Promethazine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

PROMETHAZINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES ...

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PROMETHAZINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Promethazine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84596-4 1. Promethazine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on promethazine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PROMETHAZINE ........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Promethazine ................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PROMETHAZINE .............................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Finding Nutrition Studies on Promethazine ............................................................................... 35 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 37 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON PROMETHAZINE .................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Patents on Promethazine ............................................................................................................. 39 Patent Applications on Promethazine.......................................................................................... 44 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON PROMETHAZINE ........................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 47 Chapters on Promethazine ........................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PROMETHAZINE .......................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 49 Academic Periodicals covering Promethazine.............................................................................. 51 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 53 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 54 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 59 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 61 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 65 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 69 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 69 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 75 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 77 PROMETHAZINE DICTIONARY ............................................................................................... 79 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 119

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with promethazine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about promethazine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to promethazine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on promethazine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to promethazine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on promethazine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PROMETHAZINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on promethazine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and promethazine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Assessment of the Success of Meperidine and Promethazine Sedation in Medically Compromised Children Source: Journal of Dentistry for Children. 60(4-5): 288-294. July-October 1993. Summary: Meperidine and promethazine have been used for many years in children who are mentally and physically compromised in the dental clinics of two children's hospitals in Dallas, Texas. This article reports on a retrospective study that reviewed the data from the sedation logs of these patients over the past 2.5 years. The study attempted to determine the success rate and safety of this regimen in modifying the children's behavior; to determine the relationship of the child's mental or physical status and previous hospital experience to the success of the sedation; to analyze the significance of the medical diagnosis on the success of the technique; and to determine the effect of multiple sedations and different operators on outcome. The results support

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the concept that development of specific criteria, based upon individual analysis of the patient's status, will increase the chances for a successful status. The neurologicallyinvolved patient taking centrally-acting medications would be the least likely candidate for a successful sedation. 5 tables. 8 references.

Federally Funded Research on Promethazine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to promethazine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to promethazine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore promethazine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for promethazine: •

Project Title: BIOAVAILABILITY PROMETHAZINE

AND

PHARMACODYNAMICS

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Putcha, Lakshmi; Nasa-Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 2101 Nasa Rd 1, Msc Sf24 Houston, Tx 77058 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Space Motion Sickness (SMS) is often treated in space with promethazine (PMZ). Anecdotal reports indicate that the common side effects of drowsiness and decrements in cognitive performance that are associated with PMZ administration (50 mg intramuscular) on the ground, are absent or less pronounced in space suggesting that the bioavailability and/or pharmacodynamic behavior of PMZ may be altered during space flight. There are limited flight opportunities available for clinical research in space, the PA-00-088, therefore, solicits ground-based research required to improve, or answer specific questions about in-flight diagnosis, therapy, and post-flight rehabilitation. We propose here, to evaluate noninvasive methods for the evaluation of bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of PMZ. The specific objectives of the proposed research are to, 1. Compare pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic variables estimated from saliva and plasma levels of PMZ after administration, 2. Estimate the relative bioavailability of the three dosage forms of PMZ that are often administered for the control of motion sickness symptoms in space, and 3. Establish the dose-response relationship of PMZ. We will estimate the bioavailability of an intramuscular injection (TM), oral tablet and rectal suppository in normal subjects during ambulatory and antiorthostatic bed rest (ABR) conditions using novel stable isotope techniques. Drowsiness, cognitive performance and salivary flow 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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rate will be measured as a function of circulating drug concentrations after administration of three TM doses of PMZ. We will compare and contrast the bioavailability of PMZ during normal and ABR conditions to examine changes in drug absorption and availability during ABR and evaluate whether these changes may be similar to those anticipated in a microgravity environment. Results of this study will validate methods for an approved in-flight investigation with this medication awaiting an opportunity for manifestation. These data will also provide the much-needed information on the dynamics and therapeutic index of PMZ and their implications on crew fatigue and performance in space. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INFLAMMATION AND DRUG IDIOSYNCRASY Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, Robert A.; Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): "Drug idiosyncrasy" refers to a toxic response to a drug that occurs in a small fraction of people and bears no obvious relationship to dosing regimen. Numerous drugs developed for various therapeutic purposes have produced in people idiosyncratic responses that have resulted in serious injury to liver and other organs. These reactions typically do not become apparent in preclinical animal studies, and little is understood about underlying mechanisms. Animal models with the potential to enable prediction/early identification of idiosyncratic responses could prevent human suffering and lead to understanding of mechanisms. In preliminary studies, we have found in rats that modest inflammation produced by a small, nontoxic dose of endotoxin (LPS) can render an otherwise nonhepatotoxic drug hepatotoxic. For example, in rats given a nontoxic dose of chlorpromazine, co treatment with a small dose of LPS resulted in liver injury and elevated plasma creatine kinase activity, two responses that occur idiosyncratically in people during therapy with this and related drugs. Similarly, a nontoxic dose of LPS; can render ranitidine hepatotoxic in rats and mice. These preliminary results suggest a novel mechanism for drug idiosyncrasy and raise the possibility of creating useful animal models for such responses in humans. The hypothesis to be tested is that idiosyncratic drug reactions that occur in humans can be reproduced in animals by drug administration during a concurrent episode of mild inflammation. Several drugs that have caused idiosyncratic liver injury in humans (chlorpromazine, ranitidine, flutamide) and two that have not (promethazine, famotidine) will be used. Rats will be co exposed to a drug and to a dose of LPS that causes "modest inflammatory response" to determine if the co treatment reproduces the idiosyncratic drug responses that people experience. Dose-response and temporal relationships will be defined. Inflammatory factors (e.g. neutrophils, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase 2) likely to be critical to the toxic response will be evaluated. In addition, a cell-based, in vitro system will be developed and used to explore intracellular signaling mechanisms that enable drugs to interact with inflammatory factors to result in synergistic hepatocyte killing. Results from these studies will be an important step toward creating predictive animal models of human drugs idiosyncrasy and exploring underlying mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for promethazine in the PubMed Central database: •

Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine. by [No authors listed]; 2003 Sep 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=200800

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Selective inhibition of Bacillus subtilis sporulation by acridine orange and promethazine. by Burke WF Jr, Spizizen J.; 1977 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235082

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Sequential randomised and double blind trial of promethazine prophylaxis against early anaphylactic reactions to antivenom for bothrops snake bites. by Fan HW, Marcopito LF, Cardoso JL, Franca FO, Malaque CM, Ferrari RA, Theakston RD, Warrell DA.; 1999 May 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27887

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with promethazine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for promethazine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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21-day compatibility of hydromorphone hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride in a cassette. Author(s): Henderson F. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1996 October 1; 53(19): 2338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893076

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A comparative study of conventional premedication (pethidine, promethazine, and atropine) and neuroleptanalgesia (droperidol and phenoperidine) for peroral endoscopy. Author(s): Reed WD, Hopkins BE, Joske RA, Laurence BH. Source: Gut. 1971 September; 12(9): 736-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4938522

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A comparative study of midazolam to meperidine/promethazine as an IM sedative technique for the pediatric dental patient. Author(s): Downs AT, Dembo J, Ferretti G, Lyons TD, Pelphery A. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1997 May-June; 64(3): 197-200, 165, 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9262801

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A comparison of intranasal sufentanil and midazolam to intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for conscious sedation in children. Author(s): Bates BA, Schutzman SA, Fleisher GR. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 October; 24(4): 646-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092591

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A comparison of papaveretum-promethazine with morphine-ondansetron for patientcontrolled analgesia. Author(s): O'Brien B, Nevin B, Patterson K. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 2000 January-March; 169(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10846862

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A comparison study between ketamine and ketamine-promethazine combination for oral sedation in pediatric dental patients. Author(s): Bui T, Redden RJ, Murphy S. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 2002 Winter; 49(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12779109

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A double-blind trial of the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine, and the H1 receptor antagonist promethazine hydrochloride in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Foulds IS, MacKie RM. Source: Clin Allergy. 1981 July; 11(4): 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7028312

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of fexofenadine, loratadine and promethazine on cognitive and psychomotor function. Author(s): Hindmarch I, Shamsi Z, Stanley N, Fairweather DB. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 August; 48(2): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417497

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A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of promethazine enantiomers in human urine and serum using solid-phase extraction and fluorescence detection. Author(s): Ponder GW, Stewart JT. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1995 August; 13(9): 1161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8573643

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A liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of promethazine and three of its metabolites in plasma using electrochemical and UV detectors. Author(s): Vanapalli SR, Kambhampati SP, Putcha L, Bourne DW. Source: Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2001 February; 39(2): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11245229

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A potentially serious adverse reaction between sodium fluorescein and promethazine solutions: flush the cannula before injecting. Author(s): Myers P, McCluskey P. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1994 June; 112(6): 734-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002825

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A prospective analysis of intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine in pediatric emergency department patients. Author(s): Terndrup TE, Dire DJ, Madden CM, Davis H, Cantor RM, Gavula DP. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1991 January; 20(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1984724

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A retrospective study of promethazine and its failure to produce the expected incidence of sedation during space flight. Author(s): Bagian JP, Ward DF. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 June; 34(6): 649-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9766972

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A sex difference in the effects of oral codeine and promethazine on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in human volunteers. Author(s): Pleuvry BJ, Maddison SE. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 February; 9(2): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7356904

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Accidental intra-arterial injection of promethazine HCl during general anesthesia: report of a case. Author(s): Mostafavi H, Samimi M. Source: Anesthesiology. 1971 December; 35(6): 645-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5124747

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Adhesion properties of E. coli cells in the presence of promethazine. Author(s): Molnar J, Csiszar K, Czirok E, Szollosy E. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1987 August; 266(1-2): 276-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3321767

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Adverse effects of meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for sedation in pediatric patients. Author(s): Nahata MC, Clotz MA, Krogg EA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1985 October; 24(10): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4028614

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Adverse reactions related to phenergan. Author(s): Blankenship CR. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 2001 May-June; 24(3): 149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11847866

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An assessment of the success of meperidine and promethazine sedation in medically compromised children. Author(s): Haney KL, McWhorter AG, Seale NS. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1993 July-October; 60(4-5): 288-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8258571

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An injection of meperidine and an anti-nausea agent such as promethazine or prochlorperazine. Author(s): Campbell K. Source: Headache. 1992 March; 32(3): 159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1348739

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Analgesia during labor with pentazocine, promazine, promethazine and scopolamine. Author(s): Ruiz-Veslasco V. Source: Int Surg. 1971 July; 56(1): 48-55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5563420

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Anaphylactoid reaction to oral premedication with temazepam and promethazine. Author(s): Mills PJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 January; 43(1): 66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2894182

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Antiemetic prophylaxis with promethazine or droperidol in paediatric outpatient strabismus surgery. Author(s): Blanc VF, Ruest P, Milot J, Jacob JL, Tang A. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1991 January; 38(1): 54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1989740

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Antimicrobial activity of trifluoromethyl ketones and their synergism with promethazine. Author(s): Kawase M, Motohashi N, Sakagami H, Kanamoto T, Nakashima H, Ferenczy L, Wolfard K, Miskolci C, Molnar J. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2001 August; 18(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11516939

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Autogenic-feedback training exercise is superior to promethazine for control of motion sickness symptoms. Author(s): Cowings PS, Toscano WB. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 October; 40(10): 1154-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11028255

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Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic profile of promethazine hydrochloride suppositories in humans. Author(s): Stavchansky S, Wallace JE, Geary R, Hecht G, Robb CA, Wu P. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1987 June; 76(6): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3625487

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Bioequivalency and dose proportionality of three tableted promethazine products. Author(s): Zaman R, Honigberg IL, Francisco GE, Kotzan JA, Stewart JT, Brown WJ, Shah VP, Pelsor FR. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1986 May-June; 7(3): 281-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730528

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Butorphanol and promethazine as pre-anaesthetic medication. Author(s): Lippmann M, Mok MS, Steen SN. Source: J Int Med Res. 1978; 6(6): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=363482

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Cardiopulmonary parameters during meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine sedation for pediatric dentistry. Author(s): Saravia ME, Currie WR, Campbell RL. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1987 May-June; 34(3): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3479915

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Chloral hydrate and promethazine as premedicants for the apprehensive child. Author(s): Robbins MB. Source: J Dent Child. 1967 September; 34(5): 327-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4227086

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Clinical investigations into antidepressive mechanisms. I. Antihistaminic and cholinolytic effects: amitriptyline versus promethazine. Author(s): Beckmann H, Schmauss M. Source: Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1983; 233(1): 59-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6860124

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Comparing the safety, efficacy and recovery of intranasal midazolam vs. oral chloral hydrate and promethazine. Author(s): Dallman JA, Ignelzi MA Jr, Briskie DM. Source: Pediatr Dent. 2001 September-October; 23(5): 424-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699169

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Comparison of chloral hydrate with and without promethazine in the sedation of young children. Author(s): Houpt MI, Weiss NJ, Koenigsberg SR, Desjardins PJ. Source: Pediatr Dent. 1985 March; 7(1): 41-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3857559

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Comparison of dihydroergotamine with metoclopramide versus meperidine with promethazine in the treatment of acute migraine. Author(s): Scherl ER, Wilson JF. Source: Headache. 1995 May; 35(5): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7775186

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Comparison of hydroxyzine-meperidine and promethazine-meperidine for analgesia during labor. Author(s): Malkasian GD Jr, Smith RA, Decker DG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 October; 30(4): 568-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5342863

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Comparison of intramuscular meperidine and promethazine with and without chlorpromazine: a randomized, prospective, double-blind trial. Author(s): Terndrup TE, Dire DJ, Madden CM, Gavula D, Cantor RM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1993 February; 22(2): 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8427433

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Comparison of ketorolac-chlorpromazine with meperidine-promethazine for treatment of exacerbations of chronic pain. Author(s): Mehl-Madrona LE. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1999 May-June; 12(3): 188-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10395414

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Comparison of oral chloral hydrate with intramuscular ketamine, meperidine, and promethazine for pediatric sedation--preliminary report. Author(s): Campbell RL, Ross GA, Campbell JR, Mourino AP. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1998 Spring; 45(2): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10356431

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Comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate and intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for conscious sedation of children undergoing laceration repair. Author(s): Schutzman SA, Liebelt E, Wisk M, Burg J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996 October; 28(4): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8839521

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Comparison of the antiemetics metoclopramide and promethazine in labour. Author(s): Vella L, Francis D, Houlton P, Reynolds F. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 April 20; 290(6476): 1173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3921142

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Comparison of the antihistaminic effects in skin of a tertiary (promethazine) and a quarternary phenothiazine (N-hydroxyethylpromethazine). Author(s): Hagermark O, Strandberg K. Source: Acta Allergol. 1974 December; 29(6): 462-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4155913

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Comparison of the bioavailability of oral, rectal and intramuscular promethazine. Author(s): Schwinghammer TL, Juhl RP, Dittert LW, Melethil SK, Kroboth FJ, Chung VS. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1984 April-June; 5(2): 185-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743785

Studies

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Comparison of the efficacy of paracetamol versus paracetamol, codeine and promethazine (Painstop) for premedication and analgesia for myringotomy in children. Author(s): Ragg P, Davidson A. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1997 February; 25(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9075510

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CYP2D6 is the principal cytochrome P450 responsible for metabolism of the histamine H1 antagonist promethazine in human liver microsomes. Author(s): Nakamura K, Yokoi T, Inoue K, Shimada N, Ohashi N, Kume T, Kamataki T. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1996 October; 6(5): 449-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8946477

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Determination of promethazine and other phenothiazine compounds by liquid chromatography wih electrochemical detection. Author(s): Wallace JE, Shimek EL Jr, Stavchansky S, Harris SC. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 1981 June; 53(7): 960-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7270895

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Determination of promethazine in human plasma by automated high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Author(s): Leelavathi DE, Dressler DE, Soffer EF, Yachetti SD, Knowles JA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 April 12; 339(1): 105-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4019661

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Determination of promethazine in serum by liquid chromatography. Author(s): Wallace JE, Shimek EL Jr, Harris SC, Stavchansky S. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1981 February; 27(2): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7460275

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Diazepam (Valium) as preoperative medication in oral surgery. Comparative study with meperidine-promethazine. Author(s): Khosla VM, Boren W. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1969 November; 28(5): 671-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5259451

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Diazepam, promethazine and propiomazine as hypnotics in elderly inpatients. Author(s): Viukari M, Miettinen P. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1984; 12(2-3): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6152029

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Does promethazine (Atosil) influence the human's early acoustically evoked potentials in the same way as the late potential N1? Author(s): Zollner C, Karnahl T, Stange G. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1977 May 31; 215(3-4): 231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=577694

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Double blind study of hydroxyzine, promethazine, secobarbital, and a placebo for preanaesthetic medication. Author(s): Dobkin AB, Malik K, Israel JS. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1965 September; 12(5): 499-509. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5324001

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Drug treatment of breathlessness: contrasting effects of diazepam and promethazine in pink puffers. Author(s): Woodcock AA, Gross ER, Geddes DM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 August 1; 283(6287): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6788319

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Effect of 30 mg of morphine alone or with promethazine or prochlorperazine on the exercise capacity of patients with COPD. Author(s): Light RW, Stansbury DW, Webster JS. Source: Chest. 1996 April; 109(4): 975-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8635380

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Effect of chlorpheniramine, promethazine and cimetidine on human sperm motility in-vitro. Author(s): Thomas M, Turner P. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1983 November; 35(11): 761-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6139465

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Effect of phospholipase A2 and cholesterol oxidase on perazine and promethazine penetration into human erythrocytes and on fluidity of the membrane. Author(s): Ogiso T, Iwaki M, Kurata A, Saito H. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1988 June; 36(6): 2168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2907302

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Effect of promethazine hydrochloride on hand-eye co-ordination. Author(s): Molson GR, Mackey JA, Smart JV, Turner P. Source: Nature. 1966 January 29; 209(22): 516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5919589

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Effect of promethazine on human polymorphonuclear chemiluminescence. Author(s): Trush MA, Van Dyke K. Source: Pharmacology. 1978; 16(6): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=674350

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Effect of promethazine on hypotension following d-tubocurarine use in anesthetized patients. Author(s): Stoelting RK, Longnecker DE. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1972 July-August; 51(4): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5064782

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Effect of promethazine on lumbar vertebral bone mass in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Tyan ML. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1993 August; 234(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340736

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Effect of promethazine on the metabolism of chloroquine. Author(s): Ehiemua AO, Komolafe OO, Oyedeji GA, Olamijulo SK. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1988 January-March; 13(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3396608

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Effect of promethazine on the metabolism of chloroquine. Author(s): Ehiemua AO, Komolafe OO, Oyedeji GA, Olamijulo SK. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1987 October-December; 19(4): 225-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3454829

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Effects of chronic administration of codeine and promethazine on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Author(s): Rice KL, Kronenberg RS, Hedemark LL, Niewoehner DE. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1987 July; 81(3): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3311120

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Effects of cimetidine, ranitidine and promethazine on histamine--induced dermal weals and pruritus--a case study. Author(s): Chee YC. Source: Singapore Med J. 1983 June; 24(3): 163-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6314558

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Effects of intravenous meperidine and meperidine with promethazine on uterine activity and fetal heart rate during labor. Author(s): Ballas S, Toaff ME, Toaff R. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1976 October; 12(10): 1141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=990131

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Effects of L-histidine and promethazine on apomorphine and amantadine stereotypy in rats. Author(s): Balsara JJ, Dhavare BS, Nandal NV, Chandorkar AG. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1983; 79(4): 372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407056

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Effects of meperidine and promethazine during labor. Author(s): Riffel HD, Nochimson DJ, Paul RH, Hon EH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 November; 42(5): 738-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4749577

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Effects of promethazine on nocturnal sleep in normal man. Author(s): Risberg AM, Risberg J, Ingvar DH. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1975 September 17; 43(3): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=171695

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Effects of promethazine on porcine gastroduodenal function: a sonographic study. Author(s): Wright AB, McKelvey GM, Wood AK, Post EJ. Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 1999 February; 25(2): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10320313

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Effects of promethazine-hydrochloride on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): DeChatelet LR, Qualliotine-Mann D, Caldwell R, McCall CE, Gusdon JP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1973 March; 7(3): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4713692

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Efficacy and safety of promethazine hydrochloride as a local anaesthetic agent for inguinal hernia repair: a pilot study. Author(s): Kumar S, Gupta RL, Chawla R. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1997 January-February; 51(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9158269

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Efficacy of promethazine suppositories dispensed to outpatient surgical patients. Author(s): Wright CD, Jilka J, Gentry WB. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1998 September-October; 71(5): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10527366

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Encephalitic reaction to promethazine. Author(s): Fisher SE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1972 May; 80(5): 896-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5018406

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Extrapyramidal reaction secondary to oral promethazine. Author(s): Schwinghammer TL, Kroboth FJ, Juhl RP. Source: Clin Pharm. 1984 January-February; 3(1): 83-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6697679

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Extravasation of i.v. promethazine. Author(s): Malesker MA, Malone PM, Cingle CM, Cochran RM 2nd. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 September 1; 56(17): 1742-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10512506

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Fetal distress due to intravenous administration of pethidine (meperidine) with promethazine during labour. Author(s): Bergman A, Eckstein N, Yedwab G, David MP. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1982 November; 22(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6963160

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Fetal heart rate decelerations following the administration of meperidinepromethazine during labor. Author(s): Ron M, Menashe M, Scherer D, Palti Z. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1982 August; 20(4): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6127263

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Glutaric acidemia, type I, missed by newborn screening in an infant with dystonia following promethazine administration. Author(s): Smith WE, Millington DS, Koeberl DD, Lesser PS. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 May; 107(5): 1184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11331707

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Hallucinations and hyperthermia after promethazine ingestion. Author(s): Dollberg S, Hurvitz H, Kerem E, Navon P, Branski D. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989 January; 78(1): 131-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2919514

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Histamine H1-receptor antagonists, promethazine and homochlorcyclizine, increase the steady-state plasma concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol. Author(s): Suzuki A, Yasui-Furukori N, Mihara K, Kondo T, Furukori H, Inoue Y, Kaneko S, Otani K. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2003 April; 25(2): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657913

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Human whole blood and parotid saliva concentrations of oral and intramuscular promethazine. Author(s): DiGregorio GJ, Ruch E. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1980 December; 69(12): 1457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7463341

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function after the dexamethasonepromethazine adhesion regimen. Author(s): Magyar DM, Hayes MF, Moghissi KS, Subramanian MG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 February; 63(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6694811

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Iatrogenic cardiopulmonary arrest during pediatric sedation with meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine. Author(s): Brown ET, Corbett SW, Green SM. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 October; 17(5): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11673713

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In vitro and in vivo reversal of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum with promethazine. Author(s): Oduola AM, Sowunmi A, Milhous WK, Brewer TG, Kyle DE, Gerena L, Rossan RN, Salako LA, Schuster BG. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 May; 58(5): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598452

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Inappropriate prescribing of promethazine in infants. Author(s): Pollard AJ, Rylance G. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1994 April; 70(4): 357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8185380

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Incompatibility of cefotetan disodium and promethazine hydrochloride. Author(s): Erickson SH, Ulici D. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1995 June 15; 52(12): 1347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7656125

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Influence of promethazine on immune reactions. I. Characterization of promethazine effects on natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Author(s): Rychlik G, Rychlik E, Wasik M. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1988 March-April; 15(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3372227

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Influence of promethazine on symptom-therapy scores for nausea during patientcontrolled analgesia with morphine. Author(s): Silverman DG, Freilich J, Sevarino FB, Paige D, Preble L, O'Connor TZ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1992 May; 74(5): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1567042

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Inhibition of red cell agglutination in the ABO system by promethazine. Author(s): Tait BD. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1968 June; 20(6): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4386534

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Inhibition of the adhesion of E. coli on cultured human epithelial cells in the presence of promethazine or imipramine. Author(s): Molnar J, Mucsi I, Kasa P. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1983 May; 254(3): 388-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6144217

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Interaction of promethazine with neuroleptic drugs. Author(s): Korczyn AD, Nadler E, Dreyfuss D. Source: Commun Psychopharmacol. 1979; 3(1): 25-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=572753

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Interference in immunological methods of pregnancy testing by promethazine. Author(s): Tait B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 July 17; 2(3): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5096175

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Intramuscular ketamine is superior to meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for pediatric emergency department sedation. Author(s): Petrack EM, Marx CM, Wright MS. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1996 July; 150(7): 676-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8673189

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Promethazine

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Intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine: analysis of use and complications in 487 pediatric emergency department patients. Author(s): Terndrup TE, Cantor RM, Madden CM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1989 May; 18(5): 528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2719364

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Intravenous diazepam and pethidine-promethazine analgesia for minor gynaecologic operations. Author(s): Goldman JA, Ovadia J, Eckerling B. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1972 April; 44(4): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5032075

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Ketorolac versus meperidine-plus-promethazine treatment of migraine headache: evaluations by patients. Author(s): Davis CP, Torre PR, Williams C, Gray C, Barrett K, Krucke G, Peake D, Bass B Jr. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1995 March; 13(2): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7893296

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Lack of cross-reaction between promethazine and ethylenediamine. Author(s): Fisher AA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1987 April; 16(4): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3595126

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Liquid chromatographic analysis of promethazine and its major metabolites in human postmortem material. Author(s): Allender WJ, Archer AW. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1984 April; 29(2): 515-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6726155

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Lorazepam-enhancement of the antiemetic efficacy of dexamethasone and promethazine. A placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Buzdar AU, Esparza L, Natale R, Cody R, Calzone K, Benson AB 3rd, Sheehan T, Berry W. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1994 October; 17(5): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092114

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Maternal blood pressure response to the intravenous administration of pethidinepromethazine during labor. Author(s): Ron M, Menashe M, Hochner-Celnikier D, Palti Z. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1984 September; 18(1-2): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6500147

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Methods to assess breathlessness in healthy subjects: a critical evaluation and application to analyse the acute effects of diazepam and promethazine on breathlessness induced by exercise or by exposure to raised levels of carbon dioxide. Author(s): Stark RD, Gambles SA, Lewis JA. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1981 October; 61(4): 429-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6793277

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Mood effects of zolpidem versus phenobarbital combined with promethazine in an anesthesiological setting. Author(s): Uhlig T, Huppe M, Nidermaier B, Pestel G. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1996; 34(2): 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904738

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More on the effect of maternal promethazine (P-HCl) on neonatal immunologic functions. Author(s): Gusdon JP Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 February; 90(2): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=299775

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Morphine and promethazine as intravenous premedicants. Author(s): Conner JT, Bellville JW, Wender R, Wapner S, Dorey FJ, Katz RL. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1977 November-December; 56(6): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=337854

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Neonatal effects of the administration of meperidine and promethazine to the mother in labor. Double blind study. Author(s): Busacca M, Gementi P, Gambini E, Lenti C, Meschi F, Vignali M. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1982; 10(1): 48-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7062233

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome due to promethazine. Author(s): Chan-Tack KM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 October; 92(10): 1017-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548178

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Promethazine

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome precipitated by promethazine and lorazepam. Author(s): Duggal HS. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 April; 35(2): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284912

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On-column reduction of promethazine metabolite during gas chromatography. Author(s): Patel RB, Welling PG. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1981 October; 27(10): 1780-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7285336

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Ondansetron/promethazine combination or promethazine alone reduces nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery. Author(s): Khalil S, Philbrook L, Rabb M, Wells L, Aves T, Villanueva G, Amhan M, Chuang AZ, Lemak NA. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1999 November; 11(7): 596-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10624646

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Oral ketamine/midazolam is superior to intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for pediatric cardiac catheterization. Author(s): Auden SM, Sobczyk WL, Solinger RE, Goldsmith LJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 February; 90(2): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10648310

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Oral premedication with methadone, promethazine and diclofenac. Author(s): Hyndman J. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1993 April; 21(2): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8517531

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Oral promethazine hydrochloride in ethylenediamine-sensitive patients. Author(s): King CM, Beck M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1983 November; 9(6): 444-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6653101

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Patch test reactions to phenergan cream, promethazine and tri-ethanolamine. Author(s): Suurmond D. Source: Dermatologica. 1966; 133(6): 503-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5338034

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Phagocytosis and erythroblastosis. I. Modification of the neonatal response by promethazine hydrochloride. Author(s): Gusdon JP Jr, Caudle MR, Herbst GA, Iannuzzi NP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 May 15; 125(2): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=944534

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Pharmacokinetics of promethazine and its sulphoxide metabolite after intravenous and oral administration to man. Author(s): Taylor G, Houston JB, Shaffer J, Mawer G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 March; 15(3): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6849764

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Pharmacokinetics of promethazine hydrochloride after administration of rectal suppositories and oral syrup to healthy subjects. Author(s): Strenkoski-Nix LC, Ermer J, DeCleene S, Cevallos W, Mayer PR. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2000 August 15; 57(16): 1499-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10965395

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Pharmacological immunosuppression in clinical organ grafting. Observations on four agents: cyclosporin A, Asta 5122 (cytimun), lambda carrageenan and promethazine hydrochloride. Author(s): Calne RY. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1979 January; 35(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=371877

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Physiologic response and adverse reactions in pediatric dental patients sedated with promethazine and chloral hydrate or meperidine. Author(s): Sams DR, Russell CM. Source: Pediatr Dent. 1993 November-December; 15(6): 422-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8153006

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Physostigmine for promethazine poisoning. Author(s): Cleghorn G, Bourke G. Source: Lancet. 1980 August 16; 2(8190): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6105502

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Poisoning from dermal absorption of promethazine. Author(s): Shawn DH, McGuigan MA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1984 June 1; 130(11): 1460-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6733616

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Promethazine

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Possible ameliorating effects of erythroblastosis by promethazine hydrochloride. Author(s): Gusdon JP Jr, Witherow C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 December 15; 117(8): 11018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4758307

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Possible effect of maternal promethazine therapy on neonatal immunologic functions. Author(s): Rubinstein A, Eidelman AI, Melamed J, Gartner LM, Kandall S, Schulman H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 July; 89(1): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1084418

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Post discharge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory laparoscopy is not reduced by promethazine prophylaxis. Author(s): Parlow JL, Meikle AT, van Vlymen J, Avery N. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1999 August; 46(8): 719-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451129

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Premedication in children. A comparison between morphine-atropine, morphinescopolamine, pethidine-chlorpromazine-promethazine and atropine. Author(s): Buchmann G. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1965; 9(3): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5838010

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Premedication of children with promethazine, propiomazine, and mepazine: comparison of oral and intramuscular routes. Author(s): Root B, Loveland JP. Source: J Clin Pharmacol J New Drugs. 1970 May-June; 10(3): 182-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4392682

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Premedication with Midazolam (Dormicum) compared with Promethazine, Droperidol and placebo in relieving anxiety using Beck's anxiety inventory. Author(s): Jalbout N, Karam AN, Karam E, Feghaly C, Khalaf H. Source: J Med Liban. 1994; 42(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7616557

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Premedication with promethazine and transdermal scopolamine reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine. Author(s): Tarkkila P, Torn K, Tuominen M, Lindgren L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1995 October; 39(7): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8848904

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Prevention of epidural morphine pruritus by intramuscular promethazine in parturients. Author(s): Eldor J, Fishelev V, Levine S, Guedj P, Dudakova I. Source: Reg Anesth. 1994 November-December; 19(6): 433-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7848959

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Prevention of postoperative intestinal adhesions with combined promethazine and dexamethasone therapy: experimental and clinical studies. Author(s): Replogle RL, Johnson R, Gross RE. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1966 April; 163(4): 580-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5935011

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Prochlorperazine versus promethazine for uncomplicated nausea and vomiting in the emergency department: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Ernst AA, Weiss SJ, Park S, Takakuwa KM, Diercks DB. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2000 August; 36(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10918098

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Promethazine affects autonomic cardiovascular mechanisms minimally. Author(s): Brown TE, Eckberg DL. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1997 August; 282(2): 839-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9262349

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Promethazine and diazepam potantiate the haloperidol induced prolactin responses. Author(s): Arato M. Source: Commun Psychopharmacol. 1980; 4(4): 317-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6895059

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Promethazine as a motion sickness treatment: impact on human performance and mood states. Author(s): Cowings PS, Toscano WB, DeRoshia C, Miller NE. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2000 October; 71(10): 1013-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11051308

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Promethazine hydrochloride therapy in severely Rh-sensitized pregnancies. Author(s): Charles AG, Blumenthal LS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 November; 60(5): 627-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6815600

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Promethazine

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Promethazine hydrochloride: use in patients with Rh isoimmunization. Author(s): Stenchever MA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 March 15; 130(6): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=637081

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Promethazine on hand-eye co-ordination and visual function. Author(s): Large AT, Wayte G, Turner P. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1971 February; 23(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4396874

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Promethazine overdose: is it a "Goodnight" after all? Author(s): Bergman J, Wallman P. Source: N Z Med J. 1998 July 10; 111(1069): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9695759

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Promethazine oxidation by redox mediation in peroxidase reactions. Author(s): Olorunniji FJ, Malomo SO, Adediran SA, Odutuga AA. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000 August 15; 380(2): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10933879

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Promethazine photosensitive dermatitis. Author(s): Leong YO. Source: Singapore Med J. 1970 March; 11(1): 52-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4246712

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Promethazine poisoning: clinical and electroencephalographic observations. Author(s): Leak D, Carroll D. Source: British Medical Journal. 1967 April 1; 2(543): 31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6020998

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Promethazine treatment of children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity--ineffective and unpleasant. Author(s): Zametkin AJ, Reeves JC, Webster L, Werry JS. Source: J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1986 November; 25(6): 854-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3540075

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Promethazine treatment of steroid-induced psychosis in a child. Author(s): Ingram DG, Hagemann TM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July-August; 37(7-8): 1036-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841815

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Promethazine, scopolamine and cinnarizine: comparative time course of psychological performance effects. Author(s): Parrott AC, Wesnes K. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1987; 92(4): 513-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3114803

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Promethazine: results of triple-drug immunosuppression for kidney transplantation. Author(s): Orlowski T, Gaciong Z, Paczek L. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1987 February; 19(1 Pt 3): 2124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3079074

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Promethazine-chlorpromazine combination in the treatment of unmanageable psychotic patients. Author(s): Favazza AR. Source: Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1969 Winter; 17(4): 305-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5364067

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Promethazine-induced acute dystonic reactions. Author(s): Darwish H, Grant R, Haslam R, Roth S. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1980 October; 134(10): 990-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7424860

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Promethazine-induced dystonic reaction. Author(s): DeGrandi T, Simon JE. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1987 June; 3(2): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3615241

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Promethazine-induced psychosis in a 16-year-old girl. Author(s): Timnak C, Gleason O. Source: Psychosomatics. 2004 January-February; 45(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709767

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Quantification of chlorprothixene, levomepromazine and promethazine in human serum using high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection. Author(s): Bagli M, Rao ML, Hoflich G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1994 July 1; 657(1): 14148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7952060

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Promethazine

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Quantitation of promethazine and metabolites in urine samples using on-line solidphase extraction and column-switching. Author(s): Song Q, Putcha L. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 November 5; 763(1-2): 9-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11710587

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Quantitation of promethazine enantiomers in human serum using a chiralcel OJ-R column and mixed-mode disc solid-phase extraction. Author(s): Liu J, Stewart JT. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1997 October; 16(2): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408848

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Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine. Author(s): TREC Collaborative Group. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 September 27; 327(7417): 708-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512476

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Rapid, sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of promethazine in human serum with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Fox AR, McLoughlin DA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1993 February 12; 631(1-2): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8450018

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Rectal diazepam compared to intramuscular pethidine/promethazine/chlorpromazine with regard to gastric contents in paediatric anaesthesia. Author(s): Blom H, Schmidt JF, Rytlander M. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1984 December; 28(6): 652-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6524280

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Rectal pyrilamine-pentobarbital compared with promethazine for vomiting in children. Author(s): Tibbs RC. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1968 October; 61(10): 1068-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4393681

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Rectal thiopental compared with intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for pediatric sedation. Author(s): O'Brien JF, Falk JL, Carey BE, Malone LC. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1991 June; 20(6): 644-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2039103

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Reduction of ketamine-induced emergence phenomena by preoperative promethazine. Author(s): Geist ET, Gross BD. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1982 September; 40(9): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6955469

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Respiratory depression in a child following meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine premedication: report of a case. Author(s): Album MM. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1979 May-June; 46(3): 258-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=285954

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Respiratory depression in a child following meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine premedication: report of case. Author(s): Benusis KP, Kapaun D, Furnam LJ. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1979 January-February; 46(1): 50-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=283080

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Response of a promethazine-induced coma to flumazenil. Author(s): Plant JR, MacLeod DB. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 November; 24(5): 979-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7978578

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Rotary pursuit, a measure of human performance, and plasma concentrations of promethazine. Author(s): Kotzan JA, Honigberg IL, Francisco GE, Zaman R, Stewart JT, Brown WJ. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1986 May-June; 7(3): 293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730529

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Separation of promethazine and thioridazine using capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection. Author(s): Wang R, Lu X, Wu M, Wang E. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 January 22; 721(2): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052707

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Sequential randomised and double blind trial of promethazine prophylaxis against early anaphylactic reactions to antivenom for bothrops snake bites. Author(s): Fan HW, Marcopito LF, Cardoso JL, Franca FO, Malaque CM, Ferrari RA, Theakston RD, Warrell DA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 May 29; 318(7196): 1451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10346769

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Should promethazine be available without prescription? Author(s): Rosefsky JB. Source: Pediatrics. 1991 October; 88(4): 877-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1896307

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Should promethazine in liquid form be available without prescription? Author(s): Hickson GB, Altemeier WA, Clayton EW. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 August; 86(2): 221-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2196521

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Simultaneous determination of promethazine and two of its circulating metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Taylor G, Houston JB. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1982 June 11; 230(1): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7107762

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Sinusoidal fetal heart rate associated with maternal administration of meperidine and promethazine in labor. Author(s): Busacca M, Gementi P, Ciralli I, Vignali M. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1982; 10(4): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7131225

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Studies on muscle rigidity: droperidol, diazepam, and promethazine. Author(s): Hoyt JL, Gergis SD, Sokoll MD. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1972 March-April; 51(2): 188-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5062116

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Successful cancer therapy with promethazine: the rationale. Author(s): Jones GR. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1996 January; 46(1): 25-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8746124

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Synergistic effect of promethazine with gentamycin in frequently recurring pyelonephritis. Author(s): Molnar J, Haszon I, Bodrogi T, Martonyi E, Turi S. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1990; 22(5): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2076929

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Tardive dyskinesia: probing abnormal metabolism with promethazine. Author(s): Bates GD, Lopes O, van Woerkom AE, Klovrza L, Waring R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999 April; 99(4): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10223433

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The acute and sub-chronic effects of levocetirizine, cetirizine, loratadine, promethazine and placebo on cognitive function, psychomotor performance, and weal and flare. Author(s): Hindmarch I, Johnson S, Meadows R, Kirkpatrick T, Shamsi Z. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2001; 17(4): 241-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922397

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The effect of diazepam and promethazine treatment during pregnancy on the somatic development of human offspring. Author(s): Czeizel AE, Szegal BA, Joffe JM, Racz J. Source: Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 1999 March-April; 21(2): 157-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192276

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The effect of haloperidol with promethazine on postoperative vomiting. Author(s): Wolff JD, Lionarons HB, Mesdag MJ. Source: Arch Chir Neerl. 1970; 22(4): 259-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5495373

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The effect of meperidine and promethazine on fetal heart rate indices during the active phase of labor. Author(s): Solt I, Ganadry S, Weiner Z. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 March; 4(3): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11908257

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The effect of promethazine hydrochloride on fetal and maternal lymphocytes. Author(s): Gusdon JP Jr, Herbst GA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 November 15; 126(6): 7301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=984152

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The effects of acute doses of fexofenadine, promethazine, and placebo on cognitive and psychomotor function in healthy Japanese volunteers. Author(s): Ridout F, Hindmarch I. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 April; 90(4): 404-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12722962

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The effects of morphine, morphine plus scopolamine, midazolam and promethazine on cerebrospinal fluid histamine concentration and postoperative analgesic consumption. Author(s): Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Hendolin H, Tuomisto L. Source: Agents Actions. 1991 May; 33(1-2): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1897441

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The hypnotic effects of an antihistamine: promethazine. Author(s): Adam K, Oswald I. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 December; 22(6): 715-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3567016

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The immunologic response to tobacco antigens in smokers. IV. Effect of heparin, aspirin, promethazine and prednisone. Author(s): Romanski B, Kurek M, Sinkiewicz W, Swiatkowski M, Zbikowska-Gotz M. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1981 September-October; 9(5): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7349027

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The inhibition of polymorphonuclear and lymphocyte-mediated fetal red blood cell lysis by promethazine in vitro. Author(s): Gusdon JP, Herbst GA, Marriot R. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 February 15; 130(4): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=415610

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The intramuscular use of a combination of meperidine, promethazine and chlorpromazine for sedation of the child dental patient. Author(s): Myers DR, Shoaf HK. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1977 November-December; 44(6): 453-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=340481

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The metabolism of chlorpromazine and promethazine to give new 'pink spots'. Author(s): Beckett AH, Al-Sarraj S, Essien EE. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1975 June; 5(6): 325-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1146356

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The mode of action of promethazine in potentiating narcotic drugs. Author(s): Keeri-Szanto M. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1974 December; 46(12): 918-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4157318

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The treatment of erythroblastosis with promethazine hydrochloride. Author(s): Gusdon JP Jr. Source: J Reprod Med. 1981 September; 26(9): 454-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7288746

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The value of promethazine hydrochloride in pre-medication. Author(s): Roy P, Ghosal S, Das SK. Source: Indian Med J. 1965 October; 59(10): 227-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5847429

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Topical promethazine intoxication. Author(s): Vidal Pan C, Gonzalez Quintela A, Galdos Anuncibay P, Mateo Vic J. Source: Dicp. 1989 January; 23(1): 89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2718491

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Treatment efficacy of intramuscular promethazine for space motion sickness. Author(s): Davis JR, Jennings RT, Beck BG, Bagian JP. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1993 March; 64(3 Pt 1): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8447805

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Trial of a chlorpromazine-promethazine-phenobarbital drug combination in 60 psychiatric cases. Author(s): D'Errico A, Morello G, Turchiaro G. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1966 April; 8(4): 126-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5329330

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Use of promethazine (Phenergan) in labour. Author(s): Hall PF. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1987 April 1; 136(7): 690-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3828921

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Use of promethazine to hasten adaptation to provocative motion. Author(s): Lackner JR, Graybiel A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 June; 34(6): 644-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8083396

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Zolpidem and promethazine in pre-anaesthetic medication. A pharmacopsychological approach. Author(s): Uhlig T, Huppe M, Brand K, Heinze J, Schmucker P. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2000; 42(3): 139-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11015032

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PROMETHAZINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and promethazine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Promethazine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “promethazine” (or a synonym): •

A comparison of papaveretum-promethazine with morphine-ondansetron for patientcontrolled analgesia. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway. Source: O'Brien, B Nevin, B Patterson, K Ir-J-Med-Sci. 2000 Jan-March; 169(1): 58-9 00211265

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Bioinorganic study on [Fe(promethazine)2H2O Cl]2+ complex. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Dr H S Gour University, Sagar, India. Source: Trivedi, A V Shukla, J Pitre, K S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1998 November; 36(11): 11259 0019-5189

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Comparison of dihydroergotamine with metoclopramide versus meperidine with promethazine in the treatment of acute migraine. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA. Source: Scherl, E R Wilson, J F Headache. 1995 May; 35(5): 256-9 0017-8748

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Comparison of the efficacy of paracetamol versus paracetamol, codeine and promethazine (Painstop) for premedication and analgesia for myringotomy in children. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria. Source: Ragg, P Davidson, A Anaesth-Intensive-Care. 1997 February; 25(1): 29-32 0310057X

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Dioxopromethazine-induced photoallergic contact dermatitis followed by persistent light reaction. Author(s): From the Department of Dermatology, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. Source: Schauder, S Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 1998 September; 9(3): 182-7 1046-199X

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Effects of Ca2+, theophylline and promethazine on protein phosphorylation in intact cells of rabbit ileum. Correlation with active Na and Cl absorption. Source: Sharp, G W Hannah White, C el Sabban, M Cohen, M E Donowitz, M FEBS-Lett. 1987 September 14; 221(2): 309-14 0014-5793

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Effects of chronic administration of codeine and promethazine on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans, Administration Medical Center. Source: Rice, K L Kronenberg, R S Hedemark, L L Niewoehner, D E Br-J-Dis-Chest. 1987 July; 81(3): 287-92 0007-0971

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Effects of promethazine on bone mass and on bone remodeling in ovariectomized rats: A morphometric, densitometric, and histomorphometric experimental study. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain. Source: Rico, H Gomez, M Revilla, M Gonzalez Riola, J Seco, C Hernandez, E R Villa, L F Gervas, J J Calcif-Tissue-Int. 1999 October; 65(4): 272-5 0171-967X

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Inhibition of histamine-induced contraction of rat ileum by promethazine and the methanol stembark extract of Erythrina sigmoidea (Hua). Source: Nkeh, B. Kamany, A. Bopelet, M. Ayafor, J.F. Mbafor, J.T. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. August 1996. volume 10 (5) page 444-446. 0951-418X

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Investigation of interaction of promethazine with cyclodextrins. Author(s): Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, K. Marcinkowski Medical University, Poznan, Poland. Source: Lutka, Anna Acta-Pol-Pharm. 2002 Jan-February; 59(1): 45-51 0001-6837

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Promethazine, scopolamine and cinnarizine: comparative time course of psychological performance effects. Source: Parrott, A C Wesnes, K Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 1987; 92(4): 513-9 0033-3158

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Stability and compatibility of promethazine hydrochloride and dihydroergotamine mesylate in combination. Author(s): Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ashville, NC, USA. Source: Peek, B T Webster, K D da Camara, C C Am-J-Health-Syst-Pharm. 1999 September 15; 56(18): 1835-8 1079-2082

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The effects of morphine, morphine plus scopolamine, midazolam and promethazine on cerebrospinal fluid histamine concentration and postoperative analgesic consumption. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Finland. Source: Suojaranta Ylinen, R Hendolin, H Tuomisto, L Agents-Actions. 1991 May; 33(12): 212-4 0065-4299

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The role of enteric bacteria in the pathogenesis of fatal cycloheximide intolerance in mice pretreated with dexamethasone, promethazine or nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Author(s): Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, UK. Source: Parry, E W Inflamm-Res. 1996 July; 45(7): 354-6 1023-3830

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON PROMETHAZINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “promethazine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on promethazine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Promethazine By performing a patent search focusing on promethazine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on promethazine: •

Antimotion sickness remedy Inventor(s): Graybiel; Ashton (Warrington, FL) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Navy (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 4,070,463 Date filed: March 3, 1976 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for the prevention of motion sickness which prises two parts of promethazine hydrochloride and one part of 1-ephedrine sulfate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to biologically effective compounds that aid in the maintenance of bodily homeostasis under stressful situations. From space travel to the increased everyday air and sea travel there is need for an effective but safe means for minimizing unwanted stressor effects which disturb homeostatic processes in the body. One stressor is usually referred to as motion sickness. The cardinal symptoms of this malaise are increases in salivation, pallor, sweating, drowsiness, and the nausea syndrome, i.e., stomach awareness, stomach discomfort, nausea and vomiting. The most generally effective remedy, with one exception, is a combination of d-amphetamine sulfate and 1-scopolamine. The one exception is an equi-part combination of promethazine hydrochloride and 1-ephedrine sulfate. Numerous tests have shown this combination to be extremely effective, if not the most effective anti-motion sickness preventive. While these two homergic drugs individually are not highly effective their combination provides a suprasummation effect. However, equi-part combination of promethazine hydrochloride and 1-ephedrine sulphate has shown some objectional side effects, particularly drowsiness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04070463__

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Broad-spectrum anti-emetic compositions and associated methods Inventor(s): Summerville; James Peter (Winter Park, FL) Assignee(s): Upchuck, Llc (longwood, Fl) Patent Number: 6,673,792 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: Broad-spectrum anti-emetic pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed. The discloses broad-spectrum ant-emetics disclosed herein comprise selected neuroreceptor antagonists specifically formulated to treat and prevent to most common forms of emesis. In one embodiment the ant-emetic compositions include lorazepam, diphenhydramine, promethazine, and metoclopramide. The pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to oral and parenteral forms and may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Excerpt(s): Emesis, also referred to as vomiting, is associated with myriad clinical conditions. For example, emesis is often associated with uncomplicated motion sickness, mild gastrointestinal upset caused by infections, food poisoning and adverse drug reactions including cancer chemotherapy. Additionally, emesis provides an elimination

Patents 41

mechanism for ingested toxins and poisons. Moreover, the colors, smells tastes and textures associated with potentially toxic compounds results in a learned aversion to these substances, thus providing animals with a vital survival mechanism. Emesis symptoms can range from an unpleasant inconvenience to a debilitating condition causing sever dehydration, weight loss, fatigue, torn esophagus, broken bones and reopening of surgical wounds. Moreover, many forms of chemotherapy and most radiation treatments can induce severe nausea and emesis. Patents that are particularly adversely affected with emesis can become severely dehydrated and malnourished requiring parenteral fluid and dietary supplementation. As a result, many patents find that their life quality is so compromised that they voluntarily remove themselves from life saving chemotherapy. In other patients, the emesis is so severe that physicians must temporarily, or permanently discontinue treatments. Often times the treating physician is without other therapeutic options, consequently the patient goes under treated, or in some cases, untreated. Unfortunately, emesis is a complex, multifactorial process for which there is presently no therapeutic regime suitable for treating or preventing all underlying biological emesis-related processes. Emesis involves many different neuroreceptors and the biochemical pathways that regulate emesis are varied and complex. Emesis-associated neuroreceptors include neurochemical receptors such as dopamine receptors, 5-hydroxytrytamine (5-HT) receptors, aceytalcholine receptors, histamine receptors, opioid receptors, neurokinin (NK.sub.1) receptors, and cannabinoid receptors, as well as mechano-receptors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06673792__ •

Indomethacin-antihistamine combination for gastric ulceration control Inventor(s): Brown; Patricia A. (Menlo Park, CA), Danellis; Joan V. (Cupertino, CA), Frosch; Robert A. Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space (Menlo Park, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,279,906 Date filed: November 10, 1977 Abstract: An anti-inflammatory and analgesic composition containing indomethacin and an H.sub.1 or an H.sub.2 histamine receptor antagonist in an amount sufficient to reduce gastric distress caused by the indomethacin. Usable antagonists include pyrilamine, promethazine, metiamide and cimetidine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to indomethacin, a relatively new compound that has found wide use as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antipyretic and an analgesic. More particularly, the invention relates to the elimination of the undesirable gastric side effects caused by the compound. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin and indomethacin, have long been known to be ulcerogenic, particularly in conjunction with other influences, such as stress. One of the most successful efforts to combat this undesirable side effect of an otherwise very useful compound has been the use of metiamide with aspirin, disclosed by Brown et al. in "Histamine H.sub.2 Receptor: Involvement in Gastric Ulceration," Life Sciences 18, pages 339-344 (Pergamon Press, 1976). Interestingly, this compound metiamide, which was found to reliably reduce ulceration produced by stress alone, or by a combination of stress and aspirin, is known to be an H.sub.2 histamine receptor antagonist. On the other hand, H.sub.1 receptor antagonists, such as pyrilamine and promethazine, compounds which have been heretofore administered with aspirin for purposes other than that of present

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concern, have been found by the same workers to be ineffective for the control of gastric ulceration. As to indomethacin, attempts to combat the gastrointestinal side effects that it induces in a patient have resulted in the discovery that the undesirable effects can be controlled by the administration of certain prostaglandin substances (Lippmann, U.S. Pat. No. 3,927,213) and certain amino acids (Takagi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,466). It should be noted also that indomethacin itself can be used to control, inter alia, the peptic ulcer complications often produced by anti-inflammatory adrenocortical steroids (Winter, U.S. Pat. No. 3,461,208). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04279906__ •

Inhalation therapy for relieving bronchial spasm using quaternary salts of promethazine Inventor(s): Begany; Albert J. (Tucson, AZ), Dervinis; Alphonse (Wayne, PA), Rosenthale; Marvin E. (Havertown, PA) Assignee(s): American Home Products Corporation (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 4,097,596 Date filed: November 2, 1976 Abstract: The use of quaternary salts of promethazine by the inhalation route is described. The thus administered compositions provide new, non-toxic, potent means for relieving bronchial spasm and bronchoconstriction in warm-blooded animals. Excerpt(s): There are at present several commercially available inhalation preparations useful for the treatment of asthma, bronchial spasm, and reversible bronchoconstriction. These preparations are either certain catacholamines in powder form or solution, or a solution of the adrenal cortical steroid, dexamethasone. For administration, the powder is sprayed or the solution is first atomized and then sprayed directly into the nasal or oral opening. In addition, there is an inhalable powder comprising a bis-chromone derivative; however, this medicament has no intrinsic bronchodilator, or anti-histamine activity, and is useful only prophylactically. It is not indicated for treating an acute asthmatic attack. The literature also describes the use of certain prostaglandins by the oral inhalation route for the relief of bronchial spasm. Thus, for example, Belgian Pat. No. 792,216 describes this use for prostaglandin F.sub.2.beta. The use of certain quaternary salts of atropine as inhalable anticholinergic bronchodilators has been reported Arzneim. Forsch.(Drug Res.)26, 959-1020, (1976). The use of certain quaternized phenothiazines ›e.g. 1-(10-phenothiazinylmethyl)ethyl-2hydroxyethyldimethylammonium chloride, Acta. pharmacol. et toxicol., 18, 105(1961)! as antihistiminics (i.m. administration) has also been studied. The existing inhalable medicaments useful for the control of asthma, bronchial spasm and similar disorders each, unfortunately, possess deleterious side effects and a generally useful medicament, indicated for use by all patients requiring inhalation therapy does not exist. The catacholamines most often utilized are epinephrine, isoproterenol, and metaproterenol. These adrenergic agents are most powerful and useful drugs in the relief of severe asthmatic spasm (status asthmaticus); however, as with other dilators they have untoward side effects. Some of the more undesirable of these are stimulation of the cardiovascular and central nervous system, hyperglycemia and tolerance (tachyphylaxis), which greatly reduces the effectiveness of these drugs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04097596__

Patents 43

•

Stabilization of oxygen sensitive dose forms Inventor(s): Sklar; Stanley (Broomall, PA) Assignee(s): American Home Products Corporation (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 4,071,620 Date filed: January 10, 1977 Abstract: The disclosure is directed to improvement of the stability of oxygen sensitive compounds. Phenothiazines may be stabilized by the use of small amounts of monothioglycerol in the marketable composition. Especially good results are obtained in the stabilization of promethazine formulations with monothioglycerol. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed to antioxidants for use in pharmaceutical compositions of matter in which the active ingredient is oxygen sensitive. It has been found that monothioglycerol (MTG) improves the shelf life of phenothiazines and is particularly effective in promethazine formulations. The invention comprises in its broadest aspect the substitution of monothioglycerol (MTG) as an antioxidant for sodium metabisulfite and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (SFSO) which have been used for the same purpose. The substitution when made in a promethazine-containing composition of matter resulted in lengthened storage time or shelf life. One advantage of the invention is that, while it is known that metabisulfite-SFSO degrade in the absence of oxygen, MTG does not. Another advantage of the invention is that MTG is a non-sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) containing antioxidant. The first disadvantage of SO.sub.2 containing antioxidants is that they oxidize to sulfate and promethazine sulfate has limited solubility. The second problem arises as a result of the anaerobic degradation of these compounds to thiosulfate, which also combines with promethazine to yield a highly insoluble salt. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04071620__

•

Stabilized solid pharmaceutical composition containing acid addition salts of a basic drug and an alkaline stabilizer Inventor(s): de Haan; Pieter (Oss, NL), Maria van der Ven; Cornelus J. (Uden, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo N.v. (belperweg, Nl) Patent Number: 5,292,520 Date filed: August 31, 1992 Abstract: Disclosed are stabilized dry chemical (e.g. pharmaceutical) compositions containing the water soluble acid addition salt of a poorly soluble basic compound (e.g. mianserin, apomorphine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, or promethazine); an excipient selected from the group consisting of microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, calcium hydrogen phosphate, and mixtures thereof; and a water soluble (>2 mg/ml) alkaline stabilizer. The resulting dry compositions are relatively more bioavailable and stable than compositions not containing the water soluble alkaline stabilizer, especially after high temperature (>45.degree.) granulation processes. The process for preparing the dry composition is also more "rugged" with the added water soluble alkaline stabilizer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chemical compositions generally, especially to stable solid pharmaceutical preparations containing the water soluble acid addition salt of a poorly soluble basic compound. Methods for making tablets and other solid or dry pharmaceutical preparations are well-known. For example in Chase, et al, Remington's

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Pharmaceutical Sciences. pp. 1553-1576 (16th ed. 1980, Mack Publ. Co. of Easton, Pa., U.S.A.), methods of making tablets, capsules and pills and their respective components are described. Two methods of making tablets are the "wet-granulation" and "drygranulation" methods. The dry granulation method is especially suitable for medicinal compounds which are sensitive to moisture or are unable to withstand elevated drying temperatures associated with the wet-granulation methods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05292520__

Patent Applications on Promethazine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to promethazine: •

Composition and method for reducing adverse interactions between phenothiazine derivatives and plasma using cyclodextrins Inventor(s): Yu, Jianwei; (Plainsboro, NJ) Correspondence: Wyeth; Patent Law Group; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20030027791 Date filed: June 26, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for reducing adverse reactions as a result of parenteral administration of certain phenothiazine derivatives such as promethazine hydrochloride. The active compound may be admixed with an effective amount of one or more cyclodextrin derivatives, and if desired, one or more non-ionic surfactants such as the partial esters of sorbitol and the polyoxyethylene oxides of long chain fatty acids such as the polysorbates. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from copending provisional application serial No. 60/301,604 filed Jun. 28, 2001. The present invention relates to phenothiazine derivatives, and especially to promethazine hydrochloride. In particular, the invention is directed to new compositions containing promethazine hydrochloride and cyclodextrin derivatives, as well as to new methods of minimizing promethazine hydrochloride interactions with plasma proteins by using derivatives of cyclodextrins in aqueous solution formulations. The invention also relates to the use of cyclodextrin derivatives together with certain non-ionic surfactants in aqueous, injectable solutions of phenothiazine derivatives such as promethazine hydrochloride. Promethazine hydrochloride, or 10H-Phenothiazine-10-ethanamine, N,N,.alpha.-trimethyl-, monohydrochloride, (.+-.)-, is derived from a class of compounds known as phenothiazines. This compound has been shown to possess antihistaminic, sedative, antimotion-sickness, antiemetic, and anticholinergic effects. An injectable form of the drug has been indicated for the following conditions: 1) amelioration of allergic reactions to blood or plasma; 2) in anaphylaxis as an adjunct to epinephrine and other standard measures after the acute symptoms have been controlled; 3) for other uncomplicated allergic conditions of the immediate type when oral therapy is

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 45

impossible or contraindicated; 4) active treatment of motion sickness; 5) preoperative, postoperative, and obstetric (during labor) sedation; 6) prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery; 7) as an adjunct to analgesics for the control of postoperative pain; 8) for sedation and relief of apprehension and to produce light sleep from which the patient can be easily aroused; and 9) intravenously in special surgical situations, such as repeated bronchoscopy, ophthalmic surgery, and poor-risk patients, with reduced amounts of meperidine or other narcotic analgesic as an adjunct to anesthesia and analgesia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with promethazine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on promethazine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning promethazine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

47

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON PROMETHAZINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to promethazine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on promethazine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “promethazine” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “promethazine” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “promethazine” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

The effects of promethazine on human performance, mood states, and motion sickness tolerance (SuDoc NAS 1.15:110420) by NASA; ISBN: B00010Y39S; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Y39S/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Promethazine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to promethazine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and promethazine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “promethazine” (or

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Promethazine

synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on promethazine: •

Drugs Meant to Block Symptoms Temporarily Source: in Haybach, P.J. Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 1998. p. 163-170. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261118. Summary: This chapter is from a book that provides information for people who have or suspect they have Meniere's disease and want to know more about its diagnosis and treatment, as well as strategies for coping with its effects. Written in nontechnical language, the chapter discusses the use of drugs meant to block symptoms temporarily. The author groups these drugs into three categories: motion sickness drugs, drugs used for nausea and vomiting, and anti-anxiety anti-vertigo drugs. For each category, the author briefly reviews the drugs included, limitations as to who can use the drugs, possible side effects, and strategies for safe and effective drug use. Drugs covered include meclizine (Antivert), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), scopolamine, promethazine (Phenergan), prochlorperazine (Compazine), trimethobenzamide (Tigan), diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), and clonazepam (Klonopin). 10 references.

•

Antiemetics Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 657-669. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817X. ISSN: 0273320X. Summary: This chapter on antiemetics is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals. The handbook is designed to provide drug information that focuses on what nurses need to know by emphasizing the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetical list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetized list of its brand names. This is then followed by a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration, Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are benzquinamide hydrochloride, buclizine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, cyclizine hydrochloride, cyclizine lactate, dimenhydrinate, diphenoid hydrochloride, dronabinol, granisetron hydrochloride, meclizine hydrochloride, metoclopramide hydrochloride, ondansetron hydrochloride, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, promethazine, scopolamine, thiethylperazine maleate, and trimethobenzamide hydrochloride.

49

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PROMETHAZINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover promethazine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on promethazine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to promethazine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “promethazine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for promethazine: •

Israel Agis wins FDA approval for generic Phenergan Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 01, 2003

•

Able Labs gets FDA nod for additional Phenergan generics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 14, 2003

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•

Able gets generic Phenergan approval Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 28, 2003

•

Sicor earns FDA approval for generic Phenergan Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 23, 2002

•

Prochlorperazine more effective antiemetic than promethazine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 18, 2000

•

FDA approves Abbott Laboratories' promethazine HCl injection Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 12, 2000 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “promethazine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to promethazine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/)

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51

and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “promethazine” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Promethazine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to promethazine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering promethazine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for promethazine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with promethazine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to promethazine: Antihistamines and Decongestants •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: A.R.M. Maximum Strength Caplets; Actagen; Actifed; Actifed Allergy Nighttime Caplets 20; Alcomed; Alcomed 2-60; Allent; Allercon; Allerest Maximum Strength; Allerfrim; Allerphed; Amilon; Anamine; Anamine T.D.; Andec; Andec-TR; Aprodrine; Atrofed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202061.html

Antihistamines, Phenothiazine-Derivative •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anergan 25; Anergan 50; Antinaus 50; Pentazine; Phenazine 25; Phenazine 50; Phencen-50; Phenergan; Phenergan Fortis; Phenergan Plain; Phenerzine; Phenoject-50; Pro-50; Promacot; Pro-Med 50; Promet; Prorex-25; Prorex-50; Prothazine; Prothazine Plain http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202063.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA

Researching Medications

55

through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

59

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3565 14 721 4 51 4355

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “promethazine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on promethazine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to promethazine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to promethazine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “promethazine”:

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Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Cancer Chemotherapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerchemotherapy.html Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Medicines http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicines.html Motion Sickness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/motionsickness.html Traveler's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to promethazine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

Patient Resources

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to promethazine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with promethazine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about promethazine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “promethazine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “promethazine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format

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option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “promethazine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “promethazine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 71

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 73

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on promethazine: •

Basic Guidelines for Promethazine Phenergan overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002527.htm Promethazine overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002536.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Promethazine Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm

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Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Excitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Flushed skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003241.htm Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle aches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Rapid heartbeat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Stiff muscles in the neck, back or face Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Unsteadiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Promethazine Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm

•

Background Topics for Promethazine Low body temperature Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000038.htm Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm

Online Glossaries 77

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

79

PROMETHAZINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acidemia: Increased acidity of blood. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acridine Orange: Cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the

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complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or

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accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test

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new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH]

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Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU]

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Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]

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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Remodeling: The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Spasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a

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network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infections and to date no severe side effects have been noted. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU]

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Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chloral Hydrate: A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of insomnia. The safety margin is too narrow for chloral hydrate to be used as a general anesthetic in humans, but it is commonly used for that purpose in animal experiments. It is no longer considered useful as an anti-anxiety medication. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than promethazine. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity and considerable antiemetic properties. [NIH]

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Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with

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lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conscious Sedation: An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans)

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end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU]

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Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Clinics: Facilities where dental care is provided to patients. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydroergotamine: A derivative of ergotamine prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine. [NIH] Dimenhydrinate: A drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Dronabinol: A synthetic pill form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active ingredient in marijuana that is used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (receptors, opioid, kappa) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service

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produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less

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extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately.

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For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fats: One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy in the body. Bile dissolves fats, and enzymes break them down. This process moves fats into cells. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU]

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Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of

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sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from morphine and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxysteroids: Steroids in which one or more hydroxy groups have been substituted for hydrogen atoms either within the ring skeleton or on any of the side chains. [NIH] Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels

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are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiosyncrasy: An abnormal susceptibility to some drug, protein, or other agent which is peculiar to the individual. [EU] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus,

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or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of

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action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH]

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Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and

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viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense

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pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroleptanalgesia: A form of analgesia accompanied by general quiescence and psychic indifference to environmental stimuli, without loss of consciousness, and produced by the combined administration of a major tranquilizer (neuroleptic) and a narcotic. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH]

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Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and it has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pallor: A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU]

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Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpromazine. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects. [NIH]

Peroral: Performed through or administered through the mouth. [EU] Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpromazine. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenoperidine: A narcotic analgesic partly metabolized to meperidine in the liver. It is similar to morphine in action and used for neuroleptanalgesia, usually with droperidol. [NIH]

Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and

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teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polysorbates: Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH]

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Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to chlorpromazine but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to

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indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as

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evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Histamine: Cell-surface proteins that bind histamine and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Histamine receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Three types have been recognized and designated H1, H2, and H3. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mode of action. [NIH] Receptors, Opioid: Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known. [NIH]

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Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]

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Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs

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naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Space Flight: Travel beyond the earth's atmosphere. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Status Asthmaticus: A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts. [NIH] Stereotypy: Unvarying repetition or unvarying persistence. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and

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hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]

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Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Tachyphylaxis: 1. Rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. 2. Rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. [EU] Temazepam: A benzodiazepinone that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-anxiety agent. [NIH]

Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the

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vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective

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vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 79, 97, 101, 106, 113, 115 Acceptor, 79, 105 Acidemia, 17, 79 Acridine Orange, 6, 79 Adaptation, 33, 79, 87 Adenosine, 79, 107, 115 Adhesions, 25, 79 Adrenergic, 42, 79, 81, 82, 83, 92, 93, 94, 114 Adrenergic Agents, 42, 79 Adverse Effect, 79, 83, 112 Aerobic, 79, 86, 94 Affinity, 79, 80, 112 Aggravation, 80, 113 Agonist, 80, 83, 92, 93, 94 Agoraphobia, 80, 99, 105 Airway, 80, 85 Albumin, 80, 107 Algorithms, 80, 84 Alimentary, 80, 100, 105 Alkaline, 43, 80, 85, 105 Alkaloid, 80, 83, 103, 111, 115, 116 Allergic Rhinitis, 80, 87, 97, 101 Alpha Particles, 80, 110 Alpha-1, 80, 81, 90, 94 Alternative medicine, 50, 80 Amantadine, 16, 80 Ameliorating, 24, 80 Amine, 81, 98 Amino acid, 42, 81, 82, 90, 96, 98, 102, 106, 109, 112, 114, 116 Amitriptyline, 11, 81 Amnestic, 81, 103 Amphetamine, 40, 81, 91 Anaerobic, 43, 81, 86 Anaesthesia, 10, 13, 20, 22, 24, 28, 32, 36, 37, 81, 99 Anaesthetic, 10, 16, 33, 81 Analgesic, 31, 37, 41, 45, 81, 88, 89, 91, 98, 102, 103, 105, 106, 114 Analog, 81, 100 Anaphylaxis, 44, 81 Anesthesia, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 30, 45, 80, 81, 82, 89, 90, 100, 103, 114 Anesthetics, 81, 84, 94 Animal model, 5, 81 Antagonism, 82, 115

Anti-Anxiety Agents, 82, 108 Antibacterial, 82, 113 Antibiotic, 82, 85, 86, 90, 108, 113, 114 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 82, 108 Antibodies, 82, 99, 101 Antibody, 80, 82, 88, 98, 99, 100 Anticholinergic, 42, 44, 81, 82, 87 Anticonvulsant, 82, 88, 101 Antidepressant, 81, 82, 99 Antidote, 82, 95 Antiemetic, 10, 20, 44, 50, 82, 83, 87, 91, 97, 98, 102, 108 Antigen, 80, 81, 82, 89, 98, 99, 100 Antihistamine, 32, 41, 82 Anti-inflammatory, 41, 82, 83, 91, 96, 99, 101, 108 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 41, 82, 83, 101 Antioxidant, 43, 82, 104, 114 Antipsychotic, 83, 87, 104, 106, 108 Antipyretic, 41, 83, 91 Antispasmodic, 83, 105, 111 Antitussive, 83, 91, 105 Antiviral, 80, 83 Anus, 83, 88, 100, 111 Anxiety, 24, 48, 82, 83, 87, 89, 98, 101, 105, 111, 115 Anxiolytic, 83, 103, 105 Apathy, 83, 104 Apomorphine, 16, 43, 83 Aqueous, 44, 83, 84, 90, 98 Arachidonic Acid, 83, 104, 108 Arterial, 9, 83, 98, 109 Arteries, 83, 85, 89, 102 Arterioles, 83, 85 Artery, 83, 89, 106 Aspirin, 32, 41, 83 Atopic, 7, 83 Atropine, 7, 24, 42, 83, 84, 111 Auditory, 83, 94 Autacoids, 84, 99 Autonomic, 25, 83, 84, 104 B Bacteria, 37, 82, 84, 93, 96, 97, 102, 103, 113, 115 Bacterial Physiology, 79, 84 Barbiturate, 84, 111 Base, 5, 84, 100, 115 Basophils, 84, 101

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Bed Rest, 4, 84 Belladonna, 83, 84 Benign, 84, 97 Benzodiazepines, 84, 95 Beta-Lactamases, 84, 86 Bile, 84, 95, 101, 113 Bioavailability, 4, 12, 84 Bioavailable, 43, 84 Biochemical, 41, 84, 106, 112 Biotechnology, 6, 50, 61, 84 Bladder, 85, 99, 100, 116 Blood Coagulation, 85 Blood pressure, 21, 85, 98, 99, 112 Blood vessel, 85, 86, 87, 110, 112, 115, 116 Body Fluids, 85, 92, 112 Bone Remodeling, 36, 85 Bone Resorption, 85 Bradykinin, 85, 107 Branch, 73, 85, 113, 115 Breakdown, 85, 91, 96 Broad-spectrum, 40, 85 Bronchi, 85, 94, 100, 115 Bronchial, 42, 85, 98, 109, 115 Bronchial Spasm, 42, 85 Bronchoconstriction, 42, 85 Bronchodilator, 42, 85, 100 Bronchoscopy, 45, 85 Bronchus, 85 C Calcium, 43, 85, 87, 88 Cannula, 8, 85 Capillary, 29, 85, 116 Capsules, 44, 86, 92, 96 Carbon Dioxide, 8, 21, 86, 91, 111 Carcinogenic, 86, 113 Cardiac, 22, 86, 94, 103, 113 Cardiac catheterization, 22, 86 Cardiopulmonary, 11, 18, 86 Cardiorespiratory, 86, 103 Cardiovascular, 25, 42, 81, 86, 94, 112 Carrier Proteins, 86, 107 Catecholamine, 86, 92 Catheterization, 86 Cefotetan, 18, 86 Cell, 5, 37 Cell Division, 84, 86, 107 Cellobiose, 86 Cellulose, 43, 86, 107 Central Nervous System, 42, 81, 86, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 101, 103, 110, 111, 112, 115 Central Nervous System Infections, 86, 97 Cerebral, 86, 94, 109

Cerebrospinal, 31, 37, 86, 87 Cerebrospinal fluid, 31, 37, 87 Cetirizine, 31, 87, 98 Chemotherapy, 40, 66, 87, 91, 92, 97 Chin, 87, 102 Chloral Hydrate, 11, 12, 23, 87 Chlorophyll, 87, 93 Chloroquine, 15, 18, 87 Chlorpheniramine, 14, 87 Chlorpromazine, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 43, 48, 87, 106, 108 Chlorprothixene, 27, 87 Cholesterol, 14, 84, 87, 113 Cholesterol Oxidase, 14, 87 Cholinergic, 81, 83, 87 Chromatin, 87, 93, 104 Chronic, 12, 15, 31, 36, 87, 98, 100, 115 Cimetidine, 7, 14, 15, 41, 87 Cinnarizine, 27, 37, 87 Cisplatin, 88, 105 Clinical trial, 4, 25, 61, 88, 89, 92, 110 Clonazepam, 48, 88 Clonic, 88 Cloning, 84, 88 Coagulation, 85, 88, 107 Codeine, 8, 13, 15, 36, 88, 105 Cognition, 88, 104 Collagen, 81, 88, 96 Collapse, 81, 85, 88, 113 Colloidal, 80, 88, 93 Colon, 88, 101 Complement, 88, 107 Computational Biology, 61, 89 Cone, 89, 114 Conjugated, 89, 90 Conscious Sedation, 7, 12, 89 Consciousness, 81, 82, 89, 104, 109 Consumption, 31, 37, 66, 89, 94, 111 Contact dermatitis, 36, 89 Contraindications, ii, 48, 89 Controlled study, 20, 89 Coordination, 89, 109 Coronary, 89, 102 Coronary Thrombosis, 89, 102 Cortex, 89, 94, 108 Cortical, 42, 89, 112 Cortisone, 89, 91, 108 Cranial, 89, 90, 95, 97 Craniocerebral Trauma, 90, 97 Creatine, 5, 90 Creatine Kinase, 5, 90

121

Creatinine, 90 Curare, 90, 116 Curative, 90, 115 Cutaneous, 89, 90 Cyclic, 90, 109, 115 Cyclodextrins, 37, 44, 90 Cycloheximide, 37, 90 Cyproterone, 90, 96 Cytochrome, 13, 87, 90 Cytoplasm, 84, 90, 93, 103, 104 Cytotoxic, 91, 105 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 91, 105 Cytotoxicity, 19, 88, 91 D Decarboxylation, 91, 98 Dehydration, 41, 91 Delusions, 91, 110 Dental Care, 91, 106 Dental Clinics, 3, 91 Dermal, 15, 23, 91 Dermatitis, 7, 20, 22, 26, 36, 91, 98 Dermis, 91, 116 Deuterium, 91, 98 Dexamethasone, 18, 20, 25, 37, 42, 91 Dextroamphetamine, 81, 91 Diagnostic procedure, 39, 50, 91 Diclofenac, 22, 91 Diclofenac Sodium, 91 Digestion, 80, 84, 91, 101, 106, 113 Dihydroergotamine, 11, 36, 37, 91 Dimenhydrinate, 48, 91 Diphenhydramine, 40, 48, 91 Direct, iii, 53, 91, 92, 98, 111, 114 Discrete, 85, 92 Diuresis, 92, 115 Dizziness, 66, 92, 105, 117 Dopamine, 41, 80, 81, 83, 87, 91, 92, 102, 103, 104 Dosage Forms, 4, 92 Double-blind, 7, 8, 12, 25, 92 Dronabinol, 48, 92, 115 Drug Interactions, 54, 92 Drug Tolerance, 92, 115 Duct, 85, 86, 92, 111 Duodenum, 84, 92, 93, 96, 106, 113 Dyes, 84, 92, 104 Dynorphins, 92, 110 Dyskinesia, 30, 83, 92 Dyspnea, 92, 105, 113 Dystonia, 17, 83, 92 E Edema, 89, 92

Efficacy, 11, 13, 16, 20, 33, 36, 86, 92 Elective, 6, 93 Electrolyte, 93, 112 Electrophoresis, 29, 93 Embryology, 93, 95 Emesis, 40, 76, 93 Emetic, 40, 83, 93 Endogenous, 92, 93, 110 Endorphins, 93, 104, 110 Endoscopic, 85, 93, 103 Endoscopy, 7, 93 Endotoxin, 5, 93, 116 Enkephalins, 93, 104, 110 Enteric bacteria, 37, 93 Environmental Health, 60, 62, 93 Enzymatic, 81, 85, 89, 93, 98 Enzyme, 87, 90, 93, 99, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 117 Enzyme Inhibitors, 93, 107 Eosinophils, 93, 101 Ephedrine, 40, 93 Epidural, 25, 94 Epinephrine, 42, 44, 79, 92, 94, 100, 104, 116 Epithelial, 19, 94 Epithelial Cells, 19, 94 Ergotamine, 91, 94 Erythema, 89, 94, 116 Erythrocytes, 14, 94 Esophagus, 41, 94, 106, 113 Esotropia, 94, 113 Estrogen, 90, 94, 108 Ethanolamine, 22, 94 Evoked Potentials, 14, 94 Excipient, 40, 43, 94 Exercise Test, 94 Exercise Tolerance, 15, 36, 94 Exhaustion, 82, 94, 113 Exotropia, 94, 113 Extracellular, 95, 112 Extraction, 8, 28, 95 Extrapyramidal, 17, 80, 83, 92, 95, 106 F Facial, 95, 106 Facial Nerve, 95, 106 Family Planning, 61, 95 Famotidine, 5, 95 Fatigue, 5, 41, 95, 97 Fats, 84, 87, 95, 104 Fatty acids, 44, 80, 95, 101, 108 Fentanyl, 12, 95 Fetal Heart, 16, 30, 31, 95

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Fetus, 95 Fibrinogen, 95, 107 Fistula, 95, 96 Flatus, 95, 96 Flumazenil, 29, 95 Fluorescence, 8, 79, 95 Flush, 8, 95 Flutamide, 5, 96 Forearm, 85, 96 Free Radicals, 82, 96 G GABA, 88, 96, 115 Ganglia, 83, 96, 104 Gas, 13, 22, 86, 94, 95, 96, 98, 114 Gastric, 28, 41, 76, 87, 92, 95, 96, 98, 106, 110 Gastric Juices, 96, 106 Gastrin, 87, 96, 98 Gastroduodenal, 16, 96 Gastrointestinal, 40, 42, 85, 94, 96, 110, 112, 114 Gelatin, 96, 114 Gene, 84, 96 Gland, 79, 89, 96, 106, 111, 113 Glomeruli, 96, 110 Glucans, 90, 96 Glucocorticoid, 91, 96, 108 Glucose, 86, 90, 96, 97, 111, 113 Glucuronic Acid, 96, 98 Glycine, 81, 96, 104 Glycoprotein, 95, 97, 116 Gonadal, 97, 113 Governing Board, 97, 108 Grafting, 23, 97 Gram-negative, 86, 97 Gram-positive, 86, 97 Granisetron, 48, 97 Groin, 97, 100 Growth, 82, 97, 102, 107 H Haematemesis, 93, 97 Hay Fever, 80, 87, 97 Headache, 9, 11, 20, 36, 97 Headache Disorders, 97 Heart failure, 93, 97 Heartbeat, 76, 97 Heme, 90, 97 Hemoglobin, 94, 97 Hemorrhage, 90, 97 Heparin, 32, 97 Hepatocyte, 5, 98 Hepatotoxic, 5, 98

Heterotropia, 98, 114 Hiccup, 87, 98 Histamine, 13, 15, 18, 31, 36, 37, 41, 42, 82, 83, 87, 91, 95, 98, 101, 102, 108, 110 Histidine, 16, 98 Homeostasis, 40, 85, 98 Homologous, 90, 98 Hormone, 89, 94, 96, 98, 102, 108 Hydrogen, 43, 79, 81, 84, 87, 91, 98, 103, 104, 105, 109 Hydrogen Peroxide, 87, 98 Hydrogenation, 84, 91, 98 Hydromorphone, 7, 98 Hydroxyproline, 81, 88, 98 Hydroxysteroids, 87, 98 Hydroxyzine, 11, 14, 98 Hyperglycemia, 42, 98 Hypersensitivity, 81, 91, 98 Hypertension, 97, 98 Hyperthermia, 17, 99 Hypnotic, 32, 84, 87, 91, 99, 101, 103, 110 Hypotension, 15, 83, 99 I Id, 38, 66, 72, 74, 99 Idiosyncrasy, 5, 99 Ileum, 36, 99 Illusion, 99, 116 Imidazole, 98, 99, 110 Imipramine, 19, 43, 99 Immune system, 99, 101, 117 Immunization, 99, 115 Immunoglobulins, 99, 107 Immunologic, 21, 24, 32, 99 Impairment, 92, 99, 102, 109 In vitro, 5, 18, 32, 99 In vivo, 18, 98, 99 Incontinence, 93, 99, 111 Indicative, 47, 99, 116 Indomethacin, 41, 99 Induction, 83, 99, 100, 108 Infarction, 89, 99, 102 Infection, 16, 100, 101, 110, 116, 117 Infections, 40, 82, 86 Inflammation, 5, 80, 82, 83, 89, 91, 100, 107, 110, 111, 115 Ingestion, 17, 95, 100, 102, 107 Inguinal, 16, 100 Inguinal Hernia, 16, 100 Inhalation, 42, 98, 100, 107 Inotropic, 92, 100 Inpatients, 13, 100 Insomnia, 87, 100

123

Intestinal, 25, 100 Intestines, 96, 100 Intoxication, 33, 100, 117 Intracellular, 5, 100, 102, 109, 110 Intramuscular, 4, 7, 8, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 32, 33, 100, 105 Intramuscular injection, 4, 100 Intravenous, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 100, 105 Intrinsic, 42, 80, 100 Involuntary, 100, 103, 113 Ions, 79, 84, 93, 98, 100 Isoenzyme, 90, 100 Isoproterenol, 42, 100 K Kb, 60, 100 Ketamine, 7, 12, 19, 22, 29, 100 Ketorolac, 12, 20, 101 Kidney Transplantation, 27, 101 L Laceration, 12, 101 Lactation, 101, 108 Laparoscopy, 24, 101 Large Intestine, 100, 101, 111, 112 Lavage, 76, 101 Laxative, 101, 113 Leukocytes, 16, 84, 93, 99, 101, 103, 104, 116 Library Services, 72, 101 Life cycle, 79, 101 Ligands, 101, 110 Lipid, 101, 103 Lipoxygenase, 101, 104 Liver, 5, 13, 80, 83, 84, 87, 96, 98, 101, 106, 108 Localized, 100, 101, 107, 116 Loratadine, 8, 31, 101 Lorazepam, 20, 22, 40, 48, 101 Lumbar, 15, 101 Lumen, 85, 101 Lutein Cells, 101, 108 Lymphocyte, 32, 82, 101 M Malaise, 40, 102 Malignant, 21, 22, 102 Manic, 83, 102, 110 Manic-depressive psychosis, 102, 110 Manifest, 102, 114 Meclizine, 48, 102 Mediate, 92, 102, 110 Medical Records, 102, 111 Medicament, 42, 102, 114 MEDLINE, 61, 102

Membrane, 14, 80, 89, 97, 102, 103, 106, 110, 111 Membrane Proteins, 102, 110 Meninges, 86, 90, 102 Menopause, 102, 108 Mental, iv, 3, 4, 60, 62, 87, 88, 95, 102, 109 Mental Disorders, 102, 109, 110 Meperidine, 3, 36, 45 Metabolite, 22, 23, 98, 102 Methanol, 36, 102 Methionine, 102, 114 Metiamide, 41, 102 Metoclopramide, 11, 12, 36, 40, 48, 102 MI, 11, 77, 102 Microbiology, 79, 102 Microorganism, 103, 117 Midazolam, 6, 7, 11, 22, 24, 28, 31, 37, 103 Modification, 23, 81, 103 Modulator, 103, 115 Molecular, 61, 63, 81, 84, 87, 89, 95, 98, 103, 107, 108, 114, 116 Molecule, 82, 84, 89, 103, 105, 110 Monoamine, 81, 91, 103 Monocytes, 101, 103 Mononuclear, 103, 116 Morphine, 7, 14, 19, 21, 24, 25, 31, 36, 37, 83, 88, 98, 102, 103, 105, 106 Motility, 99, 103, 112 Motion Sickness, 4, 10, 25, 33, 40, 45, 47, 48, 66, 91, 102, 103, 108, 111 Motor Activity, 103, 109 Mucins, 103, 111 Mucosa, 103, 108 Mydriatic, 103, 111 Myocardium, 102, 103 N Narcolepsy, 91, 93, 103 Narcosis, 103 Narcotic, 32, 45, 95, 102, 103, 104, 106 Nausea, 9, 19, 22, 24, 25, 40, 41, 45, 48, 82, 83, 91, 92, 102, 103, 105 Need, 3, 40, 47, 48, 67, 79, 104, 115 Neonatal, 21, 23, 24, 104 Nerve, 79, 81, 87, 95, 104, 113, 116 Nervous System, 42, 81, 84, 86, 93, 104, 114 Neuroleptanalgesia, 7, 104, 106 Neuroleptic, 19, 21, 22, 83, 104, 105 Neuromuscular, 104, 116 Neurotransmitter, 79, 81, 85, 92, 96, 98, 104, 114 Neutrons, 80, 104, 110

124

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Neutrophils, 5, 101, 104 Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, 37, 104 Norepinephrine, 79, 81, 92, 93, 104 Nuclei, 79, 80, 104, 109 Nucleus, 84, 87, 90, 91, 93, 103, 104, 109 O Ointments, 92, 104 Ondansetron, 7, 22, 36, 48, 105 On-line, 28, 75, 105 Ophthalmic, 45, 105 Opiate, 103, 105 Opium, 103, 105 Osteoporosis, 85, 105 Outpatient, 10, 16, 105 Overdose, 26, 75, 105 Ovum, 101, 105, 108 Oxidation, 26, 79, 82, 87, 90, 105 Oxides, 44, 105 P Paediatric, 10, 28, 105 Palliative, 90, 105, 115 Pallor, 40, 105 Panic, 99, 105 Panic Disorder, 99, 105 Parenteral, 40, 41, 44, 105 Parkinsonism, 83, 105 Parotid, 18, 106 Parturition, 106, 108 Patch, 22, 106, 116 Pathogenesis, 37, 106 Pediatric Dentistry, 11, 106 Pelvis, 79, 101, 106, 110 Pepsin, 87, 106 Pepsin A, 87, 106 Peptic, 42, 106 Peptic Ulcer, 42, 106 Peptide, 81, 106, 109 Perazine, 14, 106 Peroral, 7, 106 Perphenazine, 48, 106 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 43, 86, 96, 106 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 92, 106 Pharmacodynamics, 4, 106 Pharmacokinetic, 4, 10, 106 Pharmacologic, 81, 84, 106, 115 Phenoperidine, 7, 106 Phenyl, 102, 106 Phosphorus, 85, 106, 107 Phosphorylation, 36, 107 Physiologic, 23, 80, 107, 108, 110, 111 Pilot study, 16, 107

Plant Diseases, 93, 107 Plants, 80, 83, 84, 86, 96, 104, 107, 111, 115 Plasma, 4, 5, 8, 13, 18, 29, 44, 80, 82, 95, 96, 97, 107 Plasma protein, 44, 80, 107 Pneumonia, 89, 107 Poisoning, 23, 26, 40, 83, 100, 104, 107 Pollen, 87, 107 Polyethylene, 107, 114 Polyethylene Glycols, 107, 114 Polysaccharide, 82, 86, 107 Polysorbates, 44, 107 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 80, 107 Postmenopausal, 15, 105, 108 Postoperative, 25, 31, 37, 45, 102, 108 Potentiating, 32, 81, 108 Practice Guidelines, 62, 108 Preclinical, 5, 108 Precursor, 83, 92, 93, 104, 108, 116 Prednisolone, 108 Prednisone, 32, 108 Premedication, 7, 10, 13, 22, 24, 29, 36, 108, 111 Preoperative, 13, 29, 45, 108 Progesterone, 108, 113 Progression, 81, 108 Prolactin, 25, 108 Promazine, 9, 108 Promethazine, 3, 4, 5, 6, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 75 Prophylaxis, 6, 10, 24, 29, 108 Prostaglandin, 42, 108 Prostaglandins A, 99, 109 Prostaglandins B, 42, 109 Prostaglandins F, 109 Protein S, 84, 90, 109, 114 Proteins, 44, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 90, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112 Protons, 80, 98, 109, 110 Pruritus, 15, 25, 91, 98, 108, 109 Psychiatric, 6, 28, 33, 102, 109 Psychiatry, 22, 26, 109, 114 Psychic, 102, 104, 109, 112 Psychoactive, 109, 110, 115, 117 Psychomotor, 8, 31, 104, 109 Psychomotor Performance, 31, 109 Psychosis, 26, 27, 83, 109, 110 Psychotomimetic, 81, 91, 110 Public Policy, 61, 110 Pulmonary, 85, 89, 94, 110, 114 Pulmonary Artery, 85, 110 Pyelonephritis, 30, 110

125

Pyrilamine, 28, 41, 110 Q Quaternary, 42, 110, 111 R Radiation, 41, 95, 96, 99, 102, 110 Radioactive, 98, 110 Randomized, 12, 25, 93, 110 Ranitidine, 5, 15, 110 Reagent, 94, 110 Reality Testing, 109, 110 Receptor, 7, 18, 41, 79, 82, 87, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 105, 110, 112 Receptors, Histamine, 41, 110 Receptors, Opioid, 41, 92, 110 Rectal, 4, 12, 23, 28, 111, 114 Rectum, 83, 88, 95, 96, 99, 101, 111, 114 Refer, 1, 88, 92, 93, 104, 110, 111, 115, 117 Refraction, 111, 113 Regimen, 3, 5, 18, 92, 111 Resorption, 85, 111 Respiration, 86, 90, 111 Retrospective, 3, 8, 111 Retrospective study, 3, 8, 111 Rheumatoid, 87, 111 Rhinitis, 87, 93, 111 Rigidity, 30, 105, 107, 111 Risk patient, 45, 111 S Saliva, 4, 18, 111 Salivary, 4, 95, 111 Salivary glands, 95, 111 Salivation, 40, 111 Saponins, 111, 113 Scopolamine, 9, 24, 27, 31, 37, 40, 48, 84, 111 Screening, 17, 88, 111 Secobarbital, 14, 111 Secretion, 87, 95, 98, 101, 103, 110, 111 Sedative, 7, 44, 81, 84, 87, 88, 91, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 108, 111, 112 Seizures, 88, 112 Semisynthetic, 86, 112 Sensibility, 81, 112 Serotonin, 81, 83, 97, 104, 105, 112 Serum, 8, 13, 27, 28, 80, 88, 90, 112, 115, 116 Shock, 81, 112 Side effect, 4, 40, 41, 42, 48, 53, 79, 83, 86, 87, 101, 106, 112, 115 Skeletal, 90, 100, 112, 113 Skeleton, 85, 98, 108, 112 Skull, 90, 112, 115

Small intestine, 92, 98, 99, 100, 112 Smooth muscle, 84, 85, 98, 103, 109, 112, 113, 114 Sodium, 8, 43, 91, 112 Solvent, 102, 106, 112 Soma, 112 Somatic, 31, 112 Sorbitol, 44, 112 Space Flight, 4, 8, 113 Spasm, 42, 83, 98, 113 Spatial disorientation, 92, 113 Specialist, 67, 113 Species, 84, 90, 94, 96, 113, 117 Spectrum, 40, 86, 113 Sperm, 14, 107, 113 Sperm Motility, 14, 113 Spermatozoon, 113 Spinal cord, 86, 87, 94, 102, 104, 113 Stabilization, 43, 113 Stabilizer, 43, 113 Status Asthmaticus, 42, 113 Stereotypy, 16, 113 Steroid, 26, 42, 89, 111, 113 Stimulant, 81, 91, 98, 100, 113 Stimulus, 94, 113 Stomach, 40, 94, 96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 112, 113 Strabismus, 10, 113 Streptomycin, 90, 114 Stress, 41, 86, 103, 114, 116 Stupor, 103, 114 Subarachnoid, 97, 114 Subcutaneous, 92, 105, 114 Substance P, 102, 111, 114 Sufentanil, 7, 114 Sulfur, 43, 102, 114 Sulfur Dioxide, 43, 114 Supplementation, 41, 114 Suppositories, 10, 16, 23, 96, 114 Suppository, 4, 107, 114 Surfactant, 94, 114 Sympathomimetic, 81, 91, 92, 94, 100, 104, 114 Symptomatic, 80, 82, 114 Symptomatic treatment, 80, 82, 114 Synapse, 79, 114, 116 Synergistic, 5, 30, 108, 114 Systemic, 54, 81, 85, 87, 94, 100, 108, 114, 115 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 87, 115 Systemic therapy, 87, 115

126

Promethazine

T Tachyphylaxis, 42, 115 Temazepam, 10, 115 Temporal, 5, 97, 115 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 92, 115 Theophylline, 36, 91, 115 Therapeutics, 25, 54, 115 Thorax, 79, 101, 115 Tissue, 36, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 Tolerance, 36, 42, 47, 88, 115 Tonic, 88, 115 Tonicity, 92, 115 Tooth Preparation, 79, 115 Toxic, iv, 5, 41, 42, 83, 90, 91, 98, 102, 114, 115 Toxicity, 92, 115 Toxicology, 5, 62, 115 Toxin, 93, 115 Transdermal, 24, 116 Transfection, 84, 116 Translation, 81, 116 Transmitter, 92, 104, 116 Tricyclic, 81, 99, 116 Tubocurarine, 15, 116 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 5, 116 Tyrosine, 92, 116

U Ulcer, 42, 102, 116 Ulceration, 41, 106, 116 Unconscious, 76, 81, 99, 116 Urethra, 116 Urinary, 93, 99, 111, 116 Urine, 8, 28, 85, 90, 92, 99, 116 Urticaria, 81, 87, 98, 101, 116 V Vaginal, 114, 116 Vascular, 81, 91, 97, 100, 116 Vasoconstriction, 94, 116 Vasodilator, 85, 92, 98, 116 Vein, 100, 106, 116 Ventricles, 87, 116 Venules, 85, 116 Vertebral, 15, 116 Vertigo, 48, 66, 91, 102, 116 Vestibular, 48, 117 Vestibule, 117 Veterinary Medicine, 61, 117 Vitro, 5, 14, 98, 117 Vivo, 117 W White blood cell, 82, 101, 117 Withdrawal, 102, 117 X Xenograft, 82, 117

127

128

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