MYELITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Myelitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00734-7 1. Myelitis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on myelitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MYELITIS ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Myelitis ......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MYELITIS ......................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Myelitis........................................................................................ 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MYELITIS ................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 General References ....................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON MYELITIS ................................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MYELITIS...................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Academic Periodicals covering Myelitis ...................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 67 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 68 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 68 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 73 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 75 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 79 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 82 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 91 MYELITIS DICTIONARY.............................................................................................................. 93 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 131
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with myelitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about myelitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to myelitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on myelitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to myelitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on myelitis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MYELITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on myelitis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and myelitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Special Considerations for Treating Dental Patients Exhibiting the 'Post-Polio Syndrome' Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 21(5): 167-171. September-October 2001. Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Summary: A condition called 'Post-Polio Syndrome' (PPS) is a special type of neuromuscular disturbance that affects some elderly patients who had polio myelitis either as children or as young adults. There are approximately 1,600,000 polio survivors alive today. Most will seek dental care, and up to half of the survivors will present with some form of PPS. This article describes polio, its characteristics, and the long term consideration of PPS, and discusses the special clinical implications related to this
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condition. The authors emphasize physical impairments, breathing problems, and difficulty swallowing. Also included are sections discussing patient scheduling, office design and housekeeping, patient management, oral hygiene, diagnostic procedures, drug and pain management, and general health considerations. For example, patients with PPS need specific considerations with regard to appointment scheduling, patient seating, office temperature control, and stress avoidance. 33 references.
Federally Funded Research on Myelitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to myelitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to myelitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore myelitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for myelitis: •
Project Title: ANTIVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF HERPES B INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wright, George E.; President; Glsynthesis, Inc. Worcester, Ma 01605 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2003; Project End 14-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Monkey Herpes B virus (BV) has been reported to cause lethal infections in humans. BV is indigenous to macaque monkeys used in research, and is a potential group B bioterrorism agent. Human disease is characterized by vesicular eruptions on the skin or mucous membranes that are indistinguishable from herpetic lesions caused by HSV-1 or HSV-2. Unlike typical HSV infections that rarely lead to central nervous system involvement, BV causes a rapidly ascending myelitis and encephalitis that almost always leads to death. Because of the threat to handlers and potential for use in bioterrorism, diagnosis and treatment of BV infection need to be improved. We propose to develop new antiviral targets for HB involving cloning of selected DNA replication-related genes, expression and isolation of the protein products, and characterization of the substrate and inhibitor properties of the enzymes. Our expertise and extensive libraries of compounds that inhibit the HSV enzymes will be the starting point in drug discovery. Because of the nature of the pathology of BV infection in humans, we will focus initial efforts in this phase I program on thymidine kinase (TK), because inhibitors of the HSV types 1 and 2 TKs protect mice from lethal encephalitis. The specific aims are: 1) to clone and overexpress the BV TK gene in eukaryotic expression vectors, and purify sufficient quantities of the enzyme for
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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study; 2) to fully characterize the enzymatic properties of BV TK; 3) to screen a library of N2-phenylguanine derivatives that have a wide range of affinities for the HSV TKs; 4) to synthesize new analogs to improve potency and selectivity; and 5) to test promising compounds and antiherpes drugs in vitro for anti-BV activity in cell cultures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF RARE NEUROIMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kerr, Douglas A.; Assistant Professor; Neurology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neuroimmunologic disorders are a loosely defined group of disorders in which there is an immune-mediated injury of the nervous system. There are a variety of rare neuroimmunologic disorders: polymyositis, myasthenia gravis, CIDP, transverse myelitis, TSP/HAM, stiff person syndrome, neuromyelitis optica, optic neuritis, ADEM, PANDAS, Hashimoto's encephalitis, Rasmussen's encephalitis, and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (PE). Though each disorder is unique, recent findings have suggested that there are shared immunopathogenic mechanisms among many of them. To further explore this, we have organized an international meeting, "Pathogenesis of Rare Neuroimmunologic Disorders Workshop" to be held at the Hyatt Regency in Baltimore. MD on August 19th-20th, 2004. Participants at this workshop will explore four common themes: Triggering mechanisms in breakdown of immune tolerance; humoral immune effector mechanisms; cellular immune effector mechanisms; and pathways of neural injury. We will learn where the disorders are similar and therefore benefit from similar therapeutic approaches; and where they are distinct, elucidating the need for unique treatment strategies. The central premise of the workshop is that by discussing unique and shared pathologic processes of a group of rare disorders, we will stimulate novel, collaborative investigations necessary to advance understanding of these disorders. The workshop will be a small interactive one, distinguishing it from other larger symposia which typically emphasize the more common neuroimmunologic disorders (especially multiple sclerosis) and are largely didactic. We will solicit participation from both senior and junior scientists/students in order to stimulate long-term research in these disorders. The proceedings will be disseminated in the medical literature. We believe this workshop will serve a critical role in advancing our understanding of disorders that are pathophysiologically linked yet, because of their rarity, are poorly understood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS LATENCY IN HUMAN GANGLIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohrs, Randall J.; Associate Professor; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an ubiquitous human pathogen. Primary infection causes childhood chickenpox, leading to latency in cranial nerve, dorsal root and autonomic ganglia. VZV reactivation, frequent in the elderly and immunocompromised population, results in significant neurological disease. Zoster and postherpetic neuralgia predominate, but many humans develop myelitis, segmental motor weakness, cranial nerve palsies, and a severe, often fatal vasculopathy in the brain. We have also shown that VZV reactivation can produce chronic intense pain in the absence of rash. Although the mechanism controlling VZV latency is not
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understood, it is likely to depend upon virus gene transcription, thus providing the rationale for our hypothesis that VZV gene expression in human ganglia during latency functions to maintain latent infection. Identification of the VZV genes expressed during latency is critical to understanding latent infection. Until the advent of high throughput array-based technology, such analyses were not feasible, and or = 50.4 Gy using 1.2. Gy b.i.d. fractionation in patients with Stage III non-small cell lung cancer treated with hyperfractionated radiation therapy with and without concurrent chemotherapy. Author(s): Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Milicic B, Dagovic A, Aleksandrovic J, Nikolic N, Igrutinovic I. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 March; 35(3): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11844603
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Non-osseous eosinophilic granuloma presenting as acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Cardozo LJ, Bailey IC, Billinghurst JR, Poltera AA. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1974 September; 61(9): 747-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4414835
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Nonpainful phantom sensation, illusory limb movement in a patient with dorsal myelitis. Neuropathological and SPECT findings. Author(s): de Andres C, Gil R, Lopez L, Salinero E, Bittini A. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 July; 249(7): 930-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12212555
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Non-progressive viral myelitis in X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Author(s): Katamura K, Hattori H, Kunishima T, Kanegane H, Miyawaki T, Nakahata T. Source: Brain & Development. 2002 March; 24(2): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891104
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Optic neuritis and myelitis after booster tetanus toxoid vaccination. Author(s): Topaloglu H, Berker M, Kansu T, Saatci U, Renda Y. Source: Lancet. 1992 January 18; 339(8786): 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1346027
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Optic neuritis and myelitis following rubella vaccination. Author(s): Kline LB, Margulies SL, Oh SJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1982 July; 39(7): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7103782
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Optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and anti-DNA antibodies nine years after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Goldman M, Herode A, Borenstein S, Zanen A. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984 June; 27(6): 701-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6610427
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Painful legs and moving toes syndrome associated with herpes zoster myelitis. Author(s): Ikeda K, Deguchi K, Touge T, Sasaki I, Tsukaguchi M, Shimamura M, Komatsu E, Takeuchi H, Kuriyama S. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2004 April 15; 219(1-2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15050450
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Papillitis with myelitis after revaccination. Author(s): Mathur SP, Makhija JM, Mehta MC. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1967 July; 21(7): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6065434
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Parainfectious conus myelitis. Author(s): Pradhan S, Gupta RK, Kapoor R, Shashank S, Kathuria MK. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998 December 11; 161(2): 156-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9879697
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Parainfectious myelitis: three distinct clinico-imagiological patterns with prognostic implications. Author(s): Pradhan S, Gupta RK, Ghosh D. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1997 April; 95(4): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9150815
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Paraplegia due to radiation myelitis following the treatment of carcinoma of the bronchus by radiotherapy. Report of two cases. Author(s): Rivett JD. Source: Paraplegia. 1971 August; 9(2): 65-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5114733
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Paraplegia secondary to Burkholderia pseudomallei myelitis: a case report. Author(s): Haran MJ, Jenney AW, Keenan RJ, Flavell HD, Anstey NM, Currie BJ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 November; 82(11): 16302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11689986
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Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis because of cryptogenic myelitis. Remission with carbamazepine and the pathogenetic role of altered sodium channels. Author(s): Bonev VI, Gledhill RF. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2002 September; 9(5): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220384
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Persistent multiple pulmonary nodules in a nonimmunocompromised woman after varicella-related myelitis treated with acyclovir. Author(s): Schvoerer E, Frechin V, Warter A, Gasser B, Jouin H, Gut JP, Stoll-Keller F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 October; 41(10): 4904-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532257
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Phantom limb sensations after complete thoracic transverse myelitis. Author(s): Bakheit AM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 August; 69(2): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10960288
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Polyradiculoneuritis with myelitis: a rare differential diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Martens-Le Bouar H, Korinthenberg R. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2002 April; 33(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075491
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Possible beneficial effect of high-dose intravenous steroid therapy in acute demyelinating disease and transverse myelitis. Author(s): Dowling PC, Bosch VV, Cook SD. Source: Neurology. 1980 July; 30(7 Pt 2): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6248819
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Possible role of collagen in transverse myelitis and chymopapain-induced paraplegia. Author(s): Gupta AS, Velasco ME, Iannone AM, Somani P, Periyaswamy S, Jain M. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1986 May; 43(5): 513-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3964120
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Post-antirabic vaccinal, myelitis. (A case report with resume of literature). Author(s): Khare KC. Source: Indian Pract. 1967 March; 20(3): 249-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6041309
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Postinfectious myelitis, encephalitis and encephalomyelitis. Author(s): Chang CM, Ng HK, Chan YW, Leung SY, Fong KY, Yu YL. Source: Clin Exp Neurol. 1992; 29: 250-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1343866
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Post-radiotherapy myelitis observed in an AIDS patient with a meningioma: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Zeng M, Knisely J. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 1999; 45(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10778732
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Postural hypotension in a patient with acute myelitis. Author(s): Kalita J, Misra UK. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 March; 72(845): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8731714
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Post-vaccinal diffuse myelitis: magnetic resonance imaging features. Author(s): Shah H, Patankar T, Prasad S, Vakil B. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 September; 47(9): 929-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10778669
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Post-vaccinial myelitis. Author(s): Sahadevan MG, Ammini KJ, Bayliss VD. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1966 February 16; 46(4): 205-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5905529
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Post-varicella acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Magliulo E, Torre D, Dietz A, Portelli V, Armignacco O. Source: Infection. 1979; 7(5): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=511344
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Postvaricella acute transverse myelitis: A case presentation and review of the literature. Author(s): McCarthy JT, Amer J. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 August; 62(2): 202-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=358122
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Pre-eruption herpes zoster myelitis. Author(s): Yeolekar ME, Banavali S, Menon PS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1985 February; 33(2): 185. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3997768
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Pregnancy in patients with preexisting transverse myelitis. Author(s): Berghella V, Spector T, Trauffer P, Johnson A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 May; 87(5 Pt 2): 809-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8677096
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Primary biliary cirrhosis, Sjogren's syndrome, and transverse myelitis. Author(s): Rutan G, Martinez AJ, Fieshko JT, Van Thiel DH. Source: Gastroenterology. 1986 January; 90(1): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3940247
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Prognostic factors for spinal cord myelitis--an analysis of compiled literature data. Author(s): Velmurugan J, Supe SS, Prasad GN, Rao KK, Solomon JG. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1998 March; 35(1): 33-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9847468
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Prognostic predictors of acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Kalita J, Misra UK, Mandal SK. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1998 July; 98(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696529
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Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Roman GC. Source: Neurology. 2003 February 25; 60(4): 730-1; Author Reply 730-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601132
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Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 27; 59(4): 499-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12236201
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Pseudoathetosis in a patient with cervical myelitis: neurophysiologic and functional MRI studies. Author(s): Pujol J, Monells J, Tolosa E, Soler-Insa JM, Valls-Sole J. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2000 November; 15(6): 1288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11104231
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Rabies presenting as ascending myelitis. Author(s): Prakash J, Misra MS, Sindhi JC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1981 January; 29(1): 65-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7263591
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Radiation myelitis and survival in the radiotherapy of lung cancer. Author(s): Dische S, Warburton MF, Saunders MI. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1988 July; 15(1): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3391828
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Radiation myelitis and thoracic radiotherapy: evidence and anecdote. Author(s): Macbeth F. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2000; 12(5): 333-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11315721
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Radiation myelitis following allogeneic stem cell transplantation and consolidation radiotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Schwartz DL, Schechter GP, Seltzer S, Chauncey TR. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2000 December; 26(12): 1355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223979
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Radiation myelitis in a 5-year-old girl. Author(s): Antunes NL, Wolden S, Souweidane MM, Lis E, Rosenblum M, Steinherz PG. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 March; 17(3): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12026238
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Radiation myelitis: a complication of concurrent cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy with extended field radiotherapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Bloss JD, DiSaia PJ, Mannel RS, Hyden EC, Manetta A, Walker JL, Berman ML. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1991 December; 43(3): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1752503
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Rapid onset transverse myelitis in adolescence: implications for pathogenesis and prognosis. Author(s): Wilmshurst JM, Walker MC, Pohl KR. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 February; 80(2): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325728
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Rapid recovery of acute transverse myelitis treated with steroids. Author(s): Kennedy PG, Weir AI. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1988 May; 64(751): 384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3200781
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Recurrent ascending myelitis: an unusual presentation of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Author(s): Shyu WC, Lin JC, Chang BC, Harn HJ, Lee CC, Tsao WL. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1993 October; 34(4): 625-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8215253
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Recurrent aseptic meningitis followed by transverse myelitis as a presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Sands ML, Ryczak M, Brown RB. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988; 15(5): 862-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3172102
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Recurrent demyelinating transverse myelitis in a high titer HBs-antigen carrier. Author(s): Matsui M, Kakigi R, Watanabe S, Kuroda Y. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1996 August; 139(2): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8856658
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Recurrent herpes zoster myelitis treated with human interferon alpha: a case report. Author(s): Nakano T, Awaki E, Araga S, Takai H, Inoue K, Takahashi K. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1992 May; 85(5): 372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1320320
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Recurrent herpes zoster myelitis. Author(s): Baik JS, Kim WC, Heo JH, Zheng HY. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1997 August; 12(4): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9288637
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Recurrent myelitis associated with herpes simplex virus type 2. Author(s): Gobbi C, Tosi C, Stadler C, Merenda C, Bernasconi E. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 46(4): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721130
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Recurrent myelitis. Author(s): Pandit L, Rao S. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 March; 60(3): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8609515
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Recurrent transverse myelitis after lumbar spine surgery: a case report. Author(s): Banit DM, Wheeler AH, Darden BV 2nd. Source: Spine. 2003 May 1; 28(9): E165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942019
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Recurrent transverse myelitis associates with anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies. Author(s): Hummers LK, Krishnan C, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A, Morris S, Mahoney JA, Kerr DA, Wigley FM. Source: Neurology. 2004 January 13; 62(1): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718721
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Recurrent transverse myelitis with unusual long-standing Gd-DTPA enhancement. Author(s): Garcia-Merino A, Blasco MR. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2000 July; 247(7): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993498
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Recurrent transverse myelitis, myasthenia gravis, and autoantibodies. Author(s): Lindsey JW, Albers GW, Steinman L. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1992 September; 32(3): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1416813
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Refractory hiccough heralding transverse myelitis in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Author(s): Ruiz-Arguelles GJ, Guzman-Ramos J, Flores-Flores J, Garay-Martinez J. Source: Lupus. 1998; 7(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9493149
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Relapsing myelitis with pathological visual evoked potentials: a case of neuromyelitis optica? Author(s): Masuhr F, Busch M, Wetzel K, Harms L, Schielke E. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2002 July; 9(4): 430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099931
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Relapsing myelitis. Author(s): Djaldetti R, Achiron A, Ziv I. Source: Neurology. 1992 April; 42(4): 940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1565262
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Relapsing transverse myelitis. Author(s): Tippett DS, Fishman PS, Panitch HS. Source: Neurology. 1991 May; 41(5): 703-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2027486
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Residual bladder dysfunction 2 to 10 years after acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Cheng W, Chiu R, Tam P. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1999 October; 35(5): 476-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10571762
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Restless legs syndrome after a borrelia-induced myelitis. Author(s): Hemmer B, Riemann D, Glocker FX, Lucking CH, Deuschl G. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1995 July; 10(4): 521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7565839
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Retrospective diagnosis of fatal herpes simplex myelitis by immunocytochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Clarke CE, Crawford PM, Clarke AM, Dockey D, Bridges LR. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 October; 57(10): 12723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7931397
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Rheumatoid arthritis, transverse myelitis and antiphospholipid antibodies. Author(s): Staub HL, Capobianco K, Neto PR, Keiserman M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1992 November-December; 10(6): 626-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1483319
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Rigidity and painful muscle spasms in a patient with probable myelitis. Author(s): Cannas A, Tacconi P, Pinna L, Congia S, Costa B, Fiaschi A. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1991 December; 12(6): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783538
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Role of MRI in acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Misra UK, Kalita J. Source: Neurology India. 1999 December; 47(4): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10625892
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Rubella myelitis and encephalitis in childhood. A report of two cases with magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Bitzan M. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1987 May; 18(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3601002
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Sabin-related poliovirus vaccine strains isolated from transverse myelitis cases in Brazil. Author(s): Friedrich F, Filippis AM, Schatzmayr HG. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1995 NovemberDecember; 37(6): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8731270
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Sarcoidosis as a cause of transverse myelitis: case report. Author(s): Baum J, Solomon M, Alba A. Source: Paraplegia. 1981; 19(3): 167-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7254896
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Schistosomal myelitis: findings at MR imaging. Author(s): Bennett G, Provenzale JM. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1998 July; 27(3): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9717645
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Sequential development of acute meningoencephalitis and transverse myelitis caused by Epstein-Barr virus during infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Tsutsumi H, Kamazaki H, Nakata S, Nagao, Chiba S, Imai S, Osato T. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 July; 13(7): 665-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7970962
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Severe myelitis following infection with Campylobacter enteritis. Author(s): Aberle J, Kluwe J, Pawlas F, Stellbrink HJ, Greten H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 February; 23(2): 1345. Epub 2004 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727151
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Severe rhabdomyolysis mimicking transverse myelitis in a heroin addict. Author(s): Yang CC, Yang GY, Ger J, Tsai WJ, Deng JF. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1995; 33(6): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8523478
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Sjogren's syndrome with primary biliary cirrhosis, complicated by transverse myelitis and malignant lymphoma. Author(s): Wakatsuki T, Miyata M, Shishido S, Suzuki T, Ohira H, Kokubun M, Sato Y, Yamamoto T, Kasukawa R. Source: Intern Med. 2000 March; 39(3): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10772133
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Somatosensory evoked potentials by paraspinal stimulation in acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Murthy JM. Source: Neurology India. 1999 June; 47(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402334
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Spinal cord infection: myelitis and abscess formation. Author(s): Murphy KJ, Brunberg JA, Quint DJ, Kazanjian PH. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998 February; 19(2): 341-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9504492
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Spinal cord lesions of myelitis with hyperIgEemia and mite antigen specific IgE (atopic myelitis) manifest eosinophilic inflammation. Author(s): Kikuchi H, Osoegawa M, Ochi H, Murai H, Horiuchi I, Takahashi H, Yamabe K, Iwaki T, Mizutani T, Oda M, Kira J. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001 January 15; 183(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11166798
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Spinal cord swelling and brain lesions in lupus myelitis. Author(s): Kuzma BB, Goodman JM. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1997 August; 48(2): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9242250
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Spinal epidural abscess in HIV positive patient masquerading as transverse myelitis. Author(s): Rao U, Prasad S, Rajvanshi P, Gupta B. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 February; 47(2): 248. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999105
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Spinal rigidity following acute myelitis. Author(s): Brown P, Quinn NP, Barnes D, Wren DR, Marsden CD. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1997 November; 12(6): 1056-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9399237
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Successful treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-induced transverse myelitis with ganciclovir and cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin following unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Gruhn B, Meerbach A, Egerer R, Mentzel HJ, Hafer R, Ringelmann F, Sauer M, Hermann J, Zintl F. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1999 December; 24(12): 1355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10627648
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Successful treatment of transverse myelitis in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Baca V, Sanchez-Vaca G, Martinez-Muniz I, Ramirez-Lacayo M, Lavalle C. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1996 February; 27(1): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8677025
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Survival after herpes simplex type II myelitis. Author(s): Ahmed I. Source: Neurology. 1988 September; 38(9): 1500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3412603
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Syphilitic myelitis with diffuse spinal cord abnormality on MR imaging. Author(s): Tsui EY, Ng SH, Chow L, Lai KF, Fong D, Chan JH. Source: European Radiology. 2002 December; 12(12): 2973-6. Epub 2001 December 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439578
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Syphilitic myelitis with its magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) verification and successful treatment. Author(s): Tashiro K, Moriwaka F, Sudo K, Akino M, Abe H. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1987 June; 41(2): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3437614
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Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with transverse myelitis and parkinsonian symptoms. Author(s): Osawa H, Yamabe H, Kaizuka M, Tamura N, Tsunoda S, Shirato KI, Okumura K. Source: Lupus. 1997; 6(7): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9302666
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Systemic lupus erythematosus related recurrent transverse myelitis in a patient with myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Tola MR, Casetta I, Granieri E, Caniatti LM, Monetti VC, Pascarella R. Source: European Neurology. 1996; 36(5): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8864720
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Systemic lupus erythematosus related transverse myelitis presenting longitudinal involvement of the spinal cord. Author(s): Kimura KY, Seino Y, Hirayama Y, Aramaki T, Yamaguchi H, Amano H, Takano T. Source: Intern Med. 2002 February; 41(2): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868606
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Systemic lupus erythematosus with membranous glomerulonephritis and transverse myelitis associated with anabolic steroid use. Author(s): Radis CD, Callis KP. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 October; 40(10): 1899-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9336429
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The incidence of myelitis after irradiation of the cervical spinal cord. Author(s): Marcus RB Jr, Million RR. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1990 July; 19(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2380091
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Toxoplasmic myelitis in AIDS: gadolinium-enhanced MR. Author(s): Harris TM, Smith RR, Bognanno JR, Edwards MK. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1990 September-October; 14(5): 80911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2398166
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Toxoplasmic myelitis mimicking intramedullary spinal cord tumor. Author(s): Mehren M, Burns PJ, Mamani F, Levy CS, Laureno R. Source: Neurology. 1988 October; 38(10): 1648-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3419613
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Transient intrathecal IgG synthesis in herpes zoster myelitis: 2 case reports. Author(s): Ceroni M, Mazzarello P, Poloni M, Camana C, Maurelli M, Savoldi F. Source: European Neurology. 1989; 29(3): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2543579
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Transverse myelitis and antiphospholipid antibodies. Author(s): Medina-Rodriguez F, Garcia E, Fraga A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 September; 17(9): 1250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2095769
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Transverse myelitis and Epstein-Barr virus infection with delayed antibody responses. Author(s): Junker AK, Roland EH, Hahn G. Source: Neurology. 1991 September; 41(9): 1523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1653917
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Transverse myelitis and hepatitis in varicella. Author(s): Vahidy F, Kazmi K, Rab SM. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1989 August; 92(4): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2760975
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Transverse myelitis and optic neuritis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report with magnetic resonance imaging findings. Author(s): Kenik JG, Krohn K, Kelly RB, Bierman M, Hammeke MD, Hurley JA. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1987 August; 30(8): 947-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3632736
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Transverse myelitis and spastic paraparesis in a patient with HIV infection. Author(s): Dodson D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 May 3; 322(18): 1322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2325730
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Transverse myelitis associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae: case report. Author(s): Heller L, Keren O, Mendelson L, Davidoff G. Source: Paraplegia. 1990 October; 28(8): 522-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2124669
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Transverse myelitis caused by schistosomiasis during pregnancy. A case report. Author(s): Truter PJ, van der Merwe JV. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1987 February 7; 71(3): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3101209
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Transverse myelitis following cholera, typhoid and polio vaccination. Author(s): D'Costa DF, Cooper A, Pye IF. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1990 October; 83(10): 653. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2286971
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Transverse myelitis following mumps in children. Author(s): Nussinovitch M, Brand N, Frydman M, Varsano I. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1992 February; 81(2): 183-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1515767
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Transverse myelitis in mixed connective tissue disease. Author(s): Pedersen C, Bonen H, Boesen F. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1987 June; 6(2): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3621848
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Transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: two cases with magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Simeon-Aznar CP, Tolosa-Vilella C, Cuenca-Luque R, Jordana-Comajuncosa R, Ordi-Ros J, Bosch-Gil JA. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 August; 31(8): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1643455
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Transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus--the effect of IV pulse methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide. Author(s): Barile L, Lavalle C. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 March; 19(3): 370-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1578449
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Transverse myelitis occurring during pregnancy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Marabani M, Zoma A, Hadley D, Sturrock RD. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1989 February; 48(2): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2930267
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Transverse myelitis secondary to sulfasalazine. Author(s): Olenginski TP, Harrington TM, Carlson JP. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1991 February; 18(2): 304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1673725
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Transverse myelitis: a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus strongly associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Author(s): Lavalle C, Pizarro S, Drenkard C, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Alarcon-Segovia D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 January; 17(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2313670
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Transverse myelitis--a rare complication of meningococcal meningitis. Author(s): Khare KC, Masand U, Vishnar A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 February; 38(2): 188. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2380146
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Unexpected tumor response, radiation myelitis and increased in vitro-radiosensitivity of lymphocytes in a patient with non-small lung cancer. Author(s): Dunst J, Gebhart E. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1995 August; 36(2): 158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7501815
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•
Unusual complications of varicella infection: myocarditis, incessant ventricular tachycardia and transverse myelitis. Author(s): Dwivedi S, Suresh K. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 September; 46(9): 831. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229263
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Unusual viral causes of transverse myelitis: hepatitis A virus and cytomegalovirus. Author(s): Tyler KL, Gross RA, Cascino GD. Source: Neurology. 1986 June; 36(6): 855-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3010183
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Urinary dysfunction in transverse myelitis. Author(s): Berger Y, Blaivas JG, Oliver L. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1990 July; 144(1): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2359154
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Urinary problems following acute transverse myelitis in children. Author(s): de Goede CG. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 March; 44(3): 212-3; Author Reply 213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12005325
•
Usefulness of immunoadsorption therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus associated with transverse myelitis. A case report. Author(s): Taniguchi Y, Yorioka N, Okushin S, Oda H, Usui K, Yamakido M. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1995 December; 18(12): 799-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8964648
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Varicella (chickenpox) myelitis. Author(s): Nigam P, Tandon VK, Kumar R. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1972 December 16; 59(12): 520-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4658302
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Varicella zoster virus transverse myelitis without cutaneous rash. Author(s): Heller HM, Carnevale NT, Steigbigel RT. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1990 May; 88(5): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2337114
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Varicella-zoster virus myelitis: an expanding spectrum. Author(s): Gilden DH, Beinlich BR, Rubinstien EM, Stommel E, Swenson R, Rubinstein D, Mahalingam R. Source: Neurology. 1994 October; 44(10): 1818-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7936229
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Venous hypertensive myelopathy as a potential mimic of transverse myelitis. Author(s): Krishnan C, Malik JM, Kerr DA. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2004 April; 42(4): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15060524
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Viral etiology of ascending myelitis. Author(s): Duma RJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 November 9; 287(19): 991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4342747
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West Nile encephalitis and myelitis. Author(s): Roos KL. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2004 June; 17(3): 343-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15167070
•
West Nile Virus Myelitis. Author(s): Ohry A, Karpin H, Yoeli D, Lazari A, Lerman Y. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 December; 39(12): 662-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11781865
•
Zoster myelitis (a case report). Author(s): Sachdeva JR, Behal RA, Singh J. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1975 November; 23(11): 783-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1223078
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Zoster myelitis and its response to Acyclovir. Author(s): Sharma R, Vijayvergiya R, Baid CS, Maheshwari VD, Sunderam SM. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1996 March; 44(3): 220-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9251328
Studies
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Zoster myelitis: improvement with antiviral therapy in two cases. Author(s): de Silva SM, Mark AS, Gilden DH, Mahalingam R, Balish M, Sandbrink F, Houff S. Source: Neurology. 1996 October; 47(4): 929-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8857721
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MYELITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and myelitis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Myelitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “myelitis” (or a synonym): •
Absence of thoracic radiation myelitis after hyperfractionated radiation therapy with and without concurrent chemotherapy for Stage III nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Kragujevac, Yugoslavia. Source: Jeremic, B Shibamoto, Y Milicic, B Acimovic, L Milisavljevic, S Int-J-RadiatOncol-Biol-Phys. 1998 January 15; 40(2): 343-6 0360-3016
•
Acute transverse myelitis and primary urticarial vasculitis. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Marseille, France. Source: Bolla, G Disdier, P Verrot, D Swiader, L Andrac, L Harle, J R Pouget, J Weiller, P J Clin-Rheumatol. 1998; 17(3): 250-2 0770-3198
•
Transverse myelitis associated with restless legs syndrome and periodic movements of sleep responsive to an oral dopaminergic agent but not to intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
[email protected] Source: Brown, L K Heffner, J E Obbens, E A Sleepage 2000 August 1; 23(5): 591-4 01618105
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Nutrition
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MYELITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to myelitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to myelitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to myelitis: •
A clinical study of series electro-acupuncture of 1000 cases of poliomyelitis sequelae. Author(s): Gu G, Chu HR, Cao Y, Zhou YP, Liu BH, Hou ZM, Zhu SL, Jin ZP. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1987 September; 7(3): 189-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2895206
•
Absence of thoracic radiation myelitis after hyperfractionated radiation therapy with and without concurrent chemotherapy for Stage III nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Milicic B, Acimovic L, Milisavljevic S. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1998 January 15; 40(2): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9457819
•
Acupuncture in poliomyelitis. Author(s): Zulkarnain Z, Bisanto Y.
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Source: Paediatr Indones. 1983 March-April; 23(3-4): 47-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6888939 •
Acupuncture in the treatment of paralytic poliomyelitis. Author(s): Jen SC. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1965 July-December; 5(3): Suppl: 699-702. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5873757
•
Circulation of poliovirus during the poliomyelitis outbreak in The Netherlands in 1992-1993. Author(s): Conyn-van Spaendonck MA, Oostvogel PM, van Loon AM, van Wijngaarden JK, Kromhout D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 May 1; 143(9): 929-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8610706
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Guest editorial: outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis. Author(s): Carpenter RL. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1973 January; 66(1): 1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4687474
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Hyperbaric oxygen after irradiation and its effects on the production of radiation myelitis. Author(s): Hopewell JW. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1979 October; 5(10): 1917. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=528259
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Late postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy: a case report and clinical discussion. Author(s): Taylor JH. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1986 June; 9(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3734638
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Magnitude of poliomyelitis in a rural area of Allahabad. Author(s): Joshi PL, Bhattacharya M, Rastogi AK, Raj B. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1988 July; 25(7): 673-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3220544
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MRI of radiation myelitis: a report of a case treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Calabro F, Jinkins JR.
Alternative Medicine 57
Source: European Radiology. 2000; 10(7): 1079-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11003402 •
Paralytic poliomyelitis in a rural area of north India. Author(s): Varghese M, Qadeer I, Mohan D. Source: Natl Med J India. 1997 January-February; 10(1): 8-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9069697
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Poliomyelitis in India: past, present and future. Author(s): Wyatt HV. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1998 January-February; 65(1 Suppl): Si-Viii, S1-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129888
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Poliomyelitis in the Netherlands. Author(s): Bijkerk H. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1981; 47: 233-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7227653
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Poliomyelitis outbreak in an unvaccinated community in The Netherlands, 1992-93. Author(s): Oostvogel PM, van Wijngaarden JK, van der Avoort HG, Mulders MN, Conyn-van Spaendonck MA, Rumke HC, van Steenis G, van Loon AM. Source: Lancet. 1994 September 3; 344(8923): 665-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7915354
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Spinal cord impairment: acute transverse myelitis. Author(s): Persaud D, Leedom CL. Source: Sci Nurs. 1999 December; 16(4): 122-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10776331
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The popularity of injections in the Third World: origins and consequences for poliomyelitis. Author(s): Wyatt HV. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1984; 19(9): 911-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6515426
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to myelitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
•
Chinese Medicine Maqianzi Alternative names: Nux Vomica; Semen Strychni Source: Chinese Materia Medica
•
Herbs and Supplements Boswellia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Alternative Medicine 59
Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON MYELITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to myelitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on myelitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •
8
Transverse myelitis conference held at Hammond General Hospital, Modesto, Calif., June 24-25, 1945. Author: United States. Army Service Forces. Ninth Service Command; Year: 1945
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MYELITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover myelitis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on myelitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to myelitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “myelitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for myelitis: •
Pleocytosis Not Definitive For Diagnosis Of CMV Myelitis In HIV Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 09, 1996
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “myelitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to myelitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “myelitis” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Myelitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to myelitis. In addition to these
Periodicals and News
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sources, you can search for articles covering myelitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for myelitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with myelitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to myelitis: Poliovirus Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ipol; Orimune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202470.html
Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orimune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203606.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to myelitis by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.”
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On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for myelitis: •
Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=474
•
Baclofen (trade name: Lioresal Itrathecal) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=571
•
Gentamicin impregnated PMMA beads on surgical wire (trade name: Septopal) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=719
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
9
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
10
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 10502 30 17 25 15 10589
HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “myelitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
12
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
13
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
17 Adapted 18
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on myelitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to myelitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to myelitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “myelitis”:
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Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Brain Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html Multiple Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplesclerosis.html Neurologic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html Spinal Cord Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcorddiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on myelitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Put prevention into practice: Education and action kit Source: Washington, DC: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1994. 2 health guides; 1 clinician's handbook, 3 flow charts, 16 chart stickers, 2 posters. Contact: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. Telephone: (202) 512-1991 for public information (D.C. office) or (202) 512-1800 for ordering and publication information (D.C. office) / fax: (202) 512-1293 (public information); (202) 512-2250 (ordering) / Web site: http://www.access.gpo.gov. $57.00. Summary: This kit, produced through the 'Put Prevention into Practice' initiative of the Public Health Service, contains materials to facilitate and enhance the practice of preventive medicine for both clinicians and the public. The 'Clinician's Handbook of Preventive Services' is the core element of the kit. After an overview of preventive care implementation, this manual provides guidelines for screening, immunization/prophylaxis, and counseling divided into two major sections, one for children and adolescents and one for adults and older adults. The screening section for children and adolescents focuses on anemia, blood pressure, body measurement, cholesterol, depression and suicide, hearing, lead, newborn screening, tuberculosis, urinalysis, and vision. The immunization/prophylaxis section covers DPT, Hepatitis B,
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MMR, Polio myelitis, and Haemophilus influenzae Type b inoculations. The counseling section focuses on alcohol and drug use, dental and oral health, nutrition, physical activity, safety, STDs and HIV infection, tobacco use, unintended pregnancy, and firearms and violent behavior. Screening guidelines for adults cover the same areas as previously mentioned along with cancer detection, cognitive and functional impairment, fecal occult blood, sigmoidoscopy, and thyroid function. The adult immunization/prophylaxis section contains guidelines on aspirin, hormone replacement therapy, hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococcus, rubella, and tetanus and diphtheria. Counseling guidelines for adults cover the same areas as mentioned above with the addition of polypharmacy. Appendices include risk factor summary tables, a bibliography of references, a varicella (chicken pox) vaccination statement, and a copyright disclaimer. Each section contains implementation tools such as questionnaires, charts, and protocols. The pocket-sized guides for children and adults measure 6 inches high and are designed for patients to take with them on visits to their physician. Each provides space for patients and physicians to enter health information such as blood pressure, weight, cholesterol levels, and immunizations. The guides also provide basic information on how often to monitor certain aspects of health such as breast exams, pap smears, and how often and what types of vaccines children should receive. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Transverse Myelitis Fact Sheet Summary: Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder caused by inflammation across both sides of one level, or segment, of the spinal cord. Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7222 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to myelitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on myelitis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to myelitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with myelitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about myelitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines.
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The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “myelitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “myelitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “myelitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “myelitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
20
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
21
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
91
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
93
MYELITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agammaglobulinemia: An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps
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to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid
Dictionary 95
antigen cardiolipin. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antibodies, antiphospholipid). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (antibodies, anticardiolipin). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus coagulation inhibitor). [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]
Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH]
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Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]
Dictionary 97
Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Borrelia: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, helical bacteria; various species of which produce relapsing fever in man and other animals. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiolipins: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid
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covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal syphilis serodiagnosis. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]
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Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the
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alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH]
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Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coxiella: A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is widely distributed in ticks and various mammals throughout the world. Infection with this genus is particularly prevalent in cattle, sheep, and goats. [NIH] Coxiella burnetii: A species of gram-negative bacteria that grows preferentially in the vacuoles of the host cell. It is the etiological agent of Q fever. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of
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special organs. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used
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to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] EncephaloEndemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]
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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Granuloma: The most benign clinical form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, which involves localized nodular lesions of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, bones, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by eosinophils. The proliferating cell that appears to be responsible for the clinical manifestations is the Langerhans cell. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemics: A period of increased prevalence of a particular disease in a population. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epidural Space: Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical
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concept. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Firearms: Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc. [NIH]
Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]
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Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or
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as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH]
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Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH]
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Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH]
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Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body.
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Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH]
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Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Measles Virus: The type species of morbillivirus and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningocele: A congenital or acquired protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the skull or vertebral column. [NIH] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2-
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dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonucleasesensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]
Morbillivirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat
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(lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Short filamentous organism of the genus Mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. It is one of the etiologic agents of nonviral primary atypical pneumonia in man. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis,
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as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromyelitis Optica: A self-limiting, demyelinating disease of the optic nerves, the optic chiasm, and the spinal cord characterized by bilateral retrobulbar neuritis, usually accompanied by papillitis and transverse myelitis. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonmetastatic: Cancer that has not spread from the primary (original) site to other sites in the body. [NIH] Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occult Blood: Chemical, spectroscopic, or microscopic detection of extremely small amounts of blood. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH]
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Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH]
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Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of
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organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumocephalus: Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from neoplasms or infection, neurosurgical procedures, and other conditions. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Poliomyelitis: An acute viral disease, occurring sporadically and in epidemics, and characterized clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, and vomiting, often with stiffness of the neck and back. In the minor illness these may be the only symptoms. The major illness, which may or may not be preceded by the minor illness, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiff neck, pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, and perhaps paralysis. There may be subsequent atrophy of groups of muscles, ending in contraction and permanent deformity. The major illness is called acute anterior p., infantile paralysis and Heine-Medin disease. The disease is now largely controlled by vaccines. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,
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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH]
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Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psittacosis: A lung disease caused by a Chlamydia bacterium; occurs in domestic fowls, ducks, pigeons, turkeys and many wild birds and is contracted by man by contact with these birds; the human symptoms are headache, nausea, epistaxis and fever and usually with added symptoms. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH]
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Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restless legs: Legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Rubella Virus: The type (and only) species of Rubivirus causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH]
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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH]
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Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or
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dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs
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or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Syrinx: A fistula. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombopenia: Reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and
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multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Unresectable: Unable to be surgically removed. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
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Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH]
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Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vidarabine: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the vaccinia virus and varicella zoster virus. [NIH] Viraemia: The presence of virus in blood or blood plasma. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abortion, 93, 95, 128 Abscess, 42, 93 Acceptor, 93, 125 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 19, 93 Acyclovir, 6, 21, 34, 48, 93, 105 Adenocarcinoma, 93, 115 Adolescence, 37, 93 Adverse Effect, 93, 117, 123 Afferent, 93, 116 Affinity, 6, 93, 123 Agammaglobulinemia, 32, 93 Agonist, 93, 96 Algorithms, 93, 96 Allogeneic, 37, 94 Alopecia, 94, 101 Alpha Particles, 94, 120 Alternative medicine, 64, 94 Alum, 52, 94 Aluminum, 94 Amino acid, 94, 95, 101, 108, 117, 118, 119, 126 Amino Acid Sequence, 94 Anabolic, 43, 94 Anaerobic, 94, 97, 114 Analog, 93, 94, 105 Anatomical, 31, 94, 109, 122 Anemia, 80, 94 Annealing, 94, 118 Antibacterial, 94, 111, 123 Antibiotic, 94, 123, 128 Antibodies, 6, 13, 15, 32, 40, 44, 46, 94, 95, 96, 106, 108, 111, 113, 118, 120 Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, 94, 95 Antibody, 44, 93, 95, 99, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 113, 120, 121, 123, 128 Anticoagulant, 95 Anticonvulsant, 95, 97, 117 Antigen, 23, 38, 42, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 108, 109, 113, 119 Anti-inflammatory, 95, 101, 106 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 95, 101 Antimetabolite, 93, 95, 105 Antineoplastic, 95, 101, 105, 128 Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 39, 94, 95 Antiviral, 4, 19, 49, 93, 95, 110, 128 Aplastic anemia, 25, 95
Arterial, 95, 119 Arteries, 31, 95, 97, 101, 113 Artery, 12, 95, 101, 120 Aseptic, 38, 95, 124 Aspartic, 95, 99 Aspartic Acid, 95, 99 Aspirin, 81, 95 Atmospheric Pressure, 95, 108 Atopic, 11, 14, 18, 23, 29, 30, 42, 96 Atrophy, 17, 96, 118 Attenuated, 96, 121, 127 Atypical, 14, 96, 109, 114 Auditory, 96, 104 Autoantibodies, 38, 39, 96 Autoantigens, 96 Autoimmune disease, 96, 113, 114 Autonomic, 5, 96, 114, 117 Autosuggestion, 96, 108 Axonal, 18, 96 B Baclofen, 52, 69, 96 Bacteria, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 106, 113, 114, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127 Bacterium, 96, 120 Bacteriuria, 96, 127 Benign, 11, 96, 104, 105, 106, 114, 121 Bilateral, 96, 115, 116 Bile, 96, 105, 107, 111, 119, 124 Bile duct, 96, 119 Biliary, 36, 96 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 61, 64, 75, 96 Bioterrorism, 4, 97 Bladder, 11, 39, 97, 109, 113, 126, 127 Blood Platelets, 97, 112 Blood pressure, 80, 97, 108, 113, 123 Blood vessel, 97, 111, 123, 125, 127 Body Fluids, 97, 123 Bone Marrow, 16, 23, 25, 37, 42, 95, 97, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 123, 124 Bone Marrow Cells, 97, 112 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 23, 37, 42, 97 Borrelia, 8, 12, 40, 97 Brachytherapy, 97, 110, 120, 128 Brain Diseases, 80, 97, 116 Bronchus, 33, 97 Brucellosis, 7, 97 Buccal, 97, 111
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C Carbamazepine, 33, 97 Carcinogenic, 97, 124 Carcinoma, 33, 37, 97, 115 Cardiac, 97, 114, 124 Cardiolipins, 95, 97 Case report, 9, 10, 12, 18, 23, 33, 34, 35, 38, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 56, 98, 99, 104 Case series, 98, 99 Caudal, 98, 118 Cell Cycle, 98, 99, 119 Cell Transplantation, 98 Central Nervous System, 4, 25, 97, 98, 104, 105, 107, 112, 113, 116, 118 Cerebral, 97, 98, 120, 123 Cerebral Palsy, 98, 123 Cerebrospinal, 12, 16, 24, 98 Cerebrospinal fluid, 12, 16, 24, 98 Cervical, 7, 13, 21, 24, 36, 44, 98, 121 Cervix, 37, 93, 98 Chemotherapy, 7, 11, 32, 37, 52, 55, 98 Chickenpox, 5, 47, 98 Cholera, 45, 98, 128 Cholesterol, 80, 96, 98, 124 Choroid, 98, 100, 121 Chromatin, 98, 104 Chronic, 5, 6, 13, 16, 98, 99, 109, 119, 122, 125 Chymopapain, 34, 99 Cirrhosis, 36, 99, 119 Cisplatin, 37, 99 Clear cell carcinoma, 99, 102 Clinical study, 30, 55, 99 Clinical trial, 4, 75, 99 Clone, 4, 99 Cloning, 4, 96, 99 Cofactor, 99, 119 Collagen, 34, 94, 99, 100, 119 Complement, 99, 100, 106 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 59, 100 Complementary medicine, 55, 100 Computational Biology, 75, 100 Conjunctiva, 100, 109 Connective Tissue, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 105, 111, 122, 125 Connective Tissue Diseases, 95, 100 Consolidation, 37, 100 Constitutional, 100, 114 Constriction, 100, 111 Contraindications, ii, 100 Contrast medium, 100, 114
Contrast Sensitivity, 100, 116 Conus, 33, 100, 120 Coordination, 100, 113 Cornea, 100, 122, 128 Coronary, 31, 101, 113 Coronary Thrombosis, 101, 113 Cortex, 97, 101, 104, 119 Corticosteroid, 101, 119, 124 Coxiella, 9, 101 Coxiella burnetii, 9, 101 Cranial, 5, 11, 101, 106, 110, 115, 116, 117 Curative, 101, 125 Cutaneous, 13, 47, 101, 111, 127 Cyclophosphamide, 46, 101 Cyst, 14, 101 Cysteine, 99, 101 Cytomegalovirus, 9, 15, 16, 19, 42, 47, 101, 105 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 101, 105 Cytoplasm, 101, 104, 113 Cytotoxic, 101, 120, 121 Cytotoxicity, 99, 101 D Degenerative, 100, 102, 107 Dehydration, 98, 102 Dementia, 93, 102 Denaturation, 102, 118 Dental Care, 3, 102 Dermatitis, 14, 29, 102 Dermis, 102, 128 DES, 102 Diagnostic procedure, 4, 64, 102 Diathesis, 11, 18, 30, 102 Digestion, 96, 102, 110, 111, 124, 127 Digestive tract, 102, 123, 124 Diphtheria, 81, 102 Direct, iii, 67, 102, 113, 121 Discrete, 102, 128 Dissociation, 93, 102 Distal, 96, 102, 117 Dorsal, 5, 32, 103, 118 Dorsum, 103, 105 Drug Interactions, 68, 103 Dura mater, 103, 104, 112, 116 E Effector, 5, 99, 103 Elastin, 99, 100, 103 Electrolyte, 101, 103, 123 Electromyography, 12, 103 Electrons, 103, 110, 120, 121 Electrophysiological, 23, 27, 103 Emaciation, 93, 103
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Embryo, 24, 93, 103 Encephalitis, 4, 5, 8, 12, 21, 34, 40, 48, 103, 112 Encephalitis, Viral, 103 Encephalomyelitis, 5, 34 Endemic, 98, 103 Enteritis, 41, 103 Enterocolitis, 103 Environmental Health, 74, 76, 103 Enzymatic, 5, 94, 99, 103, 118 Enzyme, 4, 103, 104, 118, 121, 125, 128 Eosinophilic, 18, 19, 32, 42, 104 Eosinophilic Granuloma, 32, 104 Eosinophils, 104, 111 Epidemics, 104, 118 Epidermal, 104, 113 Epidermoid carcinoma, 104, 124 Epidural, 42, 104, 118 Epidural Space, 104, 118 Epistaxis, 104, 120 Epithelium, 104, 114, 128 Epitope, 6, 104 Erythrocytes, 94, 97, 104 Evoked Potentials, 27, 39, 41, 104 Excitatory, 96, 104 External-beam radiation, 104, 110, 120, 128 Extracellular, 100, 104, 123 Extremity, 104, 116 F Family Planning, 75, 104 Fat, 97, 101, 104, 111, 113, 123 Fatal Outcome, 104, 120 Fetus, 93, 105, 108, 119, 127 Fibrosis, 105, 122 Firearms, 81, 105 Fistula, 105, 125 Flaccid, 29, 105 Fluorescence, 6, 105 Fluorouracil, 37, 105 Forearm, 97, 105 Fossa, 20, 105 Fractionation, 32, 105 Fungi, 105, 113, 127 G Gadolinium, 44, 105 Gallbladder, 96, 105 Gamma Rays, 105, 120, 121 Ganciclovir, 42, 105 Ganglia, 5, 97, 105, 114, 117 Ganglion, 105, 116, 128 Gas, 105, 115, 118
Gastric, 104, 105 Gastrin, 106, 107 Gene, 4, 6, 96, 106 Gene Expression, 6, 106 Genetic Engineering, 96, 99, 106 Genetic testing, 106, 118 Gland, 101, 106, 111, 116, 124, 126 Glomerular, 106 Glomeruli, 106 Glomerulonephritis, 43, 106 Glucocorticoid, 106, 119 Glucose, 106, 107, 110, 122 Glycoproteins, 106, 123 Goats, 101, 106 Gonadal, 106, 124 Governing Board, 106, 119 Gram-negative, 97, 101, 106, 114, 128 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 101, 106 Gravis, 5, 32, 39, 43, 106 H Haptens, 93, 106 Headache, 106, 109, 118, 120 Hemoglobin, 94, 104, 107 Hepatitis, 18, 20, 24, 44, 47, 80, 107, 109 Hepatocytes, 107 Hepatomegaly, 107, 109 Heredity, 106, 107 Herpes, 4, 7, 8, 13, 16, 20, 21, 22, 26, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 93, 107, 128 Herpes virus, 107, 128 Herpes Zoster, 7, 16, 26, 33, 35, 38, 44, 107 Heterogeneity, 93, 107 Histiocytosis, 104, 107 Hormonal, 96, 101, 107 Hormone, 81, 101, 102, 106, 107, 110, 119, 126 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 81, 107 Housekeeping, 4, 107 Humoral, 5, 107 Humour, 107 Hybrid, 6, 99, 107 Hydrolysis, 95, 99, 108, 118 Hydroxylysine, 99, 108 Hydroxyproline, 94, 99, 108 Hyperbaric, 56, 108 Hyperbaric oxygen, 56, 108 Hyperreflexia, 108, 125 Hypotension, 35, 108 I Iatrogenic, 17, 108 Idiopathic, 18, 23, 25, 108 Immune adjuvant, 94, 108
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Immune response, 14, 94, 95, 96, 101, 106, 108, 109, 127, 128 Immune Sera, 108 Immune system, 108, 109, 111, 113, 128 Immune Tolerance, 5, 108 Immunization, 80, 108 Immunocompromised, 5, 15, 16, 108 Immunodeficiency, 15, 93, 108 Immunofluorescence, 108, 113 Immunoglobulin, 18, 94, 108, 113 Immunohistochemistry, 6, 108 Immunologic, 93, 108, 109, 121 Immunology, 93, 109 Immunosuppressant, 105, 109 Immunosuppressive, 101, 106, 109 Impairment, 57, 81, 109 Implant radiation, 109, 110, 120, 128 In situ, 6, 109 In vitro, 5, 46, 109, 118 In vivo, 109 Incontinence, 109, 114 Infantile, 109, 118 Infarction, 101, 109, 113 Infectious Mononucleosis, 41, 109, 113 Infiltration, 104, 106, 109, 128 Inflammation, 42, 81, 95, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 124, 125, 127 Influenza, 58, 81, 109 Ingestion, 109, 118 Inhalation, 109, 118 Inorganic, 99, 109 Insulator, 109, 114 Insulin, 69, 110 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 110 Insulin-like, 69, 110 Interferon, 38, 110 Interferon-alpha, 110 Internal radiation, 110, 120, 128 Interstitial, 97, 110, 128 Intestine, 103, 110, 123 Intracellular, 109, 110, 121 Intracranial Hypertension, 107, 110, 116 Intrathecal, 44, 52, 110 Intravenous, 34, 110 Intrinsic, 93, 110 Invasive, 110, 112 Ionizing, 94, 110, 121 Ions, 102, 103, 110, 123 Irradiation, 44, 56, 110, 128 Ischemia, 31, 96, 111, 114 Isoniazid, 27, 111
K Kb, 74, 111 L Laceration, 111, 125 Latency, 5, 111 Latent, 6, 111 Lesion, 111, 122 Lethal, 4, 111 Leukocytes, 97, 104, 110, 111, 113 Ligaments, 101, 111 Lipid, 110, 111, 114 Liver, 18, 96, 99, 101, 105, 107, 111, 119 Localization, 108, 111 Localized, 93, 102, 104, 109, 111, 114, 117, 122, 125 Lumbar, 38, 111 Lupus, 17, 26, 27, 30, 39, 42, 43, 94, 95, 111, 125 Lymph, 98, 107, 109, 111, 121 Lymph node, 98, 111, 121 Lymphadenopathy, 109, 111 Lymphatic, 109, 111, 121, 124, 125 Lymphatic system, 111, 121, 124, 125 Lymphocyte, 93, 95, 111, 112 Lymphocyte Count, 93, 112 Lymphoid, 94, 112 Lymphoma, 37, 41, 112 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 7, 10, 11, 16, 19, 20, 26, 35, 40, 43, 45, 46, 112 Malaise, 97, 112 Malignancy, 27, 112 Malignant, 41, 93, 95, 107, 112, 114, 119, 121, 122 Malnutrition, 96, 112, 114 Manifest, 42, 96, 112 Measles Virus, 6, 112 MEDLINE, 75, 112 Megakaryocytes, 16, 97, 112 Membrane, 98, 100, 106, 112, 113, 114, 117, 121, 123 Memory, 19, 102, 112 Meninges, 98, 103, 112, 124 Meningioma, 35, 112 Meningitis, 14, 20, 27, 38, 46, 112 Meningocele, 14, 112 Meningoencephalitis, 41, 112 Mental, iv, 4, 74, 76, 102, 112, 120 Metastasis, 24, 112 Metastatic, 7, 112, 122 Methylprednisolone, 46, 112 MI, 36, 91, 113
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Microbiology, 14, 15, 34, 41, 96, 113 Microorganism, 99, 113, 117, 128 Mitochondrial Swelling, 113, 114 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, 45, 113 Molecular, 75, 77, 94, 96, 100, 113, 126 Molecule, 95, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 108, 113, 121 Monitor, 81, 113, 115 Monoclonal, 110, 113, 120, 128 Monocytes, 111, 113 Mononuclear, 109, 113 Mononucleosis, 24, 113 Morbillivirus, 112, 113 Morphological, 103, 113 Mucosa, 103, 104, 111, 113 Mucositis, 113, 125 Multiple sclerosis, 5, 13, 16, 19, 29, 43, 113, 116 Muscle Fibers, 114 Muscular Atrophy, 56, 114 Muscular Diseases, 114, 116 Myalgia, 109, 114 Myasthenia, 5, 32, 39, 43, 114 Mycoplasma, 9, 12, 19, 31, 45, 114 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 9, 19, 31, 45, 114 Myelin, 113, 114, 122 Myelodysplastic syndrome, 25, 114, 123 Myelography, 15, 114 Myocarditis, 47, 102, 114 Myocardium, 113, 114 N Nasal Mucosa, 109, 114 Nausea, 114, 120 Necrosis, 18, 109, 113, 114, 121 Neoplasm, 10, 20, 114, 122, 126 Neoplastic, 112, 114 Nerve, 5, 96, 105, 114, 115, 116, 117, 122, 124, 128 Nervous System, 5, 22, 93, 98, 114, 115, 117, 120 Neural, 5, 23, 93, 107, 112, 114, 123 Neuralgia, 115, 118 Neuritis, 24, 32, 115, 116 Neuromuscular, 3, 115, 116 Neuromyelitis Optica, 5, 39, 115 Neurons, 104, 105, 115 Neuropathy, 25, 115, 117 Neutrons, 94, 110, 115, 120 Neutrophil, 13, 115 Nitrogen, 101, 115, 126 Nonmetastatic, 7, 115
Non-small cell lung cancer, 32, 115 Nuclear, 29, 103, 105, 113, 114, 115, 119 Nuclei, 94, 103, 106, 112, 115, 116, 119, 121 Nucleus, 98, 101, 104, 105, 113, 115, 119, 124 O Occult, 81, 115 Occult Blood, 81, 115 Opportunistic Infections, 93, 115 Optic Chiasm, 115, 116 Optic disc, 115, 116 Optic Nerve, 115, 116, 121, 122 Optic Neuritis, 5, 12, 45, 116 Oral Health, 81, 116 Oral Hygiene, 4, 116 Orbital, 116 Overexpress, 4, 116 P Pachymeningitis, 112, 116 Palliative, 116, 125 Palsies, 5, 116 Pancreas, 110, 116 Paralysis, 29, 116, 118, 123 Paraparesis, 19, 45, 116 Paraplegia, 11, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 33, 34, 41, 45, 48, 116 Paresis, 115, 116 Paresthesias, 115, 116 Patch, 100, 116 Pathogen, 5, 117 Pathogenesis, 5, 37, 117 Pathologic, 5, 31, 97, 101, 117, 123 Pathologic Processes, 5, 117 Patient Education, 80, 86, 88, 91, 117 Pelvis, 111, 117, 127 Peptide, 94, 117, 118, 119 Peripheral Nervous System, 116, 117 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 116, 117 Peripheral Neuropathy, 23, 117 Phantom, 32, 34, 117 Pharmacologic, 117, 126, 127 Pharynx, 109, 117 Phenytoin, 97, 117 Phospholipids, 95, 97, 104, 117 Physiology, 103, 117 Plants, 95, 97, 106, 117, 122, 126 Plasma, 94, 98, 107, 114, 118, 128 Plasma cells, 94, 118 Platinum, 99, 118 Pneumocephalus, 17, 118 Pneumonia, 12, 100, 114, 118
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Poisoning, 11, 114, 118 Poliomyelitis, 55, 56, 57, 118 Polymerase, 16, 20, 24, 40, 118 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 16, 20, 24, 40, 118 Polyneuritis, 102, 118 Polypeptide, 94, 99, 118 Polysaccharide, 95, 118 Posterior, 18, 20, 98, 103, 116, 118, 122 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 5, 118 Practice Guidelines, 76, 118 Precursor, 101, 103, 119, 126 Prednisolone, 13, 25, 113, 119 Preleukemia, 114, 119, 123 Prenatal, 103, 119 Preventive Medicine, 80, 87, 119 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 41, 119 Progesterone, 119, 124 Prognostic factor, 10, 36, 119 Progression, 119 Progressive, 32, 99, 102, 114, 119, 126 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, 25, 119 Proline, 99, 108, 119 Prophylaxis, 80, 119, 121, 127 Protein S, 96, 119 Proteins, 6, 94, 95, 98, 99, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 122, 127, 128 Protons, 94, 110, 119, 120 Protozoa, 113, 120, 127 Pruritus, 31, 120 Psittacosis, 11, 120 Psychogenic, 120, 127 Psychomotor, 97, 120 Public Policy, 75, 120 Publishing, 6, 82, 120 Pulmonary, 6, 34, 97, 104, 120, 127 Pulmonary Artery, 97, 120, 127 Pulse, 46, 113, 120 Pupil, 100, 116, 120 R Rabies, 24, 36, 120 Radiation therapy, 7, 11, 32, 52, 55, 104, 105, 108, 110, 120, 128 Radioactive, 109, 110, 115, 120, 128 Radioimmunotherapy, 120, 121 Radiolabeled, 110, 120, 128 Radiotherapy, 8, 33, 35, 36, 37, 46, 97, 111, 120, 121, 128 Reactivation, 5, 121 Receptor, 95, 104, 121 Recombinant, 6, 69, 121
Refer, 1, 97, 99, 105, 107, 111, 113, 115, 120, 121, 126 Refraction, 121, 123 Respiration, 113, 121 Restless legs, 40, 52, 121 Retina, 98, 100, 115, 116, 121 Retrobulbar, 115, 116, 121 Retrospective, 17, 30, 40, 121 Rhabdomyolysis, 41, 121 Ribonuclease, 113, 121 Rickettsiae, 121, 127 Risk factor, 81, 121 Rod, 96, 101, 121 Rubella, 12, 17, 32, 40, 81, 121 Rubella Virus, 12, 121 S Saline, 113, 121 Salivary, 101, 122 Salivary glands, 101, 122 Saponins, 122, 124 Sarcoma, 7, 11, 122 Scatter, 117, 122 Sclera, 98, 100, 122 Scleroderma, 113, 122 Sclerosis, 80, 113, 122 Screening, 80, 99, 122, 127 Secondary tumor, 112, 122 Sediment, 122, 127 Segmental, 5, 19, 122 Segmentation, 122 Seizures, 97, 117, 122 Sensory loss, 114, 122 Septic, 95, 122 Sequela, 28, 122 Sequencing, 6, 118, 122 Serum, 99, 108, 113, 122 Sex Characteristics, 93, 122 Side effect, 67, 69, 93, 101, 123, 126 Sigmoid, 123 Sigmoidoscopy, 81, 123 Skeletal, 114, 121, 123 Skull, 112, 118, 123 Small cell lung cancer, 123 Small intestine, 103, 104, 107, 110, 123 Smoldering leukemia, 114, 123 Sodium, 33, 123 Sodium Channels, 33, 123 Soft tissue, 97, 123 Somatic, 93, 107, 117, 123 Spastic, 19, 45, 123 Specialist, 82, 123
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Species, 94, 97, 98, 101, 107, 112, 113, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128 Specificity, 93, 119, 123 Spectroscopic, 115, 123 Spectrum, 48, 123, 128 Spinal cord, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 32, 36, 42, 43, 44, 57, 81, 96, 98, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 123, 124 Spinal Cord Diseases, 80, 116, 123 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 114, 124 Spirochete, 124, 125 Spleen, 101, 111, 124 Splenomegaly, 109, 124 Squamous, 7, 104, 115, 124 Squamous cell carcinoma, 7, 104, 115, 124 Squamous cells, 124 Stem cell transplantation, 37, 124 Stem Cells, 124 Sterile, 95, 124 Sterility, 101, 124 Steroid, 18, 34, 43, 122, 124 Steroid therapy, 18, 34, 124 Stimulus, 104, 111, 116, 124 Stomach, 102, 105, 106, 107, 114, 117, 123, 124 Strand, 118, 124 Streptococcal, 20, 124 Streptococcus, 124 Stress, 4, 114, 125 Subacute, 31, 109, 125 Subclinical, 23, 109, 122, 125 Substrate, 4, 125 Supraspinal, 96, 125 Syphilis, 8, 98, 125 Syrinx, 27, 125 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 10, 18, 21, 25, 26, 30, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 94, 95, 113, 125 T Tachycardia, 47, 125 Tetani, 125 Tetanic, 125 Tetanus, 8, 26, 32, 81, 125 Therapeutics, 56, 68, 125 Thermal, 102, 115, 118, 125 Thoracic, 17, 31, 32, 34, 37, 52, 55, 125, 128 Thorax, 111, 125 Thrombopenia, 95, 125 Thromboses, 95, 125 Thrombosis, 12, 119, 125 Thymidine, 4, 125 Thymidine Kinase, 4, 125
Thymus, 108, 111, 125 Thyroid, 81, 126 Ticks, 101, 126 Tissue, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126 Tone, 116, 126 Toxic, iv, 30, 101, 102, 115, 126 Toxicity, 103, 126 Toxicology, 41, 76, 126 Toxin, 102, 125, 126 Toxoid, 8, 32, 126 Trachea, 97, 117, 126 Transfection, 96, 126 Transfer Factor, 108, 126 Transplantation, 9, 108, 126 Trauma, 107, 114, 126 Tryptophan, 99, 126 Tuberculosis, 80, 111, 126 Tuberculostatic, 111, 126 Tumour, 25, 105, 126 U Unresectable, 7, 126 Ureters, 126, 127 Urethra, 126, 127 Urinalysis, 80, 127 Urinary, 13, 27, 47, 96, 109, 127 Urinary Retention, 27, 127 Urinary tract, 13, 96, 127 Urinate, 127 Urine, 96, 97, 109, 126, 127 Urodynamic, 11, 127 Uterus, 93, 98, 119, 127 V Vaccination, 8, 17, 18, 24, 32, 45, 81, 127 Vaccines, 81, 118, 127, 128 Vaccinia, 127, 128 Vaccinia Virus, 127, 128 Vacuoles, 101, 127 Vagina, 98, 102, 127 Varicella, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 16, 34, 35, 44, 47, 48, 81, 127, 128 Vascular, 10, 98, 102, 109, 124, 127 Vasculitis, 23, 52, 127 Vein, 110, 115, 127 Venereal, 125, 127 Venous, 48, 95, 119, 127 Ventricle, 120, 127 Ventricular, 47, 127 Vertebrae, 123, 127 Vertebral, 104, 112, 128 Vesicular, 4, 107, 128
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Veterinary Medicine, 75, 128 Vibrio, 98, 128 Vidarabine, 21, 22, 128 Viraemia, 9, 128 Viral, 6, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 32, 47, 48, 103, 109, 114, 118, 120, 128 Viral Proteins, 6, 128 Visceral, 25, 128 Visceral Larva Migrans, 25, 128 Vitro, 128
W White blood cell, 95, 109, 111, 112, 115, 118, 128 Windpipe, 97, 117, 126, 128 X X-ray, 100, 105, 110, 114, 115, 120, 121, 128 X-ray therapy, 111, 128 Z Zoonoses, 120, 128 Zoster, 5, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 47, 48, 49, 128
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