Polymyalgia Rheumatica - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCE...

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POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84552-2 1. Polymyalgia Rheumatica-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on polymyalgia rheumatica. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA .................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Polymyalgia Rheumatica .............................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA......................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Polymyalgia Rheumatica ............................................................. 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA ............................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Recent Trials on Polymyalgia Rheumatica .................................................................................. 55 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 59 Chapters on Polymyalgia Rheumatica ......................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA ..................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 65 Academic Periodicals covering Polymyalgia Rheumatica............................................................ 66 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 The Genome Project and Polymyalgia Rheumatica ..................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 94 POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA DICTIONARY..................................................................... 95 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 131

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with polymyalgia rheumatica is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about polymyalgia rheumatica, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to polymyalgia rheumatica, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on polymyalgia rheumatica. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to polymyalgia rheumatica, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on polymyalgia rheumatica. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on polymyalgia rheumatica.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and polymyalgia rheumatica, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Clues to Early Diagnosis Source: Geriatrics. 52(6):38-40,43-44; June 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals presents an overview of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), focusing on their incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. GCA and PMR are closely related disorders found predominantly in older patients. These disorders, which are being recognized more frequently, are more common in women, in Caucasians, and in various geographic locations. Early recognition and treatment may prevent possible catastrophic consequences of GCA, such as blindness, stroke, or dissection of the aorta. Although diagnosis is fairly easy with the classic presentation, it may be missed when the patient presents with nonspecific constitutional symptoms. An increased awareness among

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Polymyalgia Rheumatica

primary care physicians will aid in the prevention of much of the morbidity and mortality related to these diseases. 19 references, 1 figure, and 4 tables. (AA-M). •

Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Challenges in Recognition and Management Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 18(2): 83-86,89-90. February 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the diagnosis and management of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). The true cause of PMR is unknown. Various theories have been proposed, but none are conclusive. Symptoms are attributed to malignancy, infection, drug reaction, or other medical illnesses. Some patients have only vague musculoskeletal complaints confined to the trunk and proximal limbs. More often, patients have pain distributed symmetrically in the posterior buttocks, quadriceps, groin area, biceps, deltoids, or neck. Pain and fatigue can be misinterpreted as weakness. PMR shares some histologic resemblance to giant cell arteritis and may be related to rheumatoid arthritis. The patient usually has marked difficulty raising the arms over the head. Neck movement usually produces pain in the trapezium. Internal rotation of the shoulders causes pain in the inferior deltoid region. The ability to raise the legs in a straight-leg position while sitting or to flex the hips is quite limited in patients who have PMR. Extensive swelling may occur in the dorsal aspect of the hand. An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and early response to corticosteroids help confirm clinical suspicion of PMR. Corticosteroids are the cornerstone of care. The dosage can be tapered once the patient demonstrates a satisfactory response. Failure to respond to initial corticosteroids is an invitation to revisit the diagnosis. Close followup is essential to monitor for corticosteroid related adverse effects and disease recurrence. 3 tables and 18 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Polymyalgia Rheumatica The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to polymyalgia rheumatica. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to polymyalgia rheumatica. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore polymyalgia rheumatica. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for polymyalgia rheumatica:

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Project Title: MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY SIGNIFICANCE IN SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA

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UNDETERMINED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kyle, Robert A.; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The objective of this research is to determine the natural history of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). We will determine the prevalence of MGUS among Olmsted County, MN residents aged 50 years or greater (estimated population 26,022). We will obtain samples on most of the population in the course of their medical care. We will then contact the remaining residents by mail in an attempt to enroll them into the study as well. In order to ascertain the long-term outcome, we will also conduct a retrospective cohort study of survival and risk of multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, primary amyloidosis, and other plasma cell proliferative disorders in all cases of MGUS from the entire Southeastern Minnesota region (including Olmsted County) first diagnosed between January l, 1960 and December 31, 1997. We will follow the January l, 1998 survivors of the Southeastern Minnesota MGUS cohort including any asymptomatic prevalence cases and all subsequent newly diagnosed cases in a prospective study to assess predictors of outcome such as development of multiple myeloma or related disorders. The incidence of a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders will be determined in all MGUS patients in Southeastern Minnesota and a control cohort. Nurse abstractors will carefully review the Mayo Clinic records from 1960 through 1997 of all MGUS patients in Southeastern Minnesota for evidence of nonplasma cell neoplasms such as carcinoma or leukemia. Nonmalignant disorders consisting of hematologic diseases including pernicious anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, polycythemia vera, and myelodysplastic disorders will be evaluated as will connective tissue diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, polymyalgia rheumatica, temporal arteritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Neurologic disorders will include sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and myesthenia gravis. Dermatologic diseases such as pyoderma grangrenosum, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, lichen myxedematosus, Sezary syndrome, mycosis fungoides, and Kaposi's sarcoma will be sought. The presence of immunosuppression from HIV or transplants will be reviewed. Patients with liver disease, especially hepatitis C, will be included. This study will also provide bone marrow and peripheral blood for Projects II, III, IV, and V in an effort to better understand the biology of MGUS and multiple myeloma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OCULAR DISEASE IN GIANT CELL ARTERITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Weyand, Cornelia M.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a sight-threatening systemic vasculitis with an immune-mediated pathogenesis. Vascular lesions, composed of activated T cells and macrophages, induce progressive, insidious vascular occlusion of medium-size arteries, resulting in tissue ischemia, such as ischemic optic neuropathy. Our long-term objective has been to unravel the mechanisms by which lymphocytes and macrophages are recruited to the vessel wall, differentiate into specialized effector cells, and promote GCA. During the last four years, we have made progress towards these goals by dissecting macrophage effector pathways that lead to arterial injury and the

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artery's response-to-injury program. Most importantly, we have provided evidence that the primary defect in GCA is a breach of T-cell tolerance and that T-cell activation occurs in the adventitia where dendritic cells (DC) initiate and maintain T-cell stimulation. We hypothesize that adventitial DC are key players in generating immunological privilege for the artery and that breakdown of this immune protection causes GCA. This hypothesis includes that structural and cellular components of the adventitia create the unique target-tissue susceptibility and age-dependence of GCA. Experiments to test this hypothesis will use a temporal artery-NOD/LtSz-Rag1 (tm1 Mom) mouse chimera model. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) Examine the heterogeneity of adventitial DC and vasa vasorum networks in different vascular beds and at different ages. Three-dimensional rendering of capillary networks in the adventitia and their relationship to DC indigenous to the adventitia will be examined by microcomputed-CT to define a model for the targeting of GCA to extracranial arteries in elderly individuals. 2) Determine the mechanisms of immune tolerance promoted by adventitial DC. These experiments will use adoptively transferred T cells in mouse chimeras. 3) Investigate the functional profile of adventitial DC in GCA and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), a forme fruste of GCA. Disease-relevant defects in DC function will be identified by gene expression profiling. 4) Explore the mechanisms of inappropriate arrest and premature differentiation of DC in PMR and GCA arteries. These studies will focus on pathways regulating the life cycle of DC and deviations leading to vasculitis. 5) Explore the therapeutic implications of modulating DC function in GCA. We will proceed with two approaches, TNF-alpha inhibitors and tolerogenic DC, in the attempt to disrupt persistent DC and T-cell activation in GCA. These experiments will help us understand the immunobiology of healthy and inflamed arteries, advance our understanding of the events initiating vasculitis, and may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for polymyalgia rheumatica in the PubMed Central database: •

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Genetic epidemiology: Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. by GonzalezGay MA.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128892

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Giant cell arteritis and thyroid dysfunction: multicentre case-control study. by Duhaut P, Bornet H, Pinede L, Demolombe-Rague S, Loire R, Seydoux D, Ninet J, Pasquier J.; 1999 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27736

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with polymyalgia rheumatica, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for polymyalgia rheumatica (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 24-year-old man with symptoms and signs of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Whittaker PE, Fitzsimons MG. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 July; 47(1): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9673611

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A 67-year-old woman with polymyalgia rheumatica and left hemispatial neglect. Author(s): Mahfood JP, Gold M, Gonzalvo A, Valeriano-Marcet J. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1998 October; 8(4): 222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9780854

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A fresh look at polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Samanta A, Kendall J. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 December; 41(12): 1455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468832

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A reduced CD8+ lymphocyte subset distinguishes patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis from patients with other diseases. Author(s): Elling P, Olsson AT, Elling H. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 March-April; 16(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536391

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A study of the health assessment questionnaire to evaluate functional status in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Kalke S, Mukerjee D, Dasgupta B. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 August; 39(8): 883-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10952744

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Absence of mitochondrial dysfunction in polymyalgia rheumatica. Evidence based on a simultaneous molecular and biochemical approach. Author(s): Miro O, Jarreta D, Casademont J, Barrientos A, Rodriguez B, Gomez M, Nunes V, Urbano-Marquez A, Cardellach F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1999; 28(5): 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10568430

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Absence of the association with CC chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Salvarani C, Boiardi L, Timms JM, Silvestri T, Ranzi A, Macchioni PL, Pulsatelli L, di Giovine FS. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 September-October; 18(5): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11072599

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Adrenal gland hypofunction in active polymyalgia rheumatica. effect of glucocorticoid treatment on adrenal hormones and interleukin 6. Author(s): Cutolo M, Straub RH, Foppiani L, Prete C, Pulsatelli L, Sulli A, Boiardi L, Macchioni P, Giusti M, Pizzorni C, Seriolo B, Salvarani C. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 April; 29(4): 748-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950017

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Adverse outcomes of antiinflammatory therapy among patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Gabriel SE, Sunku J, Salvarani C, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 October; 40(10): 1873-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9336424

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An atypical presentation of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Zaman S, Hirst F. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 January; 37(1): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9487268

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An initially double-blind controlled 96 week trial of depot methylprednisolone against oral prednisolone in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Dasgupta B, Dolan AL, Panayi GS, Fernandes L. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 February; 37(2): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9569075

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Analysis of the B cell repertoire against autoantigens in patients with giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Schmits R, Kubuschok B, Schuster S, Preuss KD, Pfreundschuh M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 February; 127(2): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11876765

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Antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses and respiratory syncytial virus in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Uddhammar A, Boman J, Juto P, Rantapaa Dahlqvist S. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1997 May-June; 15(3): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9177926

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Antibodies to intermediate filaments in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a sequential study. Author(s): Dasgupta B, Duke O, Kyle V, Macfarlane DG, Hazleman BL, Panayi GS. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 October; 46(10): 746-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2446569

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Anticardiolipin antibodies in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a study of 40 cases. Author(s): Manna R, Latteri M, Cristiano G, Todaro L, Scuderi F, Gasbarrini G. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 February; 37(2): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9569078

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Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Ruffatti A, Montecucco C, Volante D, Del Ross T, Sartori T, Rapizzi E, Todesco S. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 May; 39(5): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852993

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Aortic aneurysm and dissection are not associated with an increased risk for giant cell arteritis/ polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Ehrenfeld M, Bitzur R, Schneiderman J, Smolinsky A, Sidi Y, Gur H. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 July; 76(897): 409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10878198

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Assessment and management of polymyalgia rheumatica in older adults. Author(s): Kennedy-Malone LM, Enevold GL. Source: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 2001 May-June; 22(3): 152-5; Quiz 155. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11410767

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Association of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica with different tumor necrosis factor microsatellite polymorphisms. Author(s): Mattey DL, Hajeer AH, Dababneh A, Thomson W, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Ollier WE. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000 August; 43(8): 1749-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10943865

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Atypical polymyalgia rheumatica as a presentation of metastatic cancer. Author(s): Naschitz JE, Slobodin G, Yeshurun D, Rozenbaum M, Rosner I. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997 November 10; 157(20): 2381. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361581

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Bacterial endocarditis and septic arthritis presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Spomer A, Ho G Jr. Source: R I Med. 1994 January; 77(1): 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8118070

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Behavior of prealbumin in the acute phase of polymyalgia rheumatica treated with 6methylprednisolone. Author(s): Puccetti L, Lucchetti A, Barbieri P, Melchiorre D, Zuccotti M, Petrini G, Marotta G, Remorini E, Ciompi ML. Source: Ric Clin Lab. 1989 July-September; 19(3): 251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2595195

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Behaviour of von Willebrand factor antigen in follow-up of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Ciompi ML, Marotta G, Puccetti L, Remorini E, Petrini G, Zuccotti M, Vispi M, Baicchi U, Iacconi P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1988; 17(6): 491-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3266032

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Blood dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis and primary fibromyalgia. Author(s): Nilsson E, de la Torre B, Hedman M, Goobar J, Thorner A. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1994 July-August; 12(4): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7955606

Studies

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Bone mass in corticosteroid treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Reid DM, Nicoll JJ, Brown N, Smith MA, Tothill P, Nuki G. Source: Scott Med J. 1985 January; 30(1): 54-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3983625

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Bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in late onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica--a prospective study on the influence of glucocorticoid therapy. Author(s): Lange U, Boss B, Teichmann J, Stracke H, Neeck G. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 2000; 59 Suppl 2: Ii/137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11155797

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Bone mineral density in patients with temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Mateo L, Nolla JM, Rozadilla A, Rodriguez-Moreno J, Niubo R, Valverde J, Roig-Escofet D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 August; 20(8): 1369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8230021

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Bone turnover and bone mass in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Dolan AL, Panayi GS. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 March; 38(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325673

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Breast arteritis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Horne D, Crabtree TS, Lewkonia RM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 June; 14(3): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3625645

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Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Stey C, Truninger K, Marti D, Vogt P, Medici TC. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 April; 13(4): 926-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10362063

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Bullous pemphigoid, polymyalgia rheumatica and thyroid disease. Author(s): How J, Bewsher PD, Stankler L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1980 August; 103(2): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7000145

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Can HLA-DR explain the varying frequency of synovitis in polymyalgia rheumatica? Comment on the article by Salvarani et al. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Hajeer A, Ollier WE. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999 July; 42(7): 1561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10403295

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Carcinoma of the prostate presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Kane I, Menon S. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 February; 42(2): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12595644

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Carpal tunnel syndrome heralding polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Herrera B, Sanmarti R, Ponce A, Lopez-Soto A, Munoz-Gomez J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1997; 26(3): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9225880

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Causes of death in polymyalgia rheumatica. A prospective longitudinal study of 315 cases and matched population controls. Author(s): Myklebust G, Wilsgaard T, Jacobsen BK, Gran JT. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2003; 32(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635944

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Circulating CD8+ T cells in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a review. Author(s): Martinez-Taboada VM, Blanco R, Fito C, Pacheco MJ, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Rodriguez-Valverde V. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 February; 30(4): 257-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11182026

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Circulating levels of IL-1beta, IL-6 and soluble IL-2 receptor in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Pountain G, Hazleman B, Cawston TE. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 July; 37(7): 797-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9714363

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Clinical outcome of 149 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Bahlas S, Ramos-Remus C, Davis P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 January; 25(1): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9458211

Studies

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Color Doppler sonography of the temporal arteries in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Lauwerys BR, Puttemans T, Houssiau FA, Devogelaer JP. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 August; 24(8): 1570-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9263153

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Comparison of extracapsular changes by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): McGonagle D, Pease C, Marzo-Ortega H, O'Connor P, Gibbon W, Emery P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 August; 28(8): 1837-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508586

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Corticosteroid injections in polymyalgia rheumatica: a double-blind, prospective, randomized, placebo controlled study. Author(s): Salvarani C, Cantini F, Olivieri I, Barozzi L, Macchioni L, Boiardi L, Niccoli L, Padula A, Pulsatelli L, Meliconi R. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 June; 27(6): 1470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852273

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Corticosteroid requirements in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Weyand CM, Fulbright JW, Evans JM, Hunder GG, Goronzy JJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 March 22; 159(6): 577-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090114

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Corticosteroids and bone mass in asthma: comparisons with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Reid DM, Nicoll JJ, Smith MA, Higgins B, Tothill P, Nuki G. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 December 6; 293(6560): 1463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3099913

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Corticosteroids in polymyalgia rheumatica--a review of different treatment schedules. Author(s): Li C, Dasgupta B. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S56-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948765

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Corticotropin releasing hormone promoter polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Hajeer AH, Dababneh A, Garcia-Porrua C, Amoli MM, Thomson W, Ollier WE. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 March-April; 20(2): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051390

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Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and androstenedione levels in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica during twelve months of glucocorticoid therapy. Author(s): Cutolo M, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Craviotto C, Prete C, Foppiani L, Salvarani C, Straub RH, Seriolo B. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 June; 966: 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114263

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C-reactive protein-mediated complement activation in polymyalgia rheumatica and other systemic inflammatory diseases. Author(s): Vaith P, Hansch GM, Peter HH. Source: Rheumatology International. 1988; 8(2): 71-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3261030

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CRP in the management of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Schreiber S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1987 March; 6(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3581706

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Current therapy of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Gran JT. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1999; 28(5): 269-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10568422

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Cytidine deaminase--a new differential tool distinguishing elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis from polymyalgia rheumatica? Author(s): Williams RC Jr. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 September-October; 13(5): 571-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8575133

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Cytokines and adhesion molecules in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Uddhammar A, Sundqvist KG, Ellis B, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 July; 37(7): 766-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9714354

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Dapsone in temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Boesen P, Dideriksen K, Stentoft J, Jensen MK. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988; 15(5): 879-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3172108

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Defining polymyalgia rheumatica: comment on the article by Helfgott and Kieval. Author(s): Caplan HI. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 January; 40(1): 191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9008617

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Deflazacort versus methylprednisolone in polymyalgia rheumatica: clinical equivalence and relative antiinflammatory potency of different treatment regimens. Author(s): Di Munno O, Imbimbo B, Mazzantini M, Milani S, Occhipinti G, Pasero G. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 August; 22(8): 1492-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7473472

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Deltoid muscle in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Uddhammar A, Rantapaa Dahlqvist S, Hedberg B, Thornell LE. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 July; 25(7): 1344-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9676767

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Diagnosing and managing polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Oral prednisolone 40 mg daily is not adequate for temporal arteritis once vision is affected. Author(s): Finlay R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 August 30; 315(7107): 549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9329327

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Diagnosing and managing polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Patients starting steroids should be given advice on risk of osteoporosis. Author(s): Hodgkins P, Hull R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 August 30; 315(7107): 550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9329330

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Diagnosing and managing polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Repeated measurements of erythrocyte sedimentation rate are not efficient use of time or resources. Author(s): Roome P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 August 30; 315(7107): 550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9329329

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Diagnosing and managing polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Sensitivity of temporal artery biopsy varies with biopsy length and sectioning strategy. Author(s): Sudlow C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 August 30; 315(7107): 549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9329326

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Diagnosing and managing polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Urgency in giving steroids in giant cell arteritis is still not widely appreciated. Author(s): Freeman AG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 August 30; 315(7107): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9329328

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Diagnosing polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Hopayian K. Source: Lancet. 1996 September 28; 348(9031): 899. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8826842

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Diagnosis and management of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Espinoza LR, Vidal L, Pastor C. Source: Compr Ther. 1986 September; 12(9): 19-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3769419

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Diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a note of caution. Author(s): Wysenbeek AJ, Leibovici L, Mor F, Atsmon A. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1987 December; 23(12): 1257-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3126161

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Diagnostic dilemmas in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Brooks RC, McGee SR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997 January 27; 157(2): 162-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9009973

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Distal extremity swelling with pitting edema in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Caliani L, Paira S. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 August; 40(8): 1551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9259448

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Distal extremity swelling with pitting edema in polymyalgia rheumatica: a case studied with MRI. Author(s): Olivieri I, Salvarani C, Cantini F, Barozzi L, Macchioni L, Pavlica P. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1997 November-December; 15(6): 710-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444436

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Distal musculoskeletal manifestations in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Salvarani C, Cantini F, Olivieri I. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S51-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948763

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Distal musculoskeletal manifestations in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective followup study. Author(s): Salvarani C, Cantini F, Macchioni P, Olivieri I, Niccoli L, Padula A, Boiardi L. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998 July; 41(7): 1221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9663479

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Distribution of HLA-DRB1 alleles of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in a Mediterranean population. Author(s): Combe B, Sany J, Le Quellec A, Clot J, Eliaou JF. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 January; 25(1): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9458210

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Does normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate rule out polymyalgia rheumatica? Comment on the article by Helfgott and Kieval. Author(s): Sivri A. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999 April; 42(4): 827-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211906

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DRB1 alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis in southern France. Author(s): Reviron D, Foutrier C, Guis S, Mercier P, Roudier J. Source: European Journal of Immunogenetics : Official Journal of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. 2001 February; 28(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251689

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Effect of hemiparesis on polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Brelsford WG, Goodman RE. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 September; 15(9): 1433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3199402

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Effects of glucocorticoids on bone mass in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. A longitudinal study. Author(s): Mur E, Watfah C, Kinigadner U, Fridrich L, Riccabona G, Moncayo R. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 September-October; 16(5): 623. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9779318

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Effects of inflammation and treatment on bone turnover and bone mass in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Dolan AL, Moniz C, Dasgupta B, Li F, Mackintosh C, Todd P, Corrigall V, Panayi GS. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 November; 40(11): 2022-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9365092

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Elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: ultrasonographic study of the glenohumeral joints. Author(s): Lange U, Teichmann J, Stracke H, Bretzel RG, Neeck G. Source: Rheumatology International. 1998; 17(6): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9592862

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Elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis complicated by polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Iwadate H, Takeda I, Kanno T, Kasukawa R. Source: Intern Med. 2002 August; 41(8): 657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211537

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Elevated serum concentrations of the chemokine RANTES in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Pulsatelli L, Meliconi R, Boiardi L, Macchioni P, Salvarani C, Facchini A. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 May-June; 16(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631747

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Elevated soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in the serum of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: influence of steroid treatment. Author(s): Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Meliconi R, Salvarani C, Grazia Uguccioni M, Rossi F, Pulsatelli L, Facchini A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 October; 21(10): 1860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7837151

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Enlargement of iliopsoas bursa in a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Tani Y, Nishimura I, Mimura T, Ushiyama T, Inoue K, Murakami M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 May; 28(5): 1198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361214

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Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy. Author(s): Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Zizzi F, Mantovani W, Rossi F, Castri C, Capozzoli N, Baricchi R, Boiardi L, Chiaravalloti F, et al. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1991 March; 34(3): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2003856

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Epidemiology and mortality in 220 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Schaufelberger C, Bengtsson BA, Andersson R. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 March; 34(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7728403

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Epidemiology and optimal management of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Labbe P, Hardouin P. Source: Drugs & Aging. 1998 August; 13(2): 109-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9739500

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Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970-1991. Author(s): Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995 March; 38(3): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7880191

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Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Cimmino MA, Zaccaria A. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S9-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948749

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Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Espinoza LR, Silveira LH, Martinez-Osuna P, Jara LJ. Source: Compr Ther. 1991 June; 17(6): 28-33. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1934984

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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at presentation is a prognostic indicator for duration of treatment in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) Author(s): Pountain G, Hazleman B. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 April; 36(4): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9159557

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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998 May 15; 128(10): 873-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9599208

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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the evaluation of disease activity and severity in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective follow-up study. Author(s): Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, Macchioni L, Ranzi A, Niccoli L, Padula A, Boiardi L. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000 August; 30(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10966209

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Establishment of the relative antiinflammatory potency of deflazacort and prednisone in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Lund B, Egsmose C, Jorgensen S, Krogsgaard MR. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1987 December; 41(6): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3124940

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EULAR response criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: results of an initiative of the European Collaborating Polymyalgia Rheumatica Group (subcommittee of ESCISIT). Author(s): Leeb BF, Bird HA, Nesher G, Andel I, Hueber W, Logar D, Montecucco CM, Rovensky J, Sautner J, Sonnenblick M. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 December; 62(12): 1189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644857

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Evidence for synovitis in active polymyalgia rheumatica: sonographic study in a large series of patients. Author(s): Frediani B, Falsetti P, Storri L, Bisogno S, Baldi F, Campanella V, Acciai C, Filippou G, Chellini F, Cosentino R, Marcolongo R. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 January; 29(1): 123-30. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 2002 March; 29(3): 644. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824948

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Factor VIII-von Willebrand factor in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Persellin ST, Daniels TM, Rings LJ, Kazmier FJ, Bowie EJ, Hunder GG. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1985 July; 60(7): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3925247

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Familial aggregation of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Liang GC, Simkin PA, Hunder GG, Wilske KR, Healey LA. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1974 January-February; 17(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4810661

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Familial aggregation of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: genetic and T cell repertoire analysis. Author(s): Bartolome MJ, Martinez-Taboda VM, Lopez-Hoyos M, Blanco R, RodriguezValverde V. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 May-June; 19(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11407077

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Familial giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: aggregation in 2 families. Author(s): Fietta P, Manganelli P, Zanetti A, Neri TM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 July; 29(7): 1551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12136919

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Familial polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): How J, Hirst PJ, Bewsher PD, Bain LS. Source: Scott Med J. 1981 January; 26(1): 59-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7268390

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Fatal myocardial infarction resulting from coronary arteritis in a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica and biopsy-proved temporal arteritis. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Morris CR, Scheib JS. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 May 23; 154(10): 1158-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8185428

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Fatal renal failure in polymyalgia rheumatica caused by disseminated giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Elling H, Kristensen IB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1980; 9(4): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7455632

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Favorable role of interleukin 10 in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Straub RH, Herfarth HH, Rinkes B, Konecna L, Gluck T, von Landenberg P, Georgi J, Helmke K, Scholmerich J, Vaith P, Lang B. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 June; 26(6): 1318-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10381050

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Fibrin(ogen)olysis in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: preliminary findings on association with disease activity. Author(s): Grau RG, Kassan SS, Franks JJ, Kaplan H, Walker SH, Tan EM. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1984 October; 43(5): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6497463

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First international conference on polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis, Prato, Italy. May 25-26, 1999. Author(s): Schirmer M, Calamia KT, Salvarani C. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 July; 27(7): 1801-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914874

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Frequency of a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with active, untreated arteritis temporalis and polymyalgia rheumatica: comment on the article by Helfgott and Kieval. Author(s): Olsson AT, Elling H, Elling P. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 January; 40(1): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9008618

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Frequency of peripheral neuropathy in Horton's disease and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Plouvier B, De Coninck P, Buschges B, Bouton Y. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 January; 84(1): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2827467

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Ga-67 imaging in a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Ohta H, Nakano T. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 August; 26(8): 712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452183

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Genetic and environmental factors in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Cimmino MA. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1997 October; 56(10): 576-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389216

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Genetic epidemiology. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA. Source: Arthritis Research. 2001; 3(3): 154-7. Epub 2001 February 26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11299056

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Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica can be differentiated by distinct patterns of HLA class II association. Author(s): Dababneh A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Hajeer A, Thomson W, Ollier W. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 November; 25(11): 2140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818656

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Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in a region of Finland: an epidemiologic, clinical and pathologic study, 1984-1988. Author(s): Franzen P, Sutinen S, von Knorring J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 February; 19(2): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1629827

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Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Hunder GG. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1997 January; 81(1): 195-219. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9012761

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Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): DiBartolomeo AG, Brick JE. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 February 1; 91(2): 107-9, 112. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1738732

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Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Review for the otolaryngologist. Author(s): Ferguson BJ, Allen NB, Farmer JC Jr. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1987 July-August; 96(4): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3619280

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Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: are pregnancies a protective factor? A prospective, multicentre case-control study. GRACG (Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes). Author(s): Duhaut P, Pinede L, Demolombe-Rague S, Dumontet C, Ninet J, Seydoux D, Loire R, Pasquier J. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 February; 38(2): 118-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10342623

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Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: clues to early diagnosis. Author(s): Dwolatzky T, Sonnenblick M, Nesher G. Source: Geriatrics. 1997 June; 52(6): 38-40, 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9194789

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Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: role of viral infections. Author(s): Duhaut P, Bosshard S, Dumontet C. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S22-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948753

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Giant cell arteritis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Hunder GG. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 June; 102(6): 514-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9217664

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Giant cell arteritis of myometrial and axillary arteries and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Kyle V, Dutoit SH, Elias-Jones J, Hazleman B. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 March; 46(3): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3579393

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Giant cell arteritis precipitated by a diagnostic trial of prednisolone in suspected polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Reilly PA, Maddison PJ. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1987 June; 6(2): 270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3621844

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Giant cell arteritis with polymyalgia rheumatica, loss of vision, and abdominal symptoms occurring during a four year course. Author(s): Simkin PA, Healey LA. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1969 April; 12(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5777770

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Giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and viral hypotheses: a multicenter, prospective case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes. Author(s): Duhaut P, Bosshard S, Calvet A, Pinede L, Demolombe-Rague S, Dumontet C, Loire R, Seydoux D, Ninet J, Pasquier J, Aymard M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 February; 26(2): 361-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9972970

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Giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica in a Danish county. A prospective investigation, 1982-1985. Author(s): Boesen P, Sorensen SF. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1987 March; 30(3): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3566821

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Giant cell arteritis: including temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Hamilton CR Jr, Shelley WM, Tumulty PA. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1971 January; 50(1): 1-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5101106

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Giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica, 1972. Author(s): Aita JA. Source: Nebr Med J. 1972 June; 57(6): 217-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5034912

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Giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 September 16; 139(6): 505-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13679329

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Heat induced radial segmentation of leukocyte nuclei in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and other inflammatory diseases. Author(s): Christen RD, Wagenhauser FJ, Neftel KA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 July; 17(7): 923-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2213758

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Hepatic granuloma in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Burke M, Sasson E, Baratz M, Yust I. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1984 June; 32(6): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6725812

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Hepatocellular disease in the giant-cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. Author(s): Leong AS, Alp MH. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1981 February; 40(1): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7469532

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High incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in a Swedish community. Author(s): Noltorp S, Svensson B. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991 July-August; 9(4): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1934682

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Hip bursitis in active polymyalgia rheumatica: report of a case. Author(s): Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, Niccoli L, Padula A, Bozza A. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 July-August; 17(4): 512-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10464569

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Histocompatibility antigens and polymyalgia rheumatica in a Japanese patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Nishikawa M, Shouzu A, Imai Y, Yonemoto T, Shimizu H, Miyake Y, Hayakawa T, Omoto S, Nomura S, Inada M. Source: Intern Med. 1997 December; 36(12): 935-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9475255

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Histocompatibility antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Armstrong RD, Behn A, Myles A, Panayi GS, Welsh KI. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1983 August; 10(4): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6413689

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HLA antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica in northern Sweden. Author(s): Uddhammar A, Sojka BN, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1996 September; 15(5): 486-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8894363

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HLA-DR antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Gouet D, Alcalay D, Azais I, Alcalay M, Becq-Giraudon B, Sudre Y, Bontoux D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1985 June; 12(3): 627-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3862847

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HLA-DR locus antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Calamia KT, Moore SB, Elveback LR, Hunder GG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1981 November-December; 8(6): 993-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6948960

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HLA-DR4 in giant cell arteritis: association with polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. Author(s): Richardson JE, Gladman DD, Fam A, Keystone EC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1987 November; 30(11): 1293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3500727

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HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with polymyalgia rheumatica in northern Italy: correlation with disease severity. Author(s): Salvarani C, Boiardi L, Mantovani V, Ranzi A, Cantini F, Olivieri I, Bragliani M, Collina E, Macchioni P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 May; 58(5): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10225816

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HLA-DRB1 alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Weyand CM, Hunder NN, Hicok KC, Hunder GG, Goronzy JJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994 April; 37(4): 514-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8147928

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HLA-DRB1 antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Flipo RM, Danze PM, Labbe P, Hachulla E, Houvenagel E, Duquesnoy B, Delcambre B. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1994 July-August; 12(4): 462-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7818690

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Homocysteine levels in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: influence of corticosteroid therapy. Author(s): Martinez-Taboada VM, Bartolome MJ, Fernandez-Gonzalez MD, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Lopez-Hoyos M. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 September; 42(9): 1055-61. Epub 2003 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12730520

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis impairment in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Cutolo M, Foppiani L, Minuto F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002; 25(10 Suppl): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508908

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Pacheco MJ, Amado JA, Lopez-Hoyos M, Blanco R, Garcia-Unzueta MT, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Martinez-Taboada VM. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 February; 32(4): 266-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621591

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Hypothyroidism and thyroid antibodies in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Stewart I, Ridway J. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 March; 31(3): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1610448

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Hypothyroidism in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Wiseman P, Stewart K, Rai GS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 March 11; 298(6674): 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2496792

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Hypothyroidism in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: lack of any association. Author(s): Dasgupta B, Grundy E, Stainer E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 July 14; 301(6743): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2390592

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IL-6 promoter polymorphism at position -174 modulates the phenotypic expression of polymyalgia rheumatica in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Hajeer AH, Dababneh A, Garcia-Porrua C, Mattey DL, Amoli MM, Thomson W, Ollier WE. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 March-April; 20(2): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051396

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Immunofluorescence study of immune complexes in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Shintani S, Tsuruoka S, Tamaki M, Mihara N, Shiigai T, Kikuchi M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1995 January; 128(1): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7722527

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Immunogenetics of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): al-Jarallah KF, Buchanan WW, Sastry A, Singal DP. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993 September-October; 11(5): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8275589

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Impaired redox status and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Chariot P, Chevalier X, Yerroum M, Drogou I, Authier FJ, Gherardi R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 November; 60(11): 1016-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11602471

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In polymyalgia rheumatica serum prolactin is positively correlated with the number of typical symptoms but not with typical inflammatory markers. Author(s): Straub RH, Georgi J, Helmke K, Vaith P, Lang B. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 April; 41(4): 423-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11961173

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Inappropriate modifications of corticosteroid therapy in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Cimmino MA, Seriolo B, Accardo S. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 April; 33(4): 407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8156321

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Incidence of temporal arteritis in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective study using colour Doppler ultrasonography of the temporal arteries. Author(s): Schmidt WA, Gromnica-Ihle E. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 January; 41(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792879

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Increased frequency of malignancy found in patients presenting with new-onset polymyalgic symptoms suggested to have polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Haugeberg G, Dovland H, Johnsen V. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 June 15; 47(3): 346-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12115167

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Inflamed shoulder structures in polymyalgia rheumatica with normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Author(s): Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, Niccoli L, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Mastrorosato M, Ciancio G, Padula A, Bozza A, Rubini F. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 May; 44(5): 1155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11352249

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Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis: association with disease risk and severity. Author(s): Salvarani C, Casali B, Boiardi L, Ranzi A, Macchioni P, Nicoli D, Farnetti E, Brini M, Portioli I. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 May; 27(5): 1215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10813290

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Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene polymorphisms in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Amoli MM, Shelley E, Mattey DL, Garcia-Porrua C, Thomson W, Hajeer AH, Ollier WE, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 March; 29(3): 502-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11911111

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Interleukin-1 cluster and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Boiardi L, Salvarani C, Timms JM, Silvestri T, Macchioni PL, di Giovine FS. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 November-December; 18(6): 675-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138328

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Interleukin-6 in clinical relapses of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Caplanne D, Le Parc JM, Alexandre JA. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1996 June; 55(6): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8694583

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Intermittent claudication and polymyalgia rheumatica. Association with panarteritis. Author(s): Hunder GG, Sheps SG. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1967 June; 119(6): 638-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6027191

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Interrelationships between polymyalgia rheumatica and polyarthritis. Author(s): Robbins DL, White RH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 September; 15(9): 1323-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3058968

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Involvement of the peripheral nervous system in temporal arteritis-polymyalgia rheumatica. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Nesher G, Rosenberg P, Shorer Z, Gilai A, Solomonovich A, Sonnenblick M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 April; 14(2): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3037077

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Is remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema in elderly subjects a manifestation of polymyalgia rheumatica? Report of a case. Author(s): Fan CS, Conrozier T, Mathieu P, Tebib J, Vignon E. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 January; 66(1): 62-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10036704

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Is seronegative RA in the elderly the same as polymyalgia rheumatica? Author(s): Hunder GG, Goronzy J, Weyand C, Weyland C [corrected to Weyand C. Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 1994 February; 43(1): 1-3. Erratum In: Bull Rheum Dis 1994 April; 43(2): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8173652

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Is there a relationship between “giant cell” arteritis with “polymyalgia rheumatica” and rheumatoid arthritis? Author(s): Waller E, Milde EJ. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1968; 72(2): 347. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5661530

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Isolation and analysis of immune complexes from sera of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Smith AJ, Kyle V, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 June; 46(6): 468-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2820320

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Joint imaging in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): O'Duffy JD, Wahner HW, Hunder GG. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1976 August; 51(8): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=950805

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Joint manifestations in myelodysplastic syndromes. A report of three cases presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Berthelot JM, Hamidou M, Dauty M, Rodet D, Maugars Y, Prost A. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 February; 64(2): 95-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9085443

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Laboratory investigations including liver in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Kyle V. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1991 December; 5(3): 475-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1807822

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Laboratory investigations useful in the evaluation of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Author(s): Hazleman B. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S29-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948756

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Lack of association between infection and onset of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Narvaez J, Clavaguera MT, Nolla-Sole JM, Valverde-Garcia J, Roig-Escofet D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 April; 27(4): 953-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10782822

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Late-onset rheumatoid arthritis vs polymyalgia rheumatica: making the diagnosis. Author(s): Healey LA. Source: Geriatrics. 1988 October; 43(10): 65-6, 69-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3047014

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Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Maragou M, Siotsiou F, Sfondouris H, Nicolia Z, Vayopoulos G, Dantis P. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1989 March; 8(1): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2743723

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Leukocyte infiltration in synovial tissue from the shoulder of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Quantitative analysis and influence of corticosteroid treatment. Author(s): Meliconi R, Pulsatelli L, Uguccioni M, Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Melchiorri C, Focherini MC, Frizziero L, Facchini A. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996 July; 39(7): 1199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8670331

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Limited forms of Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Herrero-Beaumont G, Armas JB, Amorim R, Shenstone B, Bhalla A, Maddison PJ. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1991 October; 30(5): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1913011

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Lipoprotein(a) and anticardiolipin antibodies as risk factors for thrombotic events in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Seriolo B, Accardo S, Cutolo M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 August; 23(8): 1478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8856634

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Lipoprotein(a) in relation to acute phase reaction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Wallberg-Jonsson S, Uddhammar A, Dahlen G, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1995 July; 55(4): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7569733

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Liver scan abnormalities in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Kyle V, Wraight EP, Hazleman BL. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1991 September; 10(3): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1790639

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Local injections in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Akgun K, Aydingoz O. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 April; 29(4): 855; Author Reply 855. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950036

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Locked jaw in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Lim SH, McLeay G. Source: Scott Med J. 1988 February; 33(1): 211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3388001

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Long term treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica with deflazacort. Author(s): Cimmino MA, Moggiana G, Montecucco C, Caporali R, Accardo S. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1994 May; 53(5): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8017988

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Long-term follow up of von Willebrand factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Uddhammar A, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Nilsson TK. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1997 November; 56(11): 698-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9462179

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Long-term survival in giant cell arteritis including temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. A follow-up study of 90 patients treated with corticosteroids. Author(s): Andersson R, Malmvall BE, Bengtsson BA. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1986; 220(4): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3799241

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Longterm therapy in polymyalgia rheumatica: effect of coexistent temporal arteritis. Author(s): Narvaez J, Nolla-Sole JM, Clavaguera MT, Valverde-Garcia J, Roig-Escofet D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 September; 26(9): 1945-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10493675

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Lyme borreliosis presenting as a polymyalgia rheumatica-like syndrome. Author(s): Schwartzberg M, Weber CA, Musico J. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 April; 34(4): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7788160

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Lymphocyte subpopulations analysis in peripheral blood in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Pountain G, Keogan M, Hazleman B, Brown D. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 February; 33(2): 194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8162492

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Lymphocyte subpopulations analysis in peripheral blood in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Salvarani C, Rossi F, Casadei-Maldini M, Mancini R, Beltrandi E, Portioli I. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 August; 32(8): 666-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8348267

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Lymphoreticular malignancy and monoclonal gammopathy presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Kalra L, Delamere JP. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 December; 26(6): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3480012

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Magnetic resonance imaging and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Salvarini C, Cantini F, Olivieri I, Hunder GG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 April; 28(4): 918-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11327277

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Malignant boutonneuse fever and polymyalgia rheumatica: a coincidental association? Author(s): Chaumentin G, Zenone T, Bibollet C, Denoyel GA, Boibieux A, Biron F, Peyramond D. Source: Infection. 1997 September-October; 25(5): 320-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9334871

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Management of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Meskimen S, Cook TD, Blake RL Jr. Source: American Family Physician. 2000 April 1; 61(7): 2061-8, 2073. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10779249

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Management policies for polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Kirwan J, Hosie G. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 July; 33(7): 690-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8019806

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Managing polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in the primary care setting. Author(s): Terrazas D, Schumann L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 1997 June; 9(6): 289-92, Quiz 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9274251

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Metacarpal bone measurements in renal transplant recipients, in corticosteroidtreated patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): Andresen J, Nielsen HE, Albertsen K. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1986; 219(1): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3513481

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Methotrexate for corticosteroid-resistant polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Krall PL, Mazanec DJ, Wilke WS. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1989 May; 56(3): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2743546

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Methotrexate in polymyalgia rheumatica: preliminary results of an open, randomized study. Author(s): Ferraccioli G, Salaffi F, De Vita S, Casatta L, Bartoli E. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 April; 23(4): 624-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8730115

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Microheterogeneity of acute phase proteins in the differentiation of polymyalgia rheumatica from polymyositis. Author(s): Pawlowski T, Aeschlimann A, Kahn MF, Vaith P, Mackiewicz SH, Mueller W. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 September; 17(9): 1187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1705291

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Microheterogeneity of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in the management of giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Hachulla E, Laine A, Hayem A. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1990 June; 78(6): 557-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2165887

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Microscopic polyarteritis during polymyalgia rheumatica remission. Author(s): Uematsu-Yanagita M, Cho M, Hakamata Y, Tanaka M, Ishii K, Kume N, Ochi H, Wakatsuki Y, Yokode M, Murakami M, Yoshioka H, Doi T, Kita T. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1996 August; 28(2): 289-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8768928

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Molecular analysis of HLA-DR polymorphism in polymyalgia rheumatica. Swiss Group for Research on HLA in Polymyalgia Rheumatica. Author(s): Guerne PA, Salvi M, Seitz M, Bruhlmann P, Rivier G, Frey D, Mermillod B, Vischer TL, Tiercy JM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 April; 24(4): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9101500

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Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Ellingsen T, Elling P, Olson A, Elling H, Baandrup U, Matsushima K, Deleuran B, Stengaard-Pedersen K. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 October; 59(10): 775-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11005777

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Monozygotic twins discordant for polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Meyerhoff J, Hochberg MC. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1982 May-June; 9(3): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6889652

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More on polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Hunder GG. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1984 July; 141(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6475044

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Multiple deletions of the mitochondrial DNA in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Reynier P, Pellissier JF, Harle JR, Malthiery Y. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1994 November 30; 205(1): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7999051

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Muscle pathology in polymyalgia rheumatica: histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Kojima S, Takagi A, Ida M, Shiozawa R. Source: Jpn J Med. 1991 November-December; 30(6): 516-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1798211

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Muscle pathology in rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and polymyositis: a histochemical study. Author(s): Brooke MH, Kaplan H. Source: Arch Pathol. 1972 August; 94(2): 101-18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5046796

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Musculoskeletal manifestations in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Author(s): Narvaez J, Nolla-Sole JM, Narvaez JA, Clavaguera MT, Valverde-Garcia J, Roig-Escofet D. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 November; 60(11): 1060-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11602480

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Myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative syndromes associated with giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a coincidental coexistence or a causal relationship? Author(s): Espinosa G, Font J, Munoz-Rodriguez FJ, Cervera R, Ingelmo M. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2002 August; 21(4): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12189460

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Neutrophil chemotaxis in ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease, and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Mowat AG. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1978 February; 37(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=629611

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New arguments for a vasculitic nature of polymyalgia rheumatica using positron emission tomography. Author(s): Blockmans D, Maes A, Stroobants S, Nuyts J, Bormans G, Knockaert D, Bobbaers H, Mortelmans L. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 May; 38(5): 444-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10371283

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No permanent reduction in bone mineral density during treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis using low dose corticosteroids. Author(s): Haugeberg G, Myklebust G, Dovland H, Mikkelsen B, Gran JT. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2000; 29(3): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898068

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Non-giant cell arteritis of the temporal artery presenting as the polymyalgia rheumatica-temporal arteritis syndrome. Author(s): Lesser RS, Aledort D, Lie JT. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 November; 22(11): 2177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8596167

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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and subsequent acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Montanaro M, Bizzarri F. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 April; 31(4): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1555044

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Notes on joint diseases. VI. Polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Healey LA. Source: Northwest Med. 1970 July; 69(7): 502. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5469351

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Occurrence of polymyalgia rheumatica in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Palmer RG, Prouse PJ, Gumpel JM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 March 29; 292(6524): 867. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3083915

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On the epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Author(s): Healey LA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 October; 20(10): 1639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8295170

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On the utility of CD8 level assessment in the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Salvarani C, Boiardi L, Macchioni PL, Portioli I. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 January-February; 13(1): 129-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7774096

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Pain in the elderly: polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Loeslie V. Source: Clin Excell Nurse Pract. 2000 November; 4(6): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858317

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Patient compliance in rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and gout. Author(s): de Klerk E, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, van der Tempel H, Urquhart J, van der Linden S. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 January; 30(1): 44-54. Erratum In: J Rheumatol. 2003 February; 30(2): 423. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508389

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Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR): clinical, laboratory, and immunofluorescence studies in 13 patients. Author(s): Shintani S, Shiigai T, Matsui Y. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2002 January; 104(1): 20-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792472

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Shiozawa S. Source: Intern Med. 2002 August; 41(8): 605. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211524

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Avoiding management traps. Author(s): de Jager JP. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2001 July; 30(7): 643-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11558196

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Author(s): Blockmans DE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 19; 347(25): 2083-5; Author Reply 2083-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12494942

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Author(s): Praderio L, Di Comite G, Saporiti N. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 19; 347(25): 2083-5; Author Reply 2083-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12494941

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Author(s): Horton JC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 19; 347(25): 2083-5; Author Reply 2083-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12494940

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Author(s): Ostor AJ, Hazleman BL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 19; 347(25): 2083-5; Author Reply 2083-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490698

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Author(s): Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 July 25; 347(4): 261-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140303

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and pericardial tamponade. Author(s): Brucato A, Brambilla G. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 March; 61(3): 283. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11830449

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: evidence and guidelines for diagnosis and management in older people. Author(s): Frearson R, Cassidy T, Newton J. Source: Age and Ageing. 2003 July; 32(4): 370-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12851178

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Polymyalgia rheumatica as the initial manifestation of skeletal muscle arteritis with giant cells. Author(s): Perez C, Maravi E, Garcia-Bragado F. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2001 October; 24(10): 1403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11562924

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Polymyalgia rheumatica revisited. Author(s): Cohen MD, Abril A. Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001; 50(8): 1-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591045

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Polymyalgia rheumatica with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate at diagnosis. Author(s): Larrosa M, Gratacos J, Sala M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 July; 27(7): 1815-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914875

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Polymyalgia rheumatica with normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate: clinical aspects. Author(s): Martinez-Taboada VM, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S34-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948758

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Polymyalgia rheumatica. The great impressionist. Author(s): Stewart PA. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 May; 11(5): 73-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12754989

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Polymyalgia rheumatica/temporal arteritis: recent advances. Author(s): Barilla-LaBarca ML, Lenschow DJ, Brasington RD Jr. Source: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002 February; 4(1): 39-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11798981

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Prednisolone maintenance dose in relation to starting dose in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. A prospective two-year study in 273 patients. Author(s): Myklebust G, Gran JT. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2001; 30(5): 260-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727839

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Presenting features of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and rheumatoid arthritis with PMR-like onset: a prospective study. Author(s): Caporali R, Montecucco C, Epis O, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Maio T, Cimmino MA. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 November; 60(11): 1021-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11602472

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Raised ESR in polymyalgia rheumatica no longer a sine qua non? Author(s): Ortiz Z, Tugwell P. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 6; 348(9019): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8691933

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Raised serum-alkaline-phosphatase levels in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Glick EN. Source: Lancet. 1972 August 12; 2(7772): 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4115056

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RANTES gene polymorphism in polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Makki RF, al Sharif F, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Ollier WE, Hajeer AH. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 May-June; 18(3): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895380

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Rarity of synovitis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Kyle V, Tudor J, Wraight EP, Gresham GA, Hazleman BL. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1990 March; 49(3): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2322025

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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome complicating polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Wysenbeek AJ, Calabrese LH, Scherbel AL. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1981 June; 24(6): 863-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7247982

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Relation of giant cell arteritis to polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Healey LA. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1991 December; 5(3): 371-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1807815

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Relationship of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate to acute phase proteins in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Park JR, Jones JG, Hazleman BL. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1981 October; 40(5): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6171213

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Renal cell carcinoma mimicking polymyalgia rheumatica. Clues for a correct diagnosis. Author(s): Niccoli L, Salvarani C, Baroncelli G, Padula A, Olivieri I, Cantini F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2002; 31(2): 103-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12109644

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Renal cell carcinoma presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Resolution after nephrectomy. Author(s): Sidhom OA, Basalaev M, Sigal LH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1993 September 13; 153(17): 2043-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8357289

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Renal vascular involvement in a case of polymyalgia rheumatica with temporal arteritis. A study of successive biopsies. Author(s): Tallgren LG, von Knorring J. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1969 May; 185(5): 421-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4185516

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Report on polymyalgia rheumatica special interest group. Author(s): Dasgupta B. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 January; 37(1): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9487259

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Restricted dose and duration of corticosteroid treatment in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. Author(s): Lundberg I, Hedfors E. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 October; 17(10): 1340-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2254893

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Retrocalcaneal bursitis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Olivieri I, Padula A, Salvarani C, Cantini F, Barozzi L. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 December; 60(12): 1160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11760728

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Rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly, presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Dimant J. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1979 April; 27(4): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=429738

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Rheumatoid arthritis masquerading as polymyalgia rheumatica: report of two cases. Author(s): Weinberger KA. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1980 November; 28(11): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7430527

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Risk factors and predictive models of giant cell arteritis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Rodriguez-Valverde V, Sarabia JM, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Figueroa M, Armona J, Blanco R, Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Martinez-Taboada VM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 April; 102(4): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9217613

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Risk factors for thrombotic events in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Seriolo B, Cutolo M, Garnero A, Accardo S. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 November; 37(11): 1251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9851284

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Risk-benefit considerations in the management of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Chang RW, Fineberg HV. Source: Medical Decision Making : an International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making. 1983; 3(4): 459-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6668991

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Role of peripheral CD8 lymphocytes and soluble IL-2 receptor in predicting the duration of corticosteroid treatment in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Salvarani C, Boiardi L, Macchioni P, Rossi F, Tartoni P, Casadei Maldini M, Mancini R, Beltrandi E, Portioli I. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1995 August; 54(8): 640-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7677440

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RS3PE syndrome and polymyalgia rheumatica: distinguishing features. Author(s): Bridges AJ, Hickman PL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1991 November; 18(11): 1764-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1787506

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Secondary (AA-type) amyloidosis in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Escriba A, Morales E, Albizua E, Herrero JC, Ortuno T, Carreno A, Dominguez-Gil B, Praga M. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2000 January; 35(1): 137-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10620555

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Secondary amyloidosis associated with giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Stebbing J, Buetens O, Hellmann D, Stone J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 December; 26(12): 2698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606387

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Selective T cell receptor decrease in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Lopez-Hoyos M, Bartolome-Pacheco MJ, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Martinez-Taboada VM. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004 January; 63(1): 54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672892

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Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis in elderly and polymyalgia rheumatica have similar patterns of HLA association. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Hajeer AH, Dababneh A, Makki R, Garcia-Porrua C, Thomson W, Ollier W. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 January; 28(1): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11196513

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Serum soluble CD4 and CD8 levels in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Salvarani C, Boiardi L, Macchioni P, Casadei Maldini M, Mancini R, Beltrandi E, Rossi F, Portioli I. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 October; 21(10): 1865-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7837152

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Sex differences in temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Narvaez J, Nolla-Sole JM, Valverde-Garcia J, Roig-Escofet D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 February; 29(2): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11838850

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Shoulder sonographic findings in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 November; 26(11): 2501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10555920

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Shoulder ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica: a case-control study. Author(s): Cantini F, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, Niccoli L, Padula A, Macchioni L, Boiardi L, Ciancio G, Mastrorosato M, Rubini F, Bozza A, Zanfranceschi G. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 May; 28(5): 1049-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361188

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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in polymyalgia rheumatica and in giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Miro O, Casademont J, Jarreta D, Grau JM, Urbano-Marquez A, Cardellach F. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 June; 38(6): 568-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402080

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Spondyloarthropathy presenting as a polymyalgia rheumatica-like syndrome. Author(s): Ponce A, Sanmarti R, Orellana C, Munoz-Gomez J. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1997 November; 16(6): 614-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9456015

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Steroid sparing activity of tenidap in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: a multicenter double blind randomized placebo controlled study. Author(s): Littman BH, Bjarnason D, Bryant G, Engelbrecht J, Cohen M, Mertz L, Weaver A, Hunder GG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 June; 22(6): 1097-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7674236

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Steroid sparing therapeutic approaches to polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis. State of the art and perspectives. Author(s): Ferraccioli GF, Di Poi E, Damato R. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S58-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948766

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Subclinical vasculitis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Marzo-Ortega H, McGonagle D, O'Connor P, Pease C, Emery P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 November; 60(11): 1058-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11602479

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Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim therapy for polymyalgia rheumatica. Report of 5 cases. Author(s): Galezowski N, Nguyen TB, Blanche P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 July; 24(7): 1451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228160

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Sun exposure and the polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis complex. Author(s): Cimmino MA, Accardo S, Montecucco C, Caporali R, Cappelli A, Broggini M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1994 March-April; 12(2): 229-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8039298

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Survival in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a study of 398 cases and matched population controls. Author(s): Gran JT, Myklebust G, Wilsgaard T, Jacobsen BK. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 November; 40(11): 1238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11709607

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Synovial expression of cell adhesion molecules in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Meliconi R, Pulsatelli L, Melchiorri C, Frizziero L, Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Uguccioni M, Focherini MC, Facchini A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1997 March; 107(3): 494-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9067523

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Synovitis in polymyalgia rheumatica: a 5-year followup study in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Author(s): Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Rossi F, Baricchi R, Ghirelli L, Portioli I. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 December; 14(6): 1209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3437434

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Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica in the elderly. Author(s): Hutton CW, Maddison PJ. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1986 August; 45(8): 641-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3740992

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Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Foley J. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1987 April; 46(4): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3592796

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Temporal arteritis after normalization of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Papadakis MA, Schwartz ND. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1986 November; 146(11): 2283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3778060

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Temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in north-eastern Spain: clinical spectrum and relationship over a 15 year period. Author(s): Narvaez J, Nolla-Sole JM, Clavaguera MT, Valverde-Garcia J, Roig-Escofet D. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2003 February; 70(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639615

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The adrenal steroid status in relation to inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor) in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Straub RH, Gluck T, Cutolo M, Georgi J, Helmke K, Scholmerich J, Vaith P, Lang B. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 June; 39(6): 624-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10888707

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The case for classification of polymyalgia rheumatica and remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema as primarily capsular/entheseal based pathologies. Author(s): McGonagle D, Pease C, Marzo-Ortega H, O'Connor P, Emery P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 April; 27(4): 837-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10782804

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The history of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Portioli I. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948746

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The incidence and clinical characteristics of peripheral arthritis in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a prospective study of 231 cases. Author(s): Gran JT, Myklebust G. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 March; 39(3): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10788536

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The pathophysiology of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Docken WP. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 December; 26(12): 2714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606394

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The relation of polymyalgia rheumatica to rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Healey LA, Sheets PK. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988; 15(5): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3262751

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The relationship of polymyalgia rheumatica to giant cell arteritis--single or separate syndromes? Author(s): Healey LA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1986 December; 13(6): 1190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3560113

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The spectrum of conditions mimicking polymyalgia rheumatica in Northwestern Spain. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Salvarani C, Olivieri I, Hunder GG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 September; 27(9): 2179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10990231

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The spectrum of polymyalgia rheumatica in northwestern Spain: incidence and analysis of variables associated with relapse in a 10 year study. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Vazquez-Caruncho M, Dababneh A, Hajeer A, Ollier WE. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 June; 26(6): 1326-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10381051

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The spectrum of polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Healey LA. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1988 May; 4(2): 323-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3288323

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There is no association between polymyalgia rheumatica and acute parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Hemauer A, Modrow S, Georgi J, Helmke K, Vaith P, Lang B, Scholmerich J, Straub RH. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 October; 58(10): 657. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577374

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Treatment of refractory polymyalgia rheumatica with infliximab: a pilot study. Author(s): Salvarani C, Cantini F, Niccoli L, Catanoso MG, Macchioni P, Pulsatelli L, Padula A, Olivieri I, Boiardi L. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 April; 30(4): 760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672196

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Trends in the incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica over a 30 year period in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA. Author(s): Doran MF, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG, Gabriel SE. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 August; 29(8): 1694-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180732

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Ultrasonographic evidence of synovitis in axial joints in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Koski JM. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 March; 31(3): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1540791

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Ultrasonography of the glenohumeral joints--a helpful instrument in differentiation in elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Lange U, Piegsa M, Teichmann J, Neeck G. Source: Rheumatology International. 2000; 19(5): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10984136

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Ultrastructural examination of the skeletal muscles in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Fassbender R, Simmling-Annefeld M. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1982 July; 137(3): 181-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7201512

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Unusual electromyographic findings in a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Gross MD, Borkin MH, Rupp S. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1979 March; 22(3): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=420718

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•

Utilisation and costs of investigations, and accuracy of diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica by family physicians. Author(s): Bahlas S, Ramos-Remus C, Davis P. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(4): 278-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10941808

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Vascular accidents after actinic (solar) exposure. An aspect of the temporal arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. Author(s): O'Brien JP. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1987 July-August; 26(6): 366-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3623793

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Vascular bruits in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Mowat AG, Camp AV. Source: Lancet. 1971 June 26; 1(7713): 1358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4103427

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Visual complications of polymyalgia rheumatica (polymyalgia arteritica). Author(s): Hart FD. Source: The Practitioner. 1975 December; 215(1290): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1223854

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Vitiligo and motor neurone disease following acute polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Crisp AJ, Altmann P, Ranger P. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1981 October; 35(10): 367-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7326181

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Von Willebrand factor in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Uddhammar AC. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4 Suppl 20): S32-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948757

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What is your policy for weaning polymyalgia rheumatica patients from corticosteroids after 2 years? How do you know when to stop the process, if at all? Author(s): Hazleman B. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1991 February; 30(1): 34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1991214

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and polymyalgia rheumatica.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Polymyalgia Rheumatica The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or a synonym): •

A randomized controlled trial of salmon calcitonin to prevent bone loss in corticosteroid-treated temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Cornell Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Hospital For Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA. Source: Healey, J H Paget, S A Williams Russo, P Szatrowski, T P Schneider, R Spiera, H Mitnick, H Ales, K Schwartzberg, P Calcif-Tissue-Int. 1996 February; 58(2): 73-80 0171967X

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Anticardiolipin and antineutrophil antibodies in giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diesases, Bath, England. Source: McHugh, N J James, I E Plant, G T J-Rheumatol. 1990 July; 17(7): 916-22 0315162X

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Anticardiolipin antibodies and giant cell arteritis: a prospective, multicenter casecontrol study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes. Author(s): Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France. Source: Duhaut, P Berruyer, M Pinede, L Demolombe Rague, S Loire, R Seydoux, D Dechavanne, M Ninet, J Pasquier, J Arthritis-Rheum. 1998 April; 41(4): 701-9 0004-3591

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Clinical and laboratory findings with giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Neurological Clinic Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Berlit, P J-Neurol-Sci. 1992 August; 111(1): 1-12 0022-510X

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Clinical value of measuring soluble interleukin-2 receptor in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Mjolbolsta Hospital, Finland. Source: Gripenberg, M Franzen, P Froseth, B Scand-J-Rheumatol. 1995; 24(1): 26-8 03009742

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Distal extremity swelling with pitting edema in polymyalgia rheumatica. Report on nineteen cases. Author(s): Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. Source: Salvarani, C Gabriel, S Hunder, G G Arthritis-Rheum. 1996 January; 39(1): 73-80 0004-3591

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Epidural lipomatosis as a cause of spinal cord compression in polymyalgia rheumatica. Author(s): Borgess Medical Center, Kalamazoo, MI. Source: Taborn, J J-Rheumatol. 1991 February; 18(2): 286-8 0315-162X

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Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands. [email protected] Source: Zilko, P J Med-J-Aust. 1996 October 21; 165(8): 438-42 0025-729X

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Temporary artery biopsy in suspected temporal arteritis: a five year survey. Author(s): Middlemore Hospital, Auckland. Source: Stuart, R A N-Z-Med-J. 1989 August 23; 102(874): 431-3 0028-8446

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Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA. Source: Wilke, W S Hoffman, G S Rheum-Dis-Clin-North-Am. 1995 February; 21(1): 5971 0889-857X

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning polymyalgia rheumatica.

Recent Trials on Polymyalgia Rheumatica The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to polymyalgia rheumatica.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Phase II Trial using Infliximab in Subjects with Giant Cell Arteritis Condition(s): Giant Cell Arteritis; Granulomatous Arteritis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Centocor; Cleveland Clinic Foundation Hospital; INSYSS Purpose - Excerpt: Phase II clinical trial looking for newly diagnosed subjects with giant cell arteritis (GCA) or temporal arteritis. Standard Infliximab care. Subjects may also have polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00076726

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Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients With Life Threatening Autoimmune Diseases Condition(s): Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch; Graft Versus Host Disease; Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Churg-Strauss Syndrome; Hypersensitivity Vasculitis; Wegener's Granulomatosis; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus;

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Giant Cell Arteritis; Pure Red Cell Aplasia; Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis; Polyarteritis Nodosa; Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura; Takayasu Arteritis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Fairview University Medical Center Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine whether there is prompt engraftment after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation using filgrastim (G-CSF) mobilization in patients with life threatening autoimmune diseases. II. Determine the kinetics of T- and B-cell immune reconstitution after a combination of timed plasmapheresis, high dose cyclophosphamide and total lymphoid irradiation, and posttransplant immunosuppression with cyclosporine in these patients. III. Determine whether this treatment regimen beneficially influences the clinical course of these patients. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006055 •

Phase II Randomized Study of Glucocorticoids With or Without Methotrexate for Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis Condition(s): Giant Cell Arteritis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; Cleveland Clinic Foundation Hospital Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Compare the long term outcomes in patients with giant cell arteritis after glucocorticoid treatment with or without methotrexate. II. Compare remission relapse rates in these patients after glucocorticoid therapy with or without methotrexate. III. Determine whether adjunctive use of methotrexate lowers cumulative dose and duration of glucocorticoid therapy and whether there is less treatment related morbidity and mortality. IV. Demonstrate the feasibility of long term, double blind, placebo controlled, randomized, multicenter trials for treatment of systemic vasculitides. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004686

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms).

Clinical Trials 57

While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to polymyalgia rheumatica. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on polymyalgia rheumatica include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “polymyalgia rheumatica” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “polymyalgia rheumatica” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Systemic Manifestations of Temporal Arteritis by Louis A, and Wilske, Kenneth R. Healey; ISBN: 0808911309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808911309/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597833087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597833087/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Polymyalgia Rheumatica In order to find chapters that specifically relate to polymyalgia rheumatica, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit

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your search to book chapters and polymyalgia rheumatica using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on polymyalgia rheumatica: •

Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 218-219. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $95.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter on giant cell arteritis, or temporal arteritis, is from a textbook of diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Giant cell arteritis is a widespread inflammatory arteritis. The disease is found mainly in older women and is closely related to polymyalgia rheumatica. The chapter covers the clinical features, oral features, diagnosis, and therapy of giant cell arteritis. The most common clinical feature is a sharp unilateral headache concentrated on the temple. Another common finding is claudication of the jaw muscle on chewing. The crucial problem is involvement of the central artery of the optic nerve leading to initially transitory but eventually permanent blindness. The most common oral finding is unilateral tongue necrosis. Initially the patient has episodes of unilateral tongue pain and difficulty speaking. There may also be episodes of pallor due to the insufficient blood supply to the tongue. As the process progresses (and this may occur very rapidly), the artery closes, leading to infarction and necrosis (tissue death). The necrosis of the tongue produces a large, heavily coated ulcer that heals slowly over months. Despite the amazing regenerative ability of the oral cavity, scarring and impaired function are to be expected. Treatment involves high doses of oral or intravenous corticosteroids. Once improvement is obtained, a lower maintenance dose, often even alternate day therapy, can control the disorder. 1 figure. 16 references.

•

Chapter 21-C: Vasculitides: Giant Cell Arteritis, Polymyalgia Rheumatica, and Takayasu's Arteritis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 397-405. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of giant cell arteritis (GCA), polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), and Takayasu's arteritis (TA). GCA, also known as temporal arteritis, occurs more frequently in women than in men and is most likely to occur in people older than 50 years. The prevalence is highest in Scandinavian countries and in regions settled by people of northern European descent. This suggests an inherited risk. GCA presents with two major symptomatic complexes: signs of vascular insufficiency resulting from impaired blood flow and signs of systemic inflammation. The extracranial branches of the carotid arteries are most often affected.

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The predominant histologic feature of GCA is a mononuclear cell infiltrate dominated by T lymphocytes and macrophages that penetrate all layers of the wall of a mid sized artery. There is no pathognomonic laboratory test for GCA, and specific autoantibodies have not been identified. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and arterial biopsy results. Corticosteroids are effective in suppressing the symptoms. No other immunosuppressive agent used to manage other rheumatic diseases has proved useful in treating GCA. Vision loss, the most feared complication of GCA, can be prevented with early diagnosis and prompt treatment. PMR, a syndrome of muscle pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, and hips, can accompany, precede, or follow GCA, but it may also occur independently. The disease appears more frequently in women than in men and is more prevalent in Scandinavians and people of northern European descent. The cause of PMR is unknown. Most pathogenic abnormalities in people who have PMR are similar to those of GCA, supporting the emerging concept that PMR is a GCA variant characterized by dominance of the systemic inflammatory syndrome over the vascular component. The onset of PMR is abrupt and the myalgias are symmetrical and initially affect the shoulders. Malaise, weight loss, sweats, and low grade fever are common. The diagnosis of PMR is a clinical one. The differential diagnosis includes arthropathies, shoulder disorders, inflammatory myopathies, hypothyroidism, Parkinson's disease, malignancies, and infections. Although PMR is responsive to corticosteroid therapy, a critical issue in treating the disease is the dosage required for successful suppression of symptoms because the steroid requirements may differ markedly among patients. PMR is self limiting in most patients. TA is a rare granulomatous polyarteritis of the large elastic arteries, but it also may affect the coronary and pulmonary arteries. The disease affects primarily adolescent girls and young women. Incidence rates are highest in Asia. Although the etiology of TA is unknown, microbial infections have been implicated; however, no conclusive evidence for infectious organisms has been found. Clinical manifestations include fever, night sweats, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, diffuse myalgias, neurologic and ophthalmologic symptoms, and cardiac disease. Diagnosis is made by characteristic findings on vascular imaging. Corticosteroids are the therapy of choice for TA. Early diagnosis, immunosuppression, and aggressive surgical management have led to improved prognosis. 4 figures and 21 references.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover polymyalgia rheumatica.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on polymyalgia rheumatica is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to polymyalgia rheumatica. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for polymyalgia rheumatica: •

Infliximab may be effective in treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 15, 2003

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•

C. pneumoniae associated with giant cell arteritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 08, 2000

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Shoulder lesions in polymyalgia rheumatica respond to corticosteroid injections Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 12, 2000

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Ultrasonography May Be Sufficient For Diagnosis Of Temporal Arteritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 06, 1997

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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Linked To Severity of Polymyalgia Rheumatica Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 18, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to polymyalgia rheumatica, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as

Periodicals and News

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http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on polymyalgia rheumatica: •

Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 49(11): 1-4. 2001. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on evaluating and treating the musculoskeletal manifestations of thyroid disease. Thyroid disease can cause musculoskeletal symptoms that mimic known rheumatic syndromes. Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis can affect the musculoskeletal system. The manifestations of congenital hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism occurring in childhood are usually dominated by cognitive deficiencies and developmental delays. In adults, hypothyroidism may result from autoimmune and postablative mechanisms, pituitary failure, or iodine deficiency. Hypothyroid adults usually have manifestations consistent with low basal metabolic rate. An arthropathy may occur, or hypothyroidism may be confused with fibromyalgia. Hypothyroidism is also associated with other musculoskeletal and rheumatic diseases, including polymyositis, carpal tunnel syndrome, avascular necrosis of the hip, polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Thyrotoxicosis may also have musculoskeletal manifestations, including myopathy, osteoporosis, and shoulder pain. Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies directed against the TSH receptor in the thyroid, is associated with pretibial myxedema and thyroid acropachy. 2 tables and 35 references.

•

Arthritis Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter-Supplement. 17(2): 1-8. February 1999. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have arthritis with information on managing this chronic condition. The article describes the main types of arthritis, that

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is osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and related forms. OA, the most common form, involves the wearing away of cartilage. RA is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that is often more severe than other forms of arthritis. Related forms that are thought to involve an autoimmune problem include systemic lupus erythematous, scleroderma, polymyositis, giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, ankylosing spondylitis, gout and pseudogout, and joint infections. The article provides guidelines on managing arthritis, including keeping a positive attitude, controlling weight, exercising regularly, and knowing one's limits. A discussion of the types of medication used to treat arthritis, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, antidepressants, and topical pain relievers follows. Other nonsurgical and surgical treatments for relieving the pain of arthritis are highlighted. In addition, the article explains who gets arthritis, offers some tips on exercising, provides guidelines on applying heat and cold, describes alternative treatments under evaluation, identifies the benefits of massage, highlights current research efforts, presents ways to make daily activities easy on one's joints, and lists sources of additional information. 6 figures.

Academic Periodicals covering Polymyalgia Rheumatica Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to polymyalgia rheumatica. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering polymyalgia rheumatica that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1928 12 10 3 5 1958

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Polymyalgia Rheumatica In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and polymyalgia rheumatica. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).20 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for polymyalgia rheumatica: •

Temporal Arteritis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=187360 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

Physician Resources

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•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then

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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database21 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database22 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

21

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 22 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on polymyalgia rheumatica can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to polymyalgia rheumatica. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to polymyalgia rheumatica. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “polymyalgia rheumatica”:

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Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Fibromyalgia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fibromyalgia.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Hip Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hipinjuriesanddisorders.html Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilerheumatoidarthritis.html Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Neurologic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html Polymyalgia Rheumatica http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polymyalgiarheumatica.html Retinal Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/retinaldisorders.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Shoulder Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shoulderinjuriesanddisorders.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Vasculitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vasculitis.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to polymyalgia rheumatica, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews What You Need to Know about Polymyalgia and Giant Cell Arteritis Source: Cleveland Clinic Foundation http://www.clevelandclinic.org/arthritis/treat/facts/polymyalgia.htm

Patient Resources

•

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Diagnosis/Symptoms ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): Sed Rate Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/esr/test.html

•

Treatment Prednisone http://www.myasthenia.org/information/prednisone.pdf

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Giant Cell Arteritis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00440 Vasculitis Including Temporal Arteritis Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/vasculitis_doc.htm

•

Organizations American College of Rheumatology http://www.rheumatology.org/ Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/

•

Research Giant-Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/6/I-55 Physical Examination or Duplex Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Giant-Cell Arteritis Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/137/4/I-26

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

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The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on polymyalgia rheumatica. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis Source: Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 1997. 16 p. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. http://www.arthritis.org. PRICE: Single copy free from local Arthritis Foundation chapter (call 800-283-7800 for closest local chapter); bulk orders may be purchased from address above. Summary: This brochure for people with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) uses a question and answer format to provide information about these conditions. It states that PMR is a joint disease causing stiffness and aching in the neck, shoulder, and hip areas, and that stiffness, a major feature of PMR, and may cause other symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and slight fever. The brochure explains how a diagnosis is reached and states that the gene HLA-DR4 makes people more susceptible to developing PMR. It discusses the medicines most often used to treat PMR, and the importance of exercise and rest in treatment. The brochure also describes GCA, a condition in which certain arteries become inflamed, and that often occurs with PMR. It describes the symptoms of GCA as pain in the jaw muscles when eating or talking, severe headaches, vision problems, tenderness of the scalp or temples, persistent sore throat or difficulty swallowing, cough, and PMR. The brochure explains how GCA is diagnosed and that it is treated with glucocorticoid drugs. Both PMR and GCA may last 1 to 2 years. The brochure also includes sources of additional information.

•

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) Source: American Academy of Family Physicians. November 2003. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Academy of Family Physicians. Website: http://familydoctor.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)and temporal arteritis (TA). PMR is a condition that causes stiffness and pain in the shoulders, neck, and hips. The doctors diagnose PMR based on medical history, a physical examination, and laboratory tests. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen are used to treat PMR. Sometimes patients with PMR develop temporal arteritis (TA), an inflammation of the arteries in the head, forehead, and scalp. Although TA has some of the same symptoms as PMR, it is a more serious condition. Self-care tips for patients with PMR and TA are listed.

•

Questions and Answers About Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 2001. 16 p.

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Contact: Available from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675. (877) 226-4267 or (301) 495-4484. Fax (301) 718-6366. TTY (301) 565-2966. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niams.nih.gov. PRICE: 1 to 25 copies free. Order Number: AR-74QA (booklet), or AR-74L QA (large print). Summary: This fact sheet for people with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis uses a question and answer format to provide information. It describes the symptoms of both disorders, possible causes, the relation between the disorders, their prevalence in the United States, and the people at the highest risk of developing both disorders. The fact sheet also explains how a doctor makes a diagnosis and what the current drug treatments are for each disorder. It also describes current research on the causes and treatments for polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. The fact sheet then refers the reader to a list of voluntary health organizations for additional information about these disorders. A large print version of this fact sheet is also available. •

Temporal Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica Source: American Family Physician. 61(7): 2073. April 1, 2000. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have temporal arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica with information on the features, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Temporal arteritis, which affects the arteries that are above and in front of the ears on both sides of the head, is the most common form of giant cell arteritis. The most common symptom is headache. Diagnosis is often made by taking a biopsy of the temporal artery. Polymyalgia rheumatica causes stiffness and aching in the neck, shoulders, hips, and thighs. Diagnosis is based on a physical examination and blood tests. Both are treated with prednisone. The article provides some instructions for taking prednisone. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Polymyalgia Rheumatica Summary: Like most people, you're probably stiff and sore occasionally — maybe after a strenuous hike or a weekend of yard-work. Now imagine feeling that way all of the time. Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6995

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•


Polymyalgia Rheumatica--NLM Summary: Polymyalgia rheumatica is a rheumatic disorder that is associated with moderate to severe muscle pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulder, and hip area. Stiffness is most noticeable in the morning. Source: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6981

•

Questions and Answers about Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis Summary: Polymyalgia rheumatica is a rheumatic disorder that is associated with moderate to severe muscle pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulder, and hip area. Stiffness is most noticeable in the morning. Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6729 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to polymyalgia rheumatica. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to polymyalgia rheumatica. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with polymyalgia rheumatica. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about polymyalgia rheumatica. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “polymyalgia rheumatica”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “polymyalgia rheumatica” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 87

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 89

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on polymyalgia rheumatica: •

Basic Guidelines for Polymyalgia Rheumatica Polymyalgia rheumatica Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000415.htm RA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000431.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Polymyalgia Rheumatica Anemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Excessive tiredness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm

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Face pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003027.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm General ill feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hip pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003179.htm Hip stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Muscle atrophy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003188.htm Muscle pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Neck pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003025.htm Neck stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Shoulder pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003171.htm Shoulder stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Tiredness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm

Online Glossaries 93

Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Polymyalgia Rheumatica ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm CPK Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003503.htm Creatine kinase Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003503.htm ESR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Hematocrit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003646.htm Hemoglobin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003645.htm Liver function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003436.htm Muscle biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003924.htm RF Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003548.htm Rheumatoid factor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003548.htm Sedimentation rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm

•

Background Topics for Polymyalgia Rheumatica Distal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002346.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

95

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin: Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized

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amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue

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cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign

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and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Basal metabolic rate: Represents the minimum energy expenditure required for the maintenance of vital functions; normally the amount of energy expended, measured in calories, per unit of time at rest; measured after 14-18 hours of rest. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH]

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Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boutonneuse Fever: A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with Rickettsia conorii. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a

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network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary

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process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chimera: An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the

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high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others

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acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein,

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cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic trial: A research study that evaluates methods of detecting disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU]

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Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH]

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Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH]

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Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filgrastim: A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell). It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood-forming) agents. Also called granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed i.e., transcribed, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Geographic Locations: All of the continents and every country situated within, the United States and each of the constituent states arranged by region, Canada and each of its provinces, Australia and each of its states, the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres, and selected major cities. Although the geographic locations are not printed in index medicus as main headings, in indexing they are significant in epidemiologic studies and historical articles and for locating administrative units in education and the delivery of health care. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH]

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Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hematologic Diseases: Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH]

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Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH]

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Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU]

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Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH]

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Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipomatosis: A disorder consisting of the accumulation of abnormal localized, or tumor-like fat in the tissues. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

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Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Artery: A branch of the external carotid artery which distributes to the deep structures of the face (internal maxillary) and to the side of the face and nose (external maxillary). [NIH]

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Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH]

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Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microfilaments: The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH]

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Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH] Myelofibrosis: A disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]

Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH]

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Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonmalignant: Not cancerous. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH]

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Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pallor: A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH]

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Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycythemia Vera: A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites

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(liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Control: Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prealbumin: A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or

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severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from

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radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH]

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Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH]

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Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]

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Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence. [NIH] Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH]

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Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems.

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Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Arteries: Arteries arising from the external carotid or the maxillary artery and distributing to the temporal region. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired

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drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH]

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Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vasa Vasorum: Nutrient blood vessels which supply the walls of large arteries or veins. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 24, 95, 118 Abscess, 95, 125 ACE, 92, 95 Adrenal Cortex, 95, 96, 103, 120 Adrenal Glands, 95, 96 Adverse Effect, 4, 95, 124 Algorithms, 95, 98 Alkaline, 40, 95, 99 Alleles, 17, 26, 95, 109 Alopecia, 95, 103 Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin, 35, 95 Alternative medicine, 64, 95 Amino acid, 95, 96, 101, 118, 121, 126 Amino Acid Sequence, 95, 96 Amyloidosis, 5, 43, 95 Anal, 96, 106, 113 Analgesic, 96, 109, 116 Analytes, 79, 96 Anaphylatoxins, 96, 102 Anaplasia, 96 Anatomical, 96, 101, 110, 124 Androgenic, 96 Androgens, 95, 96, 103 Androstenedione, 14, 96 Anemia, 55, 75, 91, 96, 115, 119 Aneurysm, 9, 96 Anorexia, 61, 96 Antibacterial, 96, 125 Antibiotic, 96, 125 Antibodies, 9, 27, 31, 52, 65, 96, 97, 109, 113, 119 Antibody, 9, 96, 97, 102, 109, 110, 111, 114, 115, 122, 129 Antigen, 10, 96, 97, 102, 104, 107, 109, 110, 114 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 97, 102 Antigen-presenting cell, 97, 104 Anti-infective, 97, 111 Anti-inflammatory, 66, 80, 97, 103, 107, 109, 116, 120 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 97, 103 Antimetabolite, 97, 114 Antineoplastic, 97, 103, 114 Antipyretic, 97, 116 Anus, 96, 97, 99, 102, 111 Aorta, 3, 97 Arterial, 5, 61, 97, 109, 121

Arteries, 5, 23, 61, 80, 81, 97, 99, 100, 103, 114, 116, 127, 129 Arterioles, 97, 99 Arteritis, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 56, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 97, 120 Artery, 6, 15, 37, 52, 60, 61, 81, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103, 105, 113, 121 Arthropathy, 65, 97 Articular, 97, 117 Asymptomatic, 5, 97 Ataxia, 74, 75, 97, 127 Atrophy, 74, 92, 97 Atypical, 8, 10, 97 Autoantibodies, 61, 97 Autoantigens, 9, 97 Autoimmune disease, 56, 65, 97 Autologous, 55, 56, 98 Autonomic, 98, 118 Autonomic Nervous System, 98, 118 Axillary, 23, 98 Axons, 98, 117, 123 B Bacteria, 96, 98, 105, 115, 125, 128 Basal Ganglia, 97, 98 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 97, 98 Basal metabolic rate, 65, 98, 109 Base, 98, 104, 112, 127 Benign, 98, 108, 116, 122 Bile, 98, 107, 112, 126 Biochemical, 8, 11, 35, 95, 97, 98, 117 Biopsy, 15, 21, 27, 52, 61, 81, 93, 98 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 64, 71, 73, 74, 75, 98 Bladder, 98, 102, 110, 121, 129 Blood Cell Count, 99, 119 Blood Glucose, 99, 108, 111 Blood pressure, 99, 109, 115, 125 Blood vessel, 95, 99, 101, 112, 125, 126, 127, 129 Blood Volume, 99, 119 Bone Marrow, 5, 99, 103, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 125 Boutonneuse Fever, 33, 99 Bowel, 96, 99, 104, 126 Bowel Movement, 99, 104, 126

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Brachytherapy, 99, 111, 122, 129 Branch, 89, 99, 113, 117, 118, 125 Breakdown, 6, 99, 104 Buccal, 99, 113 Bursitis, 25, 42, 99 C Calcitonin, 52, 99 Calcium, 99, 102 Calculi, 99, 108 Capillary, 6, 99, 129 Capsular, 46, 100 Carbohydrate, 100, 103, 120 Carcinogenic, 100, 121, 126 Carcinogens, 100, 117 Carcinoma, 5, 12, 41, 100 Cardiac, 61, 100, 105, 116, 126 Carotid Arteries, 60, 100 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 65, 100 Case report, 21, 100 Caudal, 100, 120 Causal, 36, 100, 106 Cell Adhesion, 45, 100 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 45, 100 Cell Death, 100, 107 Cell Division, 74, 98, 100, 119 Cell Transplantation, 55, 100 Central Nervous System, 98, 100, 107, 108, 117 Central Nervous System Infections, 100, 108 Cerebellar, 97, 101, 122 Cerebral, 97, 98, 101 Cerebral Cortex, 97, 101 Cerebrum, 101, 128 Chemotactic Factors, 101, 102 Chemotaxis, 36, 101 Chimera, 6, 101 Chin, 101, 114 Cholesterol, 98, 101, 126 Chronic, 65, 74, 101, 105, 110, 112, 115, 119, 124, 125, 126 Chronic Disease, 101, 112 Chronic renal, 101, 119 Chymotrypsin, 95, 101 Claudication, 29, 60, 101 Clinical trial, 4, 55, 57, 71, 101, 103, 105, 122 Cloning, 98, 101 Cofactor, 101, 121 Collagen, 95, 101, 103, 106 Collapse, 99, 102 Colon, 74, 102, 112

Complement, 14, 96, 102 Complement Activation, 14, 96, 102 Complete remission, 102, 122 Compliance, 38, 102 Computational Biology, 71, 73, 102 Conjugated, 102, 104 Connective Tissue, 5, 99, 101, 102, 107, 113, 123, 126, 127 Connective Tissue Cells, 102 Connective Tissue Diseases, 5, 102 Constitutional, 3, 103, 115 Constriction, 103, 112 Contraindications, ii, 103 Controlled study, 13, 44, 103 Coronary, 21, 61, 103, 114, 116 Coronary Thrombosis, 103, 114, 116 Corticosteroid, 4, 11, 13, 26, 28, 31, 34, 42, 43, 52, 61, 64, 103, 120 Cortisone, 103, 120 Cranial, 103, 108, 117, 118 Craniocerebral Trauma, 98, 103, 108, 127 Cutaneous, 103, 113 Cyclophosphamide, 56, 103 Cyclosporine, 56, 103 Cytochrome, 28, 103 Cytokine, 104, 107 Cytomegalovirus, 9, 104 Cytotoxic, 95, 104, 122 D Degenerative, 104, 109, 117, 123 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 10, 14, 104 Delivery of Health Care, 104, 107 Dendrites, 104 Dendritic, 6, 104, 114, 123 Dendritic cell, 6, 104 Density, 11, 36, 104, 117 Diabetes Mellitus, 104, 108 Diagnostic procedure, 64, 104 Diagnostic trial, 23, 104 Digestion, 98, 99, 104, 112, 126 Digestive system, 57, 104 Dilatation, 96, 104 Direct, iii, 104, 122 Dissection, 3, 9, 104 Distal, 16, 17, 52, 93, 104, 119, 121 Dominance, 61, 104 Dorsal, 4, 104, 120, 125 Double-blind, 9, 13, 105 Drug Tolerance, 105, 128 Dysmenorrhea, 105, 116 Dysplasia, 75, 105 Dystrophy, 41, 74, 105

Index

E Edema, 16, 30, 46, 52, 105 Effector, 5, 102, 105 Effector cell, 5, 105 Effusion, 105, 126 Elastic, 61, 105 Elastin, 101, 103, 105 Elective, 43, 105 Electrolyte, 103, 105, 115, 125 Electrophoresis, 105, 120 Embolus, 105, 110 Endocarditis, 10, 105 Endocardium, 105 Endotoxin, 105, 128 End-stage renal, 101, 105, 119 Environmental Exposure, 105, 117 Environmental Health, 70, 72, 106 Enzymatic, 95, 99, 102, 106, 123 Enzyme, 95, 105, 106, 114, 119, 121, 122 Epidemiologic Studies, 106, 107 Epidermis, 106, 121 Epidural, 52, 106, 125 Erythrocytes, 96, 99, 106 Esophagus, 104, 106, 126 Essential Tremor, 74, 106 Estrogen, 106, 121 External-beam radiation, 106, 111, 121, 129 Extracellular, 102, 106, 125 Extracellular Matrix, 102, 106 Extremity, 16, 52, 106, 114 F Family Planning, 71, 106 Fat, 99, 103, 105, 106, 112, 123, 125 Fatigue, 4, 80, 92, 106 Febrile, 99, 106 Fetus, 106, 110, 129 Fibrinogen, 106, 119 Fibroblasts, 102, 106, 111 Fibrosis, 75, 107, 124 Filgrastim, 56, 107 Fungus, 107, 115 G Gallbladder, 95, 104, 107 Ganglia, 98, 107, 116, 118 Gastrin, 107, 109 Gene, 6, 29, 40, 75, 76, 80, 95, 98, 104, 107, 117 Gene Expression, 6, 75, 107 Gene Expression Profiling, 6, 107 Genetics, 104, 107 Geographic Locations, 3, 107

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Giant Cells, 39, 107 Gland, 8, 95, 103, 107, 113, 116, 118, 119, 121, 124, 126, 127 Glomerular, 107, 122 Glucocorticoid, 8, 11, 14, 56, 80, 107, 120 Glucose, 74, 99, 104, 108, 111, 123 Glycoprotein, 95, 106, 107, 108, 128 Gonadal, 108, 126 Gout, 38, 66, 108, 116 Governing Board, 108, 120 Grade, 61, 108 Granulocyte, 107, 108 Granuloma, 25, 108 Gravis, 5, 108 Groin, 4, 108 Growth, 74, 96, 100, 108, 111, 113, 116, 117, 119, 127, 128 H Headache, 60, 81, 92, 108 Headache Disorders, 108 Hematologic Diseases, 5, 108 Heme, 103, 108 Hemiparesis, 17, 108 Hemoglobin, 93, 96, 99, 106, 108 Hemoglobinuria, 74, 108 Hemorrhage, 103, 108, 109, 121, 126, 127 Hepatitis, 5, 109 Hepatocytes, 109 Hereditary, 102, 108, 109, 123 Heredity, 107, 109 Heterogeneity, 6, 109 Heterozygotes, 104, 109 Homologous, 95, 109 Hormonal, 97, 103, 109 Hormone, 13, 99, 103, 107, 109, 111, 116, 120, 121, 123, 127 Hybridomas, 109, 111 Hydrogen, 98, 100, 109, 115, 117, 118 Hypersensitivity, 55, 109, 123 Hypertension, 108, 109 Hyperuricemia, 108, 109 Hypothyroidism, 27, 61, 65, 109 I Ibuprofen, 80, 109 Id, 53, 74, 79, 82, 88, 90, 109 Idiopathic, 5, 110 Immune response, 96, 97, 98, 103, 110, 126, 129 Immune system, 97, 105, 110, 113, 129 Immune Tolerance, 6, 110 Immunodeficiency, 74, 110 Immunofluorescence, 27, 38, 110

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Immunoglobulin, 96, 110, 115 Immunologic, 95, 101, 110, 122 Immunosuppressant, 110, 114 Immunosuppressive, 61, 103, 107, 110 Impairment, 27, 97, 110, 114 Implant radiation, 110, 111, 122, 129 Impotence, 110, 125 In vitro, 95, 110 In vivo, 95, 110 Incontinence, 110, 125 Indicative, 59, 110, 118, 129 Induction, 96, 110, 121 Infarction, 60, 110 Infection, 4, 31, 33, 48, 99, 101, 104, 108, 110, 113, 116, 123, 126, 129 Infiltration, 31, 110 Inflammation, 17, 60, 80, 97, 99, 107, 109, 111, 119, 123, 125, 126, 129 Insulin, 25, 111 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 25, 111 Interleukin-2, 52, 111 Interleukin-6, 29, 46, 111 Intermediate Filaments, 9, 111 Internal Medicine, 10, 13, 16, 19, 21, 24, 29, 41, 46, 111, 123 Internal radiation, 111, 122, 129 Interstitial, 99, 111, 122, 129 Intestinal, 111, 113 Intestines, 95, 111, 124 Intracellular, 110, 111 Intravenous, 60, 111 Invasive, 111, 113 Involuntary, 98, 106, 111, 116 Iodine, 65, 111 Irradiation, 56, 111, 129 Ischemia, 5, 97, 112 J Joint, 30, 37, 46, 66, 80, 92, 97, 112, 117, 120, 126 K Kb, 70, 112 Kidney Disease, 35, 43, 57, 70, 75, 112 Kinetics, 56, 112 L Labile, 102, 112 Lactation, 112, 121 Large Intestine, 104, 111, 112, 122, 124 Lens, 100, 112 Lethargy, 109, 112 Leucocyte, 112 Leukaemia, 37, 112

Leukemia, 5, 74, 112, 120 Leukocytes, 99, 101, 112, 115, 117, 128 Leukocytosis, 112, 119 Library Services, 88, 112 Life cycle, 6, 112 Ligament, 112, 121 Ligands, 100, 112 Lipid, 111, 112 Lipomatosis, 52, 112 Liver, 5, 30, 32, 93, 95, 96, 98, 103, 104, 107, 109, 112, 120 Localized, 95, 110, 112, 119, 124, 125, 128 Longitudinal study, 12, 17, 113 Lupus, 5, 55, 66, 78, 113, 127 Lutein Cells, 113, 121 Lymph, 98, 113, 115, 116 Lymph node, 98, 113, 115, 116 Lymphatic, 110, 113, 125 Lymphoblastic, 37, 113 Lymphocyte, 8, 33, 97, 113, 114 Lymphoid, 56, 96, 112, 113 Lymphoma, 37, 74, 113, 115 M Macrophage, 5, 113 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 13, 113 Malabsorption, 74, 113 Malaise, 61, 92, 113 Malignancy, 4, 28, 33, 113 Malignant, 5, 33, 74, 97, 113, 115, 116, 122, 123 Malignant tumor, 113, 115 Malnutrition, 97, 113, 115 Maxillary, 113, 127 Maxillary Artery, 113, 127 Median Nerve, 100, 114 Mediate, 100, 114 Mediator, 111, 114 MEDLINE, 71, 73, 75, 114 Melanocytes, 114 Melanoma, 74, 114 Membrane, 102, 106, 114, 115, 123, 126 Memory, 96, 114 Mental, iv, 4, 57, 70, 72, 76, 101, 106, 109, 114, 121, 128 Mental Disorders, 57, 114 Metabolic disorder, 108, 114 Metastasis, 100, 114 Metastatic, 10, 114 Metastatic cancer, 10, 114 Methotrexate, 34, 56, 114 Methylprednisolone, 9, 10, 15, 114 MI, 52, 94, 114

Index

Mice Minute Virus, 114, 118 Microbiology, 97, 115 Microfilaments, 111, 115 Microtubules, 111, 115 Mineralocorticoids, 95, 103, 115 Mobilization, 56, 115 Molecular, 8, 35, 71, 73, 98, 102, 106, 115, 119, 120, 121, 128 Molecule, 18, 29, 97, 98, 102, 105, 115, 118, 122 Monitor, 4, 115 Monoclonal, 5, 33, 109, 111, 115, 122, 129 Monocytes, 111, 112, 115 Mononuclear, 61, 108, 115, 128 Mucosa, 60, 113, 115, 121 Multiple Myeloma, 5, 115 Muscle Fibers, 115 Muscular Atrophy, 74, 115 Muscular Dystrophies, 105, 115 Musculoskeletal System, 65, 115 Myasthenia, 79, 115 Mycosis, 5, 115 Mycosis Fungoides, 5, 115 Myelodysplastic syndrome, 30, 116, 125 Myelofibrosis, 116, 120 Myeloma, 5, 116 Myocardial infarction, 21, 103, 114, 116 Myocardium, 114, 116 Myopathy, 65, 116 Myotonic Dystrophy, 74, 116 Myxedema, 65, 116 N Naproxen, 80, 116 NCI, 1, 57, 69, 116 Need, 3, 59, 65, 78, 83, 101, 116, 128 Neoplasia, 74, 116 Neoplasm, 116, 123, 125, 128 Neoplastic, 96, 109, 113, 116 Nephrectomy, 41, 116 Nephropathy, 112, 116 Nerve, 39, 97, 98, 101, 104, 114, 116, 117, 119, 124, 125, 126 Nervous System, 74, 98, 100, 114, 116, 118 Networks, 6, 116 Neurologic, 5, 61, 78, 116 Neuropathy, 5, 116, 119 Neutrons, 111, 117, 121 Neutrophils, 107, 108, 112, 117 Nitrogen, 96, 103, 117 Nonmalignant, 5, 117 Nuclei, 24, 113, 117 Nucleus, 98, 111, 115, 117, 127

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O Oncogene, 74, 117 Opacity, 104, 117 Ophthalmologic, 61, 117 Ophthalmology, 117 Optic Chiasm, 117 Optic Nerve, 60, 117, 123 Osteoarthritis, 66, 78, 117 Osteoclasts, 99, 117 Osteoporosis, 15, 65, 117 Otolaryngologist, 23, 117 Ovary, 96, 118 Ovum, 112, 118, 120, 121 Oxidation, 103, 118 P Pallor, 60, 118 Pancreas, 95, 101, 104, 111, 118, 128 Pancreatic, 74, 101, 118 Pancreatic cancer, 74, 118 Paralysis, 108, 118 Paroxysmal, 74, 108, 118 Partial remission, 118, 122 Parturition, 118, 121 Parvovirus, 48, 114, 118 Pathogenesis, 5, 27, 60, 118 Pathologic, 22, 98, 103, 109, 118 Pathologies, 46, 118 Pathophysiology, 47, 118 Patient Education, 80, 86, 88, 94, 118 Pelvic, 118, 121 Peptide, 95, 99, 118, 121, 127 Pericardium, 118, 126 Peripheral blood, 5, 33, 43, 56, 118, 120 Peripheral Nervous System, 29, 118, 126 Peripheral Neuropathy, 5, 22, 119 Pernicious, 5, 119 Pernicious anemia, 5, 119 Pharmacologic, 119, 128 Physical Examination, 79, 80, 81, 119 Physiologic, 119, 122 Pilot study, 48, 119 Pituitary Gland, 103, 119 Plants, 108, 119, 123, 128 Plasma, 5, 96, 99, 106, 108, 115, 116, 119, 122, 124 Plasma cells, 96, 115, 116, 119 Plasmapheresis, 56, 119 Plasmin, 119 Plasminogen, 32, 119 Plasminogen Activators, 119 Pneumonia, 11, 103, 119 Polyarthritis, 29, 119

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Polycystic, 75, 119 Polycythemia Vera, 5, 119 Polymorphism, 8, 27, 35, 40, 120 Polysaccharide, 97, 120 Population Control, 12, 45, 120 Posterior, 4, 96, 97, 104, 118, 120 Postmenopausal, 117, 120 Practice Guidelines, 72, 120 Prealbumin, 10, 120 Precursor, 96, 103, 105, 106, 119, 120 Prednisolone, 9, 15, 23, 40, 114, 120 Prednisone, 20, 79, 81, 120 Preleukemia, 116, 120, 125 Prevalence, 5, 60, 81, 120 Progesterone, 120, 121, 126 Progressive, 5, 101, 105, 108, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 128 Projection, 117, 121, 122 Prolactin, 28, 121 Promoter, 13, 27, 121 Prospective study, 5, 11, 28, 40, 47, 113, 121 Prostate, 12, 74, 121, 128 Protein S, 75, 98, 121 Proteins, 34, 41, 95, 96, 101, 102, 111, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 124 Proteinuria, 115, 121 Proteolytic, 102, 106, 119, 121 Proximal, 4, 104, 120, 121 Psychic, 114, 121, 124 Public Policy, 71, 121 Pulmonary, 61, 99, 121 Pulse, 115, 121 Purpura, 5, 55, 121 Purulent, 121 Pyoderma, 5, 121 R Radiation, 105, 106, 110, 111, 121, 122, 129 Radiation therapy, 106, 111, 121, 129 Radioactive, 109, 110, 111, 122, 129 Radiolabeled, 111, 122, 129 Radiotherapy, 99, 111, 122, 129 Randomized, 13, 34, 44, 52, 56, 122 Receptor, 8, 12, 43, 52, 65, 97, 122 Reconstitution, 56, 122 Rectum, 97, 99, 102, 104, 110, 112, 121, 122 Recurrence, 4, 122 Red Nucleus, 97, 122 Reductase, 114, 122 Refer, 1, 99, 102, 117, 122, 128 Refraction, 122, 125 Refractory, 48, 122

Regeneration, 122 Regimen, 56, 122 Relapse, 47, 56, 122 Remission, 35, 56, 122 Renal failure, 21, 122 Respiration, 115, 122 Respiratory syncytial virus, 9, 123 Restoration, 122, 123, 129 Retina, 112, 117, 123 Retinal, 78, 117, 123 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 117, 123 Retinoblastoma, 74, 123 Retrospective, 5, 123 Rheumatism, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 41, 48, 109, 123 Risk factor, 31, 42, 106, 121, 123 S Salivary, 104, 118, 123 Salivary glands, 104, 123 Saponins, 123, 126 Sarcoma, 5, 123 Scleroderma, 66, 124 Sclerosis, 5, 74, 124 Screening, 101, 124 Secretion, 103, 109, 111, 112, 115, 124 Sediment, 124 Sedimentation, 4, 15, 17, 19, 21, 28, 39, 41, 46, 64, 79, 93, 120, 124 Segmentation, 24, 124 Seizures, 118, 124 Semen, 121, 124 Senile, 117, 124 Sensory loss, 124, 125, 127 Septic, 10, 124 Serum, 18, 28, 40, 44, 95, 96, 102, 110, 115, 120, 122, 124, 128 Serum Albumin, 120, 124 Sex Determination, 75, 124 Side effect, 95, 103, 109, 124, 128 Signs and Symptoms, 122, 124 Skeletal, 39, 44, 48, 96, 115, 124 Skeleton, 112, 124 Skull, 103, 124, 127 Small intestine, 109, 111, 124 Smoldering leukemia, 116, 125 Sodium, 108, 115, 116, 125 Soft tissue, 99, 124, 125 Somatic, 118, 119, 125 Specialist, 83, 125 Species, 100, 114, 115, 118, 125 Spectrum, 46, 47, 125

Index

Spinal cord, 52, 100, 101, 106, 114, 116, 118, 125 Spinal Cord Compression, 52, 125 Spinal Fractures, 125 Spinal Nerves, 118, 125 Spleen, 96, 104, 113, 120, 125 Splenomegaly, 119, 125 Spondylitis, 5, 36, 66, 125 Sporadic, 123, 125 Stem cell transplantation, 56, 125 Stem Cells, 125 Sterility, 103, 126 Steroid, 18, 44, 45, 46, 61, 96, 103, 123, 126 Stimulus, 105, 126 Stomach, 95, 104, 106, 107, 109, 111, 124, 125, 126 Stool, 102, 110, 112, 126 Stress, 98, 123, 126 Stroke, 3, 57, 70, 79, 126 Subacute, 110, 126 Subarachnoid, 108, 126 Subclinical, 45, 110, 124, 126 Subcutaneous, 105, 126 Substance P, 122, 124, 126 Suppression, 61, 103, 126 Symphysis, 101, 121, 126 Symptomatic, 60, 126 Syncytium, 107, 126 Synergistic, 121, 126 Synovial, 31, 45, 126 Synovial Membrane, 126 Synovitis, 12, 20, 30, 41, 45, 46, 48, 126 Systemic, 5, 14, 31, 46, 55, 56, 59, 60, 65, 66, 96, 97, 99, 110, 111, 120, 122, 124, 126, 129 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 31, 46, 65, 126 T Tamponade, 39, 127 Telangiectasia, 75, 127 Temporal Arteries, 13, 28, 127 Tendon, 99, 127 Testis, 96, 127 Testosterone, 96, 122, 127 Thalamic, 97, 127 Thalamic Diseases, 97, 127 Thigh, 108, 127 Thrombolytic, 119, 127 Thrombosis, 121, 126, 127 Thrombus, 103, 110, 127

137

Thyroid, 7, 11, 27, 65, 99, 109, 111, 116, 127 Thyroid Gland, 116, 127 Thyrotoxicosis, 65, 127 Thyrotropin, 109, 127 Tin, 100, 119, 127 Tolerance, 6, 127 Tomography, 36, 128 Topical, 66, 128 Torsion, 110, 128 Toxic, iv, 105, 116, 128 Toxicology, 72, 128 Toxin, 105, 127, 128 Trachea, 127, 128 Transfection, 98, 128 Tuberous Sclerosis, 75, 128 Tumor marker, 95, 128 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 10, 29, 128 Tumour, 46, 128 Tunica, 115, 128 U Ulcer, 60, 128 Ultrasonography, 28, 44, 48, 64, 79, 128 Unconscious, 109, 128 Uremia, 122, 128 Urethra, 121, 129 Uric, 108, 109, 129 Urine, 98, 108, 110, 121, 129 Uterus, 120, 127, 129 V Vagina, 127, 129 Vasa Vasorum, 6, 129 Vascular, 5, 41, 49, 60, 65, 108, 110, 119, 127, 129 Vasculitis, 5, 45, 55, 78, 79, 129 Vein, 96, 111, 129 Venous, 99, 121, 129 Venules, 99, 129 Vertebrae, 125, 129 Vertebral, 125, 129 Veterinary Medicine, 71, 129 Viral, 23, 24, 107, 129 Virus, 100, 107, 123, 129 W White blood cell, 96, 107, 108, 112, 113, 116, 119, 129 Windpipe, 127, 129 Wound Healing, 100, 129 X X-ray, 111, 121, 122, 129 X-ray therapy, 111, 129

138


Index

139

140


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Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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