Pinworms: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

PINWORMS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

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PINWORMS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Pinworms: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84546-8 1. Pinworms-Popular works.I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on pinworms. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PINWORMS ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Pinworms ...................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PINWORMS ...................................................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Finding Nutrition Studies on Pinworms..................................................................................... 19 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 20 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON PINWORMS ................................................................................................ 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 23 Chapters on Pinworms................................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PINWORMS .................................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 25 Academic Periodicals covering Pinworms ................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 29 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 30 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 35 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 37 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 39 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 41 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 44 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 47 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 47 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 53 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 55 PINWORMS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 57 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 69

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with pinworms is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about pinworms, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to pinworms, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on pinworms. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to pinworms, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on pinworms. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PINWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on pinworms.

Federally Funded Research on Pinworms The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to pinworms. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to pinworms. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore pinworms. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for pinworms: •

Project Title: FACILITY RENOVATION AND ANNENBERG CAGE WASH FACILITIY Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Kenneth L.; Professor and Chairman; Psychiatry; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2005

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM) seeks to upgrade the existing cage washing facility in the Annenberg Research building as phase one of the renovation plan for the 26th floor vivarium. The original cage wash equipment, HVAC, and plumbing infrastructure, built in 1972, have approached the end of their useful lifespan. The existing equipment consists of (1) rack washer, (1) bottle washer, and (1) small autoclave. As the rodent program continues to expand, it will become increasingly important to provide high quality housing in the existing facilities as resources for new construction are identified. Upgrading the cage wash support area will assist in the eradication of various rodent pathogens (pinworms, MHV, GD-7, mites) which have previously limited the housing options for this facility. Consistent with current research trends, the use of rodents continues to expand at MSSM; however, there is also concurrently an increase in the use of large animal species (swine, sheep primarily). Deficiencies with the existing equipment, which would be remedied with this proposal, are: 1) The current rack washer is too small to accommodate many of our existing large animal cages. Therefore, some of the mobile large animal pens must be manually sanitized. The rack washer pit has recurrent leaks onto the lower research floors, exposing personnel to hazardous waste water (primate and swine feces) from the unit and associated plumbing. 2) Original plumbing construction utilized a drain bowl with perimeter "weep" holes. Several times per year blocked pipes result in overflow through the drain holes into the interstitial space (ceiling) on lower research floors. Replacement of the entire cage wash plumbing system would remedy this problem. The cage wash floor has lost its protective moisture barrier undercoat and is in need of replacing. A permanent solution to this problem will be removing the existing floor, installing a new moisture barrier, and refashioning the drainage collection system. 3) One HVAC fan supplies the East side of the vivarium animal rooms and cage wash area. As originally constructed there are two small supply and exhaust ducts for the cage wash. These do not allow for adequate air exchange or removal of heat loads from the current equipment. Replacement of the HVAC fan with a larger unit will improve the air quality within the cage wash and provide for better containment of air particulates within the area. Additionally, improvement to the ventilation of the adjacent animal rooms will be realized. The size of the existing cage wash physical plant requires that most activities of sanitation (staging and dumping of cages) are conducted in the hallway. This is a high traffic corridor for investigators and husbandry personnel. Enlarging the cage wash area would allow processing of soiled equipment within the dirty side cage wash thus decreasing exposure of personnel to animal allergens and potential contact with hazardous equipment (i.e. soiled nonhuman primate cages). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with pinworms, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “pinworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for pinworms (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of ovarian enterobiasis. Author(s): Hong ST, Choi MH, Chai JY, Kim YT, Kim MK, Kim KR. Source: The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2002 September; 40(3): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12325444

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A case of perianal pinworm dermatitis. Author(s): Ishii N, Sugita Y, Nishiyama T, Nakajima H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 July; 21(7): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8089377

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A longitudinal study of enterobiasis in three day care centers of Havana City. Author(s): Nunez FA, Hernandez M, Finlay CM. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1996 March-April; 38(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9071032

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A modified swab for large scale field diagnosis of enterobiasis. Author(s): Prescott JE. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1973 April; 76(4): 101-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4706991

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A randomized controlled trial of pyrantel and mebendazole in children with enterobiasis and concomitant ascariasis. Author(s): Sarmah HC. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1988 June; 25(6): 544-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3069744

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A study on enterobiasis among aboriginal children in Nanao and Tatung districts, Ilan county, northeast Taiwan. Author(s): Fan PC, Chung WC, Chan CH, Wu CC. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1989 March; 5(3): 156-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2786574

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A survey on the incidence of enterobiasis in Easter Island children. Author(s): Gibbs HC. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1966 May; 57(5): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5932192

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Algorithms in the diagnosis and management of exotic diseases. V. Enterobiasis. Author(s): Warren KS, Mahmoud AA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1975 August; 132(2): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1159326

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Appendiceal enterobiasis--its incidence and relationships to appendicitis. Author(s): Sterba J, Vlcek M. Source: Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1984; 31(4): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6510834

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Appendicitis and enterobiasis in children. Author(s): Bredesen J, Falensteen Lauritzen A, Kristiansen VB, Sorensen C, Kjersgaard P. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1988 October; 154(10): 585-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3213367

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Beaver fever and pinworm neuroses on the Net. Author(s): Taverne J. Source: Parasitology Today (Personal Ed.). 1999 September; 15(9): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10461163

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Chemotherapeutic trial to control enterobiasis in schoolchildren. Author(s): Yang YS, Kim SW, Jung SH, Huh S, Lee JH. Source: The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 1997 December; 35(4): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9446908

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Chemotherapy of enterobiasis (oxyuriasis). Author(s): St Georgiev V. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2001 February; 2(2): 267-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336585

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Chronic pelvic peritonitis due to the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis. Author(s): Pearson RD, Irons RP Sr, Irons RP Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 April 3; 245(13): 1340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7206135

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Comparative efficacy of thienpydin, pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole and albendazole in treating ascariasis and enterobiasis. Author(s): Wang BR, Wang HC, Li LW, Zhang XL, Yue JQ, Wang GX, Shi XQ, Xiao FR. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1987 November; 100(11): 928-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3130234

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Comparison of pyrantel pamoate syrup and pyrvinium pamoate syrup in the treatment of enterobiasis in Egypt. Author(s): Nassif S, Bell WJ, Prescott JE. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1974 November; 77(11): 270-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4618573

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Consecutive examinations by scotch-tape perianal swabs in diagnosis of enterobiasis. Author(s): Fan PC, Chan CH. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1990 December; 6(12): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2266569

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Drug-free control of pinworms? Author(s): Rebibou I, Prociv P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 October 18; 171(8): 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10590756

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Ectopic enterobiasis: a case report and review. Author(s): Tornieporth NG, Disko R, Brandis A, Barutzki D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1992 January; 24(1): 87-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1548423

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Enterobiasis among schoolchildren in Macao. Author(s): Chan CT. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1985 December; 16(4): 549-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3835696

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Enterobiasis and urinary tract infection. Author(s): Jojart G. Source: Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung. 1978; 19(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=707085

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Enterobiasis in primary schools in Bang Khun Thian District, Bangkok, Thailand. Author(s): Changsap B, Nithikathkul C, Boontan P, Wannapinyosheep S, Vongvanich N, Poister C. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002; 33 Suppl 3: 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971479

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Enterobiasis in the suburbs. Author(s): Novak C, Walker T, Wood D, Prociv P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1987 October 19; 147(8): 414. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3657679

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Enterobiasis in young Australian adults. Author(s): Watt P, Parkinson R, Bogiatzis G, Prociv P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 April 1; 154(7): 496. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2005859

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Enterobiasis. Author(s): Libbus MK. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1983 September; 8(8): 17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6633980

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Enterobiasis. Author(s): Wyatt GB, Wyatt JL. Source: P N G Med J. 1978 December; 21(4): 349-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=293111

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Enterobiasis: a histopathological study of 259 patients. Author(s): Sinniah B, Leopairut J, Neafie RC, Connor DH, Voge M. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1991 December; 85(6): 625-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1811440

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Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms), introital bacteriology and recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Author(s): Kropp KA, Cichocki GA, Bansal NK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1978 October; 120(4): 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=359837

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Eosinophilic colitis associated with larvae of the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis. Author(s): Liu LX, Chi J, Upton MP, Ash LR. Source: Lancet. 1995 August 12; 346(8972): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7623572

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Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center. Author(s): Lohiya GS, Tan-Figueroa L, Crinella FM, Lohiya S. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 May; 172(5): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832422

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Factors affecting the hatching of human pinworm ova. Author(s): Nacapunchai D, Lamom C, Boonsongpairod B, Piumngam P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002; 33 Suppl 3: 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971480

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Family infection in enterobiasis. Author(s): Saxena KK, Singh LB, Venkatsubramanian R, Singh AN. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1988 July-August; 55(4): 627-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3169934

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Fenbendazole (Hoe 881) in enterobiasis. Author(s): Bhandari B, Singhi A. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1980; 74(5): 691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7010692

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First evidence of enterobiasis in ancient Egypt. Author(s): Horne PD. Source: J Parasitol. 2002 October; 88(5): 1019-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435149

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Folliculitis of the buttocks and pinworms. A case report. Author(s): Fiumara NJ, Tang S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1986 January-March; 13(1): 45-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3952597

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Human enterobiasis in evolution: origin, specificity and transmission. Author(s): Hugot JP, Reinhard KJ, Gardner SL, Morand S. Source: Parasite. 1999 September; 6(3): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511967

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Ileal and colonic ulceration due to enterobiasis. Author(s): Beattie RM, Walker-Smith JA, Domizio P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1995 August; 21(2): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7472913

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In whom does pinworm infection itch? Author(s): Ganor S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1987 December; 26(10): 667. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3429103

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Is pinworm a vanishing infection? Laboratory surveillance in a New York City medical center from 1971 to 1986. Author(s): Vermund SH, MacLeod S. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1988 May; 142(5): 566-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358401

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Letter: Pinworm infestation and urinary tract infection in young girls. Author(s): Welch TR. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1974 December; 128(6): 887-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4440660

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Manifestations of pinworms. Author(s): Mayers CP, Purvis RJ. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1970 September 12; 103(5): 489-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5469619

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Mebendazole (R 17635) in enterobiasis. A clinical trial in mental retardates. Author(s): Lormans JA, Wesel AJ, Vanparus OF. Source: Chemotherapy. 1975; 21(3-4): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1157575

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Mebendazole (Vermox) in the treatment of enterobiasis. Author(s): Lengye A, Albi I, Rovo J. Source: Ther Hung. 1978; 26(2): 64-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=684657

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Mebendazole in enterobiasis. Author(s): Fierlafijn E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 November 15; 218(7): 1051. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5171037

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Mebendazole in enterobiasis. Radiochemical and pilot clinical study in 1,278 subjects. Author(s): Brugmans JP, Thienpont DC, van Wijngaarden I, Vanparijs OF, Schuermans VL, Lauwers HL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 July 19; 217(3): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5109194

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Mebendazole in enterobiasis: a placebo--controlled trial in a paediatric community. Author(s): Fierlafijn E, Vanparijs OF. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1973 September; 25(3): 242-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4752239

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Multiple dose therapy with pyrvinium pamoate in enterobiasis. Author(s): Bandyopadhyay AK, Chowdhury AB. Source: Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1966 October; 14(4): 134. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6003988

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Ovarian enterobiasis--a proposed pathogenesis. Author(s): Beckman EN, Holland JB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1981 January; 30(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7193982

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Perineal nodule due to enterobiasis: an aspiration cytologic diagnosis. Author(s): Kumar N, Sharma P, Sachdeva R, Jain S. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2003 January; 28(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508185

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Pinworm control and risk factors of pinworm infection among primary-school children in Taiwan. Author(s): Sung JF, Lin RS, Huang KC, Wang SY, Lu YJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 November; 65(5): 558-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11716114

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Pinworm eradication in community residential settings for people with developmental disabilities. Author(s): Kastner T, Selvaggi KA, Cowper R. Source: Mental Retardation. 1992 August; 30(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1518405

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Pinworm granuloma of cervix uteri--incidental observation following IUD use and cone biopsy. Author(s): Campbell JS, Mandavia S, Threlfall W, McCarthy P, Loveys CN. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1981 October; 84(5): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7299880

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Pinworm granuloma of the liver. Author(s): Daly JJ, Baker GF. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1984 January; 33(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6696185

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Pinworm infection. Author(s): Matsushita M, Takakuwa H, Nishio A, Tominaga M. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 February; 53(2): 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174297

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Pinworm infection. A five-year study. Author(s): Wagner ED. Source: Med Arts Sci. 1965; 19(4): 135-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5862856

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Pinworm infestation and urinary tract infection in young girls. Author(s): Simon RD. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1974 July; 128(1): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4600636

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Pinworm infestation of the appendix. Author(s): Boulos PB, Cowie AG. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1973 December; 60(12): 975-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4764748

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Pinworm infestation of the appendix. Author(s): Tolstedt GE. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1968 September; 116(3): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5675921

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Pinworm infestation of the genital tract. Author(s): Knuth KR, Fraiz J, Fisch JA, Draper TW. Source: American Family Physician. 1988 November; 38(5): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3189121

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Pinworm infestation: a statewide study. Author(s): Penick RW, Chambers JC, Robinson DH, Shepherd DA. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1976 September; 72(9): 348-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1071777

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Pinworm prevalence in California elementary school children, and diagnostic methods. Author(s): Wagner ED, Eby WC. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1983 September; 32(5): 998-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6625081

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Pinworms and postmenopausal bleeding. Author(s): al-Rufaie HK, Rix GH, Perez Clemente MP, al-Shawaf T. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1998 May; 51(5): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9708211

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Pinworms in pregnancy. Author(s): Hamblin J, Connor PD. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1995 July-August; 8(4): 321-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7572298

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Pinworms. Author(s): Faruqi S, Ahmed I, Membreno FE, Molina CP, Raju GS. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 April; 57(4): 566. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12665774

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Pinworms. Author(s): Jones JE. Source: American Family Physician. 1988 September; 38(3): 159-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3046268

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Pinworms: a persistent pediatric problem. Author(s): Henley M, Sears JR. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1985 March-April; 10(2): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3919240

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Pinworms? Not in my family. Author(s): Allensworth D. Source: J Pract Nurs. 1976 May; 26(5): 16-8, 23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1044714

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Pinworms--Incidence, predictability and treatment with thiabendazole. Author(s): Knowles JA, Ezekiel SG. Source: Calif Med. 1967 October; 107(4): 315-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6062278

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Prevalence and risk factors for enterobiasis among preschool children in a metropolitan city in Korea. Author(s): Song HJ, Cho CH, Kim JS, Choi MH, Hong ST. Source: Parasitology Research. 2003 September; 91(1): 46-50. Epub 2003 July 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884012

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Prevalence and seasonal variation of enterobiasis in children of Iraq. Author(s): Mahdi NK, al-Khfaji AA. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1990 March; 21(1): 135-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2402671

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Prevalence of enterobiasis among children in Taipei City, Taiwan, with an evaluation of pyrantel pamoate in treatment. Author(s): Chiu JK, Huang RJ, Wang YT, Su CS. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1975 November; 74(11): 728-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1062500

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Prevalence of enterobiasis and its incidence after blanket chemotherapy in a male orphanage. Author(s): Sirivichayakul C, Pojjaroen-anant C, Wisetsing P, Lalitphiphat A, Chanthavanich P, Kabkaew K. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 March; 31(1): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023083

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Prevalence of enterobiasis in children admitted to a hospital in Singapore. Author(s): Kan SP, Siak CL, Singh M. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1971 March; 65(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5089595

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Prevalence of pinworm and whipworm infestations in institutionalized mental patients in Wisconsin, 1966-1976. Author(s): Amin OM, Nwokike FG. Source: Wis Med J. 1980 March; 79(3): 31-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6987814

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Prevalence of taeniasis and enterobiasis among aboriginal children in mountainous areas of Taiwan. Author(s): Fan PC, Chung WC, Lin CY, Wu CC. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1990 September; 6(9): 475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2213969

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Progressive eosinophilia and elevated IgE in enterobiasis. Author(s): Villarreal O, Villarreal JJ, Domingo JA. Source: Allergy. 1999 June; 54(6): 646-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435486

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Pyrantel embonate in the treatment of enterobiasis. Author(s): Carney DE, O'Reilly BJ, Tweddell ED. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 July 31; 2(5): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5093885

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Pyrantel pamoate for pinworm infestation. Author(s): Van Riper G. Source: Am Pharm. 1993 February; Ns33(2): 43-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8456745

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Pyrvinium pamoate in the treatment of enterobiasis. Author(s): Abdallah A, Saif M, Abdel-Fattah F. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1965; 48(5): 396-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5851964

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Recent insights into the childhood “social diseases”--gonorrhea, scabies, pediculosis, pinworms. Author(s): Welch NM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1978 April; 17(4): 318-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=639414

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Reinfection in enterobiasis (pinworm infection). Simultaneous treatment of family members. Author(s): Matsen JM, Turner JA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1969 October; 118(4): 576-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5820600

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Relationship between pinworm and urinary tract infections in young girls. Author(s): Ok UZ, Ertan P, Limoncu E, Ece A, Ozbakkaloglu B. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1999 May; 107(5): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10335951

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Review of enterobiasis in Taiwan and offshore islands. Author(s): Fan PC. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 1998 December; 31(4): 203-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10496160

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Single oral dose of combantrin (pyrantel pamoate) in the treatment of enterobiasis and ascariasis. Author(s): Harfouche JK, Abi-Yaghi MJ, Karam M, Isawi F. Source: J Med Liban. 1974; 27(2): 159-68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4421755

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Studies on enterobiasis. 3. The incidence of pinworm infection in a Mysore school. Author(s): Sengbusch HG. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1970 June; 37(269): 229-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5505611

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Studies on source of infection with Enterobius vermicularis. Consideration on the significance of enterobiasis occurring in mother and child. Author(s): Tuchiya S, Saito T, Yamamazaki M, Akusawa M. Source: Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 1965 June; 20(2): 71-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5890117

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Survey of enterobiasis in children admitted to the University hospital in Kuala Lumpur. Author(s): Kan SP, Sinniah D. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1980 September; 35(1): 4-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7253997

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The endoscopic diagnosis of colonic enterobiasis. Author(s): Goldenberg SP, Marignani P. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1990 May-June; 36(3): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2365219

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The evaluation of some laboratory techniques in the detection of enterobiasis in school children in Egypt. Author(s): Awad RM, Hanallah RF, Morsy TA. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1985 June; 15(1): 305-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4056477

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The pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis. Author(s): Russell LJ. Source: Primary Care. 1991 March; 18(1): 13-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2011634

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The prevalence of enterobiasis in children attending mobile health clinic of Huachiew Chalermprakiet University. Author(s): Nithikathkul C, Changsap B, Wannapinyosheep S, Poister C, Boontan P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001; 32 Suppl 2: 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12041578

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Therapy of pinworm infection. Author(s): Shlansky E. Source: American Family Physician. 1974 November; 10(5): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4429643

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Topical anthelmintic treatment of recurrent genitourinary enterobiasis. Author(s): Singh S, Samantaray JC. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 August; 65(4): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2807291

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Transverse myelopathy in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: pinworm infestation as a trigger? Author(s): Drulovic J, Dujmovic I, Stojsavlevic N, Tripkovic I, Apostolski S, Levic Z, Mostarica Stojkovic M, Bonaci B, Andrejevic S. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 February; 68(2): 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10702040

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Treatment of enterobiasis and ascariasis with Combantrin (pyrantel pamoate). Author(s): Rim HJ, Lim JK. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1972; 66(1): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5048070

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Treatment of enterobiasis with mebendazole. Author(s): Misloczky SM, Kalmar Z. Source: Ther Hung. 1985; 33(4): 214-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3842020

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Treatment of enterobiasis with pyrantel pamoate in Iran. Author(s): Sanati A, Ghadirian EG. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1971 July; 74(7): 160-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4943511

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Treatment of enterobiasis with pyrantel pamoate. Author(s): Bumbalo TS, Fugazzotto DJ, Wyczalek JV. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1969 January; 18(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4884784

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Vaginal enterobiasis. Author(s): Bak M, Bak M, Bodo M. Source: Acta Cytol. 1982 March-April; 26(2): 264-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6952732

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What's eating you? Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms, threadworms). Author(s): Elston DM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 April; 71(4): 268-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729088

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PINWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and pinworms.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Pinworms The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “pinworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Pinworms

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “pinworms” (or a synonym): •

An oral ivermectin regimen that eradicates pinworms (Syphacia spp.) in laboratory rats and mice. Author(s): Hamilton Civic Hospitals Research Centre, Ontario, Canada. Source: Klement, P Augustine, J M Delaney, K H Klement, G Weitz, J I Lab-Anim-Sci. 1996 June; 46(3): 286-90 0023-6764

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Effective eradication of pinworms (Syphaciamuris, Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera) from a rodent breeding colony by oral anthelmintic therapy. Author(s): CDTA (Centre de Development des Techniques Avancees pour l'Experimentation Animale), Unite CNRS UPS44, Orleans, France. Source: Zenner, L Lab-Anim. 1998 July; 32(3): 337-42 0023-6772

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Eradication of pinworms (Syphacia obvelata) from a large mouse breeding colony by combination oral anthelmintic therapy. Author(s): Division of Comparative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139. Source: Lipman, N S Dalton, S D Stuart, A R Arruda, K Lab-Anim-Sci. 1994 October; 44(5): 517-20 0023-6764

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Toxicity evaluation of prophylactic treatments for mites and pinworms in mice. Author(s): Animal Resources Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Source: Toth, L A Oberbeck, C Straign, C M Frazier, S Rehg, J E Contemp-Top-LabAnim-Sci. 2000 March; 39(2): 18-21 1060-0558

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

Nutrition

•

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON PINWORMS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to pinworms. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on pinworms include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “pinworms” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “pinworms” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “pinworms” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Pinworm Infection: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597834377; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597834377/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Pinworms In order to find chapters that specifically relate to pinworms, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and pinworms using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “pinworms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

25

CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PINWORMS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover pinworms.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on pinworms is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “pinworms” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to pinworms. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “pinworms” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for pinworms: •

Simple program virtually eradicates pinworm infestation in institutional population Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 04, 2000

26

Pinworms

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “pinworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “pinworms” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to pinworms, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “pinworms” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Pinworms Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to pinworms. In addition to

Periodicals and News

27

these sources, you can search for articles covering pinworms that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

29

CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for pinworms. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with pinworms. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

30

Pinworms

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to pinworms: Albendazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Albenza; Eskazole; Zentel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202668.html

Diethylcarbamazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hetrazan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202192.html

Mebendazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vermox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202339.html

Niclosamide •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Niclocide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202406.html

Orlistat •

Oral--Local - U.S. Brands: Xenical http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500006.html

Orphenadrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antiflex; Banflex; Flexoject; Mio-Rel; Myolin; Myotrol; Norflex; Orfro; Orphenate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202426.html

Orphenadrine and Aspirin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Norgesic; Norphadrine; Orphenagesic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202427.html

Praziquantel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biltricide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202474.html

Pyrantel •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Pin-X http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202490.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Researching Medications

31

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

33

APPENDICES

35

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

36

Pinworms

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

37

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

38

Pinworms

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “pinworms” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 16 4 49 1 6 76

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “pinworms” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

39

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

41

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on pinworms can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to pinworms. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to pinworms. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “pinworms”:

42

Pinworms

Food Contamination and Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationandpoisoning.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to pinworms, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Pinworm Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/parasitic/pinworm.html Pinworm Infection Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/pinworm/factsht_pinworm.htm

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Elimination Problems Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/532.xml

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Pinworms in the Child-Care Setting Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ7S35XHCC& sub_cat=24 Pinworms: How Do You Get Them? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01219

•

Children Don't Pass the Pinworm Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/sick/pinworm.html Pinworms and Your Child Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/139.xml

•

From the National Institutes of Health Parasitic Roundworm Diseases Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/roundwor.htm

Patient Resources

•

43

Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/default.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on pinworms. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

What You Can Do After: Anal Discomfort and How to Deal with It Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). 1997. 2 p. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: $0.50 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number: 137. Summary: This fact sheet for patients and their families addresses the issue of anal discomfort and provides strategies for preventing and dealing with anal discomfort. Symptoms related to this sensitive area can be very troubling, yet many patients are reluctant to discuss them with their health care providers. Symptoms can include itching (pruritis ani), painful defecation, stained underwear, spotting of blood, and offensive odor. The fact sheet considers the possible causes of anal discomfort, including Crohn's disease, cancers and some sexually transmitted diseases, anal fissure, skin diseases, yeast infections, pinworms, and some dietary components (including coffee, citrus fruits, and some spices). The fact sheet then emphasizes the importance of adequate cleanliness, but cautions that overzealous cleansing may do more harm than good. The fact sheet provides a step by step guide to proper post-defecation anal cleaning, including a guide to some of the many anal ointments, creams, and suppositories sold for anal complaints. The fact sheet recommends not using any of these products, focusing instead on the use of warm water and plenty of air exposure (wear light, white cotton underwear and avoid tight clothing). A final section notes the importance of diet and activity to help maintain healthy bowel action and avoid anal distress.

44

Pinworms

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to pinworms. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to pinworms. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with pinworms. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about pinworms. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

Patient Resources

45

http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “pinworms” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “pinworms”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “pinworms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “pinworms” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

47

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Pinworms

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 49

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Pinworms

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 51

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

53

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on pinworms: •

Basic Guidelines for Pinworms Pinworm Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001152.htm Pinworm test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003452.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Pinworms Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Decreased appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Enuresis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001556.htm

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Enuresis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003144.htm Impetigo Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000860.htm Insomnia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Irritability Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003214.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Pinworms ADH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003702.htm ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Tape test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003452.htm

•

Background Topics for Pinworms Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Bleach Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002761.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm

Online Glossaries 55

Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

57

PINWORMS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascariasis: Infection by nematodes of the genus Ascaris. Ingestion of infective eggs causes

58

Pinworms

diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Autoclave: Apparatus using superheated steam under pressure. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH]

Dictionary 59

Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Cone biopsy: Surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. Cone biopsy may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. Also called conization. [NIH] Conization: The excision of a cone of tissue, especially of the cervix uteri. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]

60

Pinworms

Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Enterobiasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Enterobius. E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fats: One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy in the body. Bile dissolves fats, and enzymes break them down. This process moves fats into cells. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Filarioidea: A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder Spirurina. Its organisms possess a

Dictionary 61

filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Incidental: 1. Small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. Accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (To something) Liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, .) [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,

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subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Mebendazole: A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU]

Dictionary 63

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroses: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oxyuriasis: Infection with nematodes of the superfamily Oxyuroidea. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal

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layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU]

Dictionary 65

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and

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the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spotting: A slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Taeniasis: Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH]

Dictionary 67

Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

69

INDEX A Abdominal, 53, 57, 63, 64 Abdominal Pain, 57, 64 Adverse Effect, 57, 65 Algorithms, 6, 57, 58 Allergens, 4, 57 Alternative medicine, 26, 57 Alveoli, 57, 67 Ampulla, 57, 60 Anal, 43, 57, 62 Anal Fissure, 43, 57 Anthelmintic, 17, 20, 57, 65 Antibodies, 57 Antibody, 17, 57, 61, 65 Antigen, 57, 61 Anus, 57, 59, 63, 64 Appendicitis, 6, 57 Aromatic, 57, 66 Arteries, 57, 59, 63 Ascariasis, 5, 7, 16, 17, 57 Aspiration, 11, 58 Autoclave, 4, 58 B Bacteria, 57, 58, 60, 66, 67 Base, 58, 62 Bile, 58, 60, 62 Biopsy, 58, 59 Biotechnology, 4, 26, 37, 58 Bladder, 58, 67 Bowel, 43, 57, 58, 62, 63 Branch, 51, 58, 65, 66 Breeding, 20, 58 C Carbohydrate, 58, 62 Case report, 7, 9, 58, 59 Case series, 58, 59 Cell, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67 Cervical, 58, 59 Cervix, 11, 58, 59 Chemotherapy, 6, 10, 14, 59 Chin, 59, 63 Chronic, 6, 59, 62, 66 Citrus, 43, 59 Clear cell carcinoma, 59, 60 Clinical study, 10, 59 Clinical trial, 3, 10, 37, 59, 65 Cloning, 58, 59 Colitis, 8, 59

Colon, 59 Computational Biology, 37, 59 Concomitant, 5, 59 Cone, 11, 59, 66 Cone biopsy, 11, 59 Conization, 59 Constipation, 59, 64 Contraindications, ii, 59 Coronary, 59, 63 Coronary Thrombosis, 59, 63 Curative, 60, 66 Cutaneous, 18, 60, 65 D Day Care, 5, 60 Defecation, 43, 60 Dermatitis, 5, 60 DES, 20, 60 Diagnostic procedure, 26, 60 Diarrhea, 58, 60 Digestion, 58, 60, 62 Direct, iii, 29, 60, 65 Drug Interactions, 31, 60 Duodenum, 58, 60 E Efficacy, 7, 60 Emollient, 60, 63 Endoscope, 60 Endoscopic, 16, 60 Enterobiasis, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 60 Environmental Health, 36, 38, 60 Eosinophilia, 15, 60 Eosinophils, 60 F Family Planning, 37, 60 Fats, 58, 60, 63 Feces, 4, 58, 59, 60 Fibrin, 60, 64 Filarioidea, 60, 62 G Gas, 61, 67 Gas exchange, 61, 67 Gelatin, 61, 66 Gene, 58, 61 Genital, 12, 59, 61, 67 Genitourinary, 17, 61, 67 Gonorrhea, 15, 61 Governing Board, 61, 64

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Granuloma, 11, 12, 61 H Hazardous Waste, 4, 61 Helminths, 61, 62 Hormone, 60, 61 Hypersensitivity, 57, 61 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 57, 61 I Id, 21, 42, 44, 50, 52, 61 Incidental, 11, 61 Indicative, 23, 61, 67 Infarction, 59, 61, 63 Infection, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 23, 42, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67 Infestation, 10, 12, 15, 17, 25, 62, 63 Inflammation, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65 Ingestion, 57, 61, 62 Inhalation, 61, 62 Interstitial, 4, 62 Intestine, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65 Intracellular, 61, 62 Ivermectin, 20, 62 K Kb, 36, 62 L Library Services, 50, 62 Lice, 62, 63 Liver, 12, 57, 58, 60, 62 Localized, 61, 62, 64, 66 Longitudinal study, 5, 62 Lymphatic, 62 M Mebendazole, 5, 7, 10, 11, 17, 30, 62 Medicament, 62, 66 MEDLINE, 37, 63 Menopause, 63, 64 Mental, iv, 3, 10, 11, 14, 36, 38, 59, 63, 64 MI, 55, 63 Molecular, 37, 39, 58, 59, 63 Mononuclear, 61, 63 Myocardium, 63 N Need, 4, 23, 45, 63 Nematocide, 62, 63 Nervous System, 63 Neuroses, 6, 63 O Ointments, 43, 63 Oxyuriasis, 6, 63 P Paediatric, 11, 63 Palliative, 63, 66

Parasite, 9, 62, 63 Parasitic, 42, 43, 61, 62, 63 Pathogenesis, 11, 63 Patient Education, 43, 48, 50, 55, 63 Pediculosis, 15, 63 Pelvic, 6, 63 Pelvis, 63, 67 Perception, 59, 63 Perianal, 5, 7, 63 Peritoneum, 63, 64 Peritonitis, 6, 64 Pharmacologic, 64, 66 Plant Oils, 63, 64 Plants, 58, 59, 64, 66 Platyhelminths, 61, 62, 64 Pneumonia, 59, 64 Pneumonitis, 58, 64 Posterior, 57, 64 Postmenopausal, 13, 64 Practice Guidelines, 38, 64 Prevalence, 13, 14, 15, 17, 64 Prospective study, 62, 64 Protein S, 58, 64 Protozoa, 62, 64 Pruritic, 64, 65 Pruritus, 60, 64 Psychiatry, 3, 17, 64, 67 Psychic, 63, 64 Public Policy, 37, 65 Pyrantel Pamoate, 7, 14, 16, 17, 18, 65 R Randomized, 5, 60, 65 Receptor, 57, 59, 65 Rectum, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66 Refer, 1, 65 Regimen, 20, 60, 65 Respiratory Physiology, 65, 67 Retinal, 59, 65 Risk factor, 11, 14, 64, 65 S Sanitation, 4, 58, 65 Scabies, 15, 65 Screening, 59, 65 Semisynthetic, 62, 65 Serum, 64, 65 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 9, 43, 65 Side effect, 29, 57, 65, 66 Specialist, 44, 65 Species, 4, 61, 63, 65, 66 Specificity, 9, 65 Spectrum, 65, 66 Spices, 43, 66

Index 71

Spotting, 43, 66 Staging, 4, 66 Subacute, 62, 66 Subclinical, 62, 66 Subspecies, 65, 66 Suppositories, 43, 61, 66 Systemic, 30, 62, 66 T Taeniasis, 15, 66 Therapeutics, 31, 66 Ticks, 62, 66 Tissue, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66 Toxic, iv, 66 Toxicity, 20, 60, 66 Toxicology, 38, 66 Toxins, 57, 61, 66 Transfection, 58, 66

U Ulcer, 66 Ulceration, 9, 66 Unconscious, 61, 66 Ureters, 67 Urethra, 67 Urinary, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 61, 67 Urinary tract, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 67 Urinary tract infection, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 67 Urine, 58, 67 Urogenital, 61, 67 Uterus, 58, 59, 67 V Vagina, 59, 60, 66, 67 Vascular, 61, 62, 67 Ventilation, 4, 67 Veterinary Medicine, 37, 65, 67 W White blood cell, 57, 67

72

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