concentrations of radon are considered to be in the range of 300 to 4000 pCi/L. The contamination of drinking water with volatile organic chemicals, such as benzene, vinyl chloride and MTBE, has also recently become recognized as a serious health problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372024__

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System and method of performing tomographic reconstruction and volume rendering using texture mapping Inventor(s): Cabral; Brian K. (San Jose, CA), Foran; James (Miltitas, CA)

Assignee(s): Silicon Graphics, Inc. (Mountain View, CA)

Patent Number: 6,002,738 Date filed: July 7, 1995 Abstract: Volume rendering and tomographic reconstruction center around solving two related integral equations: a volume rendering integral (a generalized Radon transform) and a filtered backprojection integral (the inverse Radon transform). Both of these equations are of the same mathematical form and can be dimensionally decomposed and approximated using Riemann sums over a series of resampled images. When viewed as a form of texture mapping and frame buffer accumulation, enormous hardware enabled performance acceleration is possible. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of computer tomography, and more particularly to tomographic reconstruction and volume rendering using texture mapping. Volume visualization of real-time or recorded images encompasses not only viewing, but also construction of a volumetric data set from the more basic projection data obtained from sensor sources. Most volumes used in rendering are derived from such sensor data. A primary example being Computer Aided Tomographic (CAT) x-ray data. This data is usually a series of two dimensional projections of a three dimensional volume. The process of converting this projection data back into a volume is called tomographic reconstruction. The term tomographic reconstruction or Computed Tomography (CT) is used to differentiate it from signal reconstruction: the rebuilding of a continuous function (signal) from a discrete sampling of that function. See, Russ, J., The Image processing Handbook, CRC Press (1992), pp. 339-365; Kak, A. and Slaney, M., Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging, IEEE Press (1988), pp. 1-4; Bracewell, R., Two-Dimensional Imaging, Prentice-Hall (1995), pp. 505-538; and Jain, A., Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall (1989), pp. 431-475. The operations of tomographic reconstruction and volume rendering have traditionally been decoupled, being handled by two separate algorithms. Both operations have been commercially implemented by specialized, very expensive CT systems. Medical procedures that require this hardware are likewise expensive, thus limiting patients accessibility to such procedures. What is desired is a system and method for performing these operations in a more efficient, less costly manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06002738__

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Target acquisition system and radon transform based method for target azimuth aspect estimation Inventor(s): Ezekiel; Albert (Los Angeles, CA), Pham; Quoc H. (Playa Del Rey, CA) Assignee(s): Raytheon Company (Lexington, MA)


Date filed: August 26, 1999 Abstract: A Radon transform based method that provides for target azimuth aspect estimation and target shape measurement. A Radon transform is applied to a binary (N.times.N pixels) target chip to extract target features that are then used to measure

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length, width, and diagonal features of the target. In parallel, these features are used to estimate the azimuth aspect angle, or size, of the target. The method is effective in discriminating targets from clutter. The method is also very time efficient and highly flexible in its operation because the features can automatically account for any target rotation or shift. The present invention also provides for a target acquisition system that employs the Radon transform based method for target azimuth aspect estimation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to imaging systems, and more particularly, to a Radon transform based method for target azimuth aspect estimation for use with imaging systems and a target acquisition system using the method. In prior art radar systems and signal processing methods used therewith, target azimuth aspect estimations place a target-sized rectangular template on an image and then slide and rotate the template until the energy within the template is maximized. For example, an approach developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory (MIT/LL) operates in such a manner. This is disclosed in a paper by L. Novak et al. entitled "Performance of a high-resolution polarimetric SAR automatic target recognition system," Lincoln Laboratory Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 11-24, Spring 1993. As with the MIT/LL discriminator, the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) false alarm mitigation stage also uses a binary correlation algorithm. The algorithm uses two series of masks. This is disclosed in a paper by G. Stolovy et al. entitled "An overview of the ARL end to end software based synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition workstation," presented at the Sensors and Electron Devices Symposium, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, January 1997. In this technique, a bright mask corresponds to the brightness areas in the target and a surrounding mask corresponds to dark areas or clutter surrounding the target. Each template has associated offset and threshold parameters. The shape of the template change considerably with target azimuth. Forty templates are used to span a full 360 degrees in azimuth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06259396__ •

Ultra-high sensitivity radiation detection apparatus and method Inventor(s): Dickerman; Charles (Downers Grove, IL), Gross; Kenneth C. (Bolingbrook, IL), Markum; Francis (Joliet, IL), Valentine; John D. (Cincinnati, OH), Zawadzki; Mary (Rouses Point, NY) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the United States (Washington, DC), University of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,952,655 Date filed: August 1, 1997 Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to concentrate and detect very low levels of radioactive noble gases from the atmosphere. More specifically the invention provides a method and apparatus to concentrate xenon, krypton and radon in an organic fluid and to detect these gases by the radioactive emissions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method to concentrate and detect radioactive gases. In particular it relates to a method to concentrate and detect radioactive gases released into the atmosphere during nuclear testing or accidental emissions. The present invention also relates to a method to detect naturally released radon from environmental samples and to detect radon for long term monitoring. A need exists to detect the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere as well as to detect accidental leaks of radioactive materials. Nuclear testing and nuclear power plant

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accidents release radioactive fission products into the atmosphere. These fission products include isotopes of the noble gases. The United States has entered into a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). To monitor compliance with the treaty terms and detect accidental leaks of radioactive material, a means for testing must be available. Currently, one of the best methods for compliance surveillance is by detection of fission products in the atmosphere. Radioactive isotopes of the noble gases provide a good means for detection of nuclear testing. All other fission products are chemically reactive to some extent, and can wash out of the atmosphere by precipitation or combine with other chemicals and precipitate from the atmosphere. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05952655__ •

Use of glass fiber materials in diagnosing and preventing radon infiltration into buildings Inventor(s): Appleby; Alan (Middlesex, NJ), Kim; Il Sik (Holmdel, NJ), Sigel, Jr.; George H. (Stockton, NJ)

Assignee(s): Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (Brunswick, NJ)



Abstract: A method and apparatus for testing and remediating the effects of radon infiltration in buildings. The method of this invention places fiber glass materials over radon-emitting surfaces in order to entrap radon and radon progeny. The fiber glass materials can be formed into mats having a packed geometry. Each mat has fiber bundles having several thousand individual fibers. Each fiber has an approximate diameter size of about 50 microns. The glass fiber consists of a silicon oxide glass that may be doped, for example, with trivalent cerium ions. The mats can be of any geometrical configuration, such as rectangular. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to radon detection and prevention techniques and, more particularly, to a method of using glass fiber materials for filtering radon and radon progeny, and preventing their infiltration into buildings. Radon contamination in existing buildings is a wide spread problem in many areas of the country. Most prominently, there exists an interstate ridge of uranium material that was deposited over the tri-state area of Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania during the last ice age. As the uranium decays, it emits radon, a colorless and odorless radioactive gas that easily infiltrates buildings and other dwelling structures. The radioactive radon in turn decays, giving rise to harmful progeny that, when inhaled, can lead to lung cancer and other congestive maladies. Many buildings in the tri-state area were built upon the existing uranium ridge before cognizance of the problem. As a result, these contaminated buildings presently require radon testing and remediation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06036753__

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Water-purifying apparatus Inventor(s): Nilsson; Bror (Svedala, SE) Assignee(s): Libradon AB (Svedala, SE) Patent Number: 5,858,071 Date filed: February 11, 1997 Abstract: A water-purifying apparatus, for reducing the radon content of radoncontaminated water, includes a reactor tank for treating the radon-contaminated water, a radon-releasing structure arranged in the upper part of the reactor tank to receive water from a first pump adapted to supply water from a source of water containing radon-contaminated water, the water from the radon-releasing structure accumulating in the reactor tank, an inlet duct extending between the first pump and the radonreleasing structure, an outlet duct from the reactor tank, the outlet duct being connected to a water consumption system, and a radon-gas outlet from the reactor tank. In a mixing structure, water from the first pump is mixed with water from the reactor tank with the aid of a second pump in order to produce such a water flow in the radonreleasing structure as results in effective radon release. The radon-releasing structure is in air communication with the surroundings of the reactor tank, so that air, via this air communication, is entrained with the water, which is supplied to the radon-releasing structure via the mixing structure, with a view to admixing air with the water and, hence, releasing the radon. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a water-purifying apparatus, which is especially adapted to reduce the radon content of radon-contaminated water and which comprises a reactor tank for treating the radon-contaminated water, a radon-releasing means arranged in the reactor tank to receive and treat water from a first pump adapted to supply water from a source of water containing radon-contaminated water, the water from the radon-releasing means accumulating in the reactor tank, an inlet duct extending between the first pump and the radon-releasing means, an outlet duct from the reactor tank, said outlet duct being connected to a water consumption system, and a radon-gas outlet from the reactor tank. U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,383 teaches a radon-removal system intended to be arranged between a source of water and a pressure storage tank. According to the US specification, this system succeeds in removing 80-90% of the radon by aerating the water, but nevertheless does not possess the efficiency required to achieve results below the Swedish maximum permissible value of 500 Bq/l, if the contaminated water has a radon content of 5000 Bq/l or more. The main object of this invention is to obviate the inconveniences of the prior-art radon-removal system by providing a water-purifying apparatus for separating radon from water, which is equally effective regardless of the amount of water supplied by the well pump. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05858071__

Patent Applications on Radon As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take

9 This

has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to radon: •

Computed tomography apparatus Inventor(s): Proksa, Roland; (Hamburg, DE) Correspondence: Thomas M. Lundin; Philips Medical Systems (cleveland); 595 Miner Road; Cleveland; OH; 44143; US Patent Application Number: 20030142778 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a computed tomography apparatus in which measuring data of a patient is acquired along a helical trajectory by means of a conical radiation beam. The size of the detector window is then a factor of 3, 5, 7. larger than the distance between neighboring turns of the helix. In order to select from among the acquired redundant data the data which is suitable for completely filling the Radon domain so as to achieve exact reconstruction, in accordance with the invention it is proposed to provide a cardiac motion signal detection device for the detection of a cardiac motion signal representing the cardiac motion and to arrange the reconstruction unit so as to select such measuring data from among the measuring data regionally redundantly filling the Radon domain that the Radon domain is completely and homogeneously filled with measuring data from cardiac motion phases with as little motion as possible. Excerpt(s): a reconstruction unit for reconstructing a 3D image data set of the examination zone from the measuring data acquired by the detector unit within a detector window defined by the helix, the connecting lines from the radiation source to the two edges of the detector window, being offset relative to one another in the direction of the axis of rotation, intersecting two segments of the helix which are offset by the distance (2n+1)p in the direction of the axis of rotation, where n is a small integer number larger than or equal to 1 and p corresponds to the axial offset between two neighboring turns of the helix, so that the Radon domain is regionally filled with a different degree of redundancy by the measuring data. A computed tomography apparatus of this kind (also referred to hereinafter as CT apparatus) is known from EP 0 981 995 A2. The scanning trajectory in this computed tomography apparatus is shaped as a helix and a conical radiation beam traverses the examination zone of an object to be examined, for example, a patient. In the cited publication it is also proposed to choose the dimensions of the detector window (or the part thereof which is used for the reconstruction) so as to be a factor of 3, 5, 7. larger than the distance between neighboring turns of the helix. When such a geometry is chosen, each voxel in the examination zone is irradiated exactly from an angular range of 3.pi., 5.pi., 7.pi.,. when it passes through the radiation cone. Consequently, the Radon domain is filled at least regionally with a multiple redundancy of, for example, 3, 5, 7 times. Such a data acquisition ultimately enables an enhanced image quality to be achieved. The use of computed tomography for imaging in the cardiac region often gives rise to images containing artifacts which are due to the cardiac motion during the data acquisition. In order to reduce such artifacts, use is often made of reconstruction methods in which a cardiac motion signal, for example, an ECG signal, which has been additionally acquired during the acquisition of the measuring data is evaluated in order to base the reconstruction exclusively on the measuring data which has been acquired during cardiac phases with little motion. However, it must be ensured that an adequate number of data from such cardiac motion phases with little motion of the heart is indeed

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available for the reconstruction as otherwise reconstruction of a 3D image data set cannot be performed at all. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Devices fabricated using apparatus to sputter silicon films Inventor(s): Nakata, Yukihiko; (Vancouver, WA), Voutsas, Apostolos; (Portland, OR) Correspondence: David C. Ripma; Patent Counsel; Sharp Laboratories OF America, INC.; 5750 N.W. Pacific Rim Boulevard; Camas; WA; 98607; US Patent Application Number: 20030000474


Abstract: A method of physical vapor deposition includes selecting a target material; mixing at least two gases to form a sputtering gas mixture, wherein a first sputtering gas is helium and a second sputtering gas is taken from the gases consisting of neon, argon krypton, xenon and radon; forming a plasma in the sputtering gas mixture atmosphere to sputter atoms from the target material to the substrate thereby forming a layer of target material on the substrate; and annealing the substrate and the deposited layer thereon. An improved physical vapor deposition vacuum chamber includes a target held in a target holder, a substrate held in a substrate holder, a plasma arc generator, and heating rods. A sputtering gas feed system is provided for introducing a mixture of sputtering gases into the chamber; as is a vacuum mechanism comprising at least one turbomolecular pump for evacuating the chamber to a pressure of less than 16 mTorr during deposition. The method and apparatus are particularly suited for forming thin film transistors and liquid crystal displays having thin film transistors therein. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus and method for the deposition of thinfilm materials used in the fabrication of thin film integrated circuit devices, and thin film devices made according to the method and with the apparatus. In the fabrication of thin film (TF) IC devices, such as thin film transistors (TFTs), a method and apparatus is needed to form the various layers constituting the device. Silicon material, typically amorphous silicon (a-Si) or polysilicon, are used for the active layers of the device and silicon-based insulating layers, typically silicon nitride, SiN.sub.x, or silicon oxide, SiO.sub.x, are typically used as insulators between the active layers. There are several methods to deposit these films. Some methods rely on chemical reactions between one or more suitable gas-phase species to deposit the silicon-based film on the substrate where TF devices are to be fabricated. These reactions require energy, which may be supplied in the form of thermal energy, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma energy, such as plasma-enhanced CVD (PE-CVD), photon energy, such as photo-enhanced, or laser-pyrolysis CVD, or the presence of a catalyst, as in the case of hot-wire CVD. Another category of deposition methods are the so-called physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods. In one case, the desired material is deposited by bombarding a suitable "target" of this material with atoms of sufficient energy, of a typically neutral or inert gas element. This process is called sputtering and is typically accomplished by forming gas plasma in a gap between a target material and the substrate where the material is to be deposited. Argon is the most common gas used in the sputtering industry. Sputtering is a well-suited method for the formation of the various siliconbased, TF device layers because: (1) it is a safe and environmentally benign technique; (2) it may be used at room temperature and is therefore is compatible with any type of substrate; (3) silicon films with very low H.sub.2 content may be typically deposited and there is no need for dehydrogenation to release excessive hydrogen, or, hydrogen may

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be incorporated into the film if, and when, necessary; (4) it is a simpler and more easily scaled method than competitive methods, which rely on chemistry; and (5) it has been successfully used for metal depositions in TF devices, such as TFT-LCDs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Exhaust monitoring method Inventor(s): Izaki, Kenji; (Naka-gun, JP) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20020127728 Date filed: October 29, 2001 Abstract: An exhaust monitoring method for evaluating and monitoring a radioactive material concentration in exhaust by sampling the exhaust from radioactive materials handling facilities, collecting dust contained in the exhaust with an exhaust filter medium for monitoring, and performing the radioactivity measurement of the exhaust filter medium. The method is characterized in that a HEPA filter is disposed in an exhaust duct, the exhaust is sampled from the exhaust duct immediately after being filtered by the HEPA filter, and an exhaust sampling path is provided such that the sampled exhaust reaches the exhaust filter medium for monitoring within 20 seconds after passing through the HEPA filter, whereby a background for the radioactivity measurement is reduced. By performing the nuclide analysis of the exhaust filter medium, the abnormal/normal state of an exhaust path from the HEPA filter to the exhaust filter medium can be judged based on the presence/absence of the progenies of radon. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for evaluating and monitoring a radioactive material concentration in exhaust from radioactive materials handling facilities, and more particularly to an exhaust monitoring method which can reduce a background (count derived from natural radio-nuclides) of an exhaust monitor by arranging a location where the exhaust monitor samples the exhaust immediately after a HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter thus enabling the more accurate evaluation of the radioactive material concentration in the exhaust (the radioactive material concentration of only materials handled in the facilities). In facilities which handle the radioactive material such as nuclear fuel materials handling facilities, radioactive isotope handling facilities or spent fuel reprocessing facilities, to administer gaseous waste, the radioactive material concentration in the exhaust is monitored with the use of an exhaust monitor. In the prior art, a sampling pipe 32 for exhaust monitoring is connected to a portion of the exhaust flue 20 in the vicinity of a distal end thereof. A portion of the exhaust is taken into the exhaust monitor 30 through the sampling pipe 32 and is returned to the exhaust flue 20 through a return pipe 36 after passing through an exhaust filter medium (usually, a filter paper 34). Thus, dust contained in the exhaust is collected by the exhaust filter paper 34 for monitoring and the radioactive measurement of the exhaust filter paper 34 is performed whereby the radioactive material concentration in the exhaust is evaluated and monitored. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Fast iterative image reconstruction from linograms Inventor(s): Hamill, James J.; (Knoxville, TN), Michel, Christian J.; (Lenoir City, TN) Correspondence: Pitts And Brittian P C; P O Box 51295; Knoxville; TN; 37950-1295; US Patent Application Number: 20030190065


Abstract: A method for performing accurate iterative reconstruction of image data sets based on Approximate Discrete Radon Transformation (ADRT). ADRT and its inverse are implemented to provide exactly matched forward and backward projectors suitable for the Maximum-Likelihood Expectation-Maximization (ML-EM) reconstruction in PET. A 2D EM reconstruction algorithm is accomplished by initializing an estimation image. A back projection of the projection weights is then formed. A loop is begun with a controlled number of iterations. The estimated image is then forward projected using linogram coordinates. A correction ratio linogram is formed and correction factors are back projected. A normalization factor is then applied. This 2D EM method is extendable into 3D reconstructions using 3D PET lines of response. Forward projection is performed on planes extracted from the image voxels. Back projection is also performed in 2D planes, which are subsequently added into the 3D array with the correct orientations. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/367,658, filed Mar. 26, 2002. The present invention pertains to the field of medical image reconstruction. More particularly, this invention is an iterative reconstruction method using linograms for use in clinical settings such as in two- and threedimensional Positron Emission Tomography. In the field of positron emission tomography (PET), it is well known that image reconstruction requires the projection of thousands or millions of discrete values from one computer array into another. These procedures are time-consuming in statistical reconstruction, where iterative algorithms are used. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Kit providing means for mitigating radon from a dwelling Inventor(s): Kilburn, Jack M.; (Blanchester, OH), Kilburn, John L. SR.; (Clarksville, OH), Stidham, William L.; (Morrow, OH) Correspondence: Neal O. Willmann; 9521 Montgomery Road; Cincinnati; OH; 45242; US Patent Application Number: 20020006774


Abstract: This disclosure relates to an affordable kit for reducing the level of radon in a dwelling. This inexpensive kit contains an efficiently designed rain-proof exhaust vent hood housing an axial fan, and a suction pipe attached to a length of flex-duct. The kit can be easily installed by most homeowners. The installer simply cuts a hole in the band-board atop the foundation wall of the dwelling, inserts the assembled vent hood and suction pipe in the band-board opening, attaches the proximal end of a length of flex-duct and positions the distal end of the flex-duct into a de-pressurization point in the dwelling. An existing sump pump well or drain tile field can serve as a de pressurization point, thereby making the kit even easier to install.

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Excerpt(s): Typically, the mitigation or the reduction of radon levels in a dwelling involves installing an expensive array of piping running from a sub-slab, block wall, or crawl-space membrane de-pressurization point, and then up through the floors, ceilings and roof of a dwelling where the radon enriched air is exhausted. This involved and laborious installation involves cutting several holes within the dwelling to accommodate the new piping. Then, a new electrical outlet and a special sealed fan are installed in the attic to exhaust through a newly flashed opening in the roof. This is followed by cosmetic modifications to accommodate the new piping. Finally, patching and painting are needed to complete the job. Then, once activated, this system creates a negative pressure within the soil, beneath and/or around the dwelling, draws radon gas from this area through the de-pressurization point and exhausts through the new pipe and fan, ultimately venting the radon-enriched air through the roof When vented to the outside, of course, the radon is rapidly diluted to a harmless level. These systems are typically very expensive, due to the cost of the labor, pipe, fan and other modifications to the dwelling. This disclosure relates specifically to an inexpensive kit permitting the evacuation of radon gas that has accumulated, and will accumulate, in dwellings located in a significantly large area of the United States. This kit will work in the same fashion as the expensive systems presently in use but will save the expense and disruption associated with present methods, thereby making it affordable for everyone to remove deadly radon gas from his house. In particular, the disclosed method and means provide an affordable kit for the homeowner to install. The kit consists of a readily available axial fan (typically like one used to cool PCs) with a rain-proof exhaust vent hood and a suction pipe attached to a length of flex-duct. The disclosed method will utilize the same de-pressurization points as present systems; however, most installations will take advantage of the natural tendency of radon to concentrate in the sump, crock and/or drain tile of a dwelling. Installing the disclosed kit is as simple as: cutting a hole in the band-board or other exterior wall location above and near the de-pressurization point (typically an existing sump pit or existing drain tile) but not within ten feet of any outside air intakes, such as windows or doors; sliding the attached flex-duct, fan, vent hood and suction pipe into the hole from the outside until the vent hood meets and stops at the exterior wall veneer; caulking between the vent hood and new hole; inserting the flex-duct into a de-pressurization point; sealing any openings between the soil and the dwelling, (e.g., cracks in the basement walls or floor, drain pipe openings, sump lid openings, and the like); plugging the fan unit into an outlet; and verifying that the newly installed system is operating by feeling to see that air is exiting through the exterior vent hood. A radon test should then follow to determine the new radon level. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus of reconstructing audio/video/image data from higher moment data Inventor(s): Rising, Hawley III; (San Jose, CA) Correspondence: Archana B. Vittal; Blakely, Sokoloff, Taylor & Zafman Llp; Seventh Floor; 12400 Wilshire Boulevard; Los Angeles; CA; 90025-1026; US Patent Application Number: 20010031100


Abstract: A method and apparatus of reconstructing data from higher moment data. The method and apparatus include performing a finite Radon transform, generating an average function to allow inversion of transform in one step and correlating the

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transform output at each point. A resultant set of duplications is calculated using the correlation process to generate a new average function. Partial backprojections of the Radon transform are summed at each point, and the new average function for each point is subtracted from the sum of the partial backprojections at that point. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60177878, "METHOD OF RECONSTRUCTION AUDIO/VIDEO IMAGE DATA FROM HIGHER MOMENT DATA", filed Jan. 24, 2000. The present invention relates generally to image compression. More particularly, the present invention relates to reconstructing audio/video/image data from higher moment data. Wavelet transforms are widely used in analysis, where they are known as "multiresolution analysis", and in image and audio compression, where they are used as a pyramid coding method for lossy compression. The wavelets used are generally from a very small set of analytically designed wavelets, such as Daubechies wavelets, or quadrature mirror filters ("QMF"). For some applications, designing specific wavelets with special coding properties would be beneficial. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for processing seismic data to attenuate multiples Inventor(s): Schonewille, Michel Albert; (Guildford, GB) Correspondence: Petroleum Geo-services, INC.; Suite 600; 16010 Barker's Point Lane; Houston; TX; 77079; US Patent Application Number: 20030220744

Date filed: May 21, 2002

Abstract: A seismic data set is processed by selecting a set of gathers in the seismic data set. A frequency-dependent constraint matrix is calculated in a first gather. A model solution in at least one second gather is calculated by using the constraint matrix in a high-resolution Radon transform. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of geophysical prospecting. More particularly, the invention relates to the field of seismic data processing. Specifically, the invention is a method for attenuating multiples in seismic data using a high-resolution Radon transform. In the field of geophysical prospecting, the knowledge of the subsurface structure of the earth is useful for finding and extracting valuable mineral resources, such as oil and natural gas. A well-known tool of geophysical prospecting is a seismic survey. A seismic survey transmits acoustic waves emitted from appropriate energy sources into the earth and collects the reflected signals using an array of receivers. Then seismic data processing techniques are applied to the collected data to estimate the subsurface structure. In a seismic survey, the seismic signal is generated by injecting an acoustic signal from on or near the earth's surface, which then travels downwardly into the earth's subsurface. The acoustic signal may also travel downwardly through a body of water, in a marine survey. Appropriate energy sources may include explosives or vibrators on land and air guns or marine vibrators in water regimes. When the acoustic signal encounters a seismic reflector, an interface between two subsurface strata having different acoustic impedances, a portion of the acoustic signal is reflected back to the surface, where the reflected energy is detected by a receiver. Appropriate detectors may include particle motion detectors (such as geophones) on land and pressure detectors (such as hydrophones) in water regimes.

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Both sources and receivers may be deployed by themselves or, more commonly, in arrays. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for the estimation and recovering of general affine transform Inventor(s): Deguillaume, Frederic; (Geneva, CH), Pun, Thierry; (Geneva, CH),

Voloshynovskiy, Sviatoslav; (Geneva, CH)

Correspondence: PROF. Thierry Pun; University OF GENEVA-DEPT. OF Computer Science; 24, Rue DU General Dufour; Geneva 4; 1211; CH Patent Application Number: 20030133589 Date filed: January 17, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the methods of estimation and recovering of general affine geometrical transformations which were applied to data, extensible to any other defined class of geometrical transformations, according to the preamble of the dependent claims. The parameters of the undergone deformation are robustly estimated based on maxima given by a parametric transform such as Hough transform or Radon transform of some embedded information with periodical or any other known regular structure. The main applications of this invention are robust digital still image/video watermarking, document authentication, and detection of periodical or hidden patterns. In the case of periodical watermarks, the watermark can also be predistorted before embedding based on a key to defeat block-by-block removal attack. Excerpt(s): In some embodiment this application refers to an extension of the described method to the recovering of local non-linear distortions in the U.S. Patent Application No. 60/327,097 filled by Sviatoslav Voloshynovskiy, Frederic Deguillaume and Thierry Pun in Oct. 4, 2001 and entitled "Method for Digital Watermarking Robust Against Local and Global Geometrical Distortions and Projective Transforms" [1]. The present invention describes a method of estimation and recovering of general affine geometrical transformations, and is extensible to any other defined class of geometrical transforms. The main applications of the invention are robust digital still image/video watermarking, document authentication, and detection of periodical or hidden patterns; In the case of periodical watermarks, the watermark can also be predistorted before embedding based on a key to defeat block-by-block removal attack. These applications of the invention are based on common methodology that assumes the existence of a periodical or known regular structure (both visible or perceptual unperceived) in the body of the visual document. Following the estimation of these structures, a determination of the undergone image transformations can be performed based on this estimation. In watermarking applications the perceptually invisible periodical pattern of possibly encrypted and encoded data is embedded in the structure of the visual document for copyright protection, document authentication or tamperproofing. In the other applications the invisible pattern contains the necessary information about user/owner, index, ID number, relative coordinates and so on. The invisible pattern is further used for the detection of undergone geometrical transformations, for document indexing, or generally for recognition using estimated parameters of the embedded patterns. Therefore, the main challenging practical problem consists in the robust detection and estimation of the parameters of the hidden patterns, that is the subject of the proposed approach. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of forming a surface coating having high surface hardness on a metal, alloy or ceramic substrate Inventor(s): Kado, Tetsuo; (Kure-shi, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC;

20037-3213; US

Patent Application Number: 20030150713

Date filed: February 12, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of forming a surface coating having a micro-Vickers hardness of about 1600 kgf/mm.sup.2 or more on a substrate made of metal, alloy or ceramic. The method comprises subjecting the substrate to a reactive plasma process which uses a target material consisting of tungsten or its alloy, a sputtering gas consisting of argon, and at least one reactive gas selected firm the group consisting of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, to form a tungsten oxycarbide coating on the surface of the substrate, wherein the reactive plasma process is performed additionally using at least one noble gas selected from the group consisting of helium, neon, krypton and radon, as an auxiliary gas, while maintaining the substrate at a temperature in the range of about 550 to 680 K. The method of the present invention can form a tungsten oxycarbide coating having a desirably enhanced surface hardness equivalent to that of a chromium or molybdenum oxycarbide coating on the surface of a metal, alloy or ceramics substrate without degrading the original properties of the substrate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of forming a surface coating having a high surface hardness on a substrate made of metal, alloy or ceramic and, more particularly, to a method of forming a tungsten oxycarbide coating on the surface of a substrate made of metal, alloy or ceramics under a relatively low temperature of about 680 K or less to provide a metal, alloy or ceramic product, such as machine tools, dies or machine parts, having a high surface hardness of about 1600 kgf/mm.sup.2 or more. A technique, known as hard coating, of coating the surface of machine tools, dies or machine parts with a high surface hardness material excellent in wear, welding and/or corrosion resistance has been widely used to provide enhanced cutting performance of machine tools, extended life of dies and improved wear and corrosion resistances of machine parts. Metal oxycarbides such as chromium, molybdenum or tungsten oxycarbide have been known as a material for the hard surface coating. In particular, chromium oxycarbide is regarded as one noteworthy hard coating material of machine tools, because it has a micro-Vickers hardness of 2800 kgf/mm.sup.2 or more, comparatively superior to a micro-Vickers hardness of 2200 kgf/mm.sup.2 in titanium nitride, and excellent corrosion resistance/anti-corrosion performance against hydrochloric acid and vitriolic acid, as well as enhanced cutting performance in highspeed, steel throw-away chips. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 111

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METHODS FOR THE PREVENTION OF RADON EMMISSIONS Inventor(s): BODDEKER, STEVE; (Gainsville, FL), BOLCH, W.EMMETT; (Gainesville, FL), CENTOFANTI, LOUIS; (Atlanta, GA), HARDER, GEORGE; (Gainsville, FL) Correspondence: John S. Pratt; Kilpatrick Stockton Llp; 1100 Peachtree; Suite 2800; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20020042552

Date filed: December 16, 1999

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for treating radioactive-containing waste materials. More specifically, the present invention relates to the prevention of radon emissions. Even more specifically, this invention relates to the prevention of radon emissions by encapsulating the radon in radon-generating waste matter using a chemical additive. Alternatively, the amount of radon escaping into the environment may be minimized by adjusting the shape of the carrier which stores the radongenerating waste matter. Additionally, the first two embodiments may be combined to ensure that the radon does not escape into the environment. Finally, polymer sealants may be used as an additional barrier layer. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/113,091, filed Dec. 21, 1998. The present invention relates, in general, to methods for treating radioactive-containing waste materials. More specifically, the present invention relates to the prevention of radon emissions. More particularly, the present invention relates to the prevention of radon emissions by encapsulating the radon in radon-generating waste matter using a chemical additive and by adjusting the shape of the carrier which stores the radon-generating waste matter. Radioactive materials are a major concern in the U.S. One of the more common radioactive materials is radon. Radon is a pervasive pollutant. Radon (Rn) is a naturally occurring element that is formed upon the radioactive decay of radium-226. Radon is tasteless, odorless and colorless. It exists as a gas in the form of three natural isotopes--Rn-219, Rn-220, and Rn 222. The former two isotopes have half-lives of the order of seconds and thus are of little concern. However, Rn-222 decays in a slower process that is characterized by a considerably longer half-life of 3.82 days. Radon decay proceeds with emission of alpha particle radiation through a series of solid, short-lived radioisotopes (e.g., polonium-218 and polonium-214) that are collectively referred to as radon "daughters" or progeny. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Miniature personal and area radon and thoron monitor related applications Inventor(s): Chittaporn, Passaporn; (Hoboken, NJ), Harley, Naomi H.; (Hoboken, NJ) Correspondence: Darby & Darby; 805 Third Avenue, 27th FLR.; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020014596


Abstract: The present invention relates to a Rn.sup.222 (radon) and Rn.sup.220 (thoron) radiation monitor that uses alpha-track detection film in multiple, separate chambers to detect radiation. The invention further describes use of different diffusion barriers in each of the chambers to allow for signal differentiation between the chambers. The signal differentiation allows for differentiation between the levels of thoron and radon

112 Radon

in the atmosphere tested. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the radiation monitor has three or four separate chambers, each with an electrically conductive housing and a cap with at least one opening to permit entry of ambient air. Inside each of the housings is an alpha-track detecting film, such as a solid-state nuclear track detector (SSNTD), with a thin electrically conducting cover. In one or more of the chambers is a diffusion barrier and seal placed within the housing to generally isolate the detecting film from thoron radiation in the housing. Use of diffusion barriers with different diffusion rates or properties allows for signal differentiation so that a specific measurement can be made of thoron levels separate from the radon levels present in the atmosphere tested. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/214,973 filed on Jun. 29, 2000, having common inventorship and assignee as the present application and incorporated herein by reference, to which priority is claimed. The present application also relates to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,800,272, 5,068,538 and 5,134,297, having common inventorship and assignee as the present application. The invention relates to the detection of environmental alpha particle radiation and, more particularly, a novel miniature detector of radon and thoron gas concentrations for personal or area use. Radon gas is a decay product of the element radium-226 which is found in soils and rocks which can diffuse through physical cracks and soil pores and enter the breathable atmosphere. Structures such as homes and other buildings can trap the radon gas inside them because of typically low air ventilation rates. Concentrations of radon gas as a result can rise to high concentrations which adversely affect the health of people who come in contact therewith. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

OPTICAL ARTICLE, EXPOSURE APPARATUS OR OPTICAL SYSTEM USING IT, AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING IT Inventor(s): HARADA, KAZUYUKI; (TOKYO, JP), OHMI, TADAHIRO; (MIYAGI-KEN, JP), TANAKA, NOBUYOSHI; (TOKYO, JP) Correspondence: Fitzpatrick Cella Harper & Scinto; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112; US Patent Application Number: 20020006713 Date filed: August 31, 1999 Abstract: An optical article is formed in such structure that an optical thin film is laminated on a surface of a substrate and that the optical thin film comprises atoms of at least one selected from the group consisting of krypton, xenon, and radon.An exposure apparatus has a plurality of optical articles as described above in an illumination optical system and/or a projection optical system. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns an optical article such as a lens or a mirror, an exposure apparatus or optical system such as a stepper having it, and a process for producing the optical article. More particularly, the invention relates to an optical thin film for optical article suitably applicable to an exposure apparatus or optical system using an excimer laser, and a process for producing it. Optical articles, including lenses, mirrors, and optical filters, are used, for example, in optical apparatus such as cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. These optical articles have an antireflection film or a reflection-enhanced film on the surface thereof for prevention of reflection or for enhancement of reflection. An exposure apparatus is a kind of an optical apparatus

Patents 113

equipped with such an optical article. The exposure apparatus is used in the fabrication steps of semiconductor integrated circuits or photomasks for fabricating them. A typical example of the exposure apparatus in this field is an exposure apparatus as called a stepper. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process and devices for characterising ground water measurement points by distinguishing ground water from subterranean water accumulation Inventor(s): Dehnert, Joerg; (Berggiesshubel, DE), Freyer, Klaus; (Holzhausen, DE), Nestler, Wolfgang; (Dresden, DE), Treutler, Hanns-Christian; (Naunhof, DE) Correspondence: Bruce Londa; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20010019106


Abstract: The invention describes a method and apparatuses for characterizing groundwater measuring sites by differentiating between groundwater and static water and serves, for example, for determining the pumping-out times of groundwater measuring sites, optimum for investigations of the representative nature, as well as for identifying and localizing defects at groundwater measuring sites. The invention is based on measuring the radon activity concentration or the total activity concentration of the groundwater samples.The measurement of the concentrations by offline or online methods permits the ratio of groundwater to static water in a groundwater measuring site to be determined reliably. A novel flow-through measurement cell, as well as a borehole probe are described The invention can be employed wherever investigations of the nature of groundwater are carried out. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method and apparatuses for characterizing groundwater measuring sites by differentiating between groundwater and static water by determining groundwater parameters at measuring sites and can be used for the onsite determination of the optimum sampling time, for the determination of the pumping-out times optimum for-investigations of the representative condition and for monitoring groundwater measuring sites for defects. The invention can be used, in particular, within the scope of investigating the condition of groundwater. The protection of groundwater for producing drinking water, as well as the checking of suspected abandoned polluted areas, the investigation of abandoned polluted areas and the clean-up of damage make it necessary to obtain a constantly increasing number of groundwater samples. Groundwater observation pipes and groundwater measuring sites were and are being set up in order to sample the groundwater. At the same time, the analytical methods for determining the components of the water were refined and the spectrum of individual materials detectable was expanded. Both led to new demands for the quality of groundwater samples. The high requirements of analysis and the financial expense involved in obtaining groundwater samples likewise require a careful depth-oriented and representative sampling. A prerequisite for this is the correct selection of measurement site type, sampling techniques and sampling technology. Moreover, for ensuring that a groundwater sample is representative, it is necessary to know the optimum pumping-out time. If a sample, because the pumping-out time selected has been too short, contains larger amounts of static water from the groundwater observation pipe, the evaluation of the results of analysis can lead to wrong conclusions. On the other hand, excessively long pumping-down times can

114 Radon

attract water bodies from other levels, which is also undesirable. The correct determination of pumping-down times for groundwater observation pipes is a problem, which heretofore has not been solved completely. Before any sample is taken, the groundwater observation pipe, which is to be sampled, must be pumped out until the pumped water corresponds to that of the surrounding groundwater and is no longer influenced by the measuring site. In this connection, it is known that the pumping out should be continued until the electrical conductivity, the temperature and the pH reach constant values. At the same time, it is known that the electrical conductivity is only an orienting parameter. Further known methods, such as the repeated exchange of the contents of the pipe, are rules of thumb. In summarizing, it can be surmised that the constancy of the electrical conductivity is the generally employed criterion at the present time for determining the time for taking a representative sample, although only little is known about the processes, which cause the decrease in electrical conductivity in a ground water observation pipe. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

System and method for effectively utilizing universal feature detectors Inventor(s): Rising, Hawley K.; (San Jose, CA) Correspondence: Simon & Koerner Llp; Suite B; 10052 Pasadena Avenue; Cupertino;

CA; 95014; US

Patent Application Number: 20030135289

Date filed: December 12, 2002 Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for effectively utilizing universal feature detectors to generate closely-correlated universal feature information for use in various content-retrieval procedures. In certain embodiments, the universal feature detectors may generate a multi-scale gaussian pyramid based upon selected original image data by iteratively performing a series of summing transforms. The universal feature detectors may also calculate multi-scale histograms corresponding to the multi-scale gaussian pyramid, and may then perform Radon transforms upon the multi-scale histograms to produce and store corresponding Radon transform lines. The universal feature detectors may also generate a multi-scale laplacian pyramid from the multi-scale gaussian pyramid by iteratively performing a series of difference transforms. The resultant universal feature information may then advantageously provide various types of required feature information with optimal binding characteristics. Excerpt(s): This application relates to, and claims priority in, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/340,382, entitled "Universal Feature Detectors," filed on Dec. 12, 2001. The foregoing related application is commonly assigned, and is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates generally to techniques for analyzing information, and relates more particularly to a system and method for effectively utilizing universal feature detectors. Implementing effective methods for analyzing information is a significant consideration for designers and manufacturers of contemporary electronic devices. However, effectively analyzing information with electronic devices may create substantial challenges for system designers. For example, enhanced demands for increased device functionality and performance may require more system processing power and require additional hardware resources. An increase in processing or hardware requirements may also result in a corresponding detrimental economic impact due to increased production costs and operational inefficiencies.

Patents 115

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

System and method for the automatic extraction of linear features from digital imagery Inventor(s): He, Dong-Chen; (Sherbrooke, CA), Hemiari, Gholamabbas; (Sherbrooke, CA), Morin, Denis; (Sherbrooke, CA) Correspondence: MR. Marc Lupien; C/o Goudreau Gage Dubuc; Stock Exchange Tower; 800 Place Victoria, Suite 3400; Montreal; QC; H4z 1e9; CA Patent Application Number: 20020028019 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: A method and system for the extraction of linear features from digital imagery is described herein. The proposed methodology is based on the tridimensional Radon transformation and on the generation of a multi-layer database having separate layers containing different types of information to allow the reconstruction of an output image where the linear features of the input image are restored. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to digital imagery. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with a system and a method for the automatic extraction of linear features from digital imagery. With the recent, rapid development of computer tools, digital image processing has become an efficient, economic, and convenient means for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information in different fields such as remote sensing, cartography, robotics, and materials. Indeed, digital image processing makes it possible to qualitatively describe images from various sources in terms of pattern recognition to identify and isolate contained objects. One of the major subclasses of contained objects present in digital images consists in linear features. Automatic detection of linear features from digital images plays an important role in pattern recognition and in digital image processing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Versatile cone-beam imaging apparatus and method Inventor(s): Yang, Xiaochun; (Cambridge, MA) Correspondence: Robert J. Sayre; Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo, P.C.; One Financial Center; Boston; MA; 02111; US Patent Application Number: 20030072406 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: A three-dimensional image of an object scanned with a plurality of cone-beam projections from a number of source positions is reconstructed using a method wherein intermediate transform functions are obtained from two-dimensional images of radiation attenuation in the scanned object. The intermediate transform functions are then filtered over the two-dimensional attenuation images using a moving-frame technique. The second-order radial derivative of the Radon transform can then be backprojected to generate an intermediate, locally-reconstructed, three-dimensional image. After repetition of this process, the plurality of intermediate, locally reconstructed, three-dimensional images are summed to obtain an ultimate, reconstructed, three-dimensional image of the object.

116 Radon

Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 60/325,055, filed Sep. 26, 2002, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. As the source-detector 10/14 pair undergoes a simultaneous rotation and translation around the object 12, a plurality of two-dimensional cone-beam images projected from various source positions can be acquired and used to reconstruct the distribution of absorption inside the three-dimensional object 12. Compared to the traditional slice-at-a-time tomographic machine, the cone-beam CT offers faster scans, higher patient throughput, significant reduction in X-ray dosage, and isotropic resolution. It has a great potential to be applied to a wide range of medical and industrial applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with radon, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “radon” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on radon. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning radon. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON RADON Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to radon. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on radon include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “radon” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non medical books that use the generic term “radon” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “radon” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

1989 summary of state radon programs (SuDoc EP 6.2:R 11/26/sum.) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B0001087VS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001087VS/icongroupinterna

•

A Citizen's guide to radon : the guide to protecting yourself and your family from radon (SuDoc EP 4.8:C 49) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: 0160362229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160362229/icongroupinterna

•

A Citizen's Guide to Radon: What It Is and What to Do About It; ISBN: 0160064406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160064406/icongroupinterna

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A Homeowner's Guide to Radon: Facts, Myths and Realities by William C. Hunter, et al; ISBN: 9998061393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998061393/icongroupinterna

•

A reconnaissance study of radon levels in soils developed on the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale just above the Sharon Springs Member in the Missouri River Valley in southeastern South Dakota and northeastern Nebraska (SuDoc I 19.76:92-592) by

118 Radon

Kendell A. Dickinson; ISBN: B00010GBNY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GBNY/icongroupinterna •

Activities and summary statistics of radon-222 in stream- and ground-water samples, Owl Creek Basin, north-central Wyoming, September 1991 through March 1992 (SuDoc I 19.76:94-93) by Kathy Muller Ogle; ISBN: B00010P36U; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010P36U/icongroupinterna

•

Air pollution actions to promote radon testing : report to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-93-20) by U.S. General Accounting Office; ISBN: B00010G0H6;

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010G0H6/icongroupinterna

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Air pollution changes needed in EPA's program that assesses radon measurement firms : report to the Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.13:RCED-90-209) by U.S. General Accounting Office; ISBN: B00010COSU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010COSU/icongroupinterna

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Appendix, 1989 summary of state radon programs (SuDoc EP 6.2:R 11/26/app.) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010776E; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010776E/icongroupinterna

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Applied Problems of Radon Transform (American Mathematical Society Translations, Series 2, Vol 162) by S. G. Gindikin (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0821875086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821875086/icongroupinterna

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Assessment of Gac Adsorption for Radon Removal by David A. Cornwell, et al; ISBN: 0898679761; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679761/icongroupinterna

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Bibliography of radon in the outdoor environment and selected references on gas mobility in the ground (SuDoc I 19.76:92-351-A) by Allan B. Tanner; ISBN: B00010EZG4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010EZG4/icongroupinterna

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Building a new home : have you considered radon? (SuDoc EP 1.2:H 75/5) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010ZC9I; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ZC9I/icongroupinterna

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Building radon out : a step-by-step guide on how to build radon-resistant homes; ISBN: B000115G16; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000115G16/icongroupinterna

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Building radon out a step-by-step guide on how to build radon-resistant homes (SuDoc EP 4.8:2002007054) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B0001161CE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001161CE/icongroupinterna

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Building Radon Out: A Step-By-Step Guide on How to Build Radon-Resistant Homes by Paulina Chen (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0756732328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756732328/icongroupinterna

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Case study of radon diagnostics and mitigation in a New York State school (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/J-92/224) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010K3BU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010K3BU/icongroupinterna

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Chronobiology and Chronic Rheumatism: Effects of Radon-Balneotherapy and Melatonin Treatment Within Chronic Arthrosis (Berichte (Forschungsinstitut

Books

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(Badgastein, Austria)),Bd. 4.) by Bernd Minnich, et al (2001); ISBN: 0820453552;

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0820453552/icongroupinterna

•

Clinton, New Jersey, radon mitigation follow-up and long-term monitoring project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 7-88/005) by Joseph Carvitti; ISBN: B00010FNRO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FNRO/icongroupinterna

•

Comments and responses to comments NESHAPS, national emission standards for radon emissions from phosphogypsum stacks (SuDoc EP 6.2:C 73) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010Z82Y; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Z82Y/icongroupinterna

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Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Homes and Mines by Panel on Dosimetric Assumptions Affecting the Application of Radon Ris, Panel On Dosi National Research Council (1991); ISBN: 0309044847; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309044847/icongroupinterna

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Comparative Dosimetry of Radon In Mines by National Research Co (Author); ISBN: 6000970900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/6000970900/icongroupinterna

•

Concentrations of dissolved radon-222 in water from selected wells and springs in Idaho, 1989-91 (SuDoc I 19.76:94-66) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010OSV6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010OSV6/icongroupinterna

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Concentrations of radon and radon daughters during semi-dry tailings deposition at Nabarlek (1985-1988) by D. A. Woods; ISBN: 0644091444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0644091444/icongroupinterna

•

Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction: How to Reduce Radon Levels in Your Home. by United States (1992); ISBN: 0160362555;


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Contribution of waterborne radon to home air quality by Arun K. Deb; ISBN: 0898676142; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676142/icongroupinterna

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Control of Radon in Houses: Recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (Ncrp Report; No. 103) by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. (1989); ISBN: 092960007X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/092960007X/icongroupinterna

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Controlling Indoor Radon: Measurement, Mitigation, and Prevention by Kenneth Q. Lao; ISBN: 0442237545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442237545/icongroupinterna

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Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Radon Progeny in Underground Mines (Dhhs Publications Niosh No. 88-101) (1987); ISBN: 999972440X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999972440X/icongroupinterna

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Critical Assessment of Radon Progency Exposure While Showering in Radon by P. K. Hopke (1996); ISBN: 0898678307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898678307/icongroupinterna

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Critical Assessment of Radon Removal Systems for Drinking Water Supplies by Joseph A. Drago; ISBN: 0898679532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898679532/icongroupinterna

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Data for radon-222 and other radionuclides in ground water, Nevada, 1986-89 (SuDoc I 19.76:91-488) by Michael S. Lico; ISBN: B00010DGNC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010DGNC/icongroupinterna

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Demonstration of radon resistant construction techniques phase II : final report (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-95-159) by James L. Tyson; ISBN: B00010RK34; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010RK34/icongroupinterna

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Design and installation of a home radon reduction system : sub-slab depressurization systems in low-permeability soils : handbook (SuDoc EP 1.8:SU 7/12) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B000107FHK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000107FHK/icongroupinterna

•

Design and testing of sub-slab depressurization for radon mitigation in north Florida houses (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-95-149 A) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010VTEA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010VTEA/icongroupinterna

•

Design for a program to measure the effectiveness of passive radon-resistant new construction (SuDoc EP 1.2:D 46/2) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B0001110W0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001110W0/icongroupinterna

•

Development of a lumped-parameter model of indoor radon concentrations project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR-94/201) by Kirk K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010OZKK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010OZKK/icongroupinterna

•

Development of a radon protection map for large buildings in Florida final report (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-96-028) by K. K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010S1R8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010S1R8/icongroupinterna

•

Development of alternate performance standard for radon resistant construction based on short-term indoor radon concentrations project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-91/210) by Ashley D. Williamson; ISBN: B00010CWPU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010CWPU/icongroupinterna

•

Dissolved Radon and Uranium, and Ground Water Geochemistry in an Area Near Hylas, Virginia (U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin #03-2070) by Mark R. Stanton, et al (1996); ISBN: 9995303892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995303892/icongroupinterna

•

Dissolved radon and uranium, and ground-water geochemistry in an area near Hylas, Virginia (SuDoc I 19.3:2070) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010OGWW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010OGWW/icongroupinterna

•

Dosimetry Aspects of Exposure to Radon and Thoron Daughter Products by Oecd, Nuclear Energy Agency; ISBN: 9264125205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9264125205/icongroupinterna

•

Effectiveness of radon control features in new house construction [in] south central Florida (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-96-044) by Charles S. Fowler; ISBN: B00010VTFO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010VTFO/icongroupinterna

•

Effects of a fan shutdown on radon concentration in a positive pressure ventilated mine (SuDoc I 28.23:8738) by Connie S. Musulin; ISBN: B0001018BE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001018BE/icongroupinterna

•

Element of Risk: The Politics of Radon by Leonard A. Cole (1994); ISBN: 0195093674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195093674/icongroupinterna

Books

121

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Environmental Radon (Environmental Science Research, 35) by C. Richard Cothem (Editor), C. Richard Cothern; ISBN: 0306427079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306427079/icongroupinterna

•

Environmental Radon: Occurrence, Control, and Health Hazards by Shyamal K. Majumdar (Editor), et al (1990); ISBN: 0945809034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945809034/icongroupinterna

•

EPA radon in schools (SuDoc EP 4.2:R 11/4) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B000113Q3Q; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000113Q3Q/icongroupinterna

•

EPA's map of radon zones (SuDoc EP 4.2:R 11/3/SUM.) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B000110WG0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000110WG0/icongroupinterna

•

Evaluation of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Radon and Radon Daughters in the United States (Ncrp Report, No. 78) by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; ISBN: 0913392685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913392685/icongroupinterna

•

Exposition au radon dans les habitations : aspects techniques et sanitaires : Paris, 10 11 janvier 1989; ISBN: 272720146X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/272720146X/icongroupinterna

•

Exposure to radon daughters in dwellings; ISBN: 0859512819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859512819/icongroupinterna

•

Exposure to Radon in UK Dwellings: NRPB Reports: Reports by G.M. Kendall; ISBN: 0859513793; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859513793/icongroupinterna

•

Exposures from the Uranium Series With Emphasis on Radon and Its Daughters by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (1984); ISBN: 0913392677; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913392677/icongroupinterna

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Factors Affecting Skin Doses Due to Radon Daughters by J.C.H. Miles; ISBN: 085951272X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085951272X/icongroupinterna

•

Facts on Asbestos and Radon (Facts on) by Ron Taylor; ISBN: 0749601248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0749601248/icongroupinterna

•

Facts on Radon and Asbestos (Facts on Series) by Ron Taylor, Ian Moores; ISBN: 0531109208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531109208/icongroupinterna

•

Feasibility of characterizing concealed openings in the house-soil interface for modeling radon gas entry project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR-95/020) by K. K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010P72A; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010P72A/icongroupinterna

•

Federal radon activities inventory (SuDoc E 1.19:0409) by U.S. Dept of Energy; ISBN: B000104O5Q; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000104O5Q/icongroupinterna

•

Field Studies of Radon in Rocks, Soils, and Water by L. C. S. Gundersen, Richard B. Wanty; ISBN: 0873719557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873719557/icongroupinterna

122 Radon

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Field studies of radon in rocks, soils, and water (SuDoc I 19.3:1971) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B0001060IK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001060IK/icongroupinterna

•

Field Studies on Radon in Rocks Soils & Water Us Geological Survey Denver (Bulletin No. 1971) by L. C. S. Gunderson, R. P. Wanly (1990); ISBN: 9992836156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992836156/icongroupinterna

•

Follow-up alpha-track monitoring in 40 eastern Pennsylvania houses with indoor radon reduction system (winter 1988-89) project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 889/083) by A G. Scott; ISBN: B00010GPTO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GPTO/icongroupinterna

•

Follow-up alpha-track monitoring in 40 eastern Pennsylvania houses with indoor radon reduction systems (winter 1987-88) : project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 888/098) by A.G. Scott; ISBN: B00010GDI2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GDI2/icongroupinterna

•

Follow-up annual alpha-track monitoring in 40 eastern Pennsylvania houses with indoor radon reduction systems (December 1988 - December 1989) : project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-90/081) by A.G. Scott; ISBN: B00010AWNY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010AWNY/icongroupinterna

•

Fourth Annual Radon Conference Proceedings of Harrisburg Pennsylvania, October 4-6, 1990 by Joanne D. Martin; ISBN: 9991197745; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991197745/icongroupinterna

•

Geologic Controls on Radon (Special Paper, 271) by Alexander E. Gates, Linda C.S. Gundersen (Editor); ISBN: 0813722713; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813722713/icongroupinterna

•

Geologic radon potential of EPA Region 4 : Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; ISBN: B00010HQ74; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010HQ74/icongroupinterna

•

Geologic radon potential of Guam and Puerto Rico (SuDoc I 19.76:93-292-K) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010STDE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010STDE/icongroupinterna

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Geometric Aspects of Convex Sets With the Radon-Nikodym Property by Richard David Bourgin; ISBN: 0387122966; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387122966/icongroupinterna

•

Handbook : assessment protocols : durability of performance of a home radon reduction system : sub-slab depressurization reduction (SuDoc EP 1.8:P 94/6) by Kenneth J. Gadsby; ISBN: B000108NP8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000108NP8/icongroupinterna

•

Handbook of radon : health, economic, and building aspects by S. J. Wozniak; ISBN: 0951982508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951982508/icongroupinterna

•

Handbook Of Radon In Buildings: Detection, Safety, & Control by United States; ISBN: 0891168230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891168230/icongroupinterna

•

Health Effects of Exposure to Radon (Beir, 6) by Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, et al (1999); ISBN: 0309056454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309056454/icongroupinterna

Books

123

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Health Effects of Exposure to Radon: Time for Reassessment? by Natl Research Council, et al (1994); ISBN: 0309050871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309050871/icongroupinterna

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Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters: Beir IV by US Nuclear Regulatory Commission; ISBN: 0309037972; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309037972/icongroupinterna

•

Healthy Home Kit: Inspecting for Environmental Hazards Working With Professionals to Avoid Risks Cleaning Up Radon, Lead, Asbestos and More! by Ingrid Ritchie, et al (1994); ISBN: 0793108985; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0793108985/icongroupinterna

•

Heat, Temperature, and Nuclear Radiation: Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, Heat Engines, Nuclear Decay, and Radon Monitoring (Units 16-18 & 28), Module 3, Workshop Physics(r) Activity Guide by Priscilla W. Laws; ISBN: 0471155950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471155950/icongroupinterna

•

High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects by Werner Burkart (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0444508635; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444508635/icongroupinterna

•

Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon by United States; ISBN: 0160416809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160416809/icongroupinterna

•

Home buyer's and seller's guide to radon (SuDoc EP 4.8:H 75) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: 016050497X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/016050497X/icongroupinterna

•

Householders' Response to the Radon Risk: Summary Report; ISBN: 011752901X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011752901X/icongroupinterna

•

ICRP Publication 65: Protection Against Radon-222 at Home and at Work by Icrp Staff, Icrp; ISBN: 0080424759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080424759/icongroupinterna

•

Identification of candidate houses for the north Florida portion of the Florida radon mitigation project (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-90/070) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B000109VSQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000109VSQ/icongroupinterna

•

Improvements needed in the Environmental Protection Agency's testing programs for radon measurement companies statement of Richard L. Hembra, Director, Environmental Protection Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.5/2:T-RCED-90-54) by Richard L. Hembra; ISBN: B00010AV1W; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010AV1W/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Air Quality Control Techniques: Radon, Formaldehyde, Combustion Products by William J. Fisk (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0815511299;


•

Indoor Radon Abatement Reauthorization Act of 1993 : report (to accompany S. 657) (SuDoc Y 1.1/5:103-176) by U.S. Congressional Budget Office; ISBN: B00010H6VA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010H6VA/icongroupinterna

124 Radon

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Indoor radon and decay products : concentrations, causes and control strategies (SuDoc E 1.19:0480 P) by U.S. Dept of Energy; ISBN: B00010EVUY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010EVUY/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Radon and Its Hazards by David Bodansky, et al; ISBN: 0295965177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0295965177/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Radon and Lung Cancer: Reality or Myth?: Twenty-Ninth Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment by Fredrick T. Cross (Editor); ISBN: 0935470697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935470697/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor radon and radon decay product measurement device protocols (SuDoc EP 6.2:R 11/29) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010WRT6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010WRT6/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Radon II: Proceedings of the Second Apca International Specialty Conference/Book and Supplement (1987); ISBN: 9998029597; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998029597/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Radon: An Apca International Specialty Conference, (Proceedings/Sp-54) by Apca Int (1986); ISBN: 9997655834; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997655834/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Radon: An Apca International Specialty Conference: Proceedings (1986); ISBN: 9997644174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997644174/icongroupinterna

•

Information und Beteiligung bei Gesundheitsrisiken : am Beispiel eines Radonmessprogramms by Barbara P. Hazard; ISBN: 3437307282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3437307282/icongroupinterna

•

Installation and testing of indoor radon reduction techniques in 40 eastern Pennsylvania houses project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-88/002) by A. G. Scott; ISBN: B00010ECLW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ECLW/icongroupinterna

•

Integral Geometry, Radon Transforms and Complex Analysis: Lectures Given at the 1st Session of the Centro Internazionale Matematico Estivo (C.I.M.E.) Held in Venezia, Italy, June 3-12, 1996 (Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Springer-Verlag), 1684) by Enrico Casadio Tarabusi (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 3540642072;


•

Intercomparison of North American radon progeny measurement methods and equipment (SuDoc I 28.23:9229) by T. H. Davis; ISBN: B000102E1W; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000102E1W/icongroupinterna

•

Interim radon-resistant construction guidelines for use in Florida, 1989 (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-90/062) by Thomas D. Pugh; ISBN: B00010950K; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010950K/icongroupinterna

•

International intercalibration and intercomparison program radon daughter measurements : exercise at the Twilight Mine, Uravan, CO (SuDoc I 28.27:9257) by W. E. Cooper; ISBN: B0001035QU;

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001035QU/icongroupinterna

•

Investigation of radon entry and effectiveness of mitigation measures in seven houses in New Jersey (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 7-90/016) by Charles S. Dudney; ISBN:

Books

125

B0001095FK;

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001095FK/icongroupinterna

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Johann Radon: Collected Papers (Contemporary Mathematicians) by P.M. Gruber (Editor), et al (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 3764318945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3764318945/icongroupinterna

•

Johann Radon: Collected Works by Peter M. Gruber, Johann Radon (1987); ISBN: 0817618945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817618945/icongroupinterna

•

Krypton, xenon, and radon : gas solubilities; ISBN: 0080223524; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080223524/icongroupinterna

•

Limits for Inhalation of Radon Daughters by Icrp; ISBN: 0080288642; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080288642/icongroupinterna

•

Lumped-parameter model analyses of data from the 1992 new house evaluation project -- Florida radon research program project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR95/090) by Kirk K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010Q9L8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Q9L8/icongroupinterna

•

Lung Cancer Risk from Indoor Exposures to Radon Daughters (Icrp Publication, 50) by International Commission of Radiological (Editor); ISBN: 008035579X;

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/008035579X/icongroupinterna

•

Lung Dosimetry Models for Inhaled Radon Progeny by Hofmann, Martonen; ISBN: 0849358302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849358302/icongroupinterna

•

Major Alterations and Conversions: a BRE Guide to Radon Remedial Measures in Existing Dwellings (1994); ISBN: 0851256384; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851256384/icongroupinterna

•

Make Your House Radon Free by Carl Giles, Barbara Giles (Contributor); ISBN: 0830632913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0830632913/icongroupinterna

•

Man-made Mineral Fibres and Radon (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans); ISBN: 9283212436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9283212436/icongroupinterna

•

Measurement and Calculation of Radon Releases from Uranium Mill Tailings (Technical Reports, No 333) (1992); ISBN: 9201010923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9201010923/icongroupinterna

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Measurement of Alpha and Beta Activity in Water and Sludge Samples: the Determination of Radon-222 and Radium 226 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 011751909X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011751909X/icongroupinterna

•

Measurement of Radon and Radon Daughters in Air (Ncrp Report, No 97) by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. (1989); ISBN: 0913392979; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913392979/icongroupinterna

•

Messung von Radon und Radon-Folgeprodukten : Kolloquium am 6.-7. Mai 1991 im Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin GmbH; ISBN: 3824900289; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3824900289/icongroupinterna

126 Radon

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Metrology and Monitoring of Radon, Thoron and Their Daughter Products (Nea Experts Report); ISBN: 9264127674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9264127674/icongroupinterna

•

Minutes of Proceedings on the Draft Housing (Precentage of Approved Exepnse for Repair Grants) (Lead Plumbing and Radon Gas Works) (Scotland) Order 1992: [Wednesday 17th June 1992]: [HC]: [1992-93]: House of Commons Papers: [1992-93] by Norman Hogg (1992); ISBN: 0102060932; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102060932/icongroupinterna

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Modeling radon entry into Florida houses with concrete slabs and concrete-block stem walls Florida radon research program (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-92/119) by K. L. Revzan; ISBN: B00010H4DU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010H4DU/icongroupinterna

•

Natural basement ventilation as a radon mitigation technique project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR-92/059) by A. Cavallo; ISBN: B00010FJHS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FJHS/icongroupinterna

•

New house evaluation of potential building design and construction for the control of radon in Marion and Alachua Counties, Florida final report (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R95-170) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010SVWI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010SVWI/icongroupinterna

•

Niedrigdosisstrahlung und Gesundheit : medizinische, rechtliche und technische Aspekte mit dem Schwerpunkt Radon; ISBN: 3540531173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540531173/icongroupinterna

•

NRPB Etched-track Detectors for Area Monitoring of Radon: NRPB Reports: Reports by G.D. Hardcastle (1996); ISBN: 0859513939;


•

Parametric analysis of the installation and operating costs of active soil depressurization systems for residential radon mitigation project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-91/200) by D. Bruce Henschel; ISBN: B00010GEPO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GEPO/icongroupinterna

•

Pending indoor air quality and radon abatement legislation : hearing before the Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Regulation of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on S. 656. and S. 657. May 25, 1993 (SuDoc Y 4.P 96/10:S.HRG.103-179); ISBN: 0160414229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160414229/icongroupinterna

•

Pending radon and indoor air legislation : hearing before the Subcommittee on Superfund, Ocean, and Water Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on S. 575, S. 791, S. 792, and S. 779. May 8, 1991 (SuDoc Y 4.P 96/10:S.hrg.102-125); ISBN: 0160353467; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160353467/icongroupinterna

•

Physics of Radon by Worley; ISBN: 074840015X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074840015X/icongroupinterna

•

Practical Radon Control for Homes by Terry Brennan, Susan Galbraith; ISBN: 0943779057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943779057/icongroupinterna

Books

127

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Preliminary diagnostic procedures for radon control project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-88/084) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010GDIW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GDIW/icongroupinterna

•

Probability Based on Radon Measures by Tue Tjur; ISBN: 0471278246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471278246/icongroupinterna

•

Proceedings of the International Workshop on Radon Monitoring in Radioprotection, Environmental Radioactivity and Earth Sciences, Ictp, Trieste, Ital by L. Tommasino, et al; ISBN: 9810201877; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810201877/icongroupinterna

•

Proceedings of the radon diagnostics workshop, April 13-14, 1987 (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 9-89/057) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B000106S1Y; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000106S1Y/icongroupinterna

•

Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Radon Monitoring in Radioprotection, Environmental And/or Earth Sciences by G. Furlan, L. Tommasino (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 9810212267; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810212267/icongroupinterna

•

Proceedings of the Workshop on Radon Potential Mapping, Florida Radon Research Program project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 9-91/044) by K. K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010G5GM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010G5GM/icongroupinterna

•

Proceedings, the 1990 International Symposium on Radon and Radon Reduction Technology project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 9-91/026) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010GEQS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GEQS/icongroupinterna

•

Protecting Your Home from Radon: A Step by Step Manual for Radon Reduction by James F. Burkhart, et al (1995); ISBN: 0963943405; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963943405/icongroupinterna

•

Protocols for radon and radon decay product measurements in homes (SuDoc EP 1.2:P 94/35) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010SDUS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010SDUS/icongroupinterna

•

Radium and radon in ground water in the Chickies Quartzite, southeastern Pennsylvania (SuDoc I 19.42/4:92-4088) by Lisa A. Senior; ISBN: B00010OTBK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010OTBK/icongroupinterna

•

Radium distribution map and radon potential in the Bonneville Power Administration service area (SuDoc I 19.76:89-340) by Joseph S. Duval; ISBN: B000103IT4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000103IT4/icongroupinterna

•

Radon; ISBN: 090010399X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/090010399X/icongroupinterna

•

Radon - the Report of the Third CIEH Survey on Radon in Homes by Martin Courtis; ISBN: 0900103949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900103949/icongroupinterna

•

Radon : a selected bibliography by Robert W. Lockerby; ISBN: 1555908721; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555908721/icongroupinterna

128 Radon

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Radon : the health threat with a simple solution : a physician's guide (SuDoc EP 1.8:R 11/6) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010H0Y8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010H0Y8/icongroupinterna

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Radon and Its Decay Products in Indoor Air by William W. Nazaroff (Editor), Anthony V. Nero (Editor); ISBN: 0471628107;


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Radon and Its Decay Products: Occurrence, Properties, and Health Effects (Acs Symposium Series, No 331) by Philip K. Hopke (Editor); ISBN: 0841210152; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841210152/icongroupinterna

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Radon and Projection Transform-Based Computer Vision: Algorithms, a Pipeline Architecture, and Industrial Applications (Sprngr Series Informtn Sci,1) by Jorge L. C. Sanz, Anil K. Jain (Editor); ISBN: 0387183965; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387183965/icongroupinterna

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Radon and the Environment by William J. Makofske, Michael R. Edelstein (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0815511612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815511612/icongroupinterna

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Radon and Thoron in the Human Environment by Akira Katase (Editor), Michikuni Shimo (Editor); ISBN: 9810234430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810234430/icongroupinterna

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Radon Atlas of England: NRPB Reports by P.R. Lomas; ISBN: 0859514005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859514005/icongroupinterna

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Radon awareness and disclosure : hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 3258. June 3, 1992 (SuDoc Y 4.EN 2/3:102-152); ISBN: 0160394694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160394694/icongroupinterna

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Radon Awareness and Disclosure Act of 1994 : report together with additional and dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 2448) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office) (SuDoc Y 1.1/8:103-574) by U.S. Congressional Budget Office; ISBN: B00010JVJU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010JVJU/icongroupinterna

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Radon Daughters by Iain Sinclair; ISBN: 1862072086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862072086/icongroupinterna

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Radon Directory, 1990-1991 by Larry Siegelman (1990); ISBN: 0929840011; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929840011/icongroupinterna

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Radon entry and control : influence of building factors (SuDoc Y 3.T 25:2 En 2/26); ISBN: B000108LW8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000108LW8/icongroupinterna

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Radon epidemiology : a guide to the literature : a radon health effects bibliography (SuDoc E 1.19:0399) by S. Marks; ISBN: B000102PVG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000102PVG/icongroupinterna

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Radon Exposure of the U.S. Population-Status of the Problem (Ncrp Commentary, No 6) by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (1991); ISBN: 0929600177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929600177/icongroupinterna

Books

129

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Radon generation and transport in aged concrete project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR-95/032) by V. C. Rogers; ISBN: B00010OZLO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010OZLO/icongroupinterna

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Radon generation and transport through concrete foundations (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-94-175) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010N984; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010N984/icongroupinterna

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Radon hazard reduction and consumer protection act : model legislation; ISBN: 1555165788; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555165788/icongroupinterna

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Radon Hazards in Utah by Douglas A. Sprinkel, Barry J. Solomon (1990); ISBN: 1557912866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557912866/icongroupinterna

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Radon in Buildings (Arch Series A1918) by Da Ballast; ISBN: 1555905080; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555905080/icongroupinterna

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Radon in Dwellings in England by E.J. Bradley; ISBN: 0859514056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859514056/icongroupinterna

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Radon in Dwellings in England: NRPB Reports: Reports by B.M.R Green, et al; ISBN: 0859513491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859513491/icongroupinterna

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Radon in Dwellings in Northern Ireland; ISBN: 0337082324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337082324/icongroupinterna

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Radon in Dwellings in Wales: Atlas and 1998 Review: NRPB Reports: Reports by P.R. Lomas, et al (1998); ISBN: 0859514234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859514234/icongroupinterna

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Radon in Ground Water by Barbara Graves (Editor); ISBN: 0873711173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873711173/icongroupinterna

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Radon in ground water of western Montana (SuDoc I 19.76:93-64) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010I2FE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010I2FE/icongroupinterna

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Radon in rental housing legal and policy strategies for reducing health risks (SuDoc EP 1.2:R 11/20) by Tobie Bernstein; ISBN: B000110W24; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000110W24/icongroupinterna

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Radon in soil gas and radioactivity in Prince George's County, Maryland (SuDoc I 19.76:92-11) by James K. Otton; ISBN: B00010EXSY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010EXSY/icongroupinterna

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Radon in the Environment by M. Wilkening; ISBN: 0444881638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444881638/icongroupinterna

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Radon in the ground water of Chester County, Pennsylvania (SuDoc I 19.127:120-98) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: B00010YIKC;

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010YIKC/icongroupinterna

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Radon in the Home: Reducing the Risks by D.J. Scherer (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0918734339; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918734339/icongroupinterna

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Radon in uranium mining : proceedings; ISBN: 9200410758; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9200410758/icongroupinterna

130 Radon

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Radon Industry Directory Everything You Need to Know by Larry Siegelman (1989); ISBN: 0929840003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929840003/icongroupinterna

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Radon Inhalation Studies in Animals by F. Cross (1989); ISBN: 9993118257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993118257/icongroupinterna

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Radon Integrals by Bernd Anger (1992); ISBN: 3764336307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3764336307/icongroupinterna

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Radon Measurement in Schools; ISBN: 0160362911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160362911/icongroupinterna

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Radon Measurements by Etched Track Detectors: Applications in Radiation Protection, Earth Sciences and the Environment by S. A. Durrani (Editor), Radomir Ilic (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 9810226667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810226667/icongroupinterna

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Radon Measures Arbitrary Topological Spaces07 by Laurent Schwartz; ISBN: 0195605160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195605160/icongroupinterna

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Radon mitigation research update (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010OJH4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010OJH4/icongroupinterna

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Radon mitigation studies : Nashville demonstration (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-90/061) by Bobby E. Pyle; ISBN: B00010829A;

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010829A/icongroupinterna

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Radon pressure differential project, phase I, Florida radon research program (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-92/008) by James B. Cummings; ISBN: B00010H49O; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010H49O/icongroupinterna

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Radon Problems and Solutions by Steven Lester (1989); ISBN: 9991063382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991063382/icongroupinterna

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Radon progeny dosimetry in the rat lung (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/J-941049) by Werner Hofmann; ISBN: B00010J7QM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010J7QM/icongroupinterna

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Radon radon contributes to thousands of deaths per year (SuDoc EP 1.48:R 11) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010CLWO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010CLWO/icongroupinterna

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Radon Reduction Methods: A Homeowners Guide (Epa Publication Opa 86 005) by 55000002592; ISBN: 0318216574; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0318216574/icongroupinterna

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Radon reduction techniques for existing detached houses technical guidance (third edition) for active soil depression systems (SuDoc EP 1.8:R 11/993) by D. Bruce Hen[s]chel; ISBN: B00010K15S; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010K15S/icongroupinterna

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Radon removal by POE GAC systems : design, performance, and cost (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 2-90/049) by Jerry D. Lowry; ISBN: B0001080FG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001080FG/icongroupinterna

Books

131

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Radon removal techniques for small community public water supplies (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 2-90/036) by Nancy E. Kinner; ISBN: B000109MBW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000109MBW/icongroupinterna

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Radon removal using point-of-entry water treatment techniques (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 2-90/047) by Nancy E. Kinner; ISBN: B000109PKA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000109PKA/icongroupinterna

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Radon research program (SuDoc E 1.16:) by U.S. Dept of Energy; ISBN: B00010ABSK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ABSK/icongroupinterna

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Radon Sumps: a BRE Guide to Radon Remedial Measures in Existing Dwellings; ISBN: 0851255388; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851255388/icongroupinterna

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Radon Testing for Safe Schools Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Superfund, Ocean, and Water Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 1697. May 23, 1990 (SuDoc Y 4.P 96/10:S.hrg.101-777); ISBN: B000103GKK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000103GKK/icongroupinterna

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Radon Testing for Safe Schools Act : report (to accompany S. 1697) (SuDoc Y 1.1/5:101551) by U.S. Congressional Budget Office; ISBN: B0001058BA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001058BA/icongroupinterna

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Radon Third International DOE/CEC Residential Radon Epidemiology Workshop, February 1995 : Planning Meeting Combined Analysis North America Residential Radon Studies, October 1995 (SuDoc E 1.19:0668) by U.S. Dept of Energy; ISBN: B00010T15E; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010T15E/icongroupinterna

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Radon Toxicity: Environmental Alert by Mark Upfal, et al (2000); ISBN: 0756720621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756720621/icongroupinterna

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Radon Transforms and Tomography by Eric Todd Quinto (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0821821350; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821821350/icongroupinterna

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Radon und Trinkwasser by K. Aurand; ISBN: 3932816307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3932816307/icongroupinterna

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Radon workshop proceedings (SuDoc E 1.10:8907178) by U.S. Dept of Energy; ISBN: B00010I2RC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010I2RC/icongroupinterna

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Radon, Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting March 30-31, 1988 (Proceedings, No. 10) by Naomi H. Harley (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0929600029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929600029/icongroupinterna

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Radon, Radium, and Uranium in Drinking Water by C. Richard Cothern, Paul A. Rebers (Editor); ISBN: 0873712072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873712072/icongroupinterna

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Radon: A Homeowner's Guide to Detection and Control by Bernard L. Cohen; ISBN: 0890430802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890430802/icongroupinterna

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Radon: An Invisible Threat by Barbara Foster (1993); ISBN: 155516336X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155516336X/icongroupinterna

132 Radon

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Radon: An Ounce of Prevention by Barbara Foster (1994); ISBN: 1555163467; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555163467/icongroupinterna

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Radon: Index of Modern Information by Le B Neiderhaus (1988); ISBN: 0881647675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881647675/icongroupinterna

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Radon: Prevalence, Measurements, Health Risks and Control (Astm Manual Series, Mnl 15) by Niren L. Nagda (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0803120575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803120575/icongroupinterna

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Radon: Risk and Remedy by David J. Brenner; ISBN: 0716720302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0716720302/icongroupinterna

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Radon: The Invisible Threat/What It Is Where It Is How to Keep Your House Safe/With Radon Test Kit by Michael Lafavore, et al; ISBN: 0878577122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878577122/icongroupinterna

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Radon-222 concentrations in ground water and soil gas on Indian Reservations in Wisconsin (SuDoc I 19.42/4:95-4088) by John F. DeWild; ISBN: B00010P612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010P612/icongroupinterna

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Radon-222 in the ground water of Chester County, Pennsylvania (SuDoc I 19.42/4:984169) by Lisa A. Senior; ISBN: B00010YLJU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010YLJU/icongroupinterna

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Radon-hazard potential of Beaver basin area, Beaver County, Utah by Charles E. Bishop; ISBN: 1557916160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557916160/icongroupinterna

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Radon-Hazard Potential of the Central Sevier Valley, Sevier County, Utah by Barry J. Solomon (1996); ISBN: 1557913749; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557913749/icongroupinterna

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Radon-Hazard Potential of the Lower Weber River Area, Tooele Valley and Southeastern Cache Valley, C by Barry J. Solomon, Bill D. Black (1996); ISBN: 155791379X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155791379X/icongroupinterna

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Radon-Hazard Potential of the Western Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah by Bill D. Black (1996); ISBN: 1557913986; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557913986/icongroupinterna

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Radonin torjuminen asunnoissa; ISBN: 9514695097; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9514695097/icongroupinterna

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Radon-Resistant Construction Techniques for New Residential Construction: Technical Guidance by Mike Clarkin (1991); ISBN: 1568061846; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568061846/icongroupinterna

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Radon's Deadly Daughters by Michael R. Edelstein, William J. Makofske (1998); ISBN: 0847683338; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0847683338/icongroupinterna

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Radontherapie heute; ISBN: 3055006607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3055006607/icongroupinterna

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Recommended foundation barrier construction standard of the Florida radon research program project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR-93/091) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010N7BS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010N7BS/icongroupinterna

Books

133

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Recommended foundation fill materials construction standard of the Florida Radon Research Program project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-91/206) by V. C. Rogers; ISBN: B00010FRHU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FRHU/icongroupinterna

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Recommended HVAC standard of the Florida radon research program project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR-92/010) by James B. Cummings; ISBN: B00010E9IS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010E9IS/icongroupinterna

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Recommended sub-slab depressurization systems design standard of the Florida radon research program project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-91/208) by David E. Hintenlang; ISBN: B00010GQF2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010GQF2/icongroupinterna

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Reducing radon in schools a team approach (SuDoc EP 1.2:R 11/15) by Bryan K. Ligman; ISBN: B00010MHZ0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010MHZ0/icongroupinterna

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Reducing radon risks : There are two ways to protect your family from radon. First, the hard way. Holding your breath (SuDoc EP 1.2:R 11/12) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010FEEG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FEEG/icongroupinterna

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Regulatory guide 3.64, (Task WM 503-4) : calculation of radon flux attenuation by earthen uranium mill tailings covers (SuDoc Y 3.N 88:6-2/3.64); ISBN: B00010DA2E; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010DA2E/icongroupinterna

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Residential radon resistant construction features selection system final report (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-96-005) by K. K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010T6MM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010T6MM/icongroupinterna

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Results of the 1991 CEC Intercomparison of Passive Radon Detectors: Radiation Protection: Radiation Protection [series] by K. Whysall, et al (1996); ISBN: 9282742466; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282742466/icongroupinterna

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Results of the Second Cec Intercomparison of Active and Passive Dosimeters for the Measurement of Radon and Radon Decay Products (Commission of the E) by J.C.H. Miles, J. Sinnaeve (1986); ISBN: 9282561542; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282561542/icongroupinterna

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Risk and uncertainty analysis for radon in drinking water : final report by Douglas J. Crawford-Brown; ISBN: 0898676134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898676134/icongroupinterna

•

Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water by National Research Council (1999); ISBN: 0309062926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309062926/icongroupinterna

•

S.A.F.E. at Home: Without Radon Gas by Nina Anderson; ISBN: 1884820069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884820069/icongroupinterna

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Scientific and technical basis for radon policy : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, on the scientific and technical basis for radon policy, July 14, 1994 (SuDoc Y 4.EN 2:S.HRG.103-753); ISBN: 0160461898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160461898/icongroupinterna

134 Radon

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Scientific Seminar on Radiation Protection in Relation to Radon: Radiation Protection: Radiation Protection [series] (1998); ISBN: 9282846628; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282846628/icongroupinterna

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Sealing Cracks in Solid Floors: A BRE Guide to Radon Remedial Measures in Existing Dwellings by P.W. Pye (1993); ISBN: 0851255604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851255604/icongroupinterna

•

Seventy-Five Years or Radon Transform: Proceedings of the Conference Held at the Erwin Schrodinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics in Vienna, August 31-September 4, 1992 (Conference Proceedings and Lecture Notes in Mathematical Physics, V. 4) by S. G. Gindikin (Editor), Peter W. Michor (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 157146008X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157146008X/icongroupinterna

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Short-term fluctuations in barometric pressure, soil-gas radon, and gamma radiation (SuDoc I 19.76:91-641) by C. Gilbert Bowles; ISBN: B00010EXT8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010EXT8/icongroupinterna

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Simplified modeling of air flow dynamics in SSD radon mitigation systems for residences with gravel beds (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-92-090) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010H1OC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010H1OC/icongroupinterna

•

Site-specific characterization of soil radon potentials final report (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-95-161) by K. K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010XJIE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010XJIE/icongroupinterna

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Site-specific protocol for measuring soil radon potentials for Florida houses final report (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-96-045) by K. K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010YCP8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010YCP8/icongroupinterna

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Soil and fill laboratory support -- 1992 radiological analyses, Florida Radon Research Program (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-95-145) by Charles E. Roessler; ISBN: B00010XHUY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010XHUY/icongroupinterna

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Soil radon potential mapping of twelve counties in north-central Florida project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR-94/218) by Kirk K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010OZK0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010OZK0/icongroupinterna

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Standard measurement protocols, Florida Radon Research Program project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-91/212) by Ashley D. Williamson; ISBN: B00010FRI4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FRI4/icongroupinterna

•

Statewide mapping of Florida soil radon potentials (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-95/142 A B) by K. K. Nielson; ISBN: B00010RC6Y; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010RC6Y/icongroupinterna

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Strategy on federal/state cooperation for radon certification program development (SuDoc EP 6.2:R 11/27) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010G116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010G116/icongroupinterna

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Summary of EPA's radon reduction research in schools during 1989-90 (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-90/072) by Kelly W. Leovic; ISBN: B000107YS0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000107YS0/icongroupinterna

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Supplement to Standard measurement protocols, Florida Radon Research Program project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/SR-94/001) by Ashley D. Williamson; ISBN:

Books

135

B00010PV26;

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010PV26/icongroupinterna

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Surveying Dwellings with High Indoor Radon Levels: A BRE Guide to Radon Remedial Measures in Existing Dwellings by C.R. Scivyer; ISBN: 0851255825; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851255825/icongroupinterna

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Technical Specifications of the Nrpb Radon Personal Dosemeter by D. T. Bartlett (1987); ISBN: 0859512851; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859512851/icongroupinterna

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Test cell studies of radon entry (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-96-010) by Ashley D. Williamson; ISBN: B00010VTF4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010VTF4/icongroupinterna

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Testing of indoor radon reduction techniques in basement houses having adjoining wings (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-90/076) by Marc Messing; ISBN: B000107WOQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000107WOQ/icongroupinterna

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Testing of indoor radon reduction techniques in central Ohio houses : phase 2 (winter 1988-89); project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 8-90/050) by W. O. Findlay; ISBN: B00010BQJ8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BQJ8/icongroupinterna

•

The application of nuclear track detectors for alpha energy discrimination and radon measurement in Egyptian dwellings : German-Egyptian cooperation in scientific research and technological development; ISBN: 3893361502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3893361502/icongroupinterna

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The Citizens' Guide to Geologic Hazards: A Guide to Understanding Geologic Hazards Including Asbestos, Radon, Swelling Soils, Earthquakes, Volcanoes by Edward B. Nuhfer, et al; ISBN: 0933637101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933637101/icongroupinterna

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The effects of natural and forced basement ventilation on radon levels in single family dwellings (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/R-92-102) by A. Cavallo; ISBN: B00010H1NI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010H1NI/icongroupinterna

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The geology of radon (SuDoc I 19.2:R 11/7) by James K. Otton; ISBN: 0160379741; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160379741/icongroupinterna

•

The Housing (Percentage of Approved Expense for Repair Grants) (Lead Plumbing and Radon Gas Works) (Scotland) Order 1992: Housing, Scotland (Statutory Instruments: 1992: 1598 (S.153)) (1992); ISBN: 0110245989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110245989/icongroupinterna

•

The Indoor Radon Problem by Douglas G. Brookins; ISBN: 0231067488; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0231067488/icongroupinterna

•

The Lebesque-Nikodym Theorem for Vector Valued Radon Measures by Erik Thomas (1974); ISBN: 0821818392; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821818392/icongroupinterna

•

The Radon File by Denise Vitola (1999); ISBN: 0441006701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0441006701/icongroupinterna

•

The Radon Files (The Rocky Mountain Dossier) by David B. Biebel; ISBN: 0800754468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0800754468/icongroupinterna

136 Radon

•

The Radon Manual; ISBN: 0951943111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951943111/icongroupinterna

•

The Radon Transform (Progress in Mathematics, Vol 5) by Sigurdur Helgason (1999); ISBN: 0817641092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817641092/icongroupinterna

•

The Radon Transform and Local Tomography by A. I. Katsevich, Alexander G. Ramm; ISBN: 0849394929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849394929/icongroupinterna

•

The Radon Transform and Some of Its Applications by Stanley Roderick Deans; ISBN: 0894647180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894647180/icongroupinterna

•

The Risks from Radon in Homes by Institute of Radiation Protection (1990); ISBN: 094823704X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094823704X/icongroupinterna

•

The Universality of the Radon Transform by Leon Ehrenpreis (2003); ISBN: 0198509782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198509782/icongroupinterna

•

Toxicological profile for radon (SuDoc HE 20.7918:90/23) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010BGIY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BGIY/icongroupinterna

•

Uranium and radon in ground water in the lower Illinois River basin (SuDoc I 19.42/4:01-4056) by William S. Morrow; ISBN: B000114Y8W; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000114Y8W/icongroupinterna

•

Use of radon and cosmogenic radionnuclides as indicators of exchange between troposphere and stratosphere final technical report (SuDoc NAS 1.26:196779) by Mark A. Kritz; ISBN: B00010MXG8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010MXG8/icongroupinterna

•

Your building is being tested for radon gas (SuDoc EP 1.2:R 11/11) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010ERJY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ERJY/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “radon” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created

Books

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•

Arthritis and radioactivity; a story of Montana's Free Enterprise Uranium-Radon Mine. Author: Lewis, Wade V.; Year: 1964; Boston, Christopher Pub. House [c1964]

•

Assessment of potential radiological population health effects from radon in liquefied petroleum gas Author: Gesell, Thomas F.; Year: 1988; Washington: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs, 1977

•

Control of radon and daughters in uranium mines and calculations on biologic effects [by] Duncan A. Holaday [and others] Prepared under direction of W. M. Gafafer. Author: United States. Public Health Service. Division of Special Health Services.; Year: 1949; [Washington] U. S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Bureau of State Services, Division of Special Health Services, Occupational Health Program [1957]

•

Dose to tissues and effective dose equivalent by inhalation of radon-222, radon 220 and their short-lived daughters Author: Jacobi, W. (Wolfgang); Year: 1985; München: Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung, 1980

•

Governor's Conference on Indoor Radon, Thruway House, Albany, N.Y., March 4-5, 1986 Author: New York (State). Dept. of Health.; Year: 1980; Tuxedo, N.Y.: New York University Medical Center, 1986

•

Health risks of radon and other internally deposited alpha-emitters: BEIR IV Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations.; Year: 1966; Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988; ISBN: 0309037891 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309037891/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor air quality: radon and formaldehyde: report on a WHO meeting, Dubrovnik, 26-30 August 1985. Author: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.; Year: 1980; Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, 1986

•

Indoor radon: proceedings: an APCA International Specialty Conference Author: APCA's TT-7 Indoor Air Quality Committee.; Year: 1967; Pittsburgh, Pa. (P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh 15230): Air Pollution Control Assoc., c1986

•

Monitoring employee exposure to radon and its daughters in uranium mines Author: Leach, V. A.; Year: 1988; Yallambie, Vic.: Australian Radiation Laboratory, 1979

•

Natural environmental radioactivity from radon 222. Author: Pearson, John E.; Year: 1971; Rockville, Md., National Center for Radiological Health, [U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1967]

•

On the radiation dose to lung tissues from radon daughters Author: Wise, K. N.; Year: 1987; Yallambie, Vic.: Australian Radiation Laboratory, 1980 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9264016031/icongroupinterna

•

Radon daughter exposure and respiratory cancer, quantitative and temporal aspects; report from the epidemiological study of United States uranium miners [by] Frank E. Lundin, Joseph K. Wagoner [and] Victor E. Archer. Author: Lundin, Frank E. (Frank Edward),; Year: 1957; [Washington] U. S. Public Health Service; [available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.] 1971

•

Report on the Task Force on Radon in Structures. Author: United States. Task Force on Radon in Structures.; Year: 1986; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Radiation Policy Council, 1980

•

Toxicological profile for radon Author: Clement International Corporation.; Year: 1987; [Atlanta, Ga.]: U.S. Dept. of Health; Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, [1990]

between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Chapters on Radon In order to find chapters that specifically relate to radon, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and radon using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “radon” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on radon: •

Pollution and Its Effect on the Voice Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 387-391. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter on pollution and its effect on the voice is from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice. It appears that injury to the vocal tract caused by environmental pollution is not rare. Consequent voice abnormalities may include hoarseness or other changes in voice quality or control, voice fatigue, or neoplasm. These may result not only in stress, strain, and inconvenience, but also in disability for the many people who depend on good voice quality and endurance professionally. The author discusses vocal tract injury caused by inhaled pollution, the mechanisms of this injury, the problem of radon and its association with laryngeal cancer, biological contaminants (such as cat hair), volatile organic compounds, asbestos, carbon monoxide, research on the effects of inhaled pollutants on the voice, the effects of atmospheric toxic agents on the larynges of children, the effects of chronic inhalation of asbestos and cigarette smoke (animal studies), the association between laryngeal disease and various occupations associated with exposure to environmental pollution, ingested substances that may adversely affect voice function through toxicity, and the impact of noise pollution. The author notes that, at present, clinical diagnosis and management of potentially pollution related voice disorders are guided solely by intuition, imagination, and anecdote. Extensive interdisciplinary research is needed in this area. 33 references.

139

CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON RADON Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover radon.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on radon is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “radon” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to radon. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “radon” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for radon: •

Even low levels of radon may up lung cancer risks Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 19, 2002

•

Exposure to low-dose residential radon increases lung cancer risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 16, 2002

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British study finds no radon, childhood cancer link Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: June 11, 2002

•

High levels of radon persist in some US schools Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: October 19, 2000

•

Exposure to residential radon a "significant" cause of lung cancer in women Source: Reuters Medical News

Date: June 05, 2000

•

Radon in home raises lung cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: May 25, 2000

•

Education about radon-smoking synergy encourages changes in smoking behavior Source: Reuters Medical News

Date: September 20, 1999

•

Smokers at high cancer risk from radon Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: August 12, 1999

•

Oncogenic risk of low level radon exposure may be overestimated Source: Reuters Medical News

Date: January 06, 1999

•

Radon risk may be overestimated Source: Reuters Health eLine


•

Radon in drinking water poses little health risk Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: September 16, 1998

•

To Cut Radon Risk, Stop Smoking Source: Reuters Health eLine

Date: May 06, 1998

•

Radon Contributes Significantly To Lung Cancer Deaths In Smokers Source: Reuters Medical News

Date: February 23, 1998

•

Radon Contributes To Smoking Deaths Source: Reuters Health eLine


•

No Link Found Between Indoor Radon And ALL Source: Reuters Medical News


•

No Link Between Leukemia And Radon Exposure Source: Reuters Health eLine


•

Studies Of Underground Miners: Best Way To Assess Risk From Indoor Radon Source: Reuters Medical News


Periodicals and News

•

Radon Lung Cancer Risk Supported Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 31, 1996

•

Federal Government Overestimates Radon Risk For Some Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 20, 1996

•

Radon Lung Cancer Risk Lower Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 19, 1996

•

Indoor Radon Exposure Not Associated With Lung Cancer Risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 17, 1996

•

Lung Cancer Linked To Indoor Radon Exposure Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 07, 1995

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “radon” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

142 Radon

you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “radon” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to radon, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “radon” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Radon Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to radon. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering radon that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for radon. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with radon. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

144 Radon

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to radon: Doxorubicin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rubex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202209.html

Etoposide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Etopophos; Toposar; VePesid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202234.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

145

APPENDICES

147

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

148 Radon

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

149

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

150 Radon

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “radon” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “radon” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Pollution and Its Effect on the Voice Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 387-391. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter on pollution and its effect on the voice is from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice. It appears that injury to the vocal tract caused by environmental pollution is not rare. Consequent voice abnormalities may include hoarseness or other changes in voice quality or control, voice fatigue, or neoplasm. These may result not only in stress, strain, and inconvenience, but also in disability for the many people who depend on good voice quality and endurance professionally. The author discusses vocal tract injury caused by inhaled pollution, the mechanisms of this injury, the problem of radon and its association with laryngeal cancer, biological contaminants (such as cat hair), volatile organic compounds, asbestos, carbon monoxide, research on the effects of inhaled pollutants on the voice, the effects of atmospheric toxic agents on the larynges of children, the effects of chronic inhalation of asbestos and cigarette smoke (animal studies), the association between laryngeal disease and various occupations associated with exposure to environmental pollution, ingested substances that may adversely affect voice function through toxicity, and the impact of noise pollution. The author notes that, at present, clinical diagnosis and management of potentially pollution related voice disorders are guided solely by intuition, imagination, and anecdote. Extensive interdisciplinary research is needed in this area. 33 references.

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

Physician Resources

151

(NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “radon” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3703 126 21 0 0 3850

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “radon” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical

Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

18

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference

Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource

documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse

Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

(SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive

Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community

Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the

Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

20

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the

source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.

152 Radon

more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

21

After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

153

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on radon can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to radon. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to radon. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “radon”:

154 Radon

•

Guides on radon Radon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radon.html

•

Other guides Drinking Water http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html Indoor Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/indoorairpollution.html Lung Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungcancer.html Radiation Exposure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationexposure.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to radon, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Citizen's Guide to Radon Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/citguide.html Frequently Asked Questions About Radon Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/radonqa1.html Public Health Statement for Radon Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs145.html Radon Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts145.html Radon Myths and Facts Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/myths.html

Tox Town Source: National Library of Medicine

http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/

TOXNET Databases Source: National Library of Medicine

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Questions and Answers about Radon and Cancer Source: National Cancer Institute

http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_52.htm

Patient Resources

155

Radon in Drinking Water: Questions and Answers Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/radon/qa.html

Radon Risk Comparison Charts Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/riskcht.html

Radon-Resistant New Construction (RRNC) Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/radon/construc.html

•

Children Radon in Schools Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/schoolrn.html

•

Organizations Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/oar/ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey http://www.usgs.gov/

•

Pictures/Diagrams EPA Map of Radon Zones [in United States] Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/zonemap.html

•

Prevention/Screening Building a New Home: Have You Considered Radon? Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/builder.html

Buying a New Home? How to Protect Your Family from Radon Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/rrnc-tri.html

Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction: How to Reduce Radon Levels in Your Home Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/consguid.html

Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/hmbyguid.html

Radon Guide for Tenants Source: Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/tenants.html

156 Radon

Radon Testing Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/radon.htm You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Curriculum: Air Summary: This online curriculum from the EPA features resources about acid rain,

indoor air pollution, ozone, and radon.

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6404

•

FAQ - About Radon Health Risks Summary: Online answers to consumer questions about the adverse health effects of radon -- radon as a carcinogen and the cause of lung cancer. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2984

•

Home Buyers and Sellers Guide to Radon Summary: This guide was developed to help home buyers and sellers address eight key questions about radon. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2985

•

National Safety Council's Environmental Health Center Summary: This web site provides information on evironmental health issues, including radon, electronic products recycling, climate change reporting, and hazardous materials. Source: National Safety Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1064

Patient Resources

•

157

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (PDQ®): Treatment Summary: This fact sheet details treatment choices by cancer stage for non-small cell lung cancer, a lung cancer type usually associated with prior smoking, passive smoking, or radon exposure. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6140

•

Radon-Specific Indoor Air Quality Publications Summary: An index of documents/brochures/guides about radon and radon-related health issues accessible online and through government clearinghouses. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2978

•

State Radon & Indoor Air Quality Contacts List Summary: Use this alphabetical list to locate state contacts for information and resources related to radon and indoor air quality issues for a particular state. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5072 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to radon. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

158 Radon

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to radon. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with radon.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about radon. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “radon” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “radon”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “radon” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:”

Patient Resources

159

box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “radon” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

161

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22 Adapted

from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

162 Radon

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

163

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

164 Radon

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

165

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

166 Radon

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

167

ONLINE GLOSSARIES

The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

169

RADON DICTIONARY

The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National

Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU].

Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU]

Acid Rain: Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely

affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur

oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form

of acidic rain water. [NIH]

Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH]

Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different

from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH]

Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]

Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy.

[EU]

Air Pollutants: Substances which pollute the air. [NIH]

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during

general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps

to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on

homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH]

Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons,

i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha

particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH]

Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as

standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.

Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and

herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,

magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH]

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (

COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form

proteins. [NIH]

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (

COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]

170 Radon

Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU]

Dictionary 171

Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Artificial Organs: Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (artificial eye) as well as functional (artificial limbs). [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Attic: Portion of the tympanic cavity lying above the level of the tympanic membrane. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, pre eclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders.

172 Radon

Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopterin: A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects. [NIH]

Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]

Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It

Dictionary 173

uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter

174 Radon

cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as

metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH]

Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]

Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell

division. [NIH]

Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief

constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw

material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange

materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH]

Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,

consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic

number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial

applications. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially

the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all

human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]

Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of

chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH]

Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]

Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH]

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white

blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH]

Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH]

CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public,

interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and

providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by

calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other

interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,

prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic

engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA

molecules. [NIH]

Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain

environmental conditions. [NIH]

Dictionary 175

Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH]

Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These

groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of

the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations

which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup

characteristics. [NIH]

Coke: A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. [NIH]

Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in

mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic

substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all

consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is

differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline,

hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the

high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH]

Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2.

Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU]

Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU]

Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH]

Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of

the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

176 Radon

Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confounder: A factor of confusion which blurs a specific connection between a disease and a probable causal factor which is being studied. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH]

Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of

clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH]

Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective

tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of

organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU]

Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or

treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being

Dictionary 177

studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cosmic Radiation: High-energy radiation or particles from extraterrestrial space that strike the earth, its atmosphere, or spacecraft and may create secondary radiation as a result of collisions with the atmosphere or spacecraft. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]

fumarate.

Stimulant

proposed

as

Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH]

Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other

health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a

representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which

are followed over a period of time. [NIH]

Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU]

Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical

compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]

Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the

transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom

of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as

cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which

contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein,

cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and

cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the

hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups

and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, .

New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption

maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU]

Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related

heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein

moiety. [NIH]

178 Radon

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dosemeter: Device worn by individuals during the course of their work for the purpose of

Dictionary 179

collecting samples of air contaminants or other industrial hazards (e. g. noise and radiation). [NIH]

Dose-rate: The strength of a treatment given over a period of time. [NIH] Dosimeter: In nuclear science and radiotherapy, a device used for the detection and measurement of radiation absorbed dose or any dose-related ionizing radiation received by the individual; a radiation meter intended to measure absorbed dose. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electromagnetic Fields: Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.

180 Radon

[NIH]

Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco

product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called

involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]

Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized

causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk

factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort

studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH]

Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales.

Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH]

Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]

Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which

covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

Ergonomics: Study of the relationships between man and machines; adjusting the design of

machines to the need and capacities of man; study of the effect of machines on man's

behavior. [NIH]

Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known

as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks

containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH]

Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach.

[NIH]

Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU]

Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH]

Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation

with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at

the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU]

Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and

in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular

proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture

dishes adhere. [NIH]

Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling

reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

Fast Neutrons: Neutrons, the energy of which exceeds some arbitrary level, usually around

one million electron volts. [NIH]

Dictionary 181

Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]

Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical,

characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.

[NIH]

Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen

and other macromolecules. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or

vacuum (suction). [EU]

Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH]

Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen

family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH]

Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH]

Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

Gamma Cameras: Electronic instruments that produce photographs or cathode-ray tube

images of the gamma-ray emissions from organs containing radionuclide tracers. [NIH] Gamma irradiation: A type of radiation therapy that uses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from x-rays. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma Spectrometry: An analytical technique whereby radionuclides are identified and measured by determining the energies and intensities of the gamma rays they emit during radioactive decay. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]

Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the

blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH]

Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by

processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH]

Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes

are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

[NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene

action. [NIH]

Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a

daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of

heredity. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used

182 Radon

therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycophorin: The major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. It consists of at least two sialoglycopeptides and is composed of 60% carbohydrate including sialic acid and 40% protein. It is involved in a number of different biological activities including the binding of MN blood groups, influenza viruses, kidney bean phytohemagglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haemopoietic: Haematopoietic; pertaining to or effecting the formation of blood cells. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humidifier: A machine that puts moisture in the air. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation

Dictionary 183

and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Image Cytometry: A technique encompassing morphometry, densitometry, neural networks, and expert systems that has numerous clinical and research applications and is particularly useful in anatomic pathology for the study of malignant lesions. The most common current application of image cytometry is for DNA analysis, followed by quantitation of immunohistochemical staining. [NIH] Imagination: A new pattern of perceptual or ideational material derived from past experience. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU]

184 Radon

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill

Dictionary 185

cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH]

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Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood

and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH]

Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive

substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to

humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH]

Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside

diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH]

Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion

mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when

heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was

deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is

already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH]

Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH]

Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU]

Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in

which lymphocytes develop. [NIH]

Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH]

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy

based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of

radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into

computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH]

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical

Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH]

Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by

means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes

characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH]

Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH]

Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH]

Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the

atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight

200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed

therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be

absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning.

Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH]

Dictionary 187

Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH]

Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body

functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH]

Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH]

MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of

the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular

animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]

Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced

during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome

fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural

changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate

protozoans. [NIH]

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species,

geographic race, or variety. [NIH]

Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei

normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells

of the species. [NIH]

Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU]

Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which

the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]

Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the

same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two

hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA,

can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH]

Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration,

pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other

procedures. [NIH]

Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly

188 Radon

in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells,

water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH]

Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness,

numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder

control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's

immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat

(lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH]

Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be

induced by mutagens. [NIH]

Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU]

Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the

function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in

chromosomes. [NIH]

Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH]

Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the

blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle

known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]

Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or

stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has

morphine-like actions. [EU]

NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United

States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal

agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training,

health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis,

prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH]

Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes

that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial

swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]

Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action

toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]

Neon: Neon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight

20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in

vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps. [NIH]

Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH]

Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]

Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining

to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU]

Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU]

Dictionary 189

Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Noble Gases: Gases which are members of the zero group of the periodic system. These gases generally do not react chemically. [NIH] Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the

190 Radon

retina and the optic nerve. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organic Chemicals: A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form. [NIH] Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

P53 gene: A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences

Dictionary 191

among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation

192 Radon

of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]

Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein p53: Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene whose normal function is to control cell proliferation. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in leukemia, osteosarcoma, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]

Dictionary 193

Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protraction: A method of administration of radiation by delivering it continuously over a relatively long period at a low absorbed dose rate. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radar: A system using beamed and reflected radio signals to and from an object in such a way that range, bearing, and other characteristics of the object may be determined. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH]

194 Radon

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH]

Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic

radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements

of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU]

Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes

can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH]

Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH]

Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and

interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in

the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH]

Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or

more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH]

Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign

conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays,

gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a

cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an

antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH]

Radium: A radioactive element symbol Ra, atomic number 88, disintegration of uranium and is is used clinically as a source brachytherapy. [NIH]

of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic

and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the

present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It

of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly

Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH]

Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and

atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of

radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer. [NIH]

Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects

are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and

non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been

shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of

diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by

inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH]

Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure,

produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and

causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

Recessive gene: A gene that is phenotypically expressed only when homozygous. [NIH]

Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together

in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU]

Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in

crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to

crossing-over. [NIH]

Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]

Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]

Dictionary 195

Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the

196 Radon

cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Sister Chromatid Exchange: An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in Bloom

Dictionary 197

syndrome. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

State Government: The level of governmental organization and function below that of the national or country-wide government. [NIH]

198 Radon

Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by

means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S,

atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH]

Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in

respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the

vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air

pollutants. [NIH]

Sulfur Oxides: Inorganic oxides of sulfur. [NIH]

Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH]

Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU]

Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the

cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH]

Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the

skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH]

Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases,

palliative or curative. [NIH]

Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU]

Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level

(absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or

intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic

number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a

specific function. [NIH]

Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen

plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH]

Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances

usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]

Dictionary 199

Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU]

Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of

toxic manifestations. [NIH]

Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific

biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or

animals. [NIH]

Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in

extremely small amounts. [NIH]

Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is

analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]

Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of

ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a

protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]

Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein

through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH]

Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of

Mycobacterium. [NIH]

Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other

body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body.

Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA

(ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate

cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH]

Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH]

Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A

new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive;

called also neoplasm. [EU]

Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic

weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the

hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent

light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH]

Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of

the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the

boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH]

Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH]

Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U,

atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear

weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH]

Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and

suburban areas. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of

200 Radon

urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in

the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]

Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond

to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]

Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in

nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH]

Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]

Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs

and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to

the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the

alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of

one's emotional problems. [EU]

Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and

treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]

Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting

material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects,

particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH]

Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]

Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or

viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the

tissues of the host. [NIH]

Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not

both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to

replicate outside living host cells. [NIH]

Vitreoretinal: A rare familial condition characterized by a clear vitreous, except for

preretinal filaments and veils which have been loosened from the retina, a dense hyaloid

membrane which is perforated and detached, and masses of peripheral retinal pigmentation

inters. [NIH]

Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation

occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used

together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]

Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH]

Voice Disorders: Disorders of voice pitch, loudness, or quality. Dysphonia refers to

impaired utterance of sounds by the vocal folds. [NIH]

Dictionary 201

Voice Quality: Voice quality is that component of speech which gives the primary distinction to a given speaker's voice when pitch and loudness are excluded. It involves both phonatory and resonatory characteristics. Some of the descriptions of voice quality are harshness, breathiness and nasality. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] X-ray tube: Evacuated vessel for the production of X-radiation by the bombardment of a target, contained in an anode, with electrons accelerated by an electric field. [NIH]

203

INDEX

A Aberrant, 10, 16, 169 Acid Rain, 156, 169 Acoustic, 96, 108, 169 Adaptability, 169, 174 Adenocarcinoma, 11, 15, 45, 169, 189 Adverse Effect, 169, 196, 200 Aerosol, 8, 62, 169, 189, 200 Air Pollutants, 3, 169, 198 Airway, 5, 7, 48, 169 Algorithms, 6, 15, 78, 79, 82, 84, 99, 106, 128, 169, 172 Alkaline, 19, 169, 173, 194 Alleles, 169, 186 Alpha Particles, 5, 6, 8, 13, 19, 28, 41, 92, 94, 169, 193 Alternative medicine, 141, 169 Alveoli, 169, 200 Amino Acids, 169, 175, 190, 193, 196, 198, 199 Anaesthesia, 169, 183 Anal, 6, 15, 170, 180 Analgesic, 170, 189 Anesthesia, 169, 170 Angina, 9, 170 Angiography, 6, 77, 170 Animal model, 16, 170 Anions, 170, 184 Annealing, 90, 104, 170 Anode, 170, 201 Anomalies, 88, 170 Antibacterial, 170, 197 Antibiotic, 170, 197 Antibodies, 170, 183 Antibody, 170, 175, 183, 185, 187, 193, 194, 201 Antidepressant, 170, 177 Antioxidant, 28, 70, 170 Anus, 170 Apathy, 59, 170 Aperture, 78, 79, 81, 82, 100, 170 Apoptosis, 9, 170 Approximate, 6, 78, 79, 101, 106, 170 Aqueous, 47, 171, 178, 185 Argon, 89, 90, 91, 92, 104, 110, 171 Aromatic, 7, 171 Arterial, 171, 192 Arteries, 9, 171, 172, 177, 187, 188

Artifacts, 81, 103, 171 Artificial Organs, 171, 196 Asbestos, 12, 45, 63, 121, 123, 135, 138, 150, 171 Asbestosis, 171 Asphyxia, 171, 189 Astringents, 171, 186 Attenuation, 15, 74, 78, 86, 93, 115, 133, 171 Attic, 107, 171 Autoimmune disease, 171, 188 B Bacteria, 170, 171, 178, 182, 187, 194, 197, 200 Bacterial Infections, 171, 182, 195 Base, 6, 103, 171, 178, 185, 198 Benign, 91, 104, 171, 188, 194 Benzene, 98, 171 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 171, 184 Biochemical, 5, 6, 169, 172 Biological Transport, 172, 178 Biomarkers, 11, 45, 172 Biopterin, 62, 65, 172 Biotechnology, 17, 136, 141, 149, 172 Bismuth, 63, 85, 172 Bladder, 172, 188, 192, 200 Blood Coagulation, 172, 173 Blood Groups, 172, 182 Blood pressure, 172, 187 Blood vessel, 170, 172, 179, 186, 191, 197, 198, 200 Body Fluids, 172, 179, 199 Bone Marrow, 27, 30, 62, 171, 172, 187 Bone metastases, 172 Bone scan, 172, 196 Bowel, 170, 172 Brachytherapy, 172, 184, 185, 193, 194, 201 Branch, 165, 173, 190, 193, 197, 198 Breakdown, 84, 94, 173, 181 Bronchi, 173 Bronchial, 5, 13, 18, 19, 22, 28, 41, 48, 173 C Calcium, 91, 171, 173, 175 Carbohydrate, 173, 182 Carbon Dioxide, 89, 110, 173, 181, 195 Carcinogen, 4, 14, 15, 98, 156, 173 Carcinogenesis, 4, 10, 13, 20, 55, 173

204 Radon

Carcinogenic, 4, 9, 13, 31, 41, 125, 171, 173, 184, 189, 192 Carcinoma, 5, 173, 189 Cardiac, 6, 9, 103, 173, 179, 188 Case report, 36, 173 Case-Control Studies, 42, 173, 180 Cathode, 78, 170, 173, 179, 181 Cations, 173, 184 Causal, 173, 176, 180 Cell Communication, 5, 173 Cell Cycle, 5, 6, 9, 173 Cell Death, 8, 10, 170, 174, 188 Cell Division, 171, 173, 174, 186, 187, 191, 196, 198 Cell proliferation, 5, 174, 192 Cellulose, 174, 191 Central Nervous System, 171, 174, 188, 190 Cerium, 101, 174 Cholesterol, 174, 177 Chromatin, 170, 174, 189, 198 Chromium, 110, 174 Chromosomal, 7, 10, 13, 23, 27, 34, 174, 187 Chromosome, 10, 23, 48, 174, 182, 185, 186, 187, 196 Chromosome Aberrations, 48, 174 Chronic, 7, 36, 53, 66, 118, 138, 150, 174, 183, 185 Chronic Disease, 174, 185 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 36, 174 Ciliary, 174, 187 CIS, 154, 174, 195 Clinical trial, 4, 149, 174, 176, 177, 193, 194 Cloning, 172, 174 Coal, 28, 32, 49, 171, 174, 175 Codon, 51, 175 Cofactor, 175, 192 Cohort Studies, 175, 180 Coke, 4, 175 Collagen, 175, 181 Collapse, 173, 175 Colloidal, 175, 179 Colorectal, 175, 192 Colorectal Cancer, 175, 192 Complement, 175, 176 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 68, 176 Complementary medicine, 65, 176 Computational Biology, 149, 176 Computed tomography, 15, 77, 83, 84, 85, 103, 176, 196

Computerized axial tomography, 176, 196 Computerized tomography, 74, 77, 176 Cone, 6, 20, 29, 74, 75, 77, 79, 83, 84, 93, 96, 103, 115, 116, 176 Confounder, 52, 176 Confounding, 13, 176 Confusion, 176 Connective Tissue, 172, 175, 176, 195 Consumption, 92, 102, 176, 195 Contamination, 8, 47, 63, 89, 98, 101, 176 Contractility, 7, 176 Contraindications, ii, 176 Control group, 7, 176 Controlled study, 37, 66, 177 Coordination, 177, 188 Coronary, 9, 177, 187, 188 Coronary heart disease, 9, 177 Coronary Thrombosis, 177, 187, 188 Corrosion, 110, 177 Cosmic Radiation, 9, 177 Cotinine, 10, 177 Criterion, 95, 114, 177 Crossing-over, 177, 194 Cross-Sectional Studies, 177, 180 Curative, 177, 198 Cyclic, 173, 177 Cysteine, 177, 198 Cytochrome, 177, 195 Cytochrome b, 177, 195 Cytokine, 178, 184 Cytoplasm, 8, 13, 170, 178, 187, 189, 196, 198 Cytosine, 16, 178 Cytoskeleton, 12, 178 D Data Collection, 7, 178 Databases, Bibliographic, 149, 178 Deletion, 170, 178, 186 Density, 77, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88, 178, 189 Dental Caries, 178, 181 Deuterium, 178, 182 Diagnostic Imaging, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 178 Diagnostic procedure, 73, 127, 141, 178 Diffusion, 70, 111, 172, 178, 183 Digestive tract, 178, 197 Dilatation, 178, 192 Diploid, 6, 178, 191 Direct, iii, 5, 25, 78, 143, 173, 178, 194 Discrimination, 135, 178 Distal, 105, 106, 178, 179, 193 Dosemeter, 18, 135, 178 Dose-rate, 26, 179

Index 205

Dosimeter, 18, 22, 29, 133, 179 Drug Interactions, 144, 179 Duct, 98, 102, 105, 106, 107, 179 Dyes, 179, 189 E Ecosystem, 169, 179 Efficacy, 37, 66, 179 Electrode, 170, 173, 179 Electromagnetic Fields, 7, 179 Electrons, 170, 171, 173, 179, 184, 190, 193, 194, 201 Electrophoresis, 19, 179 Elementary Particles, 179, 189, 193 Embryo, 8, 179, 183 Endothelial cell, 179, 184 Energetic, 9, 179 Environmental Exposure, 43, 121, 179 Environmental Health, 7, 10, 22, 25, 32, 36, 37, 51, 54, 148, 150, 155, 156, 179 Environmental tobacco smoke, 7, 15, 44, 180 Enzymatic, 173, 175, 178, 180, 195 Enzyme, 7, 180, 187, 198, 200 Epidemiologic Studies, 11, 18, 24, 39, 44, 180 Epidemiological, 7, 28, 29, 33, 36, 70, 98, 137, 180 Epidermoid carcinoma, 180, 197 Epithelial, 5, 169, 172, 180 Epithelial Cells, 5, 180 Epithelium, 41, 180 Ergonomics, 12, 180 Erythrocyte Membrane, 180, 182 Erythrocytes, 172, 180 Estrogen, 15, 180 Estrogen receptor, 15, 180 Evacuation, 107, 180 Excimer laser, 91, 112, 180 Expert Systems, 180, 183 External-beam radiation, 180, 185, 193, 201 Extracellular, 5, 176, 180, 181 Extracellular Matrix, 176, 180, 181 Extraction, 30, 115, 180 F Family Planning, 149, 180 Fast Neutrons, 180, 189 Fat, 30, 172, 177, 181, 186, 188, 195, 197 Fatigue, 138, 150, 181 Fibroblasts, 5, 8, 181, 184 Filtration, 75, 76, 181 Flatus, 181

Fluorine, 91, 92, 181 Fluoroscopy, 6, 181 Forearm, 172, 181, 194 G Gamma Cameras, 80, 83, 181 Gamma irradiation, 6, 181 Gamma Rays, 181, 193, 194 Gamma Spectrometry, 17, 181 Gas exchange, 181, 195, 200 Gasoline, 171, 181 Gastric, 181, 182 Gastrointestinal, 171, 181, 199 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 171, 181 Gene, 9, 12, 15, 42, 136, 169, 172, 181, 190, 194, 196 Gene Expression, 9, 12, 181 Generator, 66, 83, 90, 96, 104, 181 Genetics, 12, 62, 181 Genotype, 9, 181 Glucose, 174, 181, 184 Glycophorin, 42, 182 Governing Board, 182, 192 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 182, 195 Growth, 5, 9, 12, 76, 94, 170, 172, 174, 182, 186, 188, 190, 191, 196, 199 H Haemopoietic, 30, 182 Half-Life, 111, 182, 192 Haploid, 182, 191 Heart attack, 9, 182 Heredity, 181, 182 Heterogeneity, 9, 49, 182 Hoarseness, 138, 150, 182 Hormone, 182, 184, 195 Humidifier, 89, 182 Hybrid, 28, 182 Hydrochloric Acid, 110, 182 Hydrogen, 91, 97, 104, 171, 173, 178, 182, 187, 189, 190, 191, 193 Hyperplasia, 5, 182 Hypersensitivity, 182, 195 Hyperthermia, 25, 182 Hypertrophy, 182, 183 Hypoxia, 89, 183 I Id, 64, 67, 157, 164, 166, 183 Image Cytometry, 22, 183 Imagination, 138, 150, 183 Imaging procedures, 183, 199 Immune response, 3, 171, 183 Immune system, 183, 188, 200, 201 Immunohistochemistry, 16, 183

206 Radon

Implant radiation, 183, 184, 185, 193, 201 In situ, 17, 183 In vitro, 23, 183 In vivo, 5, 12, 34, 39, 183 Incision, 183, 184 Indicative, 9, 83, 117, 183, 190, 200 Induction, 5, 13, 15, 183, 194 Infarction, 183 Infection, 174, 183, 184, 195, 201 Infiltration, 101, 183 Inflammation, 7, 174, 184, 195, 197 Influenza, 182, 184 Ingestion, 3, 184, 191 Inhalation, 3, 25, 35, 39, 62, 63, 65, 90, 97, 98, 125, 130, 137, 138, 150, 169, 171, 184, 191 Initiation, 15, 184 Inorganic, 76, 184, 188, 189, 198 Insecticides, 184, 191 Insulator, 184, 188 Insulin, 184, 196 Interleukin-8, 5, 184 Intermittent, 89, 184 Internal radiation, 184, 185, 193, 201 Interstitial, 172, 184, 185, 201 Intracellular, 5, 183, 184 Intravenous, 77, 184 Invasive, 12, 81, 83, 184, 186 Involuntary, 180, 184, 188 Ionization, 184 Ionizing, 5, 9, 14, 122, 137, 169, 179, 184, 194, 196 Ions, 9, 85, 101, 171, 182, 184 Irradiation, 9, 13, 23, 74, 93, 184, 201 J Joint, 4, 25, 179, 185 K Kb, 148, 185 Keratinocytes, 184, 185 Kinetic, 123, 184, 185 Krypton, 89, 90, 91, 100, 104, 110, 112, 125, 185 L Laryngeal, 138, 150, 185 Larynx, 185 Latent, 185, 192 Lens, 91, 112, 185, 195 Lesion, 185, 186 Leucocyte, 185 Leukaemia, 23, 35, 185 Leukemia, 26, 140, 185, 192 Leukocytes, 172, 185, 187, 189

Library Services, 164, 185 Ligaments, 177, 185 Linkage, 8, 185 Lipid, 184, 186, 188 Liver, 186, 196, 200 Liver Neoplasms, 186, 200 Liver scan, 186, 196 Localization, 9, 183, 186 Localized, 3, 86, 178, 183, 186, 191 Locomotion, 186, 191 Loop, 89, 106, 186 Loss of Heterozygosity, 10, 186 Lubricants, 186, 191 Lumen, 8, 186 Lymphocytic, 186 Lymphoid, 9, 170, 185, 186 Lymphoma, 7, 186 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 79, 186, 196 Malignant, 16, 169, 183, 186, 188, 194 MEDLINE, 149, 186 Meiosis, 186, 187 Membrane, 8, 89, 107, 175, 180, 185, 186, 187, 190, 195, 199, 200 Mental Health, iv, 4, 148, 151, 186, 193 Mercury, 10, 186 Meta-Analysis, 39, 187 Metastasis, 12, 187 Metastatic, 12, 187, 196 Methionine, 187, 198 Methyltransferase, 16, 187 MI, 75, 167, 187 Microbe, 187, 199 Micronuclei, 9, 187 Migration, 87, 88, 89, 187 Mitosis, 170, 187 Mobility, 118, 187 Modeling, 41, 82, 121, 126, 134, 187 Molecular, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 34, 149, 152, 172, 176, 187, 191, 198 Molecule, 171, 175, 187, 190, 191, 194, 200 Monitor, 30, 59, 80, 101, 105, 111, 187, 189 Monoclonal, 185, 187, 193, 201 Monocytes, 184, 185, 187 Morphological, 179, 187 Mucociliary, 3, 187 Mucus, 187, 188 Multiple sclerosis, 50, 188 Mutagenesis, 34, 63, 188 Mutagenic, 188, 196 Mutagens, 188 Myelin, 188

Index 207

Myocardial infarction, 9, 171, 177, 187, 188 Myocardium, 187, 188 N Narcotic, 188, 189 NCI, 1, 147, 154, 174, 188 Necrosis, 170, 183, 187, 188 Need, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 63, 79, 91, 100, 104, 130, 138, 150, 158, 180, 188 Neon, 89, 90, 92, 104, 110, 188 Neoplasia, 188 Neoplasm, 138, 150, 188, 199 Neoplastic, 16, 186, 188 Nerve, 170, 188, 190, 196, 198 Networks, 86, 183, 188, 198 Neural, 86, 183, 188 Neutrons, 9, 94, 169, 180, 184, 189, 193 Neutrophils, 25, 184, 185, 189, 195 Nitrogen, 89, 169, 171, 189, 190 Nitrogen Oxides, 169, 189 Nitrous Oxide, 89, 189 Noble Gases, 100, 101, 189 Non-small cell lung cancer, 157, 189 Nuclear Medicine, 9, 15, 189 Nuclei, 169, 179, 186, 187, 189, 190, 193, 198 Nucleic acid, 178, 188, 189 Nucleus, 8, 13, 170, 174, 177, 178, 179, 181, 186, 187, 189, 193 O Occupational Exposure, 3, 7, 12, 119, 189 Odds Ratio, 44, 189 Odour, 171, 189 Oncogenic, 8, 13, 140, 189 On-line, 80, 167, 189 Opacity, 178, 189 Ophthalmoscope, 30, 189 Optic Nerve, 190, 195 Orbit, 77, 190 Organelles, 178, 187, 190 Organic Chemicals, 98, 190 Osteosarcoma, 190, 192 Outpatient, 9, 190 Oxidation, 170, 177, 190 P P53 gene, 20, 190, 192 Palliative, 190, 198 Pancreas, 172, 184, 190, 199 Particle, 5, 9, 13, 45, 94, 108, 111, 112, 190 Pathologic, 11, 170, 177, 182, 190 Pathologic Processes, 170, 190 Peer Review, 14, 61, 190 Peptide, 190, 193

Perception, 69, 176, 190 Perforation, 170, 191 Perfusion, 6, 183, 191 Pesticides, 7, 184, 191 Petroleum, 10, 137, 181, 191 PH, 15, 41, 57, 77, 83, 90, 104, 191 Pharmacologic, 170, 182, 191, 199 Phosphorus, 173, 190, 191 Photoreceptors, 191, 196 Physiologic, 178, 182, 191, 194 Physiology, 7, 191 Pilot study, 12, 191 Pitch, 191, 200, 201 Plants, 75, 76, 169, 173, 181, 191, 199 Plasma, 90, 104, 110, 170, 171, 191 Platelet Factor 4, 184, 191 Platinum, 186, 191 Poisoning, 186, 191 Polonium, 85, 111, 192 Posterior, 170, 190, 192 Practice Guidelines, 151, 192 Precipitation, 101, 192 Predisposition, 7, 192 Prenatal, 179, 192 Prevalence, 132, 189, 192 Primary tumor, 12, 192 Probe, 95, 113, 192 Program Development, 134, 192 Progression, 170, 192 Progressive, 10, 182, 188, 192, 199 Projection, 47, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 83, 88, 93, 99, 106, 112, 128, 190, 192 Promoter, 15, 192 Prostate, 172, 192, 199 Protein C, 175, 192 Protein p53, 5, 192 Protein S, 136, 172, 192, 196 Proteins, 28, 169, 174, 175, 177, 187, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 199 Protocol, 134, 193 Protons, 9, 94, 169, 182, 184, 193 Protraction, 4, 193 Proximal, 106, 178, 193 Proxy, 11, 193 Psychiatry, 193, 200 Public Health, 10, 12, 14, 43, 44, 54, 58, 62, 137, 151, 154, 193 Public Policy, 69, 149, 193 Publishing, 17, 138, 150, 193 Pulmonary, 7, 14, 172, 176, 193, 195, 200 Pulmonary Ventilation, 193, 195 Pulse, 91, 187, 193

208 Radon

Purifying, 76, 102, 193 R Race, 187, 193 Radar, 78, 79, 100, 193 Radiation therapy, 180, 181, 184, 185, 193, 201 Radioactive, 9, 65, 71, 80, 84, 85, 92, 94, 98, 100, 101, 105, 111, 172, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 192, 193, 194, 196, 199, 201 Radioactivity, 18, 19, 24, 28, 35, 36, 40, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 59, 63, 66, 81, 105, 127, 129, 137, 194 Radioisotope, 83, 194, 199 Radiolabeled, 185, 193, 194, 201 Radiological, 18, 20, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 39, 41, 54, 56, 63, 125, 134, 137, 194 Radiology, 6, 14, 27, 52, 58, 189, 194 Radiopharmaceutical, 181, 194 Radiotherapy, 172, 179, 185, 193, 194, 201 Radium, 63, 70, 71, 111, 112, 125, 127, 131, 194 Radius, 84, 97, 194 Randomized, 16, 37, 66, 179, 194 Reactive Oxygen Species, 5, 8, 194 Reagent, 182, 194 Receptor, 176, 194 Recessive gene, 7, 194 Recombinant, 194, 200 Recombination, 10, 194 Rectum, 170, 175, 178, 181, 192, 194 Refer, 1, 88, 175, 186, 189, 194 Refraction, 195, 197 Regimen, 179, 195 Registries, 8, 195 Reliability, 56, 195 Resolving, 47, 82, 195 Respiration, 173, 187, 195 Respirator, 89, 195, 200 Respiratory Burst, 25, 195 Respiratory Physiology, 22, 195, 198, 200 Respiratory System, 7, 25, 188, 195 Retina, 185, 190, 195, 196, 200 Retinal, 176, 190, 195, 200 Retrospective, 11, 29, 31, 36, 42, 51, 62, 195 Rheumatism, 118, 195 Rheumatoid, 37, 66, 195 Rheumatoid arthritis, 37, 66, 195 Ribosome, 195, 199 Rigidity, 191, 196 Risk factor, 12, 50, 180, 196 Robotics, 115, 196

Rodenticides, 191, 196 Rods, 90, 104, 195, 196 S Scans, 83, 116, 196 Sclerosis, 188, 196 Screening, 22, 51, 174, 196 Secondary tumor, 187, 196 Segregation, 194, 196 Sensor, 88, 97, 99, 196 Side effect, 143, 169, 196, 198 Silicon, 90, 99, 101, 104, 196 Silicon Dioxide, 196 Sister Chromatid Exchange, 5, 196 Skeleton, 185, 197 Skull, 39, 190, 197, 198 Small cell lung cancer, 197 Smooth muscle, 7, 197 Soft tissue, 172, 197 Solvent, 171, 197 Somatic, 186, 187, 196, 197 Specialist, 158, 197 Species, 5, 90, 104, 182, 186, 187, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201 Spectrum, 95, 113, 197 Sperm, 174, 197 Spondylitis, 25, 197 Sputum, 22, 197 Squamous, 20, 180, 189, 197 Squamous cell carcinoma, 20, 180, 189, 197 Squamous cells, 197 Staging, 196, 197 State Government, 14, 197 Steel, 80, 110, 198, 199 Stimulus, 176, 179, 184, 198 Stress, 138, 150, 192, 195, 198 Subspecies, 197, 198 Substrate, 90, 104, 110, 112, 198 Suction, 106, 107, 181, 198 Sulfur, 89, 169, 187, 190, 198 Sulfur Hexafluoride, 89, 198 Sulfur Oxides, 169, 198 Superoxide, 195, 198 Synergistic, 37, 198 T Telophase, 187, 198 Temporal, 6, 14, 23, 30, 137, 198 Terminator, 175, 198 Therapeutics, 144, 198 Thermal, 21, 28, 90, 104, 171, 189, 198 Threshold, 13, 47, 100, 198 Thrombosis, 171, 192, 198

Index 209

Tin, 4, 20, 48, 52, 62, 63, 191, 198 Tissue, 7, 30, 65, 85, 171, 172, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 Tomography, 77, 79, 83, 84, 85, 88, 99, 103, 106, 131, 136, 198 Toxic, iv, 137, 138, 150, 154, 171, 179, 198, 199 Toxicity, 4, 131, 138, 150, 179, 186, 199, 200 Toxicology, 40, 51, 59, 63, 150, 199 Toxins, 8, 183, 199 Trace element, 174, 181, 196, 198, 199 Tracer, 9, 47, 70, 198, 199 Transfection, 172, 199 Translation, 8, 116, 199 Translational, 93, 199 Trivalent, 101, 199 Tuberculosis, 176, 199 Tumor marker, 172, 199 Tumor suppressor gene, 15, 186, 190, 199 Tumour, 42, 199 Tungsten, 110, 173, 199 Tympanic membrane, 171, 199 U Unconscious, 183, 199 Urban Population, 7, 199 Urinary, 10, 199 Urine, 172, 199, 200 V Vaccine, 193, 200 Valves, 87, 89, 200

Vascular, 77, 183, 200 Vector, 20, 88, 135, 200 Vein, 9, 184, 189, 200 Venous, 171, 192, 200 Ventilation, 24, 55, 59, 112, 126, 135, 200 Ventilator, 195, 200 Ventricle, 193, 200 Vertebrae, 197, 200 Veterinary Medicine, 149, 200 Vinyl Chloride, 98, 200 Viral, 184, 189, 200 Virulence, 199, 200 Viruses, 182, 200 Vitreoretinal, 198, 200 Vitro, 200 Vivo, 7, 200 Voice Disorders, 138, 150, 200 Voice Quality, 138, 150, 201 W White blood cell, 170, 174, 185, 186, 188, 201 X Xenograft, 170, 201 Xenon, 65, 89, 90, 91, 100, 104, 112, 125, 201 X-ray, 74, 75, 77, 79, 83, 84, 85, 86, 93, 99, 116, 173, 176, 181, 184, 189, 193, 194, 196, 201 X-ray therapy, 185, 201 X-ray tube, 77, 173, 201

210 Radon

Index 211

212 Radon

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