PIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Opium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84138-1 1. Opium-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on opium. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON OPIUM ....................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Opium ........................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND OPIUM ............................................................................................. 11 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 11 Finding Nutrition Studies on Opium.......................................................................................... 11 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 16 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND OPIUM ....................................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 21 General References ....................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON OPIUM ......................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Dissertations on Opium............................................................................................................... 23 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON OPIUM.................................................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Patents on Opium ........................................................................................................................ 27 Patent Applications on Opium .................................................................................................... 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON OPIUM ....................................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 43 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 49 Chapters on Opium...................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON OPIUM ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Bibliography: Multimedia on Opium........................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON OPIUM ......................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 55 Academic Periodicals covering Opium ........................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 59 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 60 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 65 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 67 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 70 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 75
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Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 75 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 75 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 81 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 81 OPIUM DICTIONARY ................................................................................................................... 83 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 113
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with opium is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about opium, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to opium, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on opium. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to opium, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on opium. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON OPIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on opium.
Federally Funded Research on Opium The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to opium. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to opium. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore opium. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for opium: •
Project Title: BIOBEHAVIORAL ACTIONS OF PARTIAL MU AGONISTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Picker, Mitchell J.; Psychology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1996; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): In view of the many undesirable actions of morphine and other opium derivatives, considerable research efforts has been
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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devoted to developing drugs that retain morphine's analgesic efficacy but are less likely to result in abuse and physical dependence. As class of drugs that was developed specifically for these reasons are the partial u (opioid) agonists. Unlike full u agonists (e.g. morphine), partial u agonists require activation of a relatively large fraction of the total pool in order to produce a behavioral or physiological response. A consequence of this unique pharmacological action is that responsiveness to these drugs can be used as an extremely sensitive model to study the factors (e.g. gender, genetics) that contribute to individual differences in drug sensitivity as well as individual vulnerability to drug abuse. There is ample evidence indicating that both inbred and outbred strains of rats display profound differences in their responsiveness to the antinociceptive effects of partial u agonists. In may instances, these differences are as large or larger than those observed in divergent lines of rodents selected for low and high sensitivity to a particular opioid effect. For our first specific aim we are proposing to determine if partial u agonists can be used to evaluate the genetic (rat strains) determinants of the reinforcing effects of opioids and the development of tolerance to their antinociceptive effects. A final goal will be to determine if the mechanism underlying strain-specific sensitivity to opioids is related to the intrinsic efficacy of opioids at the u receptor. There is an emerging body of clinical evidence indicating that human males and females differ in their responsiveness to the antinociceptive effects of opioids and it has been postulated that these differences are most pronounced with partial u agonists and opioids with activity at the k receptor site. For our second specific aim we are proposing to evaluate gender differences in the antinociceptive effects of partial u and k agonists, determine if gender differences are apparent at the spinal and supraspinal levels, and provide a quantitative comparison of the intrinsic efficacy of selected u agonists in males and females of rat strains known for their differential sensitivity to the antinociceptive effects of opioids. Recent clinical studies indicate that chronic opioid treatment* does not produce adequate levels of analgesia in female patients and that females differ from males in terms of the maximum dosage of opioids required during chronic treatment. For our third specific aim we are proposing to determine if there are gender differences in responsiveness to chronic opioid challenge and thus in the extent that tolerance develops to opioid-induced antinociception. As chronic opioid treatment has a profound effect on the activity of partial u agonists, responsiveness to these opioids should provide an extremely sensitive index of gender differences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNDROME
CLONIDINE
TREATMENT
FOR
NEONATAL
ABSTINENCE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gauda, Estelle B.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In the United States, as many as 20,000 babies a year are born to opioid ("narcotic") addicted mothers. Like their mothers, these infants are opioid dependent. Following birth, the infant is removed from its opioid source, inducing a withdrawal syndrome in these infants. Withdrawal symptoms in newborns include vomiting, diarrhea, poor feeding, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, restlessness, insomnia, irritability, tremors, clonus, hyperphagia with poor growth and acidosis, reversible neurologic abnormalities, and even seizures. This complex of signs and symptoms is referred to as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Reinstitution of opioids followed by a slow tapering protocol is currently the standard of care, necessitating prolonged hospitalization from weeks to months. Clonidine is a non-
Studies
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narcotic central alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist that blocks the effects of overexcitation of the sympathetic nervous system and is an approved treatment for opioid withdrawal in adults. We currently have a physician sponsored IND (#63,781) to study the effect of clonidine as adjunct therapy to opioids for the treatment of NAS. This proposal will test the hypothesis that combination therapy of clonidine and opioids is 1) safe and efficacious, 2) allows reduced amount of opioid drug use, and 3) results in shorter time of treatment and hospitalization. This will be accomplished in a randomized, placebo controlled double blind clinical trial comparing diluted tincture of opium (DTO) combined with a placebo (control) vs. DTO combined with clonidine. Additional sub-studies include determination of 1) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DTO and clonidine in the enrolled cohort and 2) further safety evaluation by evaluating developmental outcome on the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID) at 6 and 12 months of age. Pharmacokinetics will be determined by measuring serum concentrations of clonidine and morphine and analyzing volume of distribution, elimination half-life and clearance. These results will have important clinical implications and may change the standards of care not only for management of infants with severe NAS, but also for the management of infants and children, after long-term iatrogenic opioid exposure for instance following prolonged analgesia for mechanical ventilation or multiple operations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV1 AMONG OPIATE USERS IN N THAILAND Principal Investigator & Institution: Celentano, David D.; Professor; Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) This study is designed to elucidate the epidemiologic risk factors for prevalent and incident HIV-1 infections among opiate users in northern Thailand, and to determine whether methadone maintenance is associated with reduced relapse to narcotics use as compared to methadone-assisted detoxification on an outpatient basis. These studies will be accomplished by interviewing and screening all first admissions to the Northern Drug Dependence Treatment Center in Mae Rim (Chiang Mai Province), Thailand, a facility operated by the Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health. Approximately 1,750 first admissions are seen per year, and will comprise the prevalence study. Currently, about 25% of injectors are HIV infected on admission and 8% of opium smokers have antibody to HIV. A prospective cohort study will be conducted among persons seeking readmission to the NDDTC over a two year period, as well as opiate users who relapse following treatment and are seen in an outpatient opiate detoxification program or who reside in village settings within 100 km of the NDDTC. A total of 800 relapsed opiate users will be followed for two years to study endpoints, and we will determine the incidence of HIV infection. We will also conduct a randomized controlled trial of outpatient methadone maintenance vs. methadone assisted detoxification among 480 opiate users seeking treatment for drug abuse, with the primary study endpoint being relapse to opiate use; secondary outcomes include incident sexually transmitted diseases and drug use-related HIV risk behaviors; HIV incidence will be measured as well. These data on the epidemiology of HIV infection among drug users have relevance for other southeast Asian countries experiencing a dramatic HIV epidemic, in which opiate use plays an important role directly through sharing of injection equipment, and as a bridge to the general heterosexual population through unprotected sexual behavior.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MALE IDUS IN VIET NAM: ETHNO-EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Clatts, Michael C.; Director; National Development & Res Institutes Research Institutes, Inc. New York, Ny 10010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): South East Asia has witnessed a rapid increase in unintended medical consequences associated with high-risk drug injection practices, including increases in the prevalence and incidence of viral pathogens prevalent in IDU populations such as HIV-1, HBV, and HCV. These trends raise grave concerns about the future spread of HIV infection in South East Asia and may portend the emergence of a self-sustaining epidemic in the region. Of particular concern, is the rapid increase in new infections among young, male heroin IDUs in Viet Nam. Structured as a unique type of collaboration between HIV researchers at NDRI and public health researchers and community-based physicians at Hanoi Medical University, this study has the dual goal of developing an epidemiological profile of injection-mediated risk among young male heroin users, while simultaneously advancing the technical capacity of researchers in Viet Nam to respond to the emerging HIV epidemic among IDUs. Specific aims of the proposed demonstration project include: [1] To develop an epidemiological typology of the physical settings, situational events, social groups, and economic exchanges, in which young men use opiate-based drugs, including opium, morphine-base, and heroin, as well as the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding HIV risk in the injection of these substances; [2] To describe variability in behavioral practices employed in the preparation and injection of heroin-based drug solutions, including local drug marketing patterns, drug-acquisition strategies, and drug-sharing practices that may facilitate transmission of blood-borne pathogens; [3] To describe individual, social, and economic correlates of injectors' apprenticeship into heroin injection, including the pedagogical processes in which IDUs learn to prepare and inject heroin, their rationale for initiating and maintaining injection as a mode of drug (heroin) administration, and the early social course of heroin dependence; [4] To describe the accumulation of unintended medical consequences associated with the onset of heroin injection, particularly HIV and other viral pathogens prevalent among IDU populations; and [5] To extend concepts and methods adapted from anthropological ethnography in conducting epidemiological research among "out-of-treatment" populations in the U.S., with the goal of enhancing the technical capacity of researchers in Viet Nam in identifying and monitoring emerging trends associated with drug abuse and HIV. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OPIUM ADDICTION--A BEHAVIORAL / ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chandra, Siddharth; None; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The central goal of this project is to use econometric methods to estimate the different behavioral characteristics of "addicts" and "casual users" of opium. Economic theories of addiction predict the existence of two distinct kinds of consumers, those who consume large amounts of the drug, or "addicts," and those who consume small amounts of the drug, or "casual users." While there are rigorous econometric studies of the aggregate responses of groups of consumers of addictive substances to changes in income, price, and other economic variables, there exists no study to date that uses
Studies
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econometric methods to differentiate between "addicts" and "casual users." Because the sale of opium was legal and conducted by a government monopoly (the Opium Regie) in the Netherlands Indies in the early twentieth century, there exist unique and reliable aggregate statistics on prices, consumption, numbers of opium users, and a variety of other related economic data. The estimation of models of rational and myopic addiction using these data will provide inferences about the behavioral characteristics of two individual types of users, "addicts" and "casual users." Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “opium” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for opium in the PubMed Central database: •
A cDNA encoding a low molecular mass heat-shock protein from opium poppy. by Facchini PJ, De Luca V.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159601
•
Decreased Cell Wall Digestibility in Canola Transformed with Chimeric Tyrosine Decarboxylase Genes from Opium Poppy. by Facchini PJ, Yu M, Penzes-Yost C.; 1999 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59303
•
Expression Patterns Conferred by Tyrosine/Dihydroxyphenylalanine Decarboxylase Promoters from Opium Poppy Are Conserved in Transgenic Tobacco. by Facchini PJ, Penzes-Yost C, Samanani N, Kowalchuk B.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34875
•
Molecular analysis of a new member of the opium poppy tyrosine/3,4dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase gene family. by Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Lopez-Meyer M, Galef JR, Burnett RJ, Nessler CL.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157692
•
Molecular characterization of berberine bridge enzyme genes from opium poppy. by Facchini PJ, Penzes C, Johnson AG, Bull D.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158100
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Opium alkaloid noscapine is an antitumor agent that arrests metaphase and induces apoptosis in dividing cells. by Ye K, Ke Y, Keshava N, Shanks J, Kapp JA, Tekmal RR, Petros J, Joshi HC.; 1998 Feb 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19111
•
Phloem-Specific Expression of Tyrosine/Dopa Decarboxylase Genes and the Biosynthesis of Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Opium Poppy. by Facchini PJ, De Luca V.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161040
•
Somatic embryogenesis, rhizogenesis, and morphinan alkaloids production in two species of opium poppy. by Kassem MA, Jacquin A.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113780
•
Uncoupled defense gene expression and antimicrobial alkaloid accumulation in elicited opium poppy cell cultures. by Facchini PJ, Johnson AG, Poupart J, de Luca V.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157884
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with opium, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “opium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for opium (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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“An Edinburgh surgeon of great eminence” in De Quincey's Confessions of an English opium-eater. Author(s): Morrison R. Source: Notes and Queries. 1999 March; 46(1): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11623733&dopt=Abstract
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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•
A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opium dependence: the first experience from Iran. Author(s): Ahmadi J. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 April 1; 66(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906798&dopt=Abstract
•
Buprenorphine treatment of opium-dependent outpatients seeking treatment in Iran. Author(s): Ahmadi J, Bahrami N. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2002 December; 23(4): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495804&dopt=Abstract
•
Dilated common bile duct in opium addicts with and without biliary symptoms -implication for research in AIDS cholangiopathy. Author(s): Chuah SY, Leong CK, Pang CW. Source: Singapore Med J. 2003 May; 44(5): 261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677363&dopt=Abstract
•
Diluted tincture of opium (DTO) and phenobarbital versus DTO alone for neonatal opiate withdrawal in term infants. Author(s): Coyle MG, Ferguson A, Lagasse L, Oh W, Lester B. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 May; 140(5): 561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032522&dopt=Abstract
•
Opium smoking. Author(s): Morson AF. Source: Pharm Hist (Lond). 1996 September; 26(3): 32-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11613454&dopt=Abstract
•
Protease inhibitors: opium of the masses? Author(s): Martinez LJ. Source: Res Initiat Treat Action. 2000 September; 6(3): 7-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708167&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychiatric symptoms of opium and cocaine use. 1913. Author(s): White WA. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 February; 190(2): 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889364&dopt=Abstract
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Richard Woodhouse's Cause Book: the opium-eater, the magazine wars, and the London literary scene in 1821. Author(s): Morrison R. Source: Harv Libr Bull. 1998 Autumn; 9(3): 1-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11624372&dopt=Abstract
•
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in patients addicted to opium: an unrecognized entity. Author(s): Sharma SS. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 March; 55(3): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868024&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND OPIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and opium.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Opium The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “opium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “opium” (or a synonym): •
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum): botany and horticulture. Author(s): Research Institute for Medicinal Plants, Budakalasz, Hungary. Source: Tetenyi, P. Horticultural-reviews (USA). (1997). volume 19 page 373-408.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
“Two dozes of barks and opium”: Lewis and Clark as physicians. Source: Loge, R V Pharos-Alpha-Omega-Alpha-Honor-Med-Soc. 1996 Summer; 59(3): 26-31 0031-7179
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A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opium dependence: the first experience from Iran. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71345-1416, Shiraz, Iran.
[email protected] Source: Ahmadi, Jamshid Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 2002 April 1; 66(2): 111-4 0376-8716
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Advanced treatment of high strength opium alkaloid industry effluents. Author(s): Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, ITU Insaat Fakultesi, Maslak, Turkey. Source: Aydin, A F Altinbas, M Sevimli, M F Ozturk, I Sarikaya, H Z Water-Sci-Technol. 2002; 46(9): 323-30 0273-1223
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Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, via shoot organogenesis. Source: Park, S.U. Facchini, P.J. J-plant-physiol. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer,. August 2000. volume 157 (2) page 207-214. 0176-1617
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An ethnographic account of opium consumers of Rajasthan (India): socio-medical perspective. Author(s): Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. Source: Ganguly, K K Sharma, H K Krishnamachari, K A Addiction. 1995 January; 90(1): 9-12; discussion 13-21 0965-2140
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Analysis of promoters from tyrosine/dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase and berberine bridge enzyme genes involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Source: Park, S U Johnson, A G Penzes Yost, C Facchini, P J Plant-Mol-Biol. 1999 May; 40(1): 121-31 0167-4412
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Biochemical analysis of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy). Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Source: Yasmin, R Naru, A M Biochem-Soc-Trans. 1991 November; 19(4): 436S 0300-5127
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Biodiversity of Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy). Source: Tetenyi, P. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. November 1995. (390) page 191-201. 0567-7572
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Biosynthesis of a narcotic antagonist: conversion of N-allylnorreticuline to Nallylnormorphine in Papaver somniferum [Opium poppies]. Source: Brochmann Hanssen, E. Cheng, C.Y. J-Nat-Prod. Cincinnati : American Society of Pharmacognosy. Jan/February 1984. volume 47 (1) page 175-176. ill. 0163-3864
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Characterization of proteins in latex of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and microsequencing. Author(s): Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Analytical Protein Chemistry Group, Martinsried, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Decker, G Wanner, G Zenk, M H Lottspeich, F Electrophoresis. 2000 October; 21(16): 3500-16 0173-0835
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Chasing the dragon: the cultural metamorphosis of opium in the United States, 18251935. Author(s): Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, USA.
[email protected] Source: Aurin, M Med-Anthropol-Q. 2000 September; 14(3): 414-41 0745-5194
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Development of non-narcotic (opiumless and alkaloid-free) opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Source: Sharma, J.R. Lal, R.K. Gupta, A.P. Misra, H.O. Pant, V. Singh, N.K. Pandey, V. Plant-breed. Berlin : Blackwell Wissenschaft. November 1999. volume 118 (5) page 449452. 0179-9541
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Diluted tincture of opium (DTO) and phenobarbital versus DTO alone for neonatal opiate withdrawal in term infants. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Brown Medical School, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02905-2401, USA. Source: Coyle, Mara G Ferguson, Anne Lagasse, Linda Oh, William Lester, Barry JPediatr. 2002 May; 140(5): 561-4 0022-3476
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Duration of cell cycle, onset of S phase and induced mitotic synchronisation in seeds of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L. Author(s): Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India. Source: Lavania, U C Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1996 August; 34(8): 773-5 0019-5189
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Effect of homeopathic drugs plumbum and opium on experimentally induced lead toxicity in rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, India. Source: Begum, R Koshy, R Sengupta, A Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1994 March; 32(3): 192-5 0019-5189
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Expression patterns conferred by tyrosine/dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase promoters from opium poppy are conserved in transgenic tobacco. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
[email protected] Source: Facchini, P J Penzes Yost, C Samanani, N Kowalchuk, B Plant-Physiol. 1998 September; 118(1): 69-81 0032-0889
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Fatal intoxications in Denmark following intake of morphine from opium poppies. Author(s): Institute of Forensic Chemistry. University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Steentoft, A Kaa, E Worm, K Z-Rechtsmed. 1988; 101(3): 197-204 0044-3433
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Flowers in the blood: opium and veterinary medicine. Author(s): Iowa State University, Ames, IA Source: Stalheim, O.H.V. Journal-of-the-American-Veterinary-Medical-Association (USA). (15 November 1990). volume 197(10) page 1324-1325. veterinary medicine opium papaver somniferum medicinal properties history 0003-1488
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Forces of change in the Thailand opium zone. Source: Crooker, R.A. Geogr-Rev. New York, N.Y. : American Geographical Society. July 1988. volume 78 (3) page 241-256. ill., maps. 0016-7428
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Genetic transformation in Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy) for enhanced production of morphinan. Source: Yoshimatsu, K. Shimomura, K. Plant protoplasts and genetic engineering VII /. Berlin; New York : Springer, c1996. page 243-252. ISBN: 3540608761
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Historical aspects of opium. 1982. Source: Baraka, A Middle-East-J-Anesthesiol. 2000 February; 15(4): 423-36 0544-0440
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Isolation and analysis of the major latex protein genes of opium poppy. Author(s): Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK. Source: Nessler, C L Kurz, W G Pelcher, L E Plant-Mol-Biol. 1990 December; 15(6): 951-3 0167-4412
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Isolation and partial characterization of norcoclaurine synthase, the first committed step in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, from opium poppy. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Source: Samanani, N Facchini, P J Planta. 2001 October; 213(6): 898-906 0032-0935
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Modeling linear and variable growth in phosphate limited suspension cultures of opium poppy. Source: Curtis, W.R. Hasegawa, P.M. Emery, A.H. Biotechnol-Bioeng. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. August 5, 1991. volume 38 (4) page 371-379. 0006-3592
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Molecular characterization of berberine bridge enzyme genes from opium poppy. Source: Facchini, P.J. Penzes, C. Johnson, A.G. Bull, D. Plant-physiol. Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-. December 1996. volume 112 (4) page 1669-1677. 0032-0889
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Molecular cloning and functional expression of codeinone reductase: the penultimate enzyme in morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Author(s): Laboratorium fur Molekulare Biologie, Universitat Munchen, Germany. Source: Unterlinner, B Lenz, R Kutchan, T M Plant-J. 1999 June; 18(5): 465-75 0960-7412
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Mutagenic effects of combined and single doses of gamma rays and EMS in opium poppy. Author(s): Central Inst. of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow (India) Source: Chauhan, S.P. Patra, N.K. Plant-Breeding (Germany). (1993). volume 110(4) page 342-345. papaver somniferum mutation mutagens gamma radiation 0179-9541
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Opium alkaloid noscapine is an antitumor agent that arrests metaphase and induces apoptosis in dividing cells. Author(s): Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Source: Ye, K Ke, Y Keshava, N Shanks, J Kapp, J A Tekmal, R R Petros, J Joshi, H C Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1998 February 17; 95(4): 1601-6 0027-8424
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Opium alkaloids and affinity labels. Author(s): Cogswell Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590. Source: Archer, S Bidlack, J Mulholland, G K NIDA-Res-Monogr. 1990; 9621-34 10469516
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Opium poppy a habit forming plant. Author(s): Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi (India). Plant Tissue Culture Lab. Source: Pande, D. Ali, G. Srivastava, P.S. Hamdard-Medicus (Pakistan). (Jan-March 1998). volume 41(1) page 68-89. drug plants papaver somniferum anaesthetics 0250-7188
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Opium usage in nineteenth century therapeutics. Source: Haller, J S Bull-N-Y-Acad-Med. 1989 June; 65(5): 591-607 0028-7091
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Organization of the major latex protein gene family in opium poppy. Author(s): Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station 778433258. Source: Nessler, C L Burnett, R J Plant-Mol-Biol. 1992 November; 20(4): 749-52 0167-4412
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Phloem-specific expression of tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase genes and the biosynthesis of isoquinoline alkaloids in opium poppy. Source: Facchini, P.J. De Luca, V. Plant-cell. [Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, c1989-. November 1995. volume 7 (11) page 1811-1821. 1040-4651
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Purification of polyphenol oxidase from opium poppy latex. Author(s): Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. Source: Bilka, F Balazova, A Bilkova, A Psenak, M Pharmazie. 2000 February; 55(2): 1556 0031-7144
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Purification, characterization, and immunolocalization of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase from opium poppy. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. Source: Yu, M Facchini, P J Planta. 1999 July; 209(1): 33-44 0032-0935
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Radioimmunoassay determination of six opium alkaloids and its application to plant screening. Source: Wieczorek, U. Nagakura, N. Sund, C. Jendrzejewski, S. Zenk, M.H. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1986. volume 25 (11) page 2639-2646. 00319422
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Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in patients addicted to opium: an unrecognized entity. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, S.M.S. Medical College and Hospital, D-163 Shavitri Path, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur-302015 (Rajasthan), India. Source: Sharma, Shyam Sundar Gastrointest-Endosc. 2002 March; 55(3): 427-30 00165107
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Sugar has become the opium of the people. Source: Campbell, G D Nutr-Health. 1995; 10(2): 93-104 0260-1060
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Temporal correlation of tyramine metabolism with alkaloid and amide biosynthesis in elicited opium poppy cell cultures. Source: Facchini, P.J. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1998. volume 49 (2) page 481-490. 0031-9422
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The search for genetic resources of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) with high thebaine content and the development of a screening method. Author(s): Oseva Pro, Opava (Czech Republic). Vyzkumny Ustav Olejnin Source: Havel, J. Kolovrat, O. Kamenikov, L. Bechyne, M. Czech-Journal-of-Geneticsand-Plant-Breeding-UZPI (Czech Republic). (September 2001). volume 37(3) page 88-92. papaver somniferum genetic resources alkaloids analgesics thin layer chromatography 1212-1975
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Variation of major fatty acids in F8 generation of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum x Papaver setigerum) genotypes. Source: Singh, S.P. Shukla, S. Khanna, K.R. Dixit, B.S. Banerji, R. J-sci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. February 1998. volume 76 (2) page 168-172. 0022-5142
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to opium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND OPIUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to opium. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to opium and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “opium” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to opium: •
Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum l., and California poppy, Eschscholzia californica cham., root cultures. Author(s): Park SU, Facchini PJ. Source: Journal of Experimental Botany. 2000 June; 51(347): 1005-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948228&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of promoters from tyrosine/dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase and berberine bridge enzyme genes involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. Author(s): Park SU, Johnson AG, Penzes-Yost C, Facchini PJ. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 1999 May; 40(1): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394951&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of proteins in latex of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and microsequencing. Author(s): Decker G, Wanner G, Zenk MH, Lottspeich F. Source: Electrophoresis. 2000 October; 21(16): 3500-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079569&dopt=Abstract
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Expression and activity of cell-wall-degrading enzymes in the latex of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L. Author(s): Pilatzke-Wunderlich I, Nessler CL. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 2001 March; 45(5): 567-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414615&dopt=Abstract
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Expression patterns conferred by tyrosine/dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase promoters from opium poppy are conserved in transgenic tobacco. Author(s): Facchini PJ, Penzes-Yost C, Samanani N, Kowalchuk B. Source: Plant Physiology. 1998 September; 118(1): 69-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733527&dopt=Abstract
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Hmong women, opium cultivation and livestock production in Lao PDR. Author(s): Oparaocha S. Source: Gend Technol Dev. 1998 September-December; 2(3): 373-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12179930&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular cloning and functional expression of codeinone reductase: the penultimate enzyme in morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Author(s): Unterlinner B, Lenz R, Kutchan TM. Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 1999 June; 18(5): 465-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417697&dopt=Abstract
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Morphine metabolism in the opium poppy and its possible physiological function. Biochemical characterization of the morphine metabolite, bismorphine. Author(s): Morimoto S, Suemori K, Moriwaki J, Taura F, Tanaka H, Aso M, Tanaka M, Suemune H, Shimohigashi Y, Shoyama Y. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 October 12; 276(41): 38179-84. Epub 2001 August 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498543&dopt=Abstract
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Purification of polyphenol oxidase from opium poppy latex. Author(s): Bilka F, Balazova A, Bilkova A, Psenak M. Source: Pharmazie. 2000 February; 55(2): 155-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10723783&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 21
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Purification, characterization, and immunolocalization of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase from opium poppy. Author(s): Yu M, Facchini PJ. Source: Planta. 1999 July; 209(1): 33-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10467029&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to opium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fainting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Syncope Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org California Poppy Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Combivent Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipratropium Bromide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lepidium Sp Alternative names: Cress; Lepidium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON OPIUM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to opium. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “opium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on opium, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Opium ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to opium. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Ambitious Interlude: the Anti-opium Campaign in China's Fujian Province, 1906-1917 by Madancy, Joyce Ann, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1996, 397 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9635562
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American Perceptions of China, 1840-1860 (opium War, Christian Missions) by Todd, Gary Lee, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987, 304 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8711894
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Animalizing the Other: De Quincey, Opium and the Consolidation of Community (De Quincey, Thomas) by O'Quinn, Daniel Joseph, PhD from York University (Canada), 1993, 483 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN90504
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Ante-Orientalism: French Encounters with the Chinese from the Mid-17th Century to the Opium Wars by Britt, Kara Beth; PhD from University of California, Santa Barbara, 2001, 337 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3035348
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British Reaction to the Opium Trade, 1839-1860. by Miskel, James F., PhD from State University of New York at Binghamton, 1977, 257 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7719083
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'Cave of Oblivion': Opium Dens and Exclusion Laws, 1850-1882 (Nevada, Montana, Wyoming) by Ahmad, Diana Lynn, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1997, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9842505
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China and the International Politics of Opium, 1900-1937: the Impact of Reform, Revenue, and the Unequal Treaties by Reins, Thomas David, PhD from The Claremont Graduate University, 1981, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8119948
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Chinese, Missionary, and International Efforts to End the Use of Opium in China, 1890-1916. by Lodwick, Kathleen Lorraine, PhD from The University of Arizona, 1976, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7619732
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From Opium to Oikos the Limits and Promises of Marx's Critique of Religion by Bell, James; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30557
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Government of Mexico Herbicidal Opium Poppy Eradication Program: a Summative Evaluation by Van Wert, James Michael, Dpa from University of Southern California, 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3311973
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Narrating China: Western Travelers in the Middle Kingdom after the Opium War by Fritzsche, Sybille Charlotte, PhD from The University of Chicago, 1995, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9530747
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Opium and the Limits of Empire: the Opium Problem in the Chinese Interior, 1729-1850 by Bello, David Anthony; PhD from University of Southern California, 2001, 359 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3027694
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Opium Farms in Nineteenth-century Java: Institutional Continuity and Change in a Colonial Society, 1860-1910. by Rush, James Robert, PhD from Yale University, 1977, 330 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7727827
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Opium Production in North Thailand: a Geographical Perspective (Narcotics, Agriculture, Subsistence, Development) by Crooker, Richard Allen, PhD from University of California, Riverside, 1986, 406 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8613846
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Opium Suppression in Qing China: Responses to a Social Problem, 1729-1906 by Howard, Paul Wilson, PhD from University of Pennsylvania, 1998, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9840202
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Palmerston, Parliament and Peking: the Melbourne Ministry and the Opium Crisis, 1835-1840 (William Melbourne, Henry Palmerston, Great Britain, China) by Melancon, Glenn Paul, PhD from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1994, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9524471
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Playing with Fire: the Nationalist Government and Opium in China, 1927-1941 by Baumler, Alan Thomas, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1997, 358 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9717252
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Pleasures and Pains: Opium and the Orient in Nineteenth-Century English Culture (Nineteenth Century) by Milligan, Barry Eugene, PhD from Duke University, 1992, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9311836
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The Guomindang's Opium Policies, 1924-1937: Understanding 'Opium Suppression' in the Context of the Warlord System and the Republican Narco-economy by Slack, Edward Robert, Jr., PhD from University of Hawaii, 1997, 394 Pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9733632
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The Image and the Realities of Opium Use in the Later Nineteenth and the First Half of the Twentieth Centuries with Special Reference to the Working-class of Lancashire and Cheshire (Nineteenth Century, Twentieth Century) by Crane, Bettina Susan, PhD from University of Kent at Canterbury (united Kingdom), 1989, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX89602
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The Influence of Opium and Hashish on French Literature in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century by Mickel, Emanuel John, Jr, PhD from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1965, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6604717
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The Opium Empire: Japan and the East Asian Drug Trade, 1895-1945 (narcotics) by Jennings, John Mark, PhD from University of Hawaii, 1995, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9615528
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The Opium of the Children: Domestic Opium and Infant Drugging in Early Victorian England (Drug Regulation, Childcare, Mortality, Women) by Chepaitis, Elia Vallone, PhD from The University of Connecticut, 1985, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8604927
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The Reader in Thomas De Quincey's 'confessions of an English Opium-eater' by Needham, Lawrence Douglas, PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1987, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8714858
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The Use of Opium by Women in Nineteenth-Century Britain by Thiederman, Sondra Barrett, PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 1984, 369 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8425741
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Turkey and International Cooperation in the League of Nations: Case Studies in Disarmament and Opium Diplomacy, 1928-1938 by Liggett, Michael Louis, PhD from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1971, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7225037
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON OPIUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “opium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on opium, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Opium By performing a patent search focusing on opium, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on opium: •
6-Oxamorphinans Inventor(s): Matiskella; John D. (Liverpool, NY), Montzka; Thomas A. (Manlius, NY), Partyka; Richard A. (Liverpool, NY) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,246,413 Date filed: May 14, 1979 Abstract: Substituted 6-oxamorphinans and 6-oxaisomorphinans have been found to possess potent analgetic, narcotic antagonist, antitussive and/or ADH inhibitory activity. The compounds are prepared by total synthesis and are not derived from opium alkaloids. Excerpt(s): Drug abuse by thrill-seeking youth or by people looking for an escape from the realities of everyday life has become more and more commonplace in our present society. One class of widely abused drugs are the narcotic analgetics such as codeine, morphine, meperidine, etc. It is because of the high addictive potential of these agents that much time and money are being expended by the pharmaceutical industry and by governments to try and discover and develop new nonaddicting analgetics and/or narcotic antagonists. It was therefore an object of the present invention to find novel low abuse analgetics and/or narcotic antagonists. It was a further object of the present invention to develop a method of synthesis that would not be dependent upon opium alkaloids as starting materials. The objects of the present invention have been met by the provision of the compounds of Formula I and by their total synthesis from 6carbomethoxy-8-methoxy-3-methyl-11-oxo-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methano -3benzazocine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04246413__
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9-Hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphans Inventor(s): Lambert; Yvon (Cote Ste. Catherine, CA), Monkovic; Ivo (Candiac, CA), Montzka; Thomas Alfred (Manlius, NY), Saucier; Michel (Dorval, CA) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 3,966,747 Date filed: July 9, 1974 Abstract: N-substituted-9-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphans have been found to possess potent narcotic agonist and/or antagonist activity. In particular, the compound 2'hydroxy-2-cyclobutylmethyl-5-allyl-9.beta.-hydroxy-9.alpha.-methyl-6,7benzomorphan has been found to possess potent narcotic agonist and antagonist activity. These compounds are prepared by total synthesis and are not derived from opium alkaloids. Excerpt(s): This invention embodies new and novel compounds useful as analgesics and/or narcotic antagonists and a new and novel total synthesis for their preparation. In which R.sup.2 is H or methyl and R is methyl or phenethyl as being moderate to weak
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analgetics. In which R is methyl or phenethyl and R.sup.2 is H or methyl as being potent analgetics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03966747__ •
Binary reagent system for detecting drugs of abuse Inventor(s): Zelonis; Paul T. (7926 Peak Point Ave., San Diego, CA 92126) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,110,078 Date filed: November 26, 1976 Abstract: A binary reagent system for detecting drugs of abuse such as opium, heroin, phencyclidine, phencyclidine analogues, methadone and cocaine including a first reagent comprising chloroplatinic acid in aqueous solution and a second reagent comprising cobaltous thiocyanate in aqueous solution. Upon contacting a sample containing the drug with the reagent system, a characteristic coloration or precipitation is produced. Excerpt(s): Every year there is an increase in the use of drugs of abuse by the general population. Although experts have no appreciable difficulty in identifying most drugs in a well equipped laboratory, numerous situations occur where it is important to be able to detect common drugs of abuse outside the laboratory. Such situations occur frequently for law enforcement officers concerned with combatting illicit drug trade and use. Such persons need simple, rapid and specific methods for detecting drugs of abuse in the field. In addition, the methods of detection should be such that they can be performed by persons having minimum training. Numerous reagents have been reported in the literature for detecting drugs of abuse (see for example, Arch. Toxikol., 25, 19(1969), J. Pharm. Sci., 56, 1526(1967)). Many of these reagents however are nonspecific and/or give false positives when the suspected sample contains diluents and adulterants. Cobaltous thiocyanate, for example, is used as a color reagent for the detection of cocaine; however in excess of 50 other substances give a similiar color reaction with this reagent. Moreover, the testing of brown heroin with the recognized reagent for natural narcotics, i.e., the Marquis reagent (8-10 drops 40% formaldehyde/10 ml. concentrated sulfuric acid), has resulted in false positives due to the presence of dyes and pigments in the heroin samples. In addition, safety problems, such as acid spattering and the abrupt evolution of gases causing rupture of the sample container have been encountered in the field when reagents containing large amounts of strong acids were added to suspect liquid and powder samples. Further, new smuggling techniques are constantly being developed by illegal drug traffikers which render many of the available field-test reagents useless or unreliable. Alcoholic solutions of pure cocaine, for example, cannot be meaningfully tested with either cobaltous thiocyanate or the Marquis reagent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04110078__
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Composition called DTS (deities) for the treatment of addictive disease Inventor(s): Wen; Liu C. (Flat A2, 6/F., Flora Garden, 50, Cloud View Road, Hong Kong, HK) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,198,230 Date filed: January 8, 1991 Abstract: This invention provides a recipe for making a detoxification medicine named DTS (Deities) for curing drug addiction. This DTS (Deities) medicine comprises no narcotic but mainly is made up by several kinds of effective ingredients of biological substances refined from various natural herbs and bioproducts. Drug addicts can be weaned and cured safely from addiction induced by Heroin, Cocaine, Morphine, Amphetamines, Hemp or Opium, and other substances within 7-30 days, by means of DTS (Deities) which can get rid of drug poisons present in an addict's blood and marrow. Further, DTS (Deities) can also be used to clear away tobacco tar and nicotine deposits so that it serves to wean from cigarette smoking as well. Excerpt(s): This invention comprises a composition called DTS (Deities), for the treatment of addictive disease. DTS is mainly comprised of several kinds of effective ingredients of biological substances refined from various natural herbs and bioproducts, without any narcotic or stimulant drugs, and methods of making and using same. It is been alleged that the number of addicts all over the world is more than 50 million. Drug abuse is a long-standing problem which creates many other social dislocations. In many countries, more than half of criminals have a history of substance abuse. Recent press reports have suggested that this ratio approaches 82% in Philadelphia. In the Soviet Union, it has been stated that quite a few gangs of juvenile delinquents among the thousand gangs cracked down on in 1988 were linked together because of narcotics. In Columbia, since 1984, thousands of those opposing drug dealing have been killed by the drug gangs, including presidents of the country, legislators, senior police officers, news reporters and many others. Narcotics such as heroin, cocaine, morphine and its derivatives produce both behavioral and physical dependance. These substances excite the cerebral cortex and provide an illusion of happiness and well being which is the basis for the behavioral addiction. Depending upon the particular substance of abuse, the symptoms may include depression, inability to work, loss of appetite, weight loss, insomnia and tiredness, and trembling. Sudden withdrawal can induce prostration and even death. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05198230__
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Controlled release pharmaceutical compositions based on pharmaceutically acceptable salts of gamma hydroxy-butyric acid
one
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Inventor(s): Conte; Ubaldo (Busto Arsizio, IT), La Manna; Aldo (Pavia, IT), Tessitore; Giuseppe (Sanremo, IT) Assignee(s): Laboratorio Farmaceutico C.T. S.r.l. (Sanremo, IT) Patent Number: 5,594,030 Date filed: July 21, 1994 Abstract: Controlled release pharmaceutical compositions administrable by oral route, containing as the active principle at least one salt of the gamma hydroxy butyric acid
Patents 31
with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, for the treatment of alcoholism, opium like substances addiction, heroin addiction, food and nicotine addiction, depressive and anxious states, composed by:a) a nucleus in the form of granules and tablets comprising an active principle dispersed in a particular cellulosic matrix; and optionally by:b) a filming protection of the nucleus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions having a controlled release, administrable by oral route, containing as the active principle at least one salt of the gamma-hydroxy butyric acid with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, said compositions being suitable in particular for the treatment of alcoholism, opium like substances addiction, heroin addiction, food and nicotine addiction, as well as in the treatment of depressive and anxious states. In industrialized countries, alcohol has the peculiarity of being the only pharmacological agent susceptible of a socially accepted autointoxication, and excluding cigarette addiction, alcoholism is the most serious social problem in all the industrialized countries. If measured in terms of accidents, lose of productivity, crimes, death and diseases, the social cost of this problem is incalculable due to is the cost for ruined families, lost lives, loss for the society and human troubles. The ethyl alcohol addiction starts when the alcohol consumption of the individual exceeds the limits accepted by its culture, damages its health or interferes with its social relations; alcohol addiction occurs at any level: at the lowest levels, alcohol is desired or is needed both as food and as social relationship means. At a medium level, alcohol addiction happens when an individual feels the necessity to drink in order to work or participate to social life and tries to increase the alcohol consumption to reach these aims. We observe a marked alcohol addiction when the individual drinks more alcohol than the usual social and cultural habits allow, drinks in situations in which he normally would not and he assumes alcohol even from toxic liquids that normally are not used as beverages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05594030__ •
Controlled release pharmaceutical preparation and process for preparing same Inventor(s): Barkanyi; Judit (Tiszavasvari, HU), Bene; Magdolna (Tiszavasvari, HU), Gulyas; Imre (Tiszavasvari, HU), Gyoker; Istvan (Tiszavasvari, HU), Kelen; Tibor (Debrecen, HU), Nagy; Jozsef (Debrecen, HU), Ondi; Sandor (Tiszavasvari, HU), Repasi; Agota (Tiszavasvari, HU), Repasi; Janos (Tiszavasvari, HU), Zsuga; Miklos (Debrecen, HU) Assignee(s): Alkaloida Vegyeszeti Gyar (Tiszavasvari, HU) Patent Number: 5,324,523 Date filed: June 27, 1991 Abstract: Controlled release pharmaceutical preparations are prepared by homogenizing an organic or inorganic pharmaceutical active substance such as an opium alkaloid or its salts, an opium antagonist or its salts, an aliphatic or aromatic amine derivative or its salts, a phenolate type medicament, or Zn, Fe, Mg, K, Na salts, a fatty acid or its salt necessary to achieve a continuous phase transfer and an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and formulating the resulting homogeneous mixture bya) direct compressing orb) admixing with a solvent orc) using a second, auxiliary polymer.The preparations are suitable for oral or rectal administration or for tissue implantation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a controlled release pharmaceutical preparation and a process for preparing same. According to the present invention
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matrix systems comprising ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer are provided which are useful for preparing a controlled release preparation containing the active ingredient in ionic form. The medical use of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers is well known in the art [Biomaterials 2 201 (1981) J.Biomedical Materials Research 15 267 (1981)]. Controlled release pharmaceutical preparations for treating glaucoma, diabetes as well as controlled release contraceptives were prepared by using this copolymer. Because of its high biocompatibility [J. Biomedical Materials Research 15 267 (1981)] various human applications of this copolymer have been permitted by the FDA. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05324523__ •
Diagnostic test for opium alkaloids Inventor(s): Cleeland, Jr.; Roy (Short Hills, NJ), Hager; Hans Jacob (New York City, NY) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) Patent Number: 3,972,992 Date filed: February 28, 1975 Abstract: Amino lower alkyl ethers of the phenolic hydroxyl group of opium alkaloids are linked via a peptide linkage to carboxylated latex polymers to form reagents which are useful in a sensitive diagnostic test to detect the presence of opium alkaloids in body fluids. Excerpt(s): The large increase in the use of narcotic agents, including the opium alkaloids, by the general population has brought with it a substantial need to improve analytical techniques for the determination of such agents in biological fluids. In many instances, medical treatment centers are faced with the need for determining the identity of a narcotic agent taken by a patient who, being in a comatose condition, is unable to supply such information to the treating physician. Early procedures involved the identification of opium alkaloids by extraction and thin-layer chromatographic methods. These techniques have the disadvantages of being relatively time-consuming, laborious and lacking great sensitivity. Recently, a rapid and sensitive immunoassay procedure involving the reaction between antibodies and opium alkaloid antigens was described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,868. However, this procedure requires sophisticated equipment such as scintillation counters to be used for the assay. It would, therefore, be desirable to develop a rapid and highly sensitive assay for detecting the presence of opium alkaloids in biological fluids which would not require sophisticated equipment and could be easily performed by laboratory technicians having a minimum of training. The present invention relates to a novel class of opium alkaloid derivatives, namely, amino lower alkyl ethers of the phenolic hydroxyl group of opium alkaloids, which ethers may be covalently coupled via a peptide linkage to a carboxylated latex polymer. The opium alkaloid thus linked to the latex polymer by means of said linking group can then be utilized as a reagent in a sensitive diagnostic assay for the presence of opium alkaloids in biological fluids. This assay method is dependent upon the well known binding of antigen to antibodies specific therefor, which is manifested by an insolubilization or agglutination. When either the antigen or the antibody is linked to a suitable polymer such as a latex polymer, as hereinafter described, the detection of the antigen-antibody binding by means of agglutination is significantly enhanced so that such agglutination reaction is easily visualized by the naked eye. The general technique of utilizing latex particles as carriers for antigens or antibodies for easy visualization of the antigen-antibody reaction has been previously described in the literature, for example, in Netherlands Pat. No. 7,201,308.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03972992__ •
Method of producing a poppy plant Inventor(s): Alam; Mansoor (Lucknow, IN), Darokar; Mahendra Pandurang (Lucknow, IN), Dhawan; Om Parkash (Lucknow, IN), Dwivedi; Samresh (Lucknow, IN), Gupta; Madan Mohan (Lucknow, IN), Kalra; Alok (Lucknow, IN), Khanuja; Suman Preet Singh (Lucknow, IN), Kumar; Sushil (Lucknow, IN), Lal; Raj Kishori (Lucknow, IN), Luthra; Rajesh (Lucknow, IN), Misra; Hari Om (Lucknow, IN), Samad; Abdul (Lucknow, IN), Sattar; Abdul (Lucknow, IN), Shahabuddin; Saba (Lucknow, IN), Sharma; Jawahar Ram (Lucknow, IN), Shasney; Ajit Kumar (Lucknow, IN), Singh; Hemendra Pratap (Lucknow, IN), Singh; Surendra Pratap (Lucknow, IN), Trivedi; Mala (Lucknow, IN), Zaim; Mohammad (Lucknow, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,534,696 Date filed: March 29, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a disease resistant and high yielding variety of opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L. 2n=22) christened as `Rakshit`. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the development of a disease resistant and high yielding variety of opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L. 2n=22) christened as `Rakshit`. More particularly, the invention relates to the development of a high seed and straw yielding (concentrated poppy straw) variety of opium poppy by hybridizing the highly resistant sources in the germplasm with high yielding lines/genotypes followed by repeated selection and evaluation for the said characters for six years under natural and artificial epiphytotic conditions. The resultant variety is highly resistant to the most destructive disease, downy mildew caused by Peronospora arborescens (Berk) de Barry and moderately resistant to both damping off caused by Pythium dissotocum Drechsler and collar rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. The variety being highly self pollinated is distinct, uniform and stable and suitable for commercial cultivation. Opium poppy is commercially cultivated in a large number of countries under strict vigilance. International Narcotic Control Board (INCB) Vienna, regulates the opium poppy cultivation in the world. The latex obtained by the incision of unripe capsules is known as opium which is the source of several pharmacologically important alkaloids. Morphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine and papaverine are the most important alkaloids produced by the plant and are exploited by the pharmaceutical industry as analgesics, antitussive and antispasmodic. The total world area of illicit cultivation of poppy for opium production was about 37000-56000 ha from 1989-1993 according to the INCB, Vienna. Eight to ten thousand tones of opium is produced in India yearly (Bryant, R J, Chemistry and Industry. 7:146-153,1988). This amount of opium covers about half of the world's annual morphine demand. India remains the only country in which the cultivation of opium poppy for gum is still legal. However, the importance of poppy straw has been increasing continuously and world area of poppy cultivation for purposes other than opium production was as large as 25,000-40,000 ha in the early 1990s which increased to 80,000 ha in 1994. This means that the cultivation of poppy for straw is 2-3 times more than that of the area used for licit opium production. Poppy straw and straw concentrate are more important than opium in the production of morphine. More than 50% of the world's morphine is now manufactured from these raw materials. However, the single method of using dry capsules for direct extraction is practiced only in some central European countries. The United Kingdom is the largest
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producer of morphine from straw concentrate. Australia produced 36,082 kg. of morphine from concentrate in 1993 (INCB,1993). Countries like USA, Spain, South Africa, Norway, Netherlands and Italy import straw concentrate for morphine extraction. Turkey has its own poppy cultivation industry. Poppy seeds are rich in protein and minerals and are widely used in the food industry. These are also considered to have aphrodisiac and constipating properties (Nerglz and Otles, J. Sci. Food Agr. 66:117, 1994). Anticarcinogenic properties have also been reported in the poppy seeds (Aruna, Food Chem. Toxicol. 30: 11, 1992; Berger, Berger's Medicinal Chemistry, Part II, A. Willey Interscience Publication, 1140, 1979). The seeds contain a high proportion of edible vegetable oil which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid and linoleic acid (Wealth of India--Raw materials vol. 7: 234, 246, 1966). Linolinic acid tends to lower down the blood cholesterol in human beings (cf. Singh et al, Indian J. Agric. Sci. 60: 358, 1990). The biological value if poppy seed oil was found in similar to those of sunflower oil and olive and was considered to be promising for human consumption (Beare et al Nutrition and Metabolism, 23:335-346, 1979). Several other uses of poppy seed and oil have been reported by Teteyl (Tetely, Hort. Rev., 19: 373, 1997). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06534696__ •
N-acyl-N-norsalutaridines and process for making them Inventor(s): Schwartz; Martin Alan (Tallahassee, FL) Assignee(s): Florida Board of Regents (Tallahassee, FL) Patent Number: 4,003,903 Date filed: February 12, 1975 Abstract: N-acyl-N-norsalutaridines can be made by oxidative coupling of N-acyl-Nnorreticulines using thallium tristrifluoroacetate or a coordinating agent and an oxidizing agent. The N-acyl-N-norsalutaridines can be converted to thebaine, Nnorthebaine, and N-substituted-N-northebaines, which can be converted to opium alkaloids and related compounds. Excerpt(s): Thebaine is used commercially as starting material for the narcotic analgesics oxycodone and oxymorphone, the narcotic antagonist naloxone and the narcotic antitussive dihydrocodeinone. It can also be used as starting material for the narcotic analgesics codeinone, codeine and morphine, the narcotic antagonist naltrexone, and other medicinally useful narcotic and non-narcotic substances. Thebaine, codeine and morphine are produced by the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). For commercial use, these compounds are obtained solely by extraction from opium or from opium poppy stems and capsules. They have been produced on laboratory scale by totally synthetic routes, but these syntheses involved many steps and very low overall yields, and were therefore not suitable for commercial production. Attempts have also been made to convert N-ethoxycarbonyl-N-norreticuline to N-ethoxycarbonyl-Nnorsalutaridine, but these produced only the corresponding N-norisoboldine (Kametani et al., Tetrahedron, 25, 3667 (1969)) or N-norisosalutardine (Bobbitt, Heterocycles, 1, 181 (1973)) or no recoverable product (Cava et al., Tetrahedron, 25, 2795 (1969)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04003903__
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Practical total synthesis unnatural enantiomers of opium-derived morphinans Inventor(s): Rice; Kenner C. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,521,601 Date filed: March 23, 1983 Abstract: This invention relates to compounds which may be described as the unnatural enantiomers of morphine agonists and antagonists, which are useful as antitussives. The synthesis utilized is capable of producing all of the unnatural enantiomers of medically important opium derivatives of the morphinan type, including thebaine. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to compounds which may be described as the unnatural enantiomers of morphine agonists and antagonists, which are useful as antitussives. The synthesis utilized is capable of producing all of the unnatural enantiomers of medically important opium derivatives of the morphinan type, including thebaine. Among the advantages of the process is a facile optical resolution of racemic 7 to give (-)-7a and (+)-7a. The former can then be converted as described below to the unnatural enantiomers of all medically valuable-opium derived agonists and antagonists and also to related derivatives. Among the advantages emphasized by the present invention are the utilization of.beta.,.gamma.-unsaturated ketones where in the past there have been used.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones. Secondly, in the step below where.beta.,.gamma.-unsaturated bromoketones (13 or 14) proceed to 1-bromo-Nformylnordihydrothebaine (morphinan) (17), in this process there are utilized super acids, such as trifluoromethane sulfonic, polyfluoroethane sulfonic and mixtures thereof, and also antimony pentafluoride and mixtures of hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride. An additional advantage of the present process is that oxide bridge closure is accomplished in the N-nor series bromonordihydrothebainone (18).fwdarw.nordihydrocodeinone (21), thus affording ready access to either N-nor or N-methyl derivatives from the same intermediate 18. N-nor derivatives are of paramount importance in the synthesis of unnatural enantiomers of narcotic antagonists and the agonist-antagonist drugs. The N-methyl derivative, (+)-dihydrocodeinone(22), is a key intermediate which can be converted by established methods to unnatural (+)codeine, morphine, thebaine and the corresponding enantiomers of all medically valuable opium derivatives of the morphinan type and related compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04521601__
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Process for extracting and purifying morphine from opium Inventor(s): Corcoran; Robert C. (Laramie, WY), Ma; Junning (North Wales, PA) Assignee(s): The Board of Regents of the University and Community College System of (Reno, NV) Patent Number: 6,054,584 Date filed: November 19, 1996 Abstract: A process for extracting morphine from opium is described. In the process, opium is extracted with a basic alcoholic solution. The basic alcoholic solution is filtered and the alcohol removed from the filtrate to leave a residue. The residue is then extracted with a basic aqueous solution having a pH of at least 11. The basic aqueous
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solution may be filtered to remove any solid matter remaining after the aqueous extraction step, and then be stirred with a sufficient amount of a salt to avoid emulsion formation. The basic aqueous solution or filtrate is then extracted with benzene or toluene. Next, adjusting the pH of the basic aqueous filtrate to pH 8.5 to 9.5 allows the morphine to precipitate and be recovered. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved process for the extraction and purification of morphine from opium. The object of this invention is to provide a more economical method of preparing morphine that utilizes less environmentally toxic solvents. Morphine is useful as an analgesic drug. It is also used as the starting material for the preparation of codeine, which is another analgesic and antitussive drug. Morphine occurs naturally in opium to the extent of 9 to 17% by weight, depending upon the opium source. There are many alternative methods of extracting and purifying morphine from opium. However, these methods suffer from several disadvantages, such as prolonged extraction times, low efficiencies and the involvement of hazardous chemicals such as chloroform and sulfur dioxide. What is needed is a cost-effective process which does not require large amounts of potentially toxic or hazardous solvents. When viewed from this perspective, none of the current methods are entirely satisfactory. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06054584__ •
Synthesis of 1-substituted isoquinolines Inventor(s): Hendrickson; James B. (9 Acacia St., Cambridge, MA 02138), Rodriguez; Cesar (567 South St., Waltham, MA 02154) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,514,569 Date filed: January 28, 1982 Abstract: A method for the synthesis of particular isoquinoline compounds which are useful intermediates in the preparation of members of the family of opium alkaloids, such as morphine and codeine. Steps in the process include the acylation of the isoquinoline nitrogen; reaction of the acylated isoquinoline with a phosphorous compound; and condensation with a benzaldehyde derivative to yield a 1-benzyl isoquinoline. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a process for the preparation of certain isoquinoline compounds which can then be taken on to useful compounds such as morphine and codeine. The present invention comprises a process for the preparation of certain isoquinoline compounds which may be taken on to pharmaceutically useful natural and synthetic alkaloids of the morphine and codeine type as well as morphine and codeine themselves. Also part of the present invention are the intermediate products produced in the course of the process of the invention. Z.sup.1 is hydrogen or halogen such as bromo, chloro, iodo or fluoro. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04514569__
Patents 37
•
Treated wood products Inventor(s): Barrett, Jr.; Raybon (11821 Bitten Hollow #18, Austin, TX 78758) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,818,249 Date filed: December 24, 1987 Abstract: Treated wood products for use in fireplaces and wood stoves are impregnated with a variety of scents which are given off during combustion. In a first embodiment of the invention, a conventional man made fireplace log is provided with a central bore and surrounding circumferentially spaced holes. A treated core is inserted into the central bore and treated rods are inserted into the circumferentially spaced holes. During combustion, the treated core and treated rods gradually give off the desired scent. In a second embodiment, a man made fireplace log is constructed of particulate wood materials which have been treated with the desired scent. In a third embodiment, wood powder which has been treated with the desired scent is supplied in a shaker can for application to a fire. Examples of scents which may be supplied are pine, cedar, floral scents, cologne, musk, perfume, opium, and various fruity fragrances. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to treated wood products, and more particularly pertains to several embodiments of scented wood products for use in fireplaces and wood stoves. A large number of fireplaces, fireplace stove inserts and wood stoves are in use throughout the world. A substantial segment of these devices are utilized in cities, primarily for aesthetic purposes. As many city dwellers are removed from a convenient and economical supply of wood for combustion in these devices, various long burning man made fireplace logs have achieved success in the market. To enhance the sensory pleasures achieved from fires utilizing these man made materials, it is proposed to provide a variety of scented wood products. Various types of treated wood products are known in the prior art. A typical example of such a treated wood product is to be found in U.S. Pat. No. 2,273,039, which issued to M. Hudson on Feb. 17, 1942. This patent discloses a process for treating wood products by distilling the water from the wood by placing the wood in a closed chamber, supplying a vapor phase of an organic liquid such as coal tar or petroleum fractions and maintaining the vapor in a drying chamber at a temperature substantially equal to the boiling point of the liquid at the pressure in the drying chamber during the entire drying operation and continuously drawing off the distilled water vapor from the drying chamber. The process contemplates the use of a creosote fraction or a wood preserving impregnant. U.S. Pat. No. 2,280,560, which issued to H. Vautherin on Apr. 21, 1942, discloses a process for the protective treatment of wood products. The process consists of placing the wood products to be preserved in a closed heat insulated airtight space and simultaneously heating the wood products both with radiated heat and by direct contact with steam under pressures ranging from about three to seven kilograms per square centimeter until the temperature of the wood is within the range of about 115 to 160 degrees C. The steam in contact with the wood contains a mist of an oily antiseptic substance. The steam is shut off and radiated heat is continued until the transformed color of the wood becomes substantially uniform throughout, whereby the elasticity of the wood is increased and a dry non-oily surface is produced. U.S. Pat. No. 2,461,302, which issued to J. Truhlar et al on Feb. 8, 1949, discloses a method of flameproofing wood products. The process includes the steps of dipping the wood product in a solution of antimony chloride and an organic phosphite and subsequently steaming the impregnated wood product to convert the antimony chloride to antimony oxides. U.S. Pat. No. 3,464,782, which issued to J. Ricard et al on Sept. 2, 1969, discloses a wood preservation process.
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The process includes the steps of treating the wood product to be protected with gaseous ammonia in fumigant consisting of a halogenated hydrocarbon, with the fumigant being reactive with ammonia to form a compound having residual fungicidal activity in the wood product. The fumigant may also consist of sulfuryl halide. U.S. Pat. No. 3,481,686, which issued to L. Ivnas et al on Dec. 2, 1969, discloses a method for treating wood chips. The method consists of transporting the wood chips pneumatically while simultaneously treating them with a biocidal agent. The treating agent may consist of pentachlorophenol, salts thereof, or O-phenylphenol and salts thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 3,922,397, which issued to J. Baymiller on Nov. 25, 1975, discloses a method for bleaching furniture. The furniture to be bleached is placed on a conveyor which passes through an air lock structure into an ammonia chamber. Ammonia is delivered to the ammonia chamber and causes the bleaching of the furniture. The furniture component is removed from the ammonia chamber through an air lock structure. Hydrogen peroxide may also be used as a bleaching agent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,929, which issued to R. Hurst et al on Nov. 18, 1980, discloses an apparatus for the treatment of timber. A vessel has at least three chambers arranged in series for passage of the timber therethrough on conveyor belts. The chambers are provided with a mechanism for drawing a vacuum at each end. Spraying heads are disposed in an intermediate chamber for applying a preservative liquid to the timber. The vacuums are maintained during passage of the timber through the end chambers, by means of seals which are arranged to close and open automatically as the timber enters and leaves the respective vacuum chambers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,101, which issued to C. House et al on Nov. 29, 1983, discloses a method of making thermoplastic hardboard from acetylated mat. A wet-felted mat of wood fibers is acetylated by coating the mat with a quantity of acetic anhydride ranging from five to seventy percent by volume of the mat and heating the mat at a temperature of from 150 to 300 degrees F. while confining substantially all of the acetic anhydride within the mat for about twenty to one hundred and twenty minutes. The acetylated mat is pressed into hardboard which may be bent into a variety of loops, spirals, helices, and other curvilinear shapes to make articles of furniture, protective packing products and the like. U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,940, which issued to B. Hager on July 1, 1986, discloses a preservative treatment of wood. The preservative treatment consists of the steps of placing evaporable sublimable ammonium salts close to the wood so that the salts form an atmosphere around the wood in which the microorganisms cannot develop. The treatment is of special interest for moist wood during a storage until it has been dried and is not further attached by fungi. While the above mentioned wood treated wood products are suited for their intended usage, none of these wood treatments provide for a scented wood product for use in home fireplaces and wood stoves. Inasmuch as the art is relatively crowded with respect to these various types of treated wood products, it can be appreciated that there is a continuing need for and interest in improvements to such treated wood products, and in this respect, the present invention addresses this need and interest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04818249__ •
Use of amino hydrogenated quinazoline compounds and derivatives thereof for abstaining from drug dependence Inventor(s): Pan; Xinfu (Beijing, CN), Qiu; Fanglong (Hunan, CN) Assignee(s): Nanning Maple Leaf Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Guangxi Province, CN) Patent Number: 5,846,975 Date filed: May 21, 1996
Patents 39
Abstract: This invention relates to the use of amino hydrogenated quinazoline compounds and derivatives thereof, such as tetrodotoxin, for abstaining from drug dependence in human. Such compounds are administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection for abstaining from drug dependence, the said drug is alkaloids and nitrogen-containing non-amino acid compound, for example opium, morphine, heroin and the like. Such compounds without drug dependence and low toxicity and side effect can abstain rapidly from drug dependence. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with amino hydrogenated quinazoline compounds and derivatives thereof, particularly their new application for causing humans to abstain from drug dependence on alkaloids and synthetic non-amino acid nitrogen. The research of amino-hydro quinazoline and its derivatives originated from the knowledge for crystal tetrodotoxin(TTX). (1). TTX produces pronounced analgesic effect on various pains caused by burning, trauma, injuries from falls, fractures, contusions and strains, especially for neuragia, myalgia and arthralgia. Unless the diseases are inveterate, TTX is a powerful analgesic. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05846975__
Patent Applications on Opium As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to opium: •
Detection of abused substances and their metabolites using nucleic acid sensor molecules Inventor(s): Seiwert, Scott; (Pacifica, CA) Correspondence: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 300 South Wacker Drive; Suite 3200; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030224435 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: Nucleic acid sensor molecules (allozymes, allosteric ribozymes, allosteric DNAzymes), aptamers and methods are provided for the detection and quantitation of small molecules, including drugs, drug analogs, and drug metabolites, for example recreational drugs, mood-altering drugs, and performance enhancing drugs such as 4MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine), Alpha-ethyltryptamine, Amphetamine, Amyl nitrite, Benzocaine, Cocaine, Dimethyltryptamine, Ecstasy (MDA, MDMA, MDEA), Ephedrine, Erythropoietine (Epogen), Fentanyl, Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), GBL (Gamma butyrolactone), GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyrate), Hashish, Heroin, Isobutyl nitrite, Ketamine, Lidocaine, LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), Mannitol, Marijuana (THC), Mescaline, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methaqualone, Methcathinone, Methylphenidate (ritalin), Morphine, Nexus (2CB), Nicotine, Opium, Oxycodone, OxyContin, PCP (phencyclidine), Peyote, Phenobarbital, Procaine, Psilocybin, Psilocybin/psilocin, Pseudoephedrine, Rohypnol, Scopolamine, Steroids, Strychnine, and Talwin. Also provided are kits for detection. The nucleic acid sensor molecules,
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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methods and kits provided herein can be used in diagnositic applications for detecting drugs, analogs, and metabolites thereof. Excerpt(s): This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 60/381,006, filed May 16, 2002. This application is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings. This invention relates generally to the field of drug and drug metabolite detection in biological samples. More specifically, it provides a system for detecting or confirming the presence of a particular drug analyte in a sample that potentially contains interfering substances. This invention specifically relates to novel molecular sensors that utilize enzymatic nucleic acid constructs whose activity can be modulated by the presence or absence of signaling agents that include compounds and substances of abuse, such as recreational drugs, mood altering drugs, performance enhancing drugs, analgesics, and metabolites thereof. The present invention further relates to the use of the enzymatic nucleic acid constructs as molecular sensors capable of modulating the activity, function, or physical properties of other molecules useful in detecting compounds and substances of abuse and metabolites thereof. The invention also relates to the use of the enzymatic nucleic acid constructs as diagnostic reagents, useful in identifying such signaling agents in a variety of applications, for example, in screening biological samples or fluids for compounds and substances of abuse and metabolites thereof. The ability to perform rapid screening tests in diagnostic analysis of biological samples has been considerably facilitated by the evolving art of immunoassay. Antibodies can be raised that have exquisite specificity and sensitivity for small molecules of diagnostic interest, such as drugs and drug metabolites. In combination with other reagents that have a separating or labeling function, specific antibodies can be used as part of a rapid screening test for the presence of the small molecule in a clinical sample. Similarly, nucleic acid technology can be applied to develop polynucleotide based detection systems comprising nucleic acid molecules with high affinity for a particular small molecule target. Furthermore, the functionality of enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be coupled with these recognition properties in the design of nucleic acid sensor molecules having both recognition and signal generating capability. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel methods for the treatment and prevention of ileus Inventor(s): Carpenter, Randall L.; (Waban, MA), Farrar, John J.; (Chester Springs, PA), Schied, Peter J.; (Southampton, PA), Schmidt, William K.; (Newark, DE) Correspondence: David A. Cherry, Esquire; Woodcock Washburn Kurtz; Mackiewicz & Norris Llp; One Liberty Place - 46th Floor; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20010036951 Date filed: November 29, 2000 Abstract: Novel methods for the treatment and/or prevention of ileus. The methods may comprise administering to a patient an effective amount of a peripheral mu opioid antagonist compound. Preferred compounds for use in the methods include piperidineN-alkylcarboxylates, quaternary morphinans, opium alkaloid derivatives and quaternary benzomorphans. The methods are particularly suitable for treating and/or preventing postsurgical ileus and postpartum ileus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel methods for the treatment and prevention of ileus. More particularly, the present invention relates to novel methods for
Patents 41
the treatment and prevention of ileus by using peripheral mu opioid antagonist compounds. It is well known that opioid drugs target three types of endogenous opioid receptors (i.e., mu, delta and kappa receptors) in biological systems. Many opiates, such as morphine, are mu opioid agonists that are often used as analgesics for the treatment of severe pain due to their activation of mu opioid receptors in the brain and central nervous system (CNS). Opioid receptors are, however, not limited to the CNS, and may be found in other tissues throughout the body. A number of side effects of opioid drugs may be caused by activation of these peripheral receptors. For example, administration of mu opioid agonists often results in intestinal dysfunction due to the large number of receptors in the wall of the gut (Wittert, G., Hope, P. and Pyle, D., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1996, 218, 877-881; Bagnol, D., Mansour, A., Akil, A. and Watson, S. J., Neuroscience 1997, 81, 579-591). Specifically, opioids are generally known to cause nausea and vomiting as well as inhibition of normal propulsive gastrointestinal function in animals and man (Reisine, T., and Pasternak, G., Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Ninth Edition 1996, 521-555) resulting in side effects such as, for example, constipation. Recent evidence has indicated that naturally occurring endogenous opioid compounds may also affect propulsive activity in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Met-enkephalin, which activates mu and delta receptors in both the brain and gut, is one of several neuropeptides found in the GI tract (Koch, T. R., Carney, J. A., Go, V. L., and Szurszewski, J. H., Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1991, 36, 712-728). Additionally, receptor knockout techniques have shown that mice lacking mu opioid receptors may have faster GI transit times than wild-type mice, suggesting that endogenous opioid peptides may tonically inhibit GI transit in normal mice (Schuller, A. G. P., King, M., Sherwood, A.C., Pintar, J. E., and Pasternak, G. W., Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 1998, 24, 524). Studies have shown that opioid peptides and receptors located throughout the GI tract may be involved in normal regulation of intestinal motility and mucosal transport of fluids in both animals and man (Reisine, T., and Pasternak, G., Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Ninth Edition 1996, 521-555). Other studies show that the sympathetic nervous system may be associated with endogenous opioids and control of intestinal motility (Bagnol, D., Herbrecht, F., Jule, Y., Jarry, T., and Cupo, A., Regul. Pept. 1993, 47, 259-273). The presence of endogenous opioid compounds associated with the GI tract suggests that an abnormal physiological level of these compounds may lead to bowel dysfunction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with opium, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “opium” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on opium. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning opium. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON OPIUM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to opium. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on opium include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “opium” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “opium” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “opium” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Anglo-European Science and the Rhetoric of Empire; Malaria, Opium, and British Rule in India, 1756-1895 by Paul C. Winther; ISBN: 0739105841; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0739105841/icongroupinterna
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Auto Opium: A Social History of American Automobile Design by David Gartman (1994); ISBN: 0415105722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415105722/icongroupinterna
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Blue Opium, Panta Rhei, Camera Obscura by Daniel Pantano (2000); ISBN: 0741405547; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741405547/icongroupinterna
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Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833-1840 by Glenn Melancon (Editor), Genn Melancon (2003); ISBN: 0754607046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754607046/icongroupinterna
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Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948 by Bertil Lintner (2000); ISBN: 9747100789; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9747100789/icongroupinterna
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Champagne & opium by Alain Grandbois; ISBN: 0864950330; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0864950330/icongroupinterna
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Christianity: Opium or Truth by David W. Gooding, et al (2001); ISBN: 1882701461; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882701461/icongroupinterna
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Coleridge, Opium and Kubla Khan by Elisabeth Schneider; ISBN: 0882548468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882548468/icongroupinterna
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Commissioner Lin and the Opium War by Hsin Pao Chang (Author); ISBN: 0393005216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393005216/icongroupinterna
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Confessions of an English Opium Eater by Thomas De Quincey (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0486287424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486287424/icongroupinterna
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Confessions of an English Opium Eater 1928 by Thomas De Quincey, George Saintsbury (Introduction) (2003); ISBN: 0766157334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766157334/icongroupinterna
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Confessions of an English Opium Eater: And Other Writings by Thomas De Quincy, et al (2003); ISBN: 0140439013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140439013/icongroupinterna
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Confessions of an English Opium-Eater 1822 (Revolution and Romanticism, 17891834) by Thomas De Quincey (2001); ISBN: 185477249X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185477249X/icongroupinterna
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Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and Other Writings by Thomas De Quincey, et al (1998); ISBN: 0192836544; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192836544/icongroupinterna
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Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874-1917 by Kathleen L. Lodwick (1996); ISBN: 0813119243; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813119243/icongroupinterna
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Deadly Dreams : Opium and the Arrow War (1856-1860) in China by J. Y. Wong (Author), et al (2003); ISBN: 0521526191; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521526191/icongroupinterna
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Dope, inc. : Britain's opium war against the U.S by Konstandinos Kalimtgis; ISBN: 0918388082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918388082/icongroupinterna
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Dr. Judas a Portrayal of the Opium Habit by W Cobbe (1981); ISBN: 0405135742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405135742/icongroupinterna
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Drugs in South Asia: From the Opium Trade to the Present Day by M. Emdad-Ul Haq (2000); ISBN: 031222379X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/031222379X/icongroupinterna
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Drugs in South Asia: From the Opium Trade to the Present Day by M. Emdad Ul Haq (2000); ISBN: 0333754654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333754654/icongroupinterna
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•
Flowers in the Blood: The Story of Opium by Dean Latimer; ISBN: 0531098532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531098532/icongroupinterna
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Foreign Mud Anglo Chinese Opium War by Maurice Collis; ISBN: 9971990105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9971990105/icongroupinterna
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Foreign Mud the Opium Imbroglio at Canton in the 1 by Collis M; ISBN: 0393004627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393004627/icongroupinterna
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Foreign Mud: Being an Account of the Opium Imbroglio at Canton in the 1830's and the Anglo-Chinese War That Followed (New Directions Classics,) by Maurice Collis (2002); ISBN: 0811215067; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811215067/icongroupinterna
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Free Enterprise the Opium of the American People by V. Lebow; ISBN: 0882110233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882110233/icongroupinterna
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From the Opium War to the May 4th Movement by Hu Sheng; ISBN: 0835121615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0835121615/icongroupinterna
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Guidelines for Yield Assessment of Opium Gum and Coca Leaf from Short Field Visits (S) (2003); ISBN: 9211481422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9211481422/icongroupinterna
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Hmong of Thailand: Opium People of the Golden Train by Nic Tapp (1986); ISBN: 093952127X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093952127X/icongroupinterna
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Hydroponic Heroin: How to Grow Opium Poppies Without Soil (85278) by Robert Neil Bunch; ISBN: 1559501782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559501782/icongroupinterna
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In the Footsteps of the Opium Eater by John Ashbrook (1980); ISBN: 090529131X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/090529131X/icongroupinterna
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Japan and the Opium Menace (Addiction in America) by Frederick T. Merrill, Gerald N. Grob (Editor) (1981); ISBN: 0405136072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405136072/icongroupinterna
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Kiet & Opium War by Gary Alexander (Author); ISBN: 0517090449; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517090449/icongroupinterna
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L' Opium Et Le Baton by Mouloud Mammeri (1992); ISBN: 2707120863; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2707120863/icongroupinterna
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La fabuleuse aventure du peuple de l'opium by Jean Lartéguy; ISBN: 2258005450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2258005450/icongroupinterna
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Memoir of a Modern Opium Eater by McVea (2003); ISBN: 1589610652; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589610652/icongroupinterna
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Modern China and Opium: A Reader by Alan Baumler (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0472067680; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0472067680/icongroupinterna
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Monopole et prohibition de l'opium en Indochine. le pilori des chimeres by Philippe le Failler (Author) (2001); ISBN: 2747503119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2747503119/icongroupinterna
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More Than Opium by Barbara Boudewijnse (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0810833905; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0810833905/icongroupinterna
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Natural Opium : Some Travelers' Tales by Diane Johnson (Author); ISBN: 0679413464; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679413464/icongroupinterna
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On the Trail of the Ancient Opium Poppy by Mark David Merlin (1984); ISBN: 0838630979; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838630979/icongroupinterna
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Opium by Jean-Francis Hubert (2004); ISBN: 1859959156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859959156/icongroupinterna
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Opium by John Palmer Gavit; ISBN: 0405135866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405135866/icongroupinterna
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Opium Addiction in Chicago by Bingham Dai (1970); ISBN: 0875851266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875851266/icongroupinterna
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Opium and Empire: Chinese Society in Colonial Singapore, 1800-1910 by Carl A. Trocki (1990); ISBN: 0801423902; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801423902/icongroupinterna
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Opium and Foreign Policy: The Anglo-American Search for Order in Asia, 1912-1954 by William O. Walker; ISBN: 0807819700; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807819700/icongroupinterna
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Opium and the opium-appetite by Alonzo Calkins; ISBN: 0405135718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405135718/icongroupinterna
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Opium and the People: Opiate Use and Drug Control Policy in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century England by Virginia Berridge (1999); ISBN: 1853434140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853434140/icongroupinterna
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Opium as an international problem : the Geneva conferences by Westel Woodbury Willoughby; ISBN: 040507526X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/040507526X/icongroupinterna
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Opium Dreams by Margaret Gibson (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0771033281; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0771033281/icongroupinterna
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Opium Eating by Gerald Grob (1981); ISBN: 0405136110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405136110/icongroupinterna
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Opium for the Masses: A Practical Guide to Growing Poppies and Making Opium by Jim Hogshire (1994); ISBN: 1559501146; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559501146/icongroupinterna
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Opium Highlights by Ottmar Liebert, Luna Negra (2001); ISBN: 0793590183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0793590183/icongroupinterna
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Opium Monopoly 1920 by Ellen N. LA Motte (2003); ISBN: 0766160904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766160904/icongroupinterna
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Opium Poppy Garden: The Way of a Chinese Grower by William Griffith, et al (1993); ISBN: 0914171674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914171674/icongroupinterna
•
Opium Poppy: Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacology by L. D. Kapoor (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0789002027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789002027/icongroupinterna
•
Opium Problem by Charles E. Terry, Mildred Pellens (1970); ISBN: 0875851150; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875851150/icongroupinterna
Books
47
•
Opium Reduction in Thailand, 1970 to 2000: A Thirty Year Journey by Ronald D. Renard (2002); ISBN: 9748855368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9748855368/icongroupinterna
•
Opium Smoking in America and China: A Study of Its Prevalence, and Effects, Immediate and Remote on the Individual and the Nation by Harry H. Kane (1976); ISBN: 0405074972; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405074972/icongroupinterna
•
Opium Tea by Bianca Tam, et al; ISBN: 094213902X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094213902X/icongroupinterna
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Opium the Demon Flower by Sara Graham Mulhall (1981); ISBN: 0405135874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405135874/icongroupinterna
•
Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 18601910 (Asia East by South) by R. James Rush, James R. Rush (1990); ISBN: 0801422183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801422183/icongroupinterna
•
Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade 1750-1950 (Asia's Transformations) by Carl A. Trocki (1999); ISBN: 0415215005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415215005/icongroupinterna
•
Opium, State, and Society: China's Narco-Economy and the Guomindang, 1924-1937 by Edward R., Jr. Slack (2001); ISBN: 0824823613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824823613/icongroupinterna
•
Opium: A History by Martin Booth (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0312206674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312206674/icongroupinterna
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Opium: A Portrait of the Heavenly Demon by Barbara Hodgson; ISBN: 081182411X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081182411X/icongroupinterna
•
Opium: Its Use, Abuse and Cure: Or, from Bondage to Freedom (Addiction in America Series) by Leslie E. Keeley (1981); ISBN: 0405135971; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405135971/icongroupinterna
•
Opium: The Diary of a Cure by Jean Cocteau; ISBN: 0394177371; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394177371/icongroupinterna
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Opium: The Poisoned Poppy by Michael Robson, Michel Robson (1994); ISBN: 9627283088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9627283088/icongroupinterna
•
Soldiers, Evangelicals and Opium: England's 1840-1842 War With China, and Afterwards by Harry Gregor Gelber (2004); ISBN: 1403907005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403907005/icongroupinterna
•
The American Missionaries, the Mandarins, and the Opium War: Circa 1839 to 1911 by Dominic S. F. Lee; ISBN: 0967370809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967370809/icongroupinterna
•
The Disease of Inebriety from Alcohol, Opium, and Other Narcotic Drugs by American Association for the Study and Cure of Inebriety. (1981); ISBN: 0405135661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405135661/icongroupinterna
•
The Ethics of Opium (Addiction in America Series) by Ellen N. Lamotte (1981); ISBN: 0405136013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405136013/icongroupinterna
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Opium
•
The India-China Opium Trade in the Nineteenth Century by Hunt Janin (1999); ISBN: 0786407158; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786407158/icongroupinterna
•
The Inner Opium War (Harvard East Asian Monographs, No. 151) by James M. Polachek (1992); ISBN: 0674454464; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674454464/icongroupinterna
•
The International Connection: Opium from Growers to Pushers by Catherine. Lamour; ISBN: 0394484118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394484118/icongroupinterna
•
The Little Book of Opium by Debra Moraes, Francis Moraes (2003); ISBN: 0914171836; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914171836/icongroupinterna
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The Milk of Paradise: The Effect of Opium Visions on the Works of Dequincey, Crabbe, Francis Thompson, and Coleridge, by Meyer Howard. Abrams; ISBN: 0374900280; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0374900280/icongroupinterna
•
The Notebook of an English Opium-Eater by Thomas De Quincey, Thomas de Quincey (2003); ISBN: 1404381732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1404381732/icongroupinterna
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The Opium Clerk by Kunal Basu (2003); ISBN: 0753813394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0753813394/icongroupinterna
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The Opium Clippers by Basil Lubbock (1987); ISBN: 0851742416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851742416/icongroupinterna
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The Opium Eater and Other Stories by Iqbal Ahmad, Iqbal Ahmed (1992); ISBN: 0920953743; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920953743/icongroupinterna
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The Opium Empire by John M. Jennings (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0275957594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275957594/icongroupinterna
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The Opium Habit by Horace B. Day (2003); ISBN: 1404385819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1404385819/icongroupinterna
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The opium habit and alcoholism by Frederick Heman Hubbard; ISBN: 0405135912; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405135912/icongroupinterna
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The Opium Hunter (Mercenary, 4) [ABRIDGED] by Axel Kilgore, Charlton Griffin (Reader) (2003); ISBN: 158807160X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158807160X/icongroupinterna
•
The Opium Lady by Joanne Soper-Cook (2003); ISBN: 0864923708; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0864923708/icongroupinterna
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The Opium of the Intellectuals by Raymond Aron, et al (2001); ISBN: 0765807009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0765807009/icongroupinterna
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The Opium of the People by J. Alan Erwine (2002); ISBN: 0595262848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595262848/icongroupinterna
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The Opium Road by Shaun Clarke; ISBN: 0671015915; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671015915/icongroupinterna
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The Opium Trade, 1910-1941 by Scholarly Resources (1997); ISBN: 084201795X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084201795X/icongroupinterna
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49
•
The Opium War by Compilation Group (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0898751500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898751500/icongroupinterna
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The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes. by Arthur Waley (1979); ISBN: 0804706115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804706115/icongroupinterna
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The Opium War, 1840-1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar by Peter Ward Fay (1998); ISBN: 0807847143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807847143/icongroupinterna
•
The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another by William Travis Hanes, Frank Sanello (2002); ISBN: 1570719314; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570719314/icongroupinterna
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The opium-eater : a life of Thomas De Quincey by Grevel Lindop (Author); ISBN: 0460043587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0460043587/icongroupinterna
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The Royal Commission on Opium, 1893-94 by Joyce A. Madancy (2004); ISBN: 1862100624; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862100624/icongroupinterna
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The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin : The Opium Trade and Opium Suppression in Fujian Province, 1820s to 1920s by Joyce A. Madancy (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0674012151; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674012151/icongroupinterna
•
The Voyage of the Frolic: New England Merchants and the Opium Trade by Thomas N. Layton (2003); ISBN: 0804738491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804738491/icongroupinterna
•
The World Market for Opium Alkaloids, Their Derivatives, and Salts Thereof: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134BRO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134BRO/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “opium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
10
An inquiry into the nature and properties of opium: wherein its component principles, mode of operation, and use or abuse in particular diseases, are
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Opium
experimentally investigated: and the opinions of former authors on these points impartially examined Author: Crumpe, Samuel,; Year: 1974; London: Printed for G.G. and J. Robinson., 1793 •
Chemistry of the opium alkaloids Author: Small, Lyndon Frederick,; Year: 1963; Washington: U. S. Govt. print. off., 1932
•
Clinical observations on the use of opium in low fevers, and in the synochus: illustrated by cases: with some previous remarks on the epidemic fever, which prevailed in 1785 at Oxford, and in the neighboring counties: in a letter to John Badely. Author: Wall, Martin,; Year: 1943; Oxford: A the Clarendon Press, printed for D. Prince and J. Cooke, Oxford, and T. Cadell. London, 1786
•
Observations on the use of opium in removing symptoms supposed to be owing to morbid irritability Author: Grant, Alexander,; Year: 1971; London: Printed by J. Nichols, for the author, 1785
•
Opium and labour; being a report on a documentary investigation into the extent and effects of opium-smoking among workers. Author: International Labour Office.; Year: 1947; Geneva, 1935
•
Opium and narcotic laws; Year: 1925; Washington: U.S. G.P.O.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1976
•
Opium and the romantic imagination. Author: Hayter, Alethea.; Year: 1934; London, Faber and Faber [c1968]; ISBN: 571083609
•
Opium as an international problem, the Geneva conferences, by W. W. Willoughby. Author: Willoughby, Westel Woodbury,; Year: 1881; Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins press, 1925
•
Opium. Author: China. Inspectorate General of Customs.; Year: 1946; Shanghai, Statistical Dept. of the Inspectorate General, 1881
•
Poppies, pipes, and people: opium and its use in Laos Author: Westermeyer, Joseph,; Year: 1975; Berkeley: University of California Press, c1982; ISBN: 0520046226 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520046226/icongroupinterna
•
Replies to the questionnaire on the limitation and the control of the opium poppy and production of raw opium in Indian states. Author: India. Finance Dept.; Year: 1936; New Delhi, 1936
•
The mysteries of opium reveal'd Author: Jones, John,; Year: 1956; London: Printed for Richard Smith., 1701
•
The opium-eater, a life of Thomas De Quincey Author: Lindop, Grevel,; Year: 1975; New York: Taplinger Pub. Co., 1981; ISBN: 0800858417 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0800858417/icongroupinterna
•
The pharmacology of the opium alkaloids. By Hugo Krueger. Nathan B. Eddy. and Margaret Sumwalt. Author: Krueger, Hugo Martin,; Year: 1968; [Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1941-43]
•
The war against opium. The International anti-opium association, Peking. Author: International Anti-Opium Association, Peking.; Year: 1925; Tientsin, Tientsin press, ltd., 1922
•
The white poppy; a history of opium. Author: Scott, J. M. (James Maurice); Year: 1925; London, Heinemann [1969]; ISBN: 4344680044
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51
Chapters on Opium In order to find chapters that specifically relate to opium, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and opium using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “opium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on opium: •
Antidiarrheals Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 633-640. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817X. ISSN: 0273320x. Summary: This chapter on antidiarrheals is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals. The handbook is designed to provide drug information that focuses on what nurses need to know by emphasizing the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetical list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetized list of its brand names. Finally comes a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration, Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are bismuth subgallate, bismuth subsalicylate, clacium polycarbophil, difenoxin hydrochloride and atropine sulfate, kaolin and pectin mixtures, loperamide, octreotide acetate, opium tincture, and camphorated opium tincture.
53
CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON OPIUM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on opium. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Opium The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in opium (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on opium: •
From opium to heroin [videorecording] Source: produced by Cinemed, in cooperation with the Haight-Ashbury Drug Detoxification, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare Project; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; Ashland, OR: CINEMED, c1988
•
The opium poppy [videorecording] Source: [presented by] FH, Films for the Humanities & Sciences [and] GMT Productions and La Sept; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1995
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON OPIUM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover opium.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on opium is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “opium” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to opium. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “opium” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for opium: •
Opium poppies cultivated for pharmaceuticals in UK Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 02, 2002
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “opium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “opium” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to opium, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “opium” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Opium Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to opium. In addition to these
Periodicals and News
57
sources, you can search for articles covering opium that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for opium. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with opium. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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Opium
following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to opium: Ipratropium •
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Atrovent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202304.html
•
Nasal - U.S. Brands: Atrovent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202713.html
Ipratropium and Albuterol •
Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Combivent; DuoNeb http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203487.html
Narcotic Analgesics for Pain Relief •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Astramorph PF; Buprenex; Cotanal-65; Darvon; DarvonN; Demerol; Dilaudid; Dilaudid-5; Dilaudid-HP; Dolophine; Duramorph; Hydrostat IR; Kadian; Levo-Dromoran; M S Contin; Methadose; MS/L; MS/L Concentrate; MS/S; MSIR; Nubain; Numorphan; OMS Concentrate; http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202390.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter,
Researching Medications
61
Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
65
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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Opium
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “opium” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “opium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Thailand Contact: Mahidol University, Siriraj Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on AIDS, c/o Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok. Summary: This report discusses the incidence of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Thailand, and government responses to the epidemic. Introductory materials describe the health care delivery system infrastructure and basic health indicators in Thailand, as well the history of drug abuse, particularly heroin and opium abuse, and statistics on drug dependency. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) are a nationwide health problem, and Thai authorities have recognized that the reported increase in the incidence of STD's could be considered an indicator of the risk of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse. A well-established STD control program disseminates guidelines on prevention, control, and treatment. In response to the reporting of several AIDS cases in Thailand, the government has enacted several pieces of legislation to assist in HIV prevention. The report describes serological survey for HIV infection among workers employed abroad, and high-risk groups. Three research projects have been funded to study the prevalence rates of HIV infection among several high-risk groups and laboratory facilities have been expanded. The government has established the Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS, responsible for implementing and coordinating planning and evaluation activities, epidemiology, health education, and public relations. The report outlines efforts being made in the areas of AIDS epidemiology and information dissemination, and screening of donated blood. The seroprevalence rate among Intravenous drug users (IVDU's) has increased sharply within a short period of time; the reasons are being investigated. Other high-risk groups are homosexual and bisexual men and the hospitality population in tourist areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) shortterm strategies in Thailand include health-education programs, epidemiological surveillance, treatment programs, and training; a three-year plan of action is being formulated. The country's universities are also taking an active role in HIV prevention. HIV prevention must be coordinated to pool government and private resources, but additional international financial support is also necessary.
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The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “opium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 55018 333 8 24 0 55383
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “opium” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are 14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
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used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on opium can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to opium. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to opium. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “opium”:
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•
Other guides Amphetamine Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amphetamineabuse.html Marijuana Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/marijuanaabuse.html Prescription Drug Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on opium. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Medications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: New York, NY: Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. (CCFA). 199x. 20 p. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. (CCFA). 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (800) 9322423 or (212) 685-3440. Fax (212) 779-4098. Website: www.ccfa.org. E-mail:
[email protected] PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure reviews for health professionals the available information on both the standard drug therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the agents under investigation. Topics include 5-ASA agents, including sulfasalazine, topical and oral forms of aminosalicylates, slow-release agents (mesalamine), chemically linked agents (olsalazine), and the side effects of these drugs; corticosteroids in topical, oral, parenteral, and rapidly-metabolized forms; immunomodulators, including 6mercaptopurine and azathioprine, cyclosporin, and methotrexate; antibiotics, including metronidazole, ciproflaxin, and antituberculous agents; lipoxygenase inhibitors; nicotine; antidiarrheal agents, including loperamide, diphenoxylate with atropine, codeine, and deodorized tincture of opium; anticholinergic agents; psychotropic agents; miscellaneous agents that show potential benefit; and drugs that may exacerbate colitis. The brochure includes a section on the management of the pediatric patient, including the use of sulfasalazine, aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, antibiotics, and antidiarrheal agents. It also addresses specific issues of adolescents.
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to opium. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to opium. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with opium. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about opium. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.
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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “opium” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “opium”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “opium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “opium” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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OPIUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 6-Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Labels: Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]
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Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on
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the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antidiarrheals: Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy-
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5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Auscultation: Act of listening for sounds within the body. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH]
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Benzaldehyde: A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzomorphans: Morphine derivatives of the Methanobenzazocine family that act as potent analgesics. [NIH] Berberine: An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bismuth Subsalicylate: A nonprescription medicine such as Pepto-Bismol. Used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, and nausea. It is also part of the treatment for ulcers caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HELL-uh-koh-BAK-tur py-LOH-ree). [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood-Borne Pathogens: Infectious organisms in the blood, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, bandages, other items from individuals in risk categories, needles and other sharp objects, and medical and dental waste, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of bacteremia, viremia, and fungemia where the organism is
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present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange
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materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coal Tar: A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the
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action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Comatose: Pertaining to or affected with coma. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH]
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Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contusions: Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin. [NIH] Cookery: The art or practice of cooking. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and the small intestine. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dental Waste: Any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]
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Diaphoresis: Perspiration, especially profuse perspiration. Called also sudoresis. [EU] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dicotyledon: A division of the Angiospermae in which the seedling normally has two seedleaves. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphenoxylate: A meperidine congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopa Decarboxylase: One of the aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylases, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents
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in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (receptors, opioid, kappa) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most
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species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes
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are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Happiness: Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH]
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Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heroin Dependence: Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon heroin. [NIH]
Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperphagia: Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imagination: A new pattern of perceptual or ideational material derived from past experience. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response.
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[NIH]
Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH]
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Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Lipoxygenase Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with lipoxygenase and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the eicosanoid products hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]
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Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loperamide: 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N.N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1piperidine butyramide hydrochloride. Synthetic anti-diarrheal agent with a long duration of action; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH]
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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has
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approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Narcotic Antagonists: Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a
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widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent. [NIH]
Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nymph: The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult. [NIH] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxycodone: Semisynthetic derivative of codeine that acts as a narcotic analgesic more potent and addicting than codeine. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]
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Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Papaver: A genus of Eurasian herbaceous plants, the poppies (family Papaveraceae of the dicotyledon class Magnoliopsida), that yield opium from the latex of the unripe seed pods. Opium contains a great number of medically important alkaloids. Poppy seeds (nontoxic) are used in cookery and for poppy seed oils. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pentachlorophenol: An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with
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their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-Daspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,
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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Propulsive: Tending or having power to propel; driving onward or forward; impelling to action or motion. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]
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Public Relations: Relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. Publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pupa: An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH]
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Ritalin: Drug used to treat hyperactive children. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin
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receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical
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aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetrodotoxin: Octahydro-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imino-5,9:7,10a-dimethano10aH(1,3)dioxocino(6,5-a)pyrimidine-4,7,10,11,12-pentol. An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order Tetradontiformes (pufferfish, globefish, toadfish), which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH]
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Thrill: A tremor perceived in auscultation or palpation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH]
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Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yawning: An involuntary deep inspiration with the mouth open, often accompanied by the act of stretching. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
113
INDEX 6 6-Mercaptopurine, 72, 83 A Acetylcholine, 83, 89, 99 Acidosis, 4, 83 Acyl, 34, 83 Acylation, 36, 83 Adrenergic, 5, 83, 92, 94, 99, 109, 110 Adverse Effect, 83, 107 Affinity, 14, 40, 83 Affinity Labels, 14, 83 Agonist, 5, 28, 35, 83, 88, 92, 100, 101 Algorithms, 83, 87 Alimentary, 83, 103 Alkaline, 83, 84, 88, 102, 104 Alkaloid, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 31, 32, 40, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 100, 101, 102, 103 Allylamine, 84 Alpha Particles, 84, 106 Alternative medicine, 56, 84 Amebiasis, 84, 99 Amine, 31, 84, 96 Amino Acid Sequence, 84, 95, 105 Amino Acids, 84, 95, 103, 105, 108 Ammonia, 38, 84 Amphetamines, 30, 84, 89 Analgesic, 4, 36, 39, 84, 88, 89, 92, 98, 99, 100, 102 Analog, 84, 102 Antibiotics, 72, 84 Antibodies, 32, 40, 83, 84, 95, 99, 104 Antibody, 5, 32, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 99, 108 Anticholinergic, 72, 85 Antidiarrheals, 51, 85 Antigen, 32, 83, 84, 85, 90, 96, 97, 99 Antimetabolite, 83, 85 Antimicrobial, 8, 85 Antimony, 35, 37, 85 Antineoplastic, 83, 85 Antioxidant, 85, 109 Antipruritic, 85, 89 Antiseptic, 37, 85 Antispasmodic, 33, 85, 102 Antitussive, 28, 33, 34, 36, 85, 102 Anus, 85, 106 Apoptosis, 8, 14, 85 Aqueous, 29, 35, 85, 86, 91, 93
Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 85, 98 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 85, 98 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 86, 98 Arachidonic Acid, 85, 86, 98 Aromatic, 13, 14, 31, 86, 92, 104 Arterial, 84, 86, 96, 105, 109 Arteries, 86, 87, 91, 100 Arthralgia, 39, 86 Aspartate, 86, 98, 104 Assay, 32, 86, 96 Atropine, 51, 72, 86, 92 Auscultation, 86, 110 Autonomic, 83, 86, 102, 109 Autonomic Nervous System, 86, 109 Autosuggestion, 86, 96 B Bacteremia, 86, 87 Bacteria, 83, 85, 86, 94, 100, 111 Bacterium, 86, 87 Base, 6, 86, 95, 98, 103, 104 Belladonna, 86 Benzaldehyde, 36, 87 Benzene, 36, 87 Benzomorphans, 28, 40, 87 Berberine, 7, 12, 14, 19, 87 Bile, 87, 91, 94, 98 Bile Ducts, 87 Biliary, 9, 87, 90 Biochemical, 12, 20, 41, 85, 87, 103 Biosynthesis, 8, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 86, 87 Biotechnology, 7, 8, 14, 49, 56, 67, 87 Biotransformation, 87 Bismuth, 51, 87 Bismuth Subsalicylate, 51, 87 Blood pressure, 87, 96 Blood-Borne Pathogens, 6, 87 Body Fluids, 32, 88, 92 Bone Marrow, 87, 88, 99 Bowel, 41, 72, 88, 97, 102 Branch, 79, 88, 103, 105, 108, 109 Buprenorphine, 9, 12, 88 Butyric Acid, 30, 31, 88 C Calcium, 88, 90, 103 Calcium Channels, 88, 103 Callus, 88, 93 Capsules, 33, 34, 88 Carcinogen, 88, 99
114 Opium
Carcinogenic, 87, 88, 89 Cell Cycle, 13, 88 Cell Death, 85, 88, 101 Cell Division, 86, 88, 99, 100, 104 Cellulose, 88, 104 Central Nervous System, 41, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104 Cerebral, 30, 89, 94, 103 Cerebrum, 89 Chloroform, 36, 89 Cholesterol, 34, 87, 89 Cholinergic, 89, 101 Chromatin, 85, 89 Chromosome, 89, 95, 98 Chronic, 4, 84, 88, 89, 97, 103, 105, 108 Clear cell carcinoma, 89, 91 Clinical trial, 3, 5, 67, 89, 105, 106 Cloning, 14, 20, 87, 89 Coal, 37, 87, 89 Coal Tar, 37, 89 Coca, 45, 89 Cocaine, 9, 29, 30, 39, 89 Cod Liver Oil, 89, 93 Codeine, 22, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 72, 89, 102 Cofactor, 89, 105 Colitis, 22, 72, 90, 97 Colloidal, 90, 93, 103 Comatose, 32, 90 Combination Therapy, 5, 90 Common Bile Duct, 9, 90, 91 Complement, 90, 95 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 22, 90 Complementary medicine, 19, 90 Computational Biology, 67, 90 Conduction, 90, 109 Consciousness, 84, 90, 92 Constipation, 41, 90 Consumption, 7, 31, 34, 91 Contamination, 87, 91 Contraindications, ii, 51, 91 Contusions, 39, 91 Cookery, 91, 103 Coronary, 91, 100 Coronary Thrombosis, 91, 100 Cortex, 30, 91 Cortical, 91, 107 Corticosteroids, 72, 91 Curative, 91, 109 Cysteine, 91, 108 Cystic Duct, 90, 91 Cytoplasm, 85, 91
D Databases, Bibliographic, 67, 91 Deletion, 85, 91 Dental Waste, 87, 91 DES, 45, 91 Detoxification, 5, 30, 53, 91 Deuterium, 91, 96 Diabetes Mellitus, 91, 102 Diagnostic procedure, 27, 56, 91 Diaphoresis, 4, 92 Diarrhea, 4, 84, 85, 87, 92 Diastolic, 92, 96 Dicotyledon, 92, 103 Digestion, 83, 87, 88, 92, 97, 98, 108 Dihydrotestosterone, 92, 106 Dimethyl, 92, 99 Diphenoxylate, 72, 92 Diploid, 92, 104 Direct, iii, 31, 33, 37, 59, 92, 95, 103, 106 Dissociation, 83, 92 Dopa, 8, 15, 92, 98 Dopa Decarboxylase, 8, 15, 92 Dopamine, 89, 92, 98, 100, 104 Drug Interactions, 60, 92 Drug Tolerance, 92, 110 Duct, 90, 92 Dyes, 29, 87, 92, 109 Dynorphins, 93, 102 E Efficacy, 4, 93 Elasticity, 37, 93 Electrons, 85, 86, 93, 97, 106 Electrophoresis, 13, 20, 93 Electroplating, 93, 109 Embryo, 93 Embryogenesis, 8, 93 Emulsion, 36, 93 Endorphins, 93, 102, 105 Enkephalin, 41, 93, 105 Environmental Health, 66, 68, 93 Enzymatic, 40, 88, 90, 93, 96 Enzyme, 7, 12, 14, 19, 20, 85, 86, 92, 93, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 108 Epidemic, 5, 6, 50, 68, 93 Epidemiological, 6, 68, 93 Epinephrine, 83, 92, 93, 101, 110 Evacuation, 90, 94 Excitation, 5, 84, 94 Exogenous, 87, 94 Extraction, 32, 33, 34, 36, 94 Exudate, 94, 102
Index 115
F Family Planning, 67, 94 Fat, 86, 88, 94 Fatty acids, 16, 34, 94, 98 Feces, 90, 94 Fertilizers, 94, 109 Fistula, 94, 102 Fungemia, 87, 94 Fungi, 38, 94, 100, 111 G Gallbladder, 87, 91, 94 Gamma Rays, 14, 94, 100 Ganglia, 83, 94, 101, 109 Gas, 84, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 108, 111 Gasoline, 87, 94 Gastrointestinal, 10, 41, 94, 98, 101, 107, 108 Gene, 7, 8, 15, 49, 87, 94, 95 Gene Expression, 8, 95 Genetic Code, 95, 102 Genetic Engineering, 14, 87, 89, 95 Genetics, 4, 15, 95 Giardiasis, 95, 99 Glutamate, 95, 104 Glycerol, 88, 95 Governing Board, 95, 105 Grafting, 95, 97 Growth, 4, 14, 84, 85, 88, 94, 95, 102, 104, 107, 110 H Half-Life, 5, 95 Hallucinogen, 95, 104 Haploid, 95, 104 Happiness, 30, 95 Haptens, 83, 95 Health Education, 68, 95 Heartburn, 87, 95, 97 Hemorrhage, 91, 95 Hepatic, 90, 95, 100 Herbicide, 95, 103 Heredity, 94, 95, 96 Heroin Dependence, 6, 96 Heterogeneity, 83, 96 Heterotrophic, 94, 96 Histamine, 96, 99 Homogeneous, 31, 96 Hormone, 91, 93, 96, 102, 107, 109, 110 Hydrogen, 35, 36, 38, 83, 84, 86, 91, 96, 100, 101, 105 Hyperphagia, 4, 96 Hypertension, 4, 96, 102 Hypothalamus, 86, 93, 96, 105, 107
I Iatrogenic, 5, 96 Id, 16, 21, 73, 78, 80, 96 Ileus, 40, 96 Illusion, 30, 96 Imagination, 50, 96 Immune response, 85, 95, 96, 97, 108, 111 Immunoassay, 32, 40, 96 Immunodeficiency, 68, 96 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 68, 96 Immunologic, 96, 97 Immunology, 83, 97 Immunosuppressant, 83, 97 Implantation, 31, 97 Impotence, 97, 103 In situ, 31, 97 Incision, 33, 97 Indicative, 43, 97, 103, 111 Indigestion, 87, 97 Infarction, 91, 97, 100 Infection, 5, 6, 68, 84, 95, 96, 97, 99, 108, 110, 111 Inflammation, 90, 94, 97, 98, 108 Inflammatory bowel disease, 72, 97 Inorganic, 31, 97 Insomnia, 4, 30, 97 Intestinal, 41, 97 Intestine, 87, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98 Intoxication, 97, 111 Intracellular, 97 Intramuscular, 39, 97, 103 Intravenous, 39, 68, 94, 97, 103 Intrinsic, 4, 83, 97 Ions, 86, 88, 92, 96, 97 J Joint, 86, 98 K Kb, 66, 98 Ketamine, 39, 98, 104 Kinetic, 98 L Large Intestine, 97, 98, 106 Larva, 98, 99 Leukemia, 83, 98 Leukotrienes, 86, 98 Levo, 60, 92, 98 Levodopa, 92, 98 Library Services, 78, 98 Life cycle, 94, 98, 102, 106 Linkage, 32, 98 Lipoxygenase, 72, 86, 98 Lipoxygenase Inhibitors, 72, 98
116 Opium
Liver, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 98, 100, 109 Localized, 97, 98, 100, 104 Locomotion, 99, 104 Loperamide, 51, 72, 99 Lubricants, 99, 103 Lymphatic, 97, 99 Lymphocyte, 85, 99 Lymphoid, 84, 91, 99 M Mechanical ventilation, 5, 99 Mediator, 92, 99 Medicament, 31, 99 MEDLINE, 67, 99 Melanin, 99, 104, 110 Membranes, 85, 99, 100, 109 Meninges, 89, 99 Mental Health, iv, 3, 66, 69, 99, 105 Meperidine, 28, 92, 99 Metabolite, 20, 40, 87, 92, 99 Metamorphosis, 13, 99, 102 Metaphase, 8, 14, 99 Methionine, 92, 99, 105, 108 Metronidazole, 72, 99 MI, 81, 100 Microbe, 100, 110 Micro-organism, 100, 104 Mitosis, 85, 100 Mitotic, 13, 100 Modification, 95, 100 Molecular, 7, 14, 15, 19, 20, 40, 67, 70, 87, 90, 100 Molecular mass, 7, 100 Molecule, 40, 83, 85, 86, 90, 92, 94, 100, 106 Monoamine, 100, 110 Monoamine Oxidase, 100, 110 Morphine, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 20, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 87, 88, 89, 92, 99, 100, 101, 102 Motility, 41, 100 Motion Sickness, 100, 101 Mutagen, 100 Myalgia, 39, 100 Myocardium, 100 N Naloxone, 34, 100 Naltrexone, 34, 100 Narcosis, 101 Narcotic, 4, 12, 13, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 47, 50, 60, 99, 100, 101, 102 Narcotic Antagonists, 28, 35, 101 Nausea, 41, 87, 97, 101 Necrosis, 85, 97, 100, 101
Need, 29, 32, 38, 51, 68, 74, 101, 110 Neonatal, 4, 9, 13, 101 Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, 4, 101 Nerve, 83, 99, 100, 101, 106, 108, 110 Nervous System, 86, 89, 99, 101, 108, 109, 110 Neurologic, 4, 101 Neuromuscular, 83, 101, 109 Neuronal, 88, 101 Neurons, 89, 94, 98, 101, 109 Neuropeptides, 41, 101 Neutrons, 84, 101, 106 Nicotine, 30, 31, 39, 72, 101 Nitrogen, 36, 39, 84, 100, 101 Norepinephrine, 83, 92, 101 Noscapine, 8, 14, 102 Nuclear, 93, 94, 101, 102 Nuclei, 84, 93, 95, 100, 101, 102, 105 Nucleic acid, 39, 40, 83, 95, 101, 102 Nucleus, 31, 85, 86, 89, 91, 94, 101, 102, 105 Nymph, 99, 102 O Octreotide, 51, 102 Odour, 86, 102 Opioid Peptides, 41, 93, 102 Orthostatic, 102 Outpatient, 5, 102 Ovaries, 102, 109 Oxides, 37, 102 Oxycodone, 34, 39, 102 P Palliative, 102, 109 Palpation, 103, 110 Papaver, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 33, 34, 102, 103 Papaverine, 33, 102, 103 Paralysis, 103, 109 Parasitic, 87, 103 Parenteral, 72, 103 Paresthesia, 103, 109 Pathologic, 83, 85, 91, 103, 105, 111 Pathologic Processes, 85, 103 Patient Education, 72, 76, 78, 81, 103 Pentachlorophenol, 38, 103 Peptide, 32, 102, 103, 105 Peroxide, 38, 103 Perspiration, 92, 103 Petrolatum, 93, 103 Petroleum, 37, 94, 103 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 31, 32, 89, 103 Pharmacodynamics, 5, 103
Index 117
Pharmacokinetic, 104 Pharmacologic, 95, 104, 110 Phencyclidine, 29, 39, 104 Phenobarbital, 9, 13, 39, 104 Phenolphthalein, 93, 104 Phenyl, 99, 104 Phenylalanine, 104, 110 Phosphorous, 36, 104 Phosphorus, 88, 104 Photoreceptors, 104, 107 Physiologic, 83, 87, 92, 95, 104, 106, 110 Pigments, 29, 104 Plants, 12, 13, 14, 15, 84, 86, 87, 89, 95, 102, 103, 104, 110 Plasma, 84, 104 Plasma cells, 84, 104 Poisoning, 97, 101, 103, 104 Polymers, 32, 104, 105 Polysaccharide, 85, 88, 104 Postoperative, 94, 99, 104 Practice Guidelines, 69, 104 Precipitation, 29, 105 Precursor, 86, 92, 93, 98, 101, 104, 105, 110 Prevalence, 5, 6, 47, 68, 105 Progressive, 92, 95, 101, 105 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 93, 102, 105 Propulsive, 41, 105 Protease, 9, 90, 105 Protein S, 49, 87, 95, 105 Proteins, 13, 20, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110 Protocol, 4, 105 Protons, 84, 96, 105, 106 Psoriasis, 89, 105 Psychic, 105, 107 Psychotropic, 72, 105 Public Health, 5, 6, 69, 105 Public Policy, 67, 105 Public Relations, 68, 106 Publishing, 7, 51, 106 Pupa, 99, 106 Purifying, 35, 36, 106 Q Quaternary, 40, 106 R Race, 35, 92, 106 Radiation, 14, 94, 99, 106, 111 Radioactive, 95, 96, 97, 102, 106 Randomized, 5, 93, 106 Reagent, 29, 32, 106 Receptor, 4, 5, 41, 85, 92, 104, 106 Rectal, 31, 106
Rectum, 85, 94, 97, 98, 106 Reductase, 14, 20, 106 Refer, 1, 90, 93, 94, 99, 101, 106 Regimen, 93, 106 Relapse, 5, 106 Relaxant, 103, 106 Remission, 83, 106 Respirator, 99, 106, 111 Retina, 106, 107 Rigidity, 104, 106 Risk factor, 5, 106 Ritalin, 39, 107 Rods, 37, 107 S Schizoid, 107, 111 Schizophrenia, 107, 111 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 107, 111 Screening, 5, 15, 40, 68, 89, 107 Secretion, 96, 102, 103, 107 Sedative, 89, 107 Seizures, 4, 107 Sensor, 39, 40, 107 Serologic, 96, 107 Serum, 5, 90, 107 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 5, 107 Shock, 7, 107, 110 Side effect, 39, 41, 59, 72, 83, 107, 110 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 106, 107 Smooth muscle, 84, 96, 100, 103, 107, 108 Solvent, 31, 87, 89, 95, 107 Somatic, 8, 93, 100, 107 Somatostatin, 102, 107 Spasm, 85, 108 Specialist, 73, 108 Species, 8, 86, 94, 100, 103, 106, 108, 110, 111 Specificity, 40, 83, 86, 88, 108 Spinal cord, 89, 99, 101, 108, 109 Steroids, 39, 83, 91, 108 Stimulant, 30, 96, 108 Stimulus, 94, 108, 109 Stomach, 94, 96, 101, 108 Stress, 86, 101, 108 Stupor, 101, 108 Subacute, 97, 108 Subclinical, 97, 107, 108 Subcutaneous, 39, 103, 108 Subspecies, 108 Substance P, 99, 107, 108 Substrate, 98, 108, 110 Sulfur, 36, 99, 108 Sulfur Dioxide, 36, 108
118 Opium
Sulfuric acid, 29, 109 Supraspinal, 4, 109 Sympathetic Nervous System, 5, 41, 86, 109 Sympathomimetic, 92, 93, 102, 109, 110 Symptomatic, 85, 109 Symptomatic treatment, 85, 109 Synaptic, 101, 109 Synaptic Transmission, 101, 109 Systemic, 60, 87, 94, 97, 109 Systolic, 96, 109 T Tachycardia, 4, 86, 109 Testosterone, 106, 109 Tetrodotoxin, 39, 109 Therapeutics, 15, 41, 61, 100, 109 Threshold, 96, 109 Thrill, 28, 110 Thrombosis, 105, 110 Thyroid, 110 Tissue, 15, 31, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 107, 108, 110 Tolerance, 4, 88, 110 Topical, 72, 89, 103, 110 Toxic, iv, 31, 36, 85, 86, 87, 101, 108, 110 Toxicity, 13, 39, 92, 110 Toxicokinetics, 110 Toxicology, 68, 110 Toxins, 85, 88, 97, 110 Transfection, 87, 110 Transmitter, 83, 92, 99, 102, 110 Trauma, 39, 101, 110
Tremor, 110 Trichomoniasis, 99, 110 Tuberculosis, 91, 110 Tyramine, 15, 21, 100, 110 Tyrosine, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 92, 110 U Unconscious, 96, 110 V Vaccine, 105, 111 Vagina, 91, 111 Vascular, 84, 97, 111 Vasodilation, 103, 111 Vasodilator, 92, 96, 103, 111 Vein, 97, 102, 111 Venous, 105, 111 Ventilation, 111 Ventilator, 99, 106, 111 Veterinary Medicine, 13, 67, 111 Viral, 6, 111 Viremia, 87, 111 Virulence, 110, 111 Virus, 68, 95, 111 W War, 23, 24, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 111 White blood cell, 84, 99, 104, 111 Withdrawal, 4, 9, 13, 30, 99, 101, 111 X X-ray, 94, 100, 102, 111 Y Yawning, 101, 111 Yeasts, 94, 111
Index 119
120 Opium
