_ ?,???? 'sra?
dhS;i:
':.?
; ??E '"' ; : ?CfllPb9PP;(!1?;iiT:-L';?4:?-jl;?ib36:-S.;*il-,? -LiJu;ti,'i;V%IPL%b;6.;,:L9...
20 downloads
625 Views
47MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
_ ?,???? 'sra?
dhS;i:
':.?
; ??E '"' ; : ?CfllPb9PP;(!1?;iiT:-L';?4:?-jl;?ib36:-S.;*il-,? -LiJu;ti,'i;V%IPL%b;6.;,:L9-;-. *u rrr - -e a,-----r.--c.
;.? ?i ':?I ' ;' ?? :?:'?
.r,??? .*:
1LII:: :i .?:???? ';? .?;?i.r-- i: UI1IIIHB-
i-P7j ri-r
:'2%1Csll
I
I
".
BE-
U1IIIWI
-? , t:?
ri"e ''?' i;
"'
i
SXj "
?: ;-i. ?
W:?? 1;_:.li.
??? .; :????? :?-:::?1.Pej? ?;:t:'':' ??, '""" ?:.??-:::; ??-:
''
?I ?
?B:; ; .::??.?;? .;trr:?:. . .:??:? .;. 'P?rk:;ir.;? ??? ??i??:??d?i' ? .,: :-Ei, ?:
7r F
'"
??-?
i?P;: !.t.g
- JI' ??... ?
1?
: 9??':
i
?CFJLi.i;.T;:'
.???r? i;??t?i ;:f;.,i?;????I? -?-?-:?I-'':'? :.?.? ?.:-? ???
::
:
''
u9CI
j.
..cl?.:??;-?-??!.;; ??. T':i?. ????. ?:-?..?! -'?'"it.i gti-'4? -?-- i? ?:??? ?r;:..? ;,si :if l?-L???I'.' 1?
:r?.r ?
:.fS ?:.... ?; ;
;;
.dI' Z .-i??' r ''''? ?:.???? ..?.? : "': t'
.....!??.:?:, ?: s;? : :
?nra?r:: .rC,'??: ?;'
i: ..- .?
i?s?:
...i
:..:..
::Y.:
?* ??;. '"
1
. ?, - ?? ?..r? :.?? $, '
::? ';??-? ??::. -.4.? r" ZIr i: ???'* ?c ;??i
I:
''
''':. -I????. '?4 ???'i'?'?.? I ?.:
??
. i.?...
nl 't --:?? ::
i,????
-1?. ?: ?-
.
?::?? ?:
?:
?! :?:???.:
i-??'
--'?Y -;
7reC;L:.? :*. .p. :r*?. ''i." ?-.? ...?;% :., ??-:?? ''''r: L*:?I:?: L??'r '?
L:
...
spF C"'
II
D1:?S i
;..*?? I'?3Z'S
?;:
r ?: C?r? ???-:
iir? ??.?
?
--
-R-,.::
:":
::;-------i?;i_?r-- -?- ? h 'j:? ??;?.:'*" r I:'
?,-rTr?l ?;
S'P'?
PERSPECTIVE
RESTORATION
OF
?
TEIE
BABBIUS
MONUMENT
by E. Skroubelos and J.Travlos)
RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY
THE AMERICAN
SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS
VOLUME I, PART HI IN MONUMENTS
THE
LOWER
AGORA
AND
NORTH
OF
THE
ARCHAIC
TEMPLE
BY
ROBERT L. SCRANTON
THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1951
ALL RIGHTS
PRINTED
RESERVED
IN GERMANY
AT J. J. AUGUSTIN,
GLUCKSTADT
PREFACE CorinthianAgora of the Roman period presents a complexity within its simplicity which is at once an aesthetic phenomenon of note and a tribute to the earlier builders, who laid out their sparse array of buildings, one by one, in such a way as to allow for addition after addition without destroying the essential unity of the plan. But the complexity becomes a problemin exposition, for the whole cannot be understoodwithout the parts, nor the parts by themselves alone. The present volume is a step toward the whole, although much remains to be done. Earlier volumes of the Corinth series have set forth most of the monuments on the north side of the Lower Agora: the Propylaea in Part I of Volume I; the Northwest Stoa and Shops, and the Facade of the ColossalFigures, in Part II - all by ProfessorRichard Stillwell. The present volume describesthe West Terrace,where most of the sanctuaries were, the Central Terrace where were the Bema, Shops and other monuments, the remaining part of the north side, above Peirene, and the monuments up and down the area of the Lower Agora. Thus the Lower Agora and its periphery are completed, with the exception of the Julian Basilica at the eastern end, which will appear elsewhere; as will the whole of the Upper Agora, dominated by the South Stoa. It should be noted that with the exception of the Northwest Stoa, already published, none of the Greekremains in the area of the Lower Agora is included. This is due partly to the unity of the volume, but far more to the fact that the Greek remains are to a considerable extent unvailable for study until further excavation has been carried out, or, as is the case with the Sacred Spring, are to be publishedin other contexts. The accounts of the various buildings offered in this volume owe much to a considerable number of people, and perhaps suffer in some ways from the exchange from hand to hand. Of the buildings on the West Terrace,the northernmost (Temple D, the temple of Hermes) with the area to the north was found in 1907 and the excavation was later completed by Professor Oscar Broneer; the southernmost (Temple F, the temple of Tyche) with the area to the south, was dug by Dr. Gladys Davidson (now Mrs. Weinberg) and ProfessorRichard Howland, under the general direction of ProfessorsBroneer and Stillwell. The rest of the buildings were excavated by myself under the general direction of Professors Stillwell and Morgan, with small exceptions noted in the text. The formal study of these buildings was begun in 1938, with Mr.Wulf Shaefer, then engaged by the School as architect at Corinth,working on the drawings; the work was interrupted by the war and resumed in 1946-47, with Mr. John Travlos, School Architect, and Mr. Elias Skroubelos,his assistant for Corinth,reworkingsome of the drawings THE
war by Hermann Wagner, but most are by Harissiades. Plates 10,, 253,261, 274,57~, and 592 are by Dr. Saul Weinberg. The Central Terrace was excavated in sections by a number of people: Professor Broneer did the eastern half of the eastern Shops, Miss Mary Folse, under the direction of Professors Broneer and Morgan,did the remainderof the eastern section of shops and the Bema; and Miss Mary Campbell, under Professor Morgan, did the rest. Except as noted, all of the drawingsare by Mr. Travlos and Mr. Skroubelos.All of the excavations benefited from real contributions by the foreman, Evangelos Lekkas. The study of the monuments north of the Archaic Temple is based on the results of excavations conducted by ProfessorF. Josef de Waele in 1929 and 1930. In the course of my own study I have further benefited substantially from discussion of the problems with B. H. Hill, and Vinko von Peschke contributedimportant ideas during the course of his work in preparing the drawings and restorations. The plan of the actual state is by Peschke, based on original plans by Douglas and Stillwell; the other drawingsare all by Peschke. Most of the photographs are by John L. Caskey, Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. It will be clear that I owe much to the notes of the excavators named, and it goes without saying that far more ideas than could be detailed were offered by the architects working with me, nor would grateful acknowledgmentbe complete without referenceto the architectural experience of Mr. Leicester B. Holland. Dr. B. H. Hill has provided important suggestions for the account. Above all, the intimate knowledge of Professor Broneer on all matters Corinthianhas influenced every page. The studies of the Lower Agora were made in 1946-47, while I was living at Corinth on funds provided in part by the Fellowship Committee of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and, in part, by particular generosity, by the Faculty Fellowship Committee of Vassar College, from which institution I was then on leave of absence. The study of the monuments north of the archaic temple was made during the summer of 1949, on funds of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Emory University
ROBERT SCRANTON
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
. . .
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN PLATES
. .
ix
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
LIST OF FOLDING PLATES AT END OF VOLUME CHAPTER I.
V
.
..........................
. .
. . . . . . . . . .
THE BUILDINGS ALONG THE WEST TERRACE .
I. INTRODUCTION .3......... II. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
. . . . . . . .
. .
. . . . . . .
3
................ .
.
3
....
6
.6................
6
A. THE TERRACE .............................. B. THE PRECINCT OF HERMES
.
. . .
. . . .
. . . . .
8
. . . . . . . . . . .
16
. . . . .
32
. . . .
C. THE AREA NORTH OF THE TEMPLE OF HERMES
. .
.
D. THE BABBIUS MONUMENT ................... E. THE FOUNTAIN OF POSEIDON
17
. . . . . . . .
. . . .
. .
F. THE TEMPLES OF "HERAKLES" AND POSEIDON ............
36
G. TEMPLEK
51
.
............................
H. THE RAMP SOUTH OF THE TEMPLE OF "HERAKLES" . . . . . . ..
.
I. THE PANTHEON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... J. THE TEMPLEOF TYCHE K. THE SOUTH END OF THE TERRACE III.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. HISTORYAFTERA.D. 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE BUILDINGS ALONG THE CENTRAL TERRACE
C. THE CIRCULAR MONUMENT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. THE DIONYSION . .. E. THE BEMA COMPLEX
. . . . . . . . . . . .
...
57 63
64 67 72 74
76
...................
A. THE EARLY STOA ........................ B. THE RETAINING WALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
52
74
1. INTRODUCTION........................... DEVELOPMENT II. ARCHITECTURAL
52
..................64
CHRONOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION
A. CHRONOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER II.
XV
..
..
. . ..
. . . . .. .......
. . . . . .
..
76 77 80
85 91
F. THE BASE IN FRONT OF THE BEMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
H. SMALL MONUMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CENTRAL TERRACE .....118 I. PASSAGES THROUGH THE TERRACE .................121
III. CHRONOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION ................. CHAPTERIII. THE ROMANLOWER AGORA
.........
124
13
..............
I. INTRODUCTION......................... II. THE ROMANPERIOD III. CHAPTER IV.
133
........
.135
.......1......
CHRONOLOGY AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
.............148
BUILDINGS NORTH OF THE ARCHAIC TEMPLE ...............
155
I. NATURAL SITUATION AND EARLIEST HISTORY OF THE AREA II. BUILDINGS OF THE FIFTH TO THE THIRD CENTURIES B.C.
156
....... ........
157
....
A. THE PAINTED BUILDING ...........
..
..157 163
B. THE NORTH STOA ........................ C. THE ASCENT TO THE ARCHAIC TEMPLE D. CHRONOLOGY AND INTERPRETATION
...............
173 173
................
III. THE ROMANPERIOD ..................
......
180 180
A. THE ROMANMARKET ...................... .................
188
................... C. OTHERROMANCONSTRUCTION
190
AND INTERPRETATION................. D. CHRONOLOGY
190
B. THE ROMAN RETAINING WALL
IV. SUMMARY . ..
..
..
..
. ..
..
. ..
..
. . . ..
. . . . .193
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT Perspective Restoration of the Babbius Monument .............
Frontispiece
Fig.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Plan of the Agora about A.D. 200. ........................ Tuscan Capital and Base. ............................ Architrave-Frieze from Temple of Hermes ..................... Elevation of Block from Corner of Gable of Temple of Hermes ............ Elevation of Block from Peak of Gable of Temple of Hermes ............ Section of Horizontal Cornice of Temple of Hermes ................. First Step of Podium of Babbius Monument .................... Second Step of Podium of Babbius Monument ................... Base Moulding of Podium of Babbius Monument ................. Orthostate for Revetment of Podium of Babbius Monument ..... ....... Crown Moulding of Podium of Babbius Monument ................. Block from Crown Course of Podium, or Euthynteria of Upper Structure, of Babbius Monu. ment ................................... Block of Stylobate of Babbius Monument ..................... Restored Drawing of Base of Column of Babbius Monument ............. Architrave-Frieze of Babbius Monument .................... Cornice of Babbius Monument .......................... Drawing of Ceiling Block of Babbius Monument, restored in Position ......... Marble Pine Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . One of the Balustrades, probably from Fountain of Poseidon ............. ....... Naturalistically Carved Bases. ............ Base for Dolphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthostates from Wall of Temple of "Herakles". ................. Blocks of Stylobate of Temple of "Herakles" ................... Restored Drawing of Base of Column from Temple of "Herakles" or Temple of Poseidon Capital from Temple of "Herakles" or Temple of Poseidon .............. Architrave-Frieze from Temple of "Herakles" ................... Corner Block from Gable of Temple of "Herakles" ................. Block from Peak of Gable of Temple of "Herakles" ................. Blocks from Poros Architrave-Frieze and Cornicefrom Temple of "Herakles" ......45 Threshold of Temple of "Herakles" ........................ Cornice from Gable of Temple of Poseidon ..................... Inscribed Architrave-Frieze of Temple of Poseidon ................. Poros Architrave Block, possibly from Pantheon .................. Poros Wall-Crown Block, possibly from Pantheon ................. Marble Cornice Blocks from Pantheon ....................... Capitals from Pantheon ............................. Column Base, possibly from Pantheon ...................... Crown Moulding from Temple of Tyche ...................... Base Moulding from Temple of Tyche ....................... Base of Column from Temple of Tyche ......................
4 10 12 13 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 34 35 36 39 40 41 42 42 44 45 47 48 49 54 54 55 56 56 58 59 60
43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.
Cornice Block from Side of Temple of Tyche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tympanum from Temple of Tyche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Development of the Buildings on the West Terrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan of Existing Remains and Restored Section of Circular Monument . . . . . . . . Sketch Plan of Successive Periods of Circular Monument: About 15 B.C., A.D. 15, and . . . . . . . . . . . . .... A.D . 45 ... . .. . . . . Plan of Existing Remains of Dionysion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restored Plan of Dionysion ........................... Base Mouldings from Scholae of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthostate from Schola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pier, with Orthostate and Crown Moulding, of Schola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Architrave from Eastern Schola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Floor Slab from Bema showing Clamp and Mark of Juncture of Sill behind Schola . . . Base Moulding of Bema Podium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crown Moulding of Bema Podium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corner Stylobate of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragment of Base for Pier of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragment of Pier A of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragment of Pier B of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragment of Pier C of Bema ........................ Seat Blocks from Side of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seat Block from Rear of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragment of Orthostate from Side of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragment of Pier by Central Entrance to Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flat Arch over Door of Shops ........................ Plan of Existing Remains of Altar in Lower Agora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suggested Restoration of Altar in Lower Agora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual and Restored Plans and Sections of Augustales Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small Base in Front of East Schola of Bema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan with Half-Elevation and Section of Stepped Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pier with Half-Column from Lower Story Fagade of North Stoa . . . . . . . . . . . Section of Cornice from Lower Story Facade of North Stoa .. . . . . . . . . . . . Balustrade-Pier from North Facade of Second Story of North Stoa . . . . . . . . . . Upper Section of Pier from North Faqade of Second Story of North Stoa . . . . . . . . Fragment of Doric Capital, possibly from North Stoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bedding for Interior Pier from Second Story of North Stoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interior Pier from Second Story of North Stoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horizontal Section of Architectural Member found near North Stoa . . . . . . . . . . Elevation and Horizontal Section of Anta found near North Stoa . . . . . . . . . . Block from Stylobate of North Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cornice from North Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restored Section and Elevation of Southeastern Cornerof North Market viewed from the West
62 62 65 80 84 86 87 94 94 95 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 107 108 113 139 140 143 144 145 165 165 165 167 167 169 171 171 171 185 186 189
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN PLATES Plate
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 2 7. 1 2 3 4 5 8. 1 2 9. 1 2 10. 1 2 3 11. 1 2 12. 1 2 3 4 13. 14. 1 2 15. 1 2 16. 17. 1 2 3 4 18. 1 2 19. 1 2 3 4
General View of the West Terrace from the North View of the West Terrace from the South Trench Showing Stratification South of Temple of Hermes Court in Front of Temple of Hermes View of Foundations of Temple of Hermes The South End of the West Terrace Fragments of Tuscan Capital and Base Temple of Hermes Ionic Capital Marble Architrave-Frieze Top of Frieze Block from Peak of Gable Corner Block from Gable Area North of Temple of Hermes Foundations of Babbius Monument Foundation Core of Babbius Monument Showing Imprint of Planks from Form Blocks from Revetment of Podium of Babbius Monument Babbius Monument Inscription on Orthostate from Podium Stylobate Block Shaft of Column Architrave-Frieze from Babbius Monument Capital from Babbius Monument Babbius Monument Cornice Ceiling Block, exterior Ceiling Block, interior Pine Cone, possibly from Finial Remains of Basins of Fountain of Poseidon Raking Balustrades from Fountain of Poseidon Naturalistically Carved Base, probably from Fountain of Poseidon Marble Dolphin and Base with Dedication Aphrodite from Fountain Foundations of Temples of "Herakles" and Poseidon Poros Orthostates from Temple of "Herakles" Marble Stylobate Block from Temple of "Herakles" Fragment of Column from Temple of "Herakles" or Temple of Poseidon Capitals from Temple of "Herakles" or Temple of Poseidon Inscribed Architrave-Frieze from Temple of "Herakles" Blocks from Entablature of Temples of "Herakles" and Poseidon Temple of "Herakles" Poros Horizontal Cornice from Rear Gable Poros Architrave-Frieze from Rear Corner Fragment of Marble Lintel Fragment of Marble Threshold
21. 22.
23.
24.
25.
26. 27.
28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
37.
2 Cornicefrom Corer of Gable 3 InscribedArchitrave-Frieze 4 Anta Capital Foundationsof TempleK 1 Poros Anta Capital,possiblyfrom Pantheon 2 MarbleCornicefrom Pantheon 3 Frieze Slab, possiblyfrom Pantheon 4 MarbleCapitalsfrom Pantheon Templeof Tyche 1 Fragmentof Step Block 2 CrownMouldingfrom Niche 3 Base Mouldingfrom Interior 4 Architrave-Frieze,possiblyfrom the North Wall Templeof Tyche 1 Base of Column 2 Capital 3 Cornicefrom Cornerof Gable 4 CentralBlock from Tympanum 1 Base with Inscriptionto Victoria 2 Statue of Victory found near Templeof Tyche 3 Coinof Plautilla, showingAphrodite,possiblywith MuralCrown 4 Statue of Tyche, possibly Cult Statue from Templeof Tyche 1 Coinsreferringto Cult of Tyche 2 Base for Statue of Regilla, designatedTyche 1 Statueof Aphroditeor ArtemisfoundnearPantheon 2 Statue of Athena found near Pantheon 3 Head of AntoninusPius, possiblyfrom Base in Passage North of Pantheon 4 Coinof CommodusshowingPoseidon,possiblyfrom Fountain 1 Apolloand Muse,foundnearTempleof Hermes 2 Fragmentsfrom Groupof Warriorsfound at North End of West Terrace 3 Fragmentof Statue of Zeus Chthoniosfrom SanctuaryNorth of Templeof Hermes View of Agorafrom West View of Agorafrom East WesternPart of CentralTerracefrom North 1 CuttingsforEarlyStoa Stylobate,andforShopSill,beforeEast CentralShopsVIII-X 2 East CentralShops I and II, with EarlierCuttings,from West 1 Retaining Wall behind West CentralShops I and II 2 Passage (A) East of CircularMonument 1 CircularMonumentfrom North 2 Junctureof Mouldingof CircularMonumentand Retaining Wall Ittar's Drawingof CircularMonument(Courtesyof the British Museum) CircularMonument 1 Cuttingsfor Base Moulding,East Side 2 Foundationson West 3 Mouldingfrom SecondPeriod Dionysion 1 View from North 2 Rear Wall below Floor Level
2 39. 1 2 40. 1 2 3 41. 1 2 42. 1 2 3 43. 1 2 44. 1 2 45. 1 2 3 46. 1 2 3 47. 1 2 3 48. 1 2 3 49. 1 2 3 4 50. 1 2 51. 1 2 3 52. 1 2 3 53. 54. 1 2 55. 56. 1 2 57. 1 2
The Bema and the Churchfrom the West The Eastern Schola The WesternSchola Seat Block with Dolphin,Cornerof WesternSchola Lion's Paw from Seat Block at Rear of WesternSchola Seat Block from End of West Wall of WesternSchola Base Mouldingsfrom Scholae Orthostatesfrom East Wall of Eastern Schola,with Pier and Base Mouldings Graffition Bottom of Orthostatefrom Schola Pier from East Wall of Eastern Schola Fragmentsof Capitalsfor Piers of Scholae CrownMouldingsfrom Scholae Architravefrom Eastern Schola CrownMouldingof Bema Podium Base Mouldingand Orthostateof Bema Podium Floor Slab from Bema at Point of Juncturewith Sill behind Schola Fragmentsof OrthostatesfromBemaPodiumRevetmentwith Cuttingsfor Attachment of Rostra Slabs from Edge of Bema Floor Stylobate and Foundationof Bema in situ CornerStylobate of Bema Fragmentof Base from Pier of Bema Pier A, from beside Entranceto Bema Pier B, from Corer of Bema Pier C, from End of Side Wall of Bema Seat Blocks from Side of Bema Fragmentof Seat Block from Rear of Bema Fragmentsof Orthostatesfrom Above Seats on Bema Fragmentof Pier by CentralEntranceof Bema Anta Capitals,possiblyfrom Bema CarvedFrieze, possiblyfrom Bema CorniceBlock, possiblyfrom Bema Foundationfor Platformin front of Bema East CentralShops from Bema East CentralShops from CircularMonument OpusIncertumof Walls of Shops Remainsof Anta FlankingEntranceto Shops Fragmentof ConcreteVaultingfrom Shops Sill of East CentralShops XII-XIV, showingFoot-Wearand Recutting Bench from Back of Shops,facing on UpperAgora Painted Plaster on Walls of Shops CentralRoom of East CentralShops Base Mouldingin CentralRoom of East CentralShops MarbleFloor of CentralRoom of East CentralShops Late Constructionin East CentralShop IV Tracesof Late Bench againstRear Wall of East CentralShop XIII Late "Chapel"in West CentralShopVI, andLaterStepsBuilt overWholeRangeof Shops InscribedPaving Slabs from Over Shops
Stylobate Orthostate Anta Entablature Entablature from Light Exedra Coin of Lucius Verus, showing Circular Monument Cross on Pier by Entrance to Bema Passage B, East of Bema Passage C, West of Bema The Walls above Peirene Foundations of Altar in Lower Agora Maenad Relief, possibly from Altar The Terentius Altar Mast Emplacement, from the West Bottom of Mast Emplacement Augustales Base for Statue of Athena Top of Augustales Base The Stepped Base in front of the Facade of the Colossal Figures The Kantharos Base Small Base in front of East Schola of the Bema The Iustitius-Heliodorus Base The Composite-Circle Base Round Altar The North Stoa and Roman Market from the West, soon after Excavation The Roman Market and North Stoa from the East, soon after Excavation Remains of the Painted Building, from the East East End of the Painted Building, from the West The Archaic Road on the Northeast Shoulder of the Temple Hill Stylobate of the North Stoa with the Sill of the Stoa Area and Drain Entrance to the Great Cistern through the Roman Shop Cornice from Between First and Second Floors of North Stoa North Stoa from the West Some of the Stone Catapult Balls Southwest Corner Room of Roman Market Gold Coins found under Floor of North Stoa Roman Market from West, after all Byzantine Additions were Removed Central Shops on South Side of Roman Market Interior of Door of Shop, with Mosaic in Corridorin Front South Corridorof Roman Market showing Mosaics as Preserved Details of Mosaics Bathing Scene on Black-Figured Vase Bathing Scene on Red-Figured Vase S Bathing Scene on Red-Figured Vase
2 3 4 59. 1 2 3 60. 1 2 61. 62. 1 2 68. 64. 1 2 65. 1 2 66. 1 2 3 67. 1 2 3 68. 69. 70. 1 2 71. 1 2 3 4 72. 1 2 3 73. 74. 1 2 75. 1 2 3 76. 1 2
A. General Plan of West Terrace Showing Existing Remains B. Restored Plan and Elevation of West Terrace, about A.D. 200 C. Restored Order of Babbius Monument D. Restored Elevation of Babbius Monument E. Plan of Existing Remains, Restored Plan, and Restored Elevation of Buildings along the Central Terrace F. Plan of Existing Remains of Bema, and Restored Elevation along Longitudinal Section G. Restored Plans of Lower and Upper Levels of Bema Complex H. Sections of Eastern Wall of Schola and Revetment of Bema Podium I. Capitals from the Scholae J. Plan of Existing Remains of East Central Shops, and Restored Plan K. North Stoa and Market, Actual State L. Sections: A - Through the North Market at A B - Through the North Stoa at B M. The North Stoa Restored N. The North Market Restored 0. Key Plan of the Central Area of Corinth (Partially revised through 1949 from plan by J. Travlos in 1947)
MONUMENTS IN THE LOWER AGORA AND NORTH OF THE ARCHAIC TEMPLE
CHAPTER
I
THE BUILDINGS ALONG THE WEST TERRACE I. INTRODUCTION period of greatest development, the west terrace of the Lower Agora of Roman Corinth presented a solid array of small temples, facing the lower market place.1 The other three sides of the Agora were lined with civic and commercial buildings (Fig. 1). Along the north, below the archaic temple, was the long facade of the Northwest Shops, the Captives Facade with the Basilica behind, the Propylaea, and probably a colonnade of some sort above the ledge under which lay the fountain Peirene. On the east was the great height of the Julian Basilica. Along the south side, separating the Lower Agora from the higher south terracein front of the South Stoa, were the CentralShops, extending to the east and west of the Bema. But the phalanx of buildings along the west terrace must have been one of the dominant notes of interest in the Agora, not only because of the slightly elevated position at the narrow end of the area, but because, to adopt the words of Pausanias, here were most of the sanctuaries. Beginning at the south2 was the Temple of Tyche, an Ionic building of unusually rich and fine workmanship, and beside it the Pantheon, a temple of the Corinthianorder. Then came a broad passage leading to a sort of "forum transitorium" behind the temples; above this the observer in the Agora would have seen the monumental approach to Temple E to the west, and parts of the West Shops at the western side of the area. North of the passage were twin temples dedicated by Commodus, probably to Herakles and Poseidon respectively; in Pausanias' day this position was occupied by the Fountain of Poseidon, with its statue of the god with one foot resting on a dolphin spouting water. Behind these would have appearedthe flank of a building tentatively called Temple K, but the dominant figure of the northern side of the terrace would have been theround Corinthian tempietto of Babbius. North of this was the precinct of Hermes, with a temple and a second statue standing on a base at the corner, the ensemble reached through a forecourt and flight of AT ITS
1 In general, see Stillwell, A. J. A., XL, 1936, pp. 21-22; 25-27; Morgan, A. J. A., XLIII, 1939, pp. 263-4; Broneer, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 235-6. Detailed references will be given below. 2 These names may be given in anticipation of the identifications to be offered at the end of the study. Athough the identifications are to some extent conjectural, it seems preferable to use the names of the deities in referring to the buildings in the text, so as to avoid the confusing reference by letters of the alphabet. Purely conjectural, or less certain identifications are indicated by quotation marks. The equation with the letters given in the excavation reports are as follows: Temple D is the temple of Hermes; F is the temple of Tyche; G, the Pantheon; H, the temple of "Herakles"; J, the temple of Poseidon.
1*
0
? u ?
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L d ?
O ?:
0?F
8F85
to
,t"'POLL'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..
..-..'
O~~~~~ 30
Lb D
100
\
T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r\Y ? M. - s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
J P,
,ju3'
,o
PA,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~eo9 s
J1 M.
?
,60Vioo ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 .ABOUT A.D. 200 FIGURF1. PLANoF TH, .AGORA
o~
court in which probably stood statues of Zeus; and through which the precinct of the great archaic temple could be reached. The area in which these buildings stood lay on the edge of an artificial terrace extending between the Central Shops and the Northwest Stoa (Pls. 1, 2). Behind the temples, the western side of the terrace was later bounded by the West Shops, a row of vaulted rooms, flanking a monumental approachto the plateia in front of Temple E to the west. To the north was a gate for the road leading to the Odeion, the Theatre, and Sikyon; to the south, the area has not been explored. The history of habitation on the site goes back to the earliest period known from Corinth,although the massive foundations of the closely serriedarray of six temples and several monuments have destroyed all but slight traces of the periods earlier than Roman times. From the evidence at our disposal, however, it appears that in the ages preceding the habitation of Corinth, there was a fairly even slope to the west, with a small valley leading southeast and another northwest, at the ends of the area, and a small hollow in the middle, for we find deposits of prehistoric pottery of the neolithic period lying in the hollows.3 There are also remains of geometric civilization; a grave, probably of this period, was found within the foundations of the temple of Tyche, and another was disturbed by the buildersof the temple of Poseidon.4Several fine specimens of geometric and early Corinthianwares have been found in back fill against the walls of the temples. Of later Hellenic habitation the remains are few. A small cistern just to the west of the temple of Poseidon was discovered in 1935; it produced a quantity of objects of late Hellenistic date, some of unusual interest. Among these were several fine ivory combs, the arm of a chryselephantine statue, and some figurines.5Earlier excavations west of the north end of the area, in 1903, produced a deposit of Greek terracottas6relating to a hero cult. These suggest the proximity of one or more sanctuaries,but no architectural remains of these have been identified. We can hardly guess even the source of the objects. In fact, the most extensive remains in the area which are of pre-Roman date suggest the convergence of a series of roads leading down into the Agora (Plan A). A trench (PI. 3) between the temple of Hermes and temple K, extending from the Agora pavement to the plateia of the west terrace, shows that at one time a gentle slope connected the two levels, traversed almost indiscriminately by traffic of all sorts. A broad road, indeed, was marked out by lines of stones set as curbs and serving to keep the earth from sliding. The direction of this road is northwest by southeast; i. e., it leads up to the A. J. A., XL, 1936, p. 43. Stillwell, loc. cit. Stillwell, loc. cit. Heermance, A. J. A., VII, 1903, p. 350; VIII, 1904, p. 433, pl. XVII; Robinson, A. J. A., X, 1906, pp. 164-173.
3Stillwell, 4
6 6
A small drain, presumably continuing the one behind the Hellenistic terrace wall at the end of the Northwest Stoa,7 leads down toward a large drain in the Agora in front of the temple of Poseidon. Thus the main artery of traffic would appear to have been from the area of the Roman Sikyonian gate to a road leading up the center of the present Lower Agora, but there is also a slight slope down to the east, suggesting that traffic also diverged to the early road in front of the Northwest Stoa. Traces of another road have been found west of the South Stoa, and possibly this joined the first road east of the Pantheon. Probably a third road or path led directly west. The stratification in the trench showed a successive series of packed surfaces, suggesting the continuous use of the road over some period of time, but the pottery was meager and serves only to show that the later phases of the road cannot be earlier than Hellenistic times.
II. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT A. THE TERRACE
THEfirst actual construction which can be traced is the erection of a retaining wall along the line marked approximately by the front of the foundations of the Roman buildings (Plan A, PI. 4). This wall held up the eastern face of the terrace which enclosed the cul-de-sac at the western end of the Northwest Stoa.8 Near the entrance of this culde-sac a flight of steps 3.20 m. wide led up southward to the top of the new level. The original height of the steps and hence of the wall, with the terrace behind, may be estimated approximately by a study of the partially preserved western cheek. The top of the highest preserved block is about 0.60 m. above the top of the foundations as we find them along the east face of the terrace. This top surface is unworn, and evidently carried other blocks. A similar block would raise the height to 1.20 m. But the level of the highest road at the western end of the temple of Hermes is about 1.90 m. above the bottom of the retaining wall, so that it is likely that a third block is to be postulated, bringing the height of the terrace to about 1.80 m. The line of the south wall of the cul-de-sac was continued eastwardin the early Roman period by a low terrace facing the Northwest Stoa through the area of the later Northwest Shops,9 but the east face of the retaining wall of the west terrace proper takes its departure just east of the stairs. The remains of this wall consist first of a line of euthynteria blocks below the edge of a foundation of poros blocks in front of the temple ? Stillwell, Corinth, I, ii, pp. 108-109.
Described by Stillwell, Corinth, I, ii, pp. 107ff., 128. 9 Ibid., p. 108.
8
just under the edge of the core. To the south, a few blocks are missing, but the broken end of another appearsunder the foundations of the temple of Poseidon and still another projects from beneath a concrete base at the southeast corner of the temple of "Herakles." South of this point nothing is preserved for a distance of two meters, but a block at right angles to the line, about 1.30 m. behind it, may have formed the north cheek of a road passing through the terrace between the Pantheon and the temple of "Herakles", for 1.80 m. to the south is a line of blocks which might have served as the south cheek. The latter is not at right angles to the line we have been following, but the main retaining wall continued southward in the same line. In this area, the wall had two periods. In the first, it lay below the stylobate of the temple of Tyche, as indicated by a block in the foundation of the temple, and cuttings in bed-rockto the south. Just south of the temple a stairway intersects the line, but a final trace of it may be seen in a block disappearing under the foundations of the archaic colonnade bearing an aqueduct, opposite the end of the line of the Central Shops; the stone in question was evidently unknown to the builders of the colonnade, for half a meter of earth lies above it before the foundations of the colonnade on that side begin. In its second period, the terrace to the south of the ramp seems to have been moved eastward about 2.40 m. at an early date. The new line may be seen in a series of blocks some 0.50 m. in height, now serving as the foundation for the first step of the temple of Tyche, and to the south is a cutting in the hardpan continuing the line as far as the line of the cheek of the stairs leading up to the west. The situation in this area of the stairs is rather complicated, because of several disturbing factors (PI. 61). The first of these is the fact that at some period the great Roman sewer, entered by a vaulted chamber over whose roof the stairs at present ascend,10was excavated through the area and the concrete ceiling for the sewer now forms the floor of the approach to the stairs. In the second place, the distributing basin for the aqueduct on the archaic columns leading from the cornerof the South Stoall was erected on foundations which obscure part of the area, while the massive basin itself has tipped over, concealing still more of it. Finally, a third structure of brick-facedconcrete was erected at some periodjust north of the distributing basin, completely blocking the approach to the present stairs. The original terrace may or may not have had a stairway at this point. The probabilities, indeed, are against it, since the ground in front must have risen rather rapidly to the south, and the lower level would have merged with the upper not far to the soutlh. However, the retaining wall of the second period in all probability did have stairs at this 10 Stillwell, A. J. A., XL, 1936, pp. 22-24. '
Broneer, A. J. A., XXXIX, 1935, p. 64, and XXXVII, 1933, p. 566.
the earlier terrace, which might have served as its northern cheek. The bottom step of the present stairs ascending the vault may be of this construction, re-used; it is of poros and much worn, and differsin these respects from the upper treads. At a later period the large drain was put in, and the stairs moved back to rest directly upon the vault; the southern cheek was extended at this time in a constructionof rubble-concrete.Later the distributing basin of the aqueduct was built on a heavy foundation sunk into the projecting corner of the terrace south of the stairs; and finally, much later, the brick-concrete foundation was constructed. Two other points should be noted. There is a line of small stones joining the two cheeks of the road between the Pantheon and the temple of "Herakles;" whether these are originalwith the terrace or not is a question. They are much slighter in construction, and although it is conceivable that they supported a step, the probability would appear to be that they were introduced at some later period, possibly Byzantine, since the whole area has been disturbed by Byzantine excavation. The second point concerns a block fixed in the core of the Babbius monument, at its south corner (PI. 82). It is concealed by the cement of a Byzantine grave, and might be taken for part of the grave, were it not for the fact that the concrete of the base covers one edge. It resemblesthe blocks of the cheeks of the stairways, interrupting the terrace wall. It is possible that there was a stairway at this point, which would be approximately the center of the north section of the wall, and that this block was not removed for re-use by the builders of the Babbius monument. The aspect of the Agora at the time of the completion of the original terrace must have been simple. The observer in the market below would have seen only the wall, scarcely more than head-high, penetrated by a road, and perhaps a flight of stairs halfway from the road to the northern corner. The period of this arrangement cannot be settled accurately by excavational evidence, since so little fill remains, but the conditions in this area would be perfectly compatible with the date suggested by Stillwell for the terrace in the cul-de-sac, and of the Northwest Stoa; namely the end of the third or the beginning of the second century B.C. The extension of the terrace forward in its southern section might then have been a modification introduced by the early Roman colonists.
B. THE PRECINCTOF HERMES At the north end of the terrace is the Precinct of Hermes, whose history is the most complicated of the entire group. (Plans A, B; PI. 5). It was one of the two earliest temples of the series, if not the earliest. In its original period it stood on the terrace above the cul-de-sac, approached by the original stairs from the north. Built almost
period the ground level on the south at least was raised, and a large circular base for a statue was erected at the southwest corner. Later the cul-de-sac on the west end of the Northwest Stoa was filled in, and the terrace in front of the temple was cut away to provide a sunken fore-courtfromwhich the temple and the new level to the north were approached by marble stairs. At this time or later the temple was rebuilt in marble.At some period the precinct was enclosed by a wall on the south, west, and north. Foundations The foundations of the temple consist of a mass of concrete rubble, which was evidently filled into a pit excavated to the approximate size of the temple plan (PI. 5). The concrete was applied in layers some twenty-five to fifty centimeters thick. Those parts of the foundation which were to carry the poros walls rose no higher than ca. 1.40 m. above the Agora level below the eastern face of the terrace; at this level poros blocks were laid, and concrete poured between to support the floor, to the level of the top of the second course of blocks ca. 0.90 m. higher. We know that at one period the temple was built of marble, but there is reason to suppose that originally it was largely, if not entirely, of poros. The finished poros wall blocks along the north side show traces of cement, by which a marble revetment might have been held. The single block of the correspondingcourse on the south, however, has no such traces. It would thus appear that after the originalconstruction the groundlevel to the south was raised to cover the lowest course of the original building, and that then or later it was rebuilt of marble. The raising of the ground level is corroboratedby the fact that the surface of the round base at the southwest corner lies at the same level as the top of the second poros course of the temple, and was evidently flush with the ground when it was built. The lowest foundation course was not finished on its external surfaces, and so was evidently not intended to be visible; the second preservedcoursewas finishedon the outer surfaceevidently to be seen. Hence the groundlevel must have lain nearthejoint, ca. 1.801.90 m. above the Agora below. The third course of blocks is missing, but it must have been recessed ca. 0.15 m., as indicated along the north side, where the second course is fairly well representedby a series of shallow rectangularcuttings along the outer edge of the top surface about 0.08-0.14 m. from the edge. These suggest beddings for marble revetment, which belongs to the second period, but they indicate that even in the original structure the third course was recessed, leaving a narrowledge around the wall. The blocks are, to be sure, apparently re-used, with traces of clamp cuttings, but the regulararrangementof the cuttings would be hard to explain as fortuitous.
Early Period of the Temple The floor in the original period, if we allow a few centimeters, say ten, for paving above the level of the second poros course, would have been approximately 0.60 m. above the ground along the side; but the ground level sloped to the east, so that the pronaos floor could have been ca. 0.70 m. above the ground level in front. For this three low steps may ' _ ______'_' ., }..-'0.49'4 .- ... H !\\ be postulated, on the front only, since there is no projection of the pronaos foundations to carry steps along the side. For the superstructureof the poros building there is no certain evidence. Numerous poros blocks have been found in the vicinity from several different structures, but none c I -70 that can be certainly, or even probably, assigned to the temple of Hermes. But it is lo o 2o 4o C m . tempting to assign to this temple a marble base and capital of the Tuscan order found in t - -:,,0.4: the vicinity (P1. 62; Fig. 2); such would be . a 4- appropriate to an early temple in a Roman /..C. ""--"--"'--,!::'::::::::::::;";,'" ^^ i"/ ' ,,. * _ / colony, and there is no other structure to o )^.\{A^ which they can be definitely attributed. They are well made and designed, in the typical scheme for the order. The top of the shaft is APITAL AND BASE........ TUSAN FIGURE 2............ included in the capital, decorated with four i ............ ........... '..... rosettes. Above is a raised ring, surmounted by the echinus and low abacus. The base flares broadly toward the bottom, but is plain and simple. Whatever the buildingwas which . . . ........ . / , was adorned by these capitals, it must have CPTLADB"-_F FiGua 2 TU:''"SCAN been erected early in the history of Roman Corinth; it is improbable that the second or third generation of colonists would have been experimentingin Italic forms. The capital and base are of blue marble, FIGURE, 2 TUSCAN CAPITAL AND BASE not poros; the shaft may or may not have |i
H .:
i..
question whether it supported a stone architrave, which the mass of the foundations of the temple might seem to require. Still, the capitals may have carried a poros architrave in spite of the lack of cuttings. Later Period of the Temple At a later period, as we have seen, the temple was rebuilt in marble,in the Ionic order, but remained a simple tetrastyle structure. The walls were sheathed with a thin marble revetment; marble columns, architrave-frieze,cornice, and pediments were substituted for the originals. Of this period of the temple much more detail can be given. Presumably the rise in ground level, indicated by the circularmonument in the rear, to the height of the cella floor extended along the south side, but not the north. This is indicated in part by the traces of cement on the second course of wall blocks on the north side, already mentioned; partly by the fact that the pavement laid on the filled-in cul-de-sac at the west end of the Northwest Stoa about A.D. 10012was at the originallevel. But whether or not the level immediately in front of the temple was changed, and if not, where the transition took place, cannot be determined. Possibly a gradual slope was laid out, which would allow the building to rise above ground level in front only slightly. Of the stylobate itself, and of the columns, no attributions can be made, with the exception of an Ionic capital (P1. 71), but a number of interesting fragments of the entablature are preserved. The architrave-friezeand cornices present curious inconsistencies. There remain two column-borne architrave-friezeblocks, (P1.72,3; Fig. 3), each ca. 2.15 m. long, from the pronaos. Each has been broken at one end; they have an apparently original diagonal cutting for half the thickness of the block, with the rest of the end roughly cut or broken away. They might come either from the front of the temple, over the corner columns, or from the side, leading back from the cornercolumn. But the position of the sole clamp on one of the preservedblocks suggests that the block fitted into a cutting in another architrave-friezeextending across the roughly-cut end of the block, which would be appropriate for the front corner architrave-frieze. The preserved blocks, then, come from the side. The top surfaces show a sort of anathyrosis: that is, there is a bearing surface some 0.05 m. wide, carefally smoothed on each edge, the part between being cut deeper in rather rough fashion. In each example, the mouldings and the fasciae are cut with moderate care, rather better on the presumed outer side. The lines are almost true, but not exactly so. The lower surface is carefully worked, with clearly defined areas where the architrave rested on the column. About two centimeters of projecting, undressed stone occur at the end of the carved surface 12
Corinth, I, ii, pp. 110-113, p1. XIV, section A-A.
the remarkableabsence of anathyrosis on the ends, which are so roughly dressed as to leave the joints awkwardly visible.
'
'..'.
;.'::
'^ .,v-'',*
'..'....
,,
,, , ^^,,,,
r_ j//
,...... ,'
..,,
C \i'*'
_./,'
th -s~~Gnea View of ~~~~~~~* (Z-~ Dins B-.h Babu t ouet
e WestTrc etes in f oe2
'
~.~,
r........,.;+:
~~~~~~ *~~~
he te
~
Ad
L~
i
-?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
%S
..
-'*?.ne
kli
~~_
Viwfth
.I
?-I
~~
io??;:ll
~ ~
r-tl
~ ~
!krd
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~L~~~Z~~ ?.'C~~~~~-~~ rt,l -?
t
t
?*
??
,r
~~~
J
uWM
?
Ws Trrc
fo
te
oth(B-BabusMouen;
terLttrs
f.No
2;'L; ' :?irc:U??L ?I
*.
1:.?9.c. ;? ?ej
.Lr.?;
.,
;iF?s
C11.1.'
'' ?'
''
""' r ??
W?-3Lsjrlqgj2Law6n 1? ,!... I
?II
t.
i, ;"
a
-?'
: '' .?.?
?:'?. rr.. ?- -
"Tr r ..-.?
r
E
??? ;i;
i.?-,
-.???-
?C' ?IEEtiiIICLi:PILs'?*'L;: ?' :-2?lqle.'L :?;. r * 4?. ir ...
t?, j
.. 1.,???i;
_?
;c?i',1 ib;
116?7 fIr?
;n3;1;
''
??
I?
c, '.?c
lli?.? ?,
r
:::.
e
-'f
:? ?sc* ;+' 1 "'''' ??????.?.5 r?? +.I
,? ??
?'
3I ??
c??i;
*P. 1.. fil
r?
i,
I
:r.i
.i,L?
.13 ?,:I ??
i, r?
i :.r?1.r
r
Pe?PL?RL ""
'S
?-
''
i.
? ?; r,
=.1
?.'
r:
.I*I
C\
,,
10 j?
: i'
d * 1.
CI?,
I
?: 6?
i I
'
'
.+
, 9r Ii
'
f
.e '?
13?
?'???, ii: .:
?I r? L'
?; .,.. .???. i ?.?*?:. ?.f? ? ?,1. ,?r
r
I' .I-
r I%
i
'?
i L ..I.:? .--:??5.?1 (? .??: !? t? ?
j. IiC.
ti
.;r tb I?? i...l I-), ..!.,-? ?.
5
r? .?? ?r Irc.:?I!
: f:
?\e ?
?,. ?
c
a ?i
, J.-:??l
i
C"I
-e ?,*!
t; Z 'i
,. r
?r ;?
:I'r???; C
?c: i??
?,
r
r ?
-IT
?;
' ?i
.I r?, ?? c
r II( :1
iiit
'o: :? -*?
i. .' ?,
:?
'I
?? .I
I
ij.? .
r "
11: :?
'':I;
"5.:?
I , I
.I ??1 !..?-.'' ......
c,
'' .. .J;
r
;3?L1?I*?
r?
r
I
\"Y`
?;
r..
-
c ?.?
.J?',
'''iI,
? g
?...
i' I
t?6
i' 'i. ? '
?j !:? ?Titi:
A
1?
I i
I
Ii
?;1
,
i ?r ;r?r ;G I'
i
1 ? I!
. ?'?
!e -.r?u
t
) v. 1.;
.??
?5
iY
iI rl'
v:
?;
r.
:"
?.'
''
1
:..n
. ;
:
f I' r ''
?? -x?,;
?i '?;
"
I:t-i; ?-: 2_
r
if ?
r
:?
PCFC
f' "
'b '?
1
.,3-
L? ?:
??;
rI ??
YI)liijL'
..
*
jii
I
Tfench Showing Stratication South of Temple of Hermcs
ili~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r
i~' ....~.....
..~.C
~..'7~.
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~~~~~~ ~ , *. ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~~~~~~~~~. ? ~L?:I;I. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:~ ??
Cor nFoto heTml fHre
L
-e i---i-?
.I
II
1.
--
r" -C ?r.?*lr.r*?E c? ??s .;n;;lFI.P,,pc;-
.....
~TZs
d.
*
1
1-
C
lir
?i
,--rr .-~?14i
f-7 ,
r
ay
L
'''
"-?.;
??j; -r.-
--
?IJrr.
Li
??
--- ---.-' ?FIC ?:lrC?ZiYYCIC
.?.? E*r
rri
*-
-
-CTA1~C'-Cb?b?
-.1? " +e -"
-r.
rL
??
IC-
CUI"1(BL
I. 'CP
Ir
r-
y L\
.
1E-_ i
r"
''
I .:
--?-?
-~?? :T -?-.
:
?
?: ?ri
J*I '
isjirr
e
b
r - -I.--
.
? -c?i
.?.
' ?..?: ?-' r?l
.i.. ... i'' "'
r
?? ,,.,,r
::
i:
r
I??
?.?:
?-
'' .'I .:I
-?
i ?,
i?
c?, !I
.,,?
"
,, j??,ra;?:r?':
.. D"1''" T?s C;'ir ??i:nc r ,??
tI r.b'r; ??I. ?TQ?r ... . a*? :.
1??1 ;r:
ilE
8 ?f? .. ,?r
:"?'
?:
v*?.. ?* ;jsJi `*?? '''- *rJ`?-t -i ' ??1
??*i J?
.??(..?f?.;_ .;.1. I c'???r .
ial ..:: ..
L'k
??53 I:_
?:?'Z
View of Foundations of Temple of Hermes (a - Foundation of Terrace Wall of Cul-de-Sac B - Foundation of Late Propy
PLATE6 dP'-??-- f:
iF:
Ct
r ?;e
..,::??--?ur
,?
??-:? ?k:
'....
r'
?-? -y??I.i-?;
I I:
?;r I.??L? j*
IC .?;?.
''
rl-
?':;. ? ,r
;?i
;pSI Eil?A f?-.: ??= -?
h?-'
irlirs iu* ii.
r
?,?
..?..-. :--1? =:?
.-r t-
?
,_-
??;'
E*j? L;i'rb-"jF3le?.:
`rF
I CifSAj4
?;* ?r
?e-'? r.
-r?*:
?:Lf:
.
J ?s';
i.??-
FF ?I:
:I
.??;
??:
??;??.'?'?:
?..i?
c:
"
T?YI:
.I.?.-?i?
?--?ii
aji
?-.? ;?I'-i,"';P????: 'tj!
???-:C-N.Aq r?i:_? I
r
.... 1.?
8,4T
,
,?,
-? ?-
i-?
'._??? i?..'...?j2r
L.L
i ?
*
I ---r.??
;
'r
S;'7
ji; cqqgie
e'
..., d r. lt:?
?f
= I
r,?
r?
'"' t ,i1
I
?,
-?I;? ?-.; .I??r 'I:-?'?,-?'C
r
g
I*,
,,.,..1
,?? ::
a
;*3 ;r
C:
Bcl-s
Y?.
,sl
;? -i? r?* ;:?-C=?-Li
5 je
;?:'7.92r?5 ji?iL;;4Y I?J.:f;1
'I
'5? !??$?
?c
i
;r: b
..cl
t-,c: -xi
.?.-.,.
.t.
?12
?xU *c .r +=1 . .
1??#'.Lc .i f. isa. u-
c r
:!
?rc-tf
?i? :
,, .;.
i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i?i .r?
jr,
r--cae
????I
r
-??.
i ; r:?
:S' C :' *
iZ
??;?:... ??r: :-?
w
1. South End of West Terrace ....
a-
,~ ,l
*i
.
a' - Line of Early Terrace Wall in Second Period
?
',
?Je.,
'
.
'l.
Block of Early Terrace Wall of First Period
- Corner of Pit for Foundation of Unknown Monument - Late Foundation Closing Early Stairs - Foundation for Water Reservoir
~ ?
.
i~l.
- - C_ I o-
II
?
- Fragments of Reservoir
..~~~~~~*1
:
' '~ ~i~
~b~i~~
~ y~
..
-
~l~ ~
I~t
~ '~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ S' ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.2 1-?
-
'P
9
'
's''
2. Fragments of Tuscan Capital and Base
*~~~ s
- 'XK;s;
$^t_ie-
L
'
"'
. -Blo of--m Block Pc~dcofG~tb]c 7.?z'om I~~~~~~~~ ."'
-'
I?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,...., .
?rl
Blc
rmPeko
al
4.'
1. Ionic Capital
2~C~ 5.MarArc:avArcC*thitaeFi ble~ Frez 2,Mab.l?
'..
'?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ' , , J ,iS'';,~ , ~'~ ~
.-
-
-
~,-..
?
2. MarbleArchitave-Friete
TEMPLE OF HERMES
< -'- 9: .
Fre... .
.- - >.jv... .
, r, ,....
T o ~~~.
PLATE8
~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~.....~ .
-
.? -..:-.,?
~
.
?
. ....~~~~~???'~ . . . .. .l '*
.,.,:'-~.LY`~~','i';I~
~:~'' _s_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_
_M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
a
_
_a_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~? ~
:-~ -- .
:.,..
.
..
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i?A ,,. 'Ipi, *jg?~:_.?.:~:.. i:?--.:~~'.~:' ~ '
.}
s;~~~~
.
,~.
~~~-I
?"
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ..
..,~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,....:,.? _
.,.:'.-,"
~
..
-.l-.?.-:.,~'
:"
::~~~~~~~~~~~~;;'-'~ ---
r
'
?'
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~'*'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~. ~ ~~_i -'"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' R
/'ii_'''~i'-. :?
?L.
1:i~' '~' 'p~ ~,':',..
"
~ '~!z~j~
i;k~cb~.l i;;"~~?rI
'-:
v
~;l;_
*2~,
;~,~ r,~j?r~o-.La~-..
a
..,,.
..
I
.
:%'~!
?? u,~~"'
.
~
~
h~~ll*.
. .? .. Y.:.....[
'
..'?
:
."~...
-.~~~~~~~~~
....
.
_.
.
%-i
-...
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'-?? 1'5."[:'
alyTraeWl;/-Bokfm 2.Funaion ~Fonaino of biusMnmn FoigoReangWllndevtntoBbiu of~?Stai..rs Cheek :.... .. .... :i...:-..:...,. Wall .. :'aiin .otn .erc;Stir in .al of ~~~,?-??onmet Cheek~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"" .of.,:
B eemnto
.... '...
Ei
arl Terc; abu
PLATE 9
-i
W
....
....
I
t ^t
.
~~~~~~
:-
''
!',
, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,....~?'
a
t
.
,,
, .
n?-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ?~
". .
;.
.'~.,
!, Fondaton Cre of o ~Babb~~iuMometShowingI~Pmpit / ~_~
s.-i
i_
Blocks
2.~ ~?
*,
~Plan ~rmor k
.
--,,.-
from
Revetment ,'7 ~."": .
of ,
.
Podium ..~.~
of .
';
BabbiusMonument .
.
r
'* . . . ~,~:~~~~~~~~~~~''
.....~~~.. '~"-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-? ~'r....,.
....
?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
of Babbius t eo Piu hwn Monument 2. Blndtock foromee
mrt
Pak
o
Fm
PLATE 10
/--." |1
v" ::-.- '.' l
.
9
v
"~..Inscrpto on Orhstt
from
1. Inscription on Orthostate from Podium
T
'~~~ ~-~i'~~'L ?:r~urLI?L
3. Column Shaft BABBIUS MONUMENT
?~~~~~~'.?. ::'!..'...: ~,,~i' _ .~,~
;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r
.
.i
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
il?
~~~~ -''"" ""~': i'"r,",~:,'~"
'"'
"""
'
I
";;:"''':"::-'""
'~: 1i ~ ''?:"m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:"??
~~~f '
~
?
b""""L~
~
;
.....'
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~ ~ ~~~ c~~r
':....
I
,
:,
.
L~~r~~-
?
8~i~~--??
.
,,
:~
r
r*
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,.."-5?.., ?~~~-.Acirv-ree an C apita fr
.
~~~~t~~3~~
o
m
B
a
~~~~~~~~~~
,~~~~~~~~~~~
bisMoumn
~~~~~~
'~ -
~~~~~~~~~~ 1,8'~~~
PLATE 12
tt.. ?'
?:
;.~..
il~
.. ..
At~~~~~~~~t ? .,,.. '.1?1,?':.,....
'.~......
.~'.:~ ~.. ; :. .:,,, ( "/"~": ,7.1
-
'. ~~~~~
4.-.,
..:.,:. .~~ 2'3., .Cin
.~
.... n
Et..ro
r
nci
~~~~~~~~-1 ~~~~~~ A~~~~~~~~4 ,]~~~~~~~~~~~~?
? '..,
.
.
.
?*
.
,p-
i
'
'"?C:
~ irjish''i~~~~~~~~
''
.
1
4. Pine Cone, Possibly from Finial
p..
..~.... :!~.k
?!~ 'L~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ,:~,.
, .~~ .~~.,'.,.' ; . ....,. , "~. :'.'
;Dl;ytii~~~~~~~'Ca , . ....;~ .
': ?::i~
c.?~t~'l' ....'.: I~-..? '
~-)?.i? C.iling'
~. ~.",". ?-
?h
E ro ~ ntro Ce ln,? .-.
-,
"
4
i_ .
.'
En
1. Cornice
BABBIUS MONUMENT
r
?i
;a ?~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~.:~~~~~~~~~~~~~? "'".-....~ -~.. *..~.1~ :~;-' ~~ :..~-.,~,.:. ~?~~~~~- ~ k, r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~
:ki
,
,?
~
~
~
'
.
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.;~ "~":~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' .: ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.-( ...,. ., ?~~~~~~~~~Y ?~~,c~ "? 'i?~
I
,
? ':a.'.;-~ 1?~~~~~~~' ',: ,.,
~ri.;I! ' ......,
:.,. ,...,..
.
',.'
.-
?II
t,'
. '
~.:.,
:;~-X ?'
~
?'":'???
?i
' ...."."
....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '?? ' ?? i;":r.....'': ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ c: ~~~~ ""X ~~ :~ '""' ";" r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ii
*'.~' ~.,~., ~
?,
'7?~ ~~~~~~~? : ?r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,.
''
?~~..iY
,
:!
'
?I::'"
,,
.1
r . ,.
N
A4,
? -2
'I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:?" .,:.
,.'
',
'.
:",~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i"~
I?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' ..:.i""
on Ruins to Indicate Position of Stylobate and Side of Temple of P Arbitrarily Aligned
"'"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"N "";
Remains
of Basin
of Fountain
of Poseidon
(a
-
Later
Rubble
Foundation;
Reused
Blocks
in Later
Fou
PLATE 14
'
'_-"d l--.
,
.?
?? ~~~~~~. ~
~"
~
. ".--~*...
-i - ;.
,%2
".i'-':-
..-
-;~
'.;k,z"-
??.?. 'i'I.~~. . : ~ '~ -??'3: .':,. ~n. ,i;. ,~ .--.. '..,"-.7:,, "" '-j. , ...?. , .~* ...,
l\G
d
S-Wa J
!. Coins Referring to Cult of Tyche Bs and 2. (a) Labeo f. Plancus (c) Anaxilaus and Fronto ' , ~~~~~~~~~~~T , ?? . r: "~,~~ ,C ~ '
%
~~~~~~~~~~~..
(b) Agrippa and Proculus . (d) Agrippa
y-h
' ,'
?
?.,._..-...'~ ... ,
,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,.
,
,
;..
'
.;
.,.:~'..,--~. . .;,.:.',,~?~. . ? , ..~I
... ,, I~'.?/: ,.~ Lt3~ r ~ '~.~~~~~~~~~ '' ,'"''."'':?
/
l c,.","'' .-..,(' ' ~
i,,5',*.
,,,,
;
~ ~ ::4~,
?
, ~.
~,-~i:
.
'
NI . , .".t-...-.'., ." ,
J.
r; ,. -- r?
2.BsefrStteofRgll,DsgaeTyh :~:t-.'~. "':;,~;~' ";-".! "-'. .';."..'..'..
?'..." .,
...:,-
,.
%,
?
..'" \;':
... .
~~~~1i~~~~:.
".) ? q '" ':' - ?12"?A' 1'~...
1i; ..:,
;
. :."
?.
~~~~~.':\
'
?
t,
t,.,
','''... ' ..,
,
.~~?
'
',.,
":
.
.r......
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
I,
:
'1
AM
-
I
i
i
.. i,
i~
~' .
,~~
I'
,
'I
1.
'I
taueof Fou e
n
'''"..
., ~'?....' rPnho phodter rtmi d
-116
Found NcearPantheon
2. Statue of Athena Found Near Pantheon
PL;ATE28 1. Apollo and Muse STATUES FROM NORTH END OF TERRACE
~~~~~~~~.. 3, Zeus Chthonios ?
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
?
.,
.-.e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r .!1
'
??~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .,%
?
'~;
i
/l :" ,
":i
r?~~~
?
;I~~~~~
'
-!,-;'.,:,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.i; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
i
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
6??? 5
..
' .-", '~~~~~~~~..
.
?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ?,
~
,~... .~ ".~
~'t~~s'.:'."-: ' ~~~~~'.."
':'-..'..
..~, L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:: .'~,.-..~ '. .
~~.?..,. ~ : '~!..~P~4 ! ~-.:.-.'"'!~:":."'~~ f'X~'..'.,'.,~'-;~' ~ ~ ?~~ :'
?. '!X.'
~~ ~ ~ ~
~I.
--:::.;A'
~' Y~ :".;-".
??"'?2. Fraget from
.r-.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~, '
:
'
Gru
.
?n1 II
oarir
fc~~ ;?
~
~
~
View of Agora from West (B -
j~iii
?,
Babbius Monument; F-J, Cf. Note 2, p. 3; X -
Circular Monument; Y
a - Propylaea; fl - Northwest Shops)
21-boo
-?? i
-
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~" ~n"ir;.?s-:
-
z
--yi
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ _ ?
v
~
~
ls-~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
;HL' ,?
?
r+
emaZ Donsio;G irclaronuen;Y VieofAoraromas(X wthPirneBlo,RihtFreron; Ln fr ae rak ,-Poyle ff-HlenstcStrtn
anteonBy-oan
View of Agora from East (X - Circular Monument; Y - Bema; Z - Dionysion; G - Pantheon; B Ro Starting Line for Race Track; fi- Propylaca with Peirene Below, Right Foreground;-
a-Hellenistic
M
-I
-0~'
MIF~~~~~~~~?W,t~:.I1
'1L:
WcstcrnPartofCcntral Teffacc from North (Y - Bcma; Z - Dionysion- F-G, Cf. No ;l';~~:~; 2.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?? a in Front of Bema; flFoundation ltar; y - Fgadc of Colossal Figur
PLATE 32
?~~~- .
f":..::7.!
?'-~
~ ..~~~~~~ i. i. 7_.".4'
....., ~~~~.
P ',? :;;.r'-: .. "' . .
'~
r ,c-. " ?'~i?---
-.,:.?; , .:." . !,. ?....
,; "'....
~,
i ?
~ .-~: -~.-3"'"
....
!,.~~?::.~:
1-4~~~~~~~~~i
?,.--. :JS ~
~., :"''-' ~.,~ '~~~~~ ....s-,"-..~ ~ ~~~
,;: i~.i""
".
.- Cutn fo Styobte....:" (a'~.:, ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?T-
?.
....
Soa
. Cuttings East Before Central Shops VIIIw.~ - Cutting for Stylobate of Early So;/ Plundered Trench of Sillof Central Shops) ..,.
P*-~.
?
,
'
~/,~I
?
,~ ..,i
?~- '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... L:~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~...~~~~~~.%"., ... ?r.ll .::'"c~
?
._
Y.
~,~:I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-A,
,
c ?
dit5c~~~~ ... .... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .~.. " ,.':?
?
.: ;nr
-,
:?,. ...;...:;i_....... .' ,.
'.~,:'~'t .,'..,..,.'., ":.~ ~.,./.~~~~~y..i ~i..:llIll~~. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i..---
.~!
,.,... Central Shops Iand ,i"i I~~~~~~~~~~IwihErlirCtig() rmWs 2.East
PLATE 33
? ,.~ , ?.? -
?
7.-
' ~ I! ,~['l ~ ;"t
.
~
~
~
,...
i
:~r
.
I-.
~
."4:
!
I;
j
~
. ,.
.
.
3 .:~ iii!~"1~."/~'"". : - :.?~ :. :,~,.-~
'
.
[ 1" ~ ,..~ . .... . -l~"'-.,'
?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
~
"... '."'--.,.,,: ~
~ ...T~
. ~
:
.
'",',-"',?~
. ~..~_~'"~ :
= "':-7~ ~. .:~ Y~ :.'.:'..:i "':~-~.: ~~l ?,I ,=~:~ -,:~.::-,~ :". ?
:~.... :
? ,
.
,
....
.
. ?- ~-_ .....-' .:-.. , ~.. ,u~ ,~.~ --. ''' -"~":~~';";....'-~ '--''' '' '., . . ~V';~ ''' ~ ' "'-~~
~" ~.~.-~....~""~".--~,.~'~~-::~
.
..~'-'?
~-........... -
- -
~ ?
5:""
'.ii
'T . .i-~". . :,,r
~... '" ,
~i ~
~tf~
". -.,-. -,~
..'.,.--,.:' .,.:''',. 5 ~~
. .
.
~ ~ ~ ~
...~:' :'~-
.
.
,
~ .~~~,;.~
.
~~~".,.
~~~~~~~:~~~ ".:~'
. -
. :
'?
:.~.~.
.
,,,
"!-~,-'~.-
.
.
.
"''
..
.
' '~'
~....--.;.
-
....~~~~~~? ,~
,~ .
. .
~:~~z.
~' -' ~~, ',~ ~, '.~.LT_ . "..' _ .,, ......,~ ~ .... ........ '-. ,
.
.
-,...~..''~g
I.~:,...,..
?
~ ,~ , ~ ....
.? :."~~., : . . . . ''-'r...... .. .."'t~..'~'~-CA~lka~~~ ;I.... ..(. ~. ? . ,..._.: .
.:..., , ~ . ..,.~..:",o_..,,f
,:
..--
.... " ?'"
-i~,~. .~
',
'-~, .-.. 5~ ' , ~ . ~:.'~.~.:- ~,'. . .. . ".":,E" ? - - ---I_ ~,,~ . ._~ -:'.? -~~-, -'.. , ,:~i..Y . . . . ~ ~YEW~,-~~I~ ~ ~~: ; ,.,'~_';~, :.-".', ~,. " , ~ -- ..,~ ~ -~. ~.vtt? ..... -.~~'"'' '-"~ - "~ . - ~~.~ .-[-~i~l~.: -''~~.
?
.- . '... . - '
"'~--'' ......:
. '"~ ~'-::''~'~ "'~--''-' .? ,'_,
~
. B~, ..... ~~~_
,'~ '-:'-.: ' .:i?~ ,~ ~:':; '~ ?. 14~_~ .;~:;~~ _ .~,~
'':''~.~.' i....... ..~l":-f ~~~~"-~. '- .,? , ,k4-.,~~'.fS,~= " ?:,: -.' "-.. '"' ,E . ".
.
-
,
,
~.-....
~_~'~~~~~~~s~?? ?..',"~'q~-.~-' . .
-
~
,
..
.
~ ,,~ - .... ~- ..:,~ . ~ .. .~:, ~, ;~ ., . , ~.
.
.
-
-'
-
:~.?'":
:.-E.
PLATE34
.
%,
MU
I~j~ ? 1*i~~~~~~~~~~~l
'.
.i'~~. ....~. r
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
..,....'',~?..
''.
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... ,
-.z
I
:
.:...~"
..??
' ....'
~~~~....d
?
~
~
~?: ' "~?
i
~'C ,
.
?C
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Circular MonumentfromNorth
'~
! ..
~
,J
r Lur
? ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A7 ?~ -.~-CC '?3~"~.a r ."-,:-', ' ?*, ... . . ?.~}~~. " ~.,? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..,.',: ,, ,? .~~~: ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1r -:.'-,:' ?,~.: ~:,~, . ~ ~~ '~~~~~~~.
'.:
3,
.
t~,.,'~.,..
~~~~~~~~~~~'....r
.
:,-' ',
iii5 .!: .
~..?
.~
.,.
'
,.,..
:.I
~~~~~t~~ ~ '
" ,:
..
..~.:, ?I'
~~~~~~~~? .~
'"
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ,_.,,. ~ ~ *s~~~
......
,.,! .
,.,~.{~~
.
'.
.,?-ic.
?
.?.-
?
.:,' ??. r
?. '
I~I~ 1.?
.
'". ' :..,.?:E;.,.., ?r:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "'~~ ..~~...-:;...... &i... ,.~:
j?~~~~~~~~~~~-,
..... .... r ?~~?,,*
~~~~~~~~.ii
~~1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :.'%
:..
o
i
~?. ::;,~.....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .,~.~,,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'?eigci o.
,~ ".,.?
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
:.,.~~~~~~~~~~~~?I-
~~?
~
?. ,
:
2, Juncture of Base Moulding or Circular Monumcnt and Retaining Wall
Ittar's Drawing. of: Nj~:~*;~L~:~?~~QI?ii;:j bba~i~~4
A~
Circular
Monument
(Courtesy
ofBritishMuseum)
K
~~ ~ ~ ~~~-?l:???: Ik:?:ss:.:.?4
r gYZ
?:?.:
..:r
-.-;
?
Q"r:ll~
R~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t11(TO 0:...?I
U?;-_=-iMi--_?~~~~~~i-
--:::__-.-;-ERNAm
S
' :;;:??' Ittar's Drawing of Circular ns~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n Monument (Courtesy of British M U
.
PLATE36
*i ~ '-
.~ c,rJ-..
-:*r,
:.
-.
:~-
,-,~~~~~~~r
3. MouldingfromSecondPeriod
.
i.r
1. Cuttings for Base Moulding East Side
2. Foundations Foundations on on West 2. West
*~~~~~~~~~?
I
, . .,; i~ ':.:~,~':.. ,,:~~~~~~~~~~~~C ;~t :..~. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'.'.~ s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii ..i
iir:
....
ifl?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:. -,~~~??"'., ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. e,pc-~ ~~~~?~~~~~f~~~~~~;~~ .."' ,
?
? .
'L.,~....-
.
'~'jY
~ ~
~
~
~
~
~
".,,
t.'.".,
'~~~~~~~~'
A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..' E' -?.... t?~ ' ~ -...-...,Z\?-., ?;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .i. ? ; !....'? ;:~1~i~ LEp~~:?~. rl,:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .
?;.?:
?... ~~.
~ .-
.
I
\
~,t~,
...,
,".i?
: .-..
.
~ ,1,
.
-
~
~
:.%,1E
i
.,.
.-.,u..
...
~~~~~~~~~~~~..-'"~:. .... ?~~~~~~~~~~~,''~.';*~ q~? ;,,:,~.~]'
'?1
,.
,,
~~~~~~~~~',, ~
'~
s
.
?....
.l~
--
'
:
,,.
...~
-,.
CIRCULAR MONUMENT CIRCULAR MU1ONUMENT
.?a:
......;LT
PLATE 37
3
.,
_L
'. .--;.
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
_..-
..:_ .... .-~
_
.'
~'
?
':
~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~'
vr-'t~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ik " -,'-?;DION LY'' ?,...,. N
. ?.~~~~~~~~~~~ ?.~~
~
.?.,. .i
?~~~~~~~~1
.
-'~-;
Viewfo ~ ~"'"'ii~
' E"4w, ?~~~~~~ ~~~ 1.-:cE ~ :,,,". ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :s'
''
3 .
'."
.!,
~;! :. .?b
"
..i.?
?. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~":".'::"?:'
...
,..., .,,,
,,.
..'~ .: ?r.'i ,,t Lr.'.t ,i~tio fir,'""& ... ..:......., .................:.,' ' ~ '~ ,?, ' ~$ t :'..'...-."::.,f.-,,.',,,. ~:':?'~',
"'.,-,.;'''
"~"":
~"'[~'
~
~
~~~~~: ~ ,. ~
':" : '~"'"' '.?:~~~~~~~~~~~~~
"".,.'.X(' Lr"
:'.~
'""
-':"--'i" :;" ' .'...,''
i;i:.! !...
[.~" ~; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~. ""' ''
i5
, .e
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/. .
?-..m;?,t, ..
~.,..~~~
?
'&..':, ~
:'..:.? .
~~~~~~~~.o...',~ ,,.a
~~~~~?~~~~~~~~~
'
.... ~
~
? ?'
DION
u-Bok
-t 2. Rar Wall blow Floor Level
h.'.~ %.
: ~.,? k?.
;,
.
~"*?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.t.:
,'-.A
'~~~~~~~~ j~~~p ~ ~ ~~~~~~ :". ... : i''".,:,' ~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '
~~~~~~~~~
.:'"?
"~'*
4
'"
~
ot
:r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,
~~~~~~~~~~.t7
~:'f~~~~
,
.
,''
. ...,
?~ .?
...~~ ''
SIO
PLATE 38
a_s
r-2 _j.
._
' '
.Y
: .?.? I? .... ~~~~~.:_*
. ....?? ........
?
~~~--'~
~
?
1. The Bema from the North t
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '
?-
.~ ~?.'
?
'
.'
6r~~~~~~~~~~~~r?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..3 ;^
;t:.
i.
,#
_
2.il Th
eaad
hrhfomteWs -711~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ?~?~L*~=
?7 ]r9
iX_
2. The
adCuc Bema from the Westh
:E'.
''-M-3 *ili
PLATE 39 ~~~~~~~~,, :::..:
.~.~,.~~~.~.~
~:;#-
t:- .~~.z.~.
1-,...~ ? " ?I
:.-
..
":~",;J~l
.
;',1...
~'-:
- ~~~~~~~~~~~...
~.
...-~-,.i.-.
.
i"''~~
~,~..... '
.d~
~~~~~.~'
"
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'' "';` -~.. '
'
1?i? .LT? ,,!'•:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ?r_r%:~~~~~~~~~~~h ;i~~~~~~~~~~~ ... ~:P?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "-• ?.c. r:V\:,e !~:. ~ ~~~~~... -P-~~~~
?--
.
. .?'C?~.:.i .
.
.
r
:,.-?~; : ?1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~._?.?..,
:~~ .~.?.)f.:
''~Ish~ ''-:?'' .!'...
.?I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.
.'.
1''.?
-
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.-.. ~ ~ ~.
..
,' ',~ ' ~~~~~I%~~~~~~~ ~?.,~-: C:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.
~
~.
~
-".~ Zd,'.;
,
,,r;
.
-
. ...
.
,~ .
.-.
,,, ~ ~~ :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.,. . . .--a . ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -L?*?
???
J~.
"", ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' .. . .
.
.
..,hl
~
:
.:" 'k;
-,.~aa~u
.'.P,;:~,~..,~_p w,.s) ?,.~-?,~:..
~,r
;?:?u;~ b19a~a~mF~~~~-~'
-
-IP?:"~.~I
,~?*
[?:~,:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,:, ~.~~ ~ .:., ~~?-:. ?..
"'
',
?*~~2.
-,
'~
' ~-.,..~ :.:'~3:
~"' .
.....
.
Th
Wser
chl
?..'*- . ?
..
* ..
,
.
,t... - i,,, ,,' .....
..
_._.:.
:
.-
...
?E.
?
3. Seat Block from End of West
1. Seat Block with Dolphin, Corner of Western Schola
?~,?
' .
~~~~~
...,
;~
~
..... ?;1
~ :
'*
F,
.....
.
......
'-:.
?
:
.
?.............
.
..~.
........L~-
2. Lion'sPawfromSeatBlockat Rearof Western Schola
PLATE 41
....... :,-_~:
.......... .-~ .......... ,... .......... L_. .,?.... -.-.. ,.,,-.....-
,
..-~-
I *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
'';1~~~~~~~~ ?J _
?~,
.
..o_
i
-
.:
,.
-
-
.,,4.
.
''
wZ
'
!
'U}'.'
,
,
....
.......,'.
.:.
:','
.
~~~~~~.
? % ; '',~---iJ[
. ..
~
I
.
~ '~
.~
1. Base Mouldings from Scholae
~
-,.
~~
~ ~ ~ ~ ,
....~~~~~~~~~~~~'" ~
?
.
'5:i~~?-
". ' ~'
, o
,
_f_~~~~~~~~C?__ .'':' ?~~~~~~~~~~. ....~-
..'
~ u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. rl
'
'
,".
iea?
:.
, , . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:' j::;'' ,
~';.~ ..........I ....
~ '.~
.
.
. " ,
'
..
..
?
*~~
~'T; .~
k'.'
.?
i~ .
Zi???:
-'
'.'
,
'..:,
~
..~;~
..
_ ', ..,
~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. rthstaes romEas Wall Mof Esteng Schola with PeadBseMulig '?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, * '
i?
':I*'"r
.9'
i
.-
:'?.
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~., ? ?
"'*;';~~~~~~~ ". 2.Orthosates fromEast
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......
i11J itPiradBsMolng WallofEaster Schola,
,
~~
,
PLATE 42
.;. .?.
," ..,
?~
:?? ..:.[''. ..'~:, ....;~':'~'7.~ ~. ' -''/A.'........"-':-"'-': .....:~' ' ? f ..i..;t-? . ..~. . . ? :~,, .'~?~~i ~~ ~ ~ ~ .
' ~
-' .. :'..'':.-.,..' ?? :'.": .......".-'~:?,;,,-. ; ? ' ... .....1i,,...
,~.
v: -
.
[?/~;:~
.':~;
.
.
.
p..
:;
A.
"..
...
. :'.2
..~ .
"
:
~~;i ~~~~i ..~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
-,
~
;~
-':. ,,
':
? t.'. .;:'d,;5 :c? ; ;;.......~ '.,: ;..:....Y
i
....
.'
..j.;,. . ..,.. ' ';~....i$:~
" '~'Y .... "~"
'-,
......
,~,,~?.;
..
,,I,.,.....?i :' ~';,:,.
,.~
~,'Yl~'" 1:-
.. ;
Gai
:~?
"U
L,I:I:IIi' ;~r
?
;.
I~: .
.
..
i
II
,!'
on
B
o .f.Oth
.o,stat
:I ??I%
e;"
i~?.
II
?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:. . ,~ 2 ~,~ Pirfo ~..'.:,.l~.. ~as alo ? ...III''
''
t~ii~pe
1.'
I
,.I
'11'I'....~~~~~~~~~ 4*;
I : IIi~
~:,...;? ~? V~ 1,
'
'..'
'? ," '~. ~,~,s~.~~~
:';.~..'?'
F:. c? . ?
'?
'
":
~
, ...:/..,
?.~..)t.
~ ....
Yk',.e~ ';~'5
-;...
G
.~
asenShl
r.,:
rfii nBtomo rtott 2.irfo
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ir of Capitalsfor Piersof Schola 3. Fragments -
as aloasen$hl
..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.7
s.
?.
c-
.......
1)'
I?
"'
.Cro
..
n
oulins
fomSchla
1-
isr~~~~~ '
PLATE44
" -'i
'
.
_......?..-"'9':."'"-'?"
..
~~~~~~~-?"
.
.,-
,.! .'.
_
.i .
.-
2.
. ....;- .
.
ofBcma Podium
Crown Moulding
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .;...._
:
t A
i~j;7~n'?_ 'd-':4-
r. ?
'hX~~~~~~"
~~~~~i~ ?~? ~ : :?:'" :" : "~~~~~" :;,:.
.
?' ?
"
"
: ,
X
* j'
~
:i ;?" , ,
:~~~~~~~.t
~;?
j-,:.I...
..
...... /~ :~:,.,'-':.,~.,i::i~~~~~~. .?:6
,~.._~~~~~~~~~~~~~;~: as 2.
:'"" i' '
Ceta SosfrmBma(X CruaMomet ~Bs ato rcteea
? yEcaaos
PLATE 51
Ir-
~
i ?-
-=
4.....
* . ,-z.~..~~-Y; ..I ~ .~;~ c~U?U _I.': ;KV~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t? 1?'~ '~:
~~
~'?--
,-) .~
5
-*Z-*YL'-.
4i~lA-
;?..
.
?.,
....
.
,-,...
? e..;,
~"
'"'"~" '~~
;~~!~i"
i~
['7
.
'....
? '.:"
~" ':
;'
~
,
'
r?
; Y?~~~~~~~. . ?
::~~~~~-
';~~~ .5:~'
~
''r
...... .;,,.y......~ ... -:,~~..:.,...::;.; :.!,~.~
'.' i.:'" ~~~~~~~~"
m Ci
,
..,...
?~~J'', .l"-?,'~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.'.__.,,',_ ?.: .'
:.~ .z~l:..."
.-,?-?"*'..''
Sosfro enral 1.Eat
:AU:
.
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
,?
'../.
';i~
'~'
?'"~
~.. .
,
r
M u
j
: ,
-~,
..
Jr"''~~~
.
/,.i
..fifl
oumn la
.
.
-...
1.,EastCentral Shops from Circular Monument '.??IN-nr'?-isl.l'
?;m;:------C ci?.?lii-Y (?
ILCY; ?4?L-
?" --?-." ' ' - ?C''7 ?If_??i?r:C ?..;CfrrirYICY:.I
r-a?.r,
??
--1E.j
..1:
Li ?9CIP:
-'
:8 ii
T~ ~~~~~
;'' ??: ?
~
13 ....
.?: J
?
.
Ant Rema Entraaf-
Flanking inof
.
.?.* .i?'51;Y;LRCirr&81LC'?f :i-
r r
"r??:?l: e '''-?-7$! at'P ??-?
,;?? t L-
..
.?
???lt:?;-;\-
2. OpusInccrtumof Walls of Shops
3. Remains of Anta Flanking Entrance to Shops
PLATE 52
4 1
~-,~ .... ~..:.-:-.... u, .... ... .. q , ~ , . , .. . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N. . *,il? ..~.-b.
r
,
F
i
:
L1?..ILC ..
;"st;:i '''
?:
i ?-? ;
?
v?;?
'r.
ir7CLCII?: '' ..Y4; -?-- ?? ?--, CiccelS;-d- r. 3?J p-t k ?i;. Z - Shl' r i "' ???? ,.aL1? ?i' 'i; ?? .1. r, _,,,,,. /-
?c-? ?I? r;;f '''
'r c:
1-.
F
fromShop
h:_
?i ?? ?;
of Concrete~~~~~I 1. Fragment Valtin rgeto ain onrt
" 'e 'f. ?-: *ct '? -"S-?ijZ ,..'il ?:" .... 1 p:
.? ?
??-?**..?6 piS?"dW"'
'?
3-'";' ?;
I ??
I?
?*?
.,,~~~~~~~~? r. t
,.-
..
1
:
?4
.i
1?-e
? ''
.c:
Ir?
Y7!. ;X*L1' 4
rsirr .?
.
'
... fln? ;
-c, II?.?--, ;?,
1.. '?
-?:
? '???I=''
,
s:: b
irr"lBLsa.?.f:
.?
r ..
:
?,
?.?.,r
rJr
i!1??
r
'iu?
Ci: "'-
L? ?, r ?? :-?
.,....j?l?: c .,
2. Sill of East Central Shops XII-XIV, Showing Worn Surface and Recutting
.:?.. p.
-w '*
" 'F?TPILTkr c -* Etrli;iF;"Tl;e#si;ui3c1
: i?
CT'.-Pi`j.: ?? ?.? -?1
?
.
.,,
?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
?.:.
~
,
. :.-~..-~..~,-~;.~... i
. ;"...~
3.Bnhfo
~~~~~~~''?t
',Ek
~~~~~. q3h
'~'~~~~~~~~~~~AZ
l}i
~
./
Bc fSos Fain o;i.:..
p
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~""'-.~i ??
--"
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .
3.
"'Benh fo
Bc
f r
~(
~
'Ii?(
f ..
5 -,. '.'r"? :"?
??" ,?
iLfo
s
iLj
, r.r ??r.I:iif
.-.r -
??
v'~''~ .:.,
*
''
erAor
NZ.-Ao
.4,: f7::
-
.?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ u-~~~~~iT? ,U - Li? r. ~ ~ ? . 1AZZ15 ;
???~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
?:
.?
q
?-I~~~~~aitd
latr
n
alsofShp
PLATE 54
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?.?
.
-
*
-.
?'..Y:'"
_~
.-
~Sr
,.
?
;
..:,,
..
-;-';"~
i
',
"
~~,"'',.-;,."'
;~~~
';,
....
....
_l
'
-, '
_!
: , '~?' 1~.::_ .... :,~i ':i~ :, ~~;"~~' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
'
~~~~~~~~~~~~-
1. CentralRoom of East CentralShops '~-',%!~~:? ~~~~"'", ;~'"ki. ,,.~,~i-.;!~
R._
'"-.'
.
?'"" "'vi:,,",~":~,' '-" '"'~ ...... ..~,,; ....... ' '":' ':"Z,
.-
?.i:
.:.. ---
?
-.
" %::. ~,....!~ '~t-'. ? "",~,,"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A
.BseMudigi CnralRo
fEs eta hp
&
Base Moulding in Central Room of East Central ~~~~~~.2. Shops':
PLATE55
:i
f:-t??:''?;?*-'?;;sl ? ? i
??
?;.e
::??;y;r,?::-lc;.I.j?:?.? L t:f 3.2?r?j r* ?,s-? ?--:. 4t ?.?i.S?? k:-?-
-?
."_"'lb?f :i '?i?L?:??:.iill; ???;1 3;? _ i?.? ?.;?:.
;r .? :
:?? .?-_: i i. ?.cs..'.I
: ?j.a a:5
::rj ?C: :
'$I;??;. iiir: .:-i?"''3"'?2'' -
?'
.!..I
r
I??
:
ri"
I
?
_T
;1:I
I
?:
:: .. i
I
-C?c--------- I IC9eLI
-
. ....-:
cllrrBs"'l?i:.? rYZZL?'f"lGBPI.?i:':
:i'
:? ? ;
??-: .???.; ? ?.''
*
Y
"'
1Crb?dYK11117-9eype;t?i?l'i;c
? I??
?? !C :: i?-?si??-;--
.'.':? .?n
?.. . ?
.1. ,-,,?
??-:.?.;6.
?'bpi
?:r::1
?:.? I
:'.a''u
5-
'I;?:?? -*??i"
:li?
! T. :?:
'
.. :F
?
' ?.; ?.??l.a
:?r??
;IB''''';. ,P ? ??i
? :"?:
:?.:?.; ;1.. ??: ??
;?
r
.?
?:
::
i.-
I
IC
I
B
Sllglnhj--psieiP:.l:
:
; I.':?-.';;? ??4Si.' '1*:.;" ':''' ??I...?I ';'??; :*:l':.?F "'
? ?'
:'
?i??s ?:i;L?I ''r-?:?i ?"=?i ?:?::! :
t:,?;:c,: ?I??:rmi3E?2;-urpl
?
;?),u--r.?. ?: J1
fl::i?-5.? ''*X,:L
r
??
*'
; 3
:
,:?
1
R';i
""' * :?.:.-????;??-???:
Er;
:17:: : ?: ?:?1:
:??i:i
..f '',....
:;"7 'b?i ':''It' i(,t
81::::S'? ?:J'%.jC?'??i? !?'-*:l?.X;? '?-i'?t?'- ?;* :P:,..... ......,;.i 'i'.''-" 'j:???.*.I?:.'?;'?:I?
:'-'?% :?: ? .E.?if ''3:?,.:'':??:t? '? I .?:i?.., ?"'?
?: I
i I
'* o
Tlr
I i.?:-
i
;:::. ;I::*.-2.
;? *
.S I
r ?i
i.-'?" ::
::
~
'9
r
t""
r;. ?1.?? :1
??:1:: ::-?
B Iba
':'
rce? ';
::
i:;F :e
:BL:?AI?:!,,(.z
i
..I,?c.?
B
::
1.r d'i
i
:?
?:
"' .?
: : . ? :? .
?.`. ??:;?.?'
:-I
??r
:: : . ,.
:: :-?::
r.
I.?L -??...? ,?-? i ;?
*T.?1
' ::
5?''
:'' r?
??ri
i.. :. 1.
??
.? r :
d?. ???-??? ?:? .I f,_u?+l
??
.
..?.? il?P ";I 9i rl?.I;
.i. ??: I: '
-I?i?
-;?
r
ii-rI('i-,
;HP .... .?;
i,?
t -
I-;r?.? :? ?-
.F.
?
n*--?? -- :!L -r' 5??i;.:l?''?'
?. ??lr':
i
; :
.?;?
rg "
:?"T
?;;??' :1'
''? "
;
2
??
XT:!': !:-"j; 4 ::
I?. 1
?* fl.?? :x
Marble Floor of Central Room of East Central Shops
:.S!?:
. I"
i :
-":: :;"tr.
?'i ? c.:
j-9 ?;. ;.r???? ??:? :?..?i
?:.? '?:
-
I
a'
~~~~~~i
v,I: '4h
I
.~~~~~
.-o
*s
,
-
2X;st*l h
'"''
i ~' Z"
W, ":' -s
N1?
id
h
_
S
~ ~.
-f'h
~~ ~ ~
....
XS enhAgisRerWlofE Tacs fLae
?.,
~,~
~~~~~~~~~~r~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ x
ly
,, .~,:l ... i "-
:
.
~'i~ .'...,: j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..%.,,, iL
~'?
?i
-^
!?*~~~. "?'*.?~? ~~~~~?.~~~~~~~ ?;C."L;.... .~~~:.?' I,~-
'x'
-.
Lae
C
... , :/."L"~ !:r 1. LateConstructionin
1: L
n
o
, ... , ?
i
i
'
~ I Shop Central?-
East
s
a
A.
IV.
~-:
PLATE 57
*-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ?-C1~~
~
~
~~~~~~~~ ~ ?1?
~~~ ,',:
'~
?'
,
? .?
. C,/.t'
;I
'?
~
I.-'.z.. t:-
!{
4'.
~~..'.:. I?
F,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r 4..1
:~~
~
?C
~
~
,?A
i
~~~~~~~~ r '.%? ~ ~
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .c, ~~~~~~ ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -??i~
-:
.i
?
,~
..
~
~
..:?
,
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~
?-
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -?
;.'*;
,-j~
,
:L"
%
,t"',
Buit oer i~~ ~. '.
hol Rage
~~
f Sop
? ~-L,''
o
-*
.
Shp
... .,
?v
..,..
.... . ~:
-74-~
W hol Rane M.
?:.;I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. '... '";?
r
.a I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d0
:
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
'~
.
Built over ?;?? L ,;7. C7; .............
.
~.,
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,':,;a
.
. ~'4-~" .~''
I -.:'.:":
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~? '
,-
~
.
.
r i~ ~ ~~~~~i" J ,., t. ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-,..~~:, ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~-.. _ ?L i. I ]L-S,?,,~:.r '..c?.~'? ~5-~a "~~~!i~ . ?'t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i' 2 . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' e Insc?. 3: ri bPainSlbfrmOeShp
PLATE 58
r
'
~ ~ ~ ~
)' .?rt '
J.~~~~~~~
a's.'
p
r~?~ lr
5
mLa , ,,o; .,,
otw
., ' ' :e
v
.
4
-^
tylt..... . *_.. .1StylobPte .'
'
.S
:
.._
.
,~-
,. -.
.
4 Entablature~ 1 Stylobate. -.
*:
::E
?-.-:~5'?.... r;?.?i.-....,~!' '
Orho,.. 2:
:E~
.:.
... 3. Anta?
?~~~~.
O
rhstt
>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: ......
FRAGMENTS FROM HEAVY EXEDRA
~
-.
PLATE59
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
,?
F
=
rrIi
~~~~~~~~~~~~I
,'
.Li~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. Entablature from Light Exedra
1~~~ifir~R~4ljj$r?~)1Er: L ;;:': :2I!lr .
"3
i '
'~
is(C~~~~~"~~i:
,t,;,
r'
.,
~~~~~,.?'?.' ~" ., '? t~~~~~~~~i,"' :;
r.
F..~~?''.,' ; ,
?? :1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4.,i$j
'
?: ."
3. Crosson Pier by Entranceto Bema
.
...,
,.;, ..
?
.
t:, ',~.
2. Coin of Lucius Verus Showing Circular Monument I.
I- --
--r
?? A.A
A.L
'
-a
~' ?? r-----fru
V
iI/
~~~~~~~~~~~
I
ALC ?
~-h
/L
1.Pssg
,
*
atofBm
~
~~~ VL
.1' .
-
_
2. Passage C
PLATE 61
?, ~;-.?,.. ,?2"
r. .'....
.
... -g im;
jf[ltl
. ~ ::-?~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~;.~!;:r,
'
...~~~~~" ..',~
Wll)
.,.a..-.-
....
'I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, .i
..,. ... 4~ ~ , :i.....-
:i~
' ~~~~~~~~~~":~;; ~~~~~~~~~~~.?
-'L*l-?-; y
':? (?"..
?:i:?: ~-'~'~'
.: ?~~~~~ .:. i...::,...~;,
X
?
?
~.,...
'' '"~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~
.
:' 2'?.
.' .
..
;.
,' -
.'.
.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. .... ..~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ !~~'?"~~?:7!:
:,'.'..::... ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ~~~~~~ --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?.: .:;! ,,: ..-.i
,~.,., ?
os-
~ix
a'NothrnEal -,?.-', ' ?~?
.~,?,,,
'' ~~'
"i.~?'
~~7p
,~ t?
~
? ~.
Y...
*...?..4:~.
'.-' "~:. Wal
',8
'.WC-~'~ZalC~ll i"Buit ., Ovr~'` :?6 WYi.Qal;Sy Moder Late ~ej-? .
"!'?
,
.-" ,
?=:
.r . **
%
?
::;''
.
?
i!
~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.'-. ..?
alsAbv Pien ~-PinsWhr SuhenEal Wli xpsd ~ Norther Th Wall ?~: Lae al r W Early ?*~~~~~~o Earl r h ra l l )
oenWllBitOe
F
I
Y >...,r
,.....:..:. . & ..--...:... . '~.:.,. ?~ .:...:''-..,i
~-'~~~~~~~~~~~~~"r -~
I..
)..
.,L.''
...',.-
.\
-~~~~~~~-
I..
I rI~
;??
6'
i?
;.?
.,..
1,?
: '?~:~ -'i
.,.Xl
~ ~ ~ ' ..~ '~'~," :'.' ";': .'d? ,:~ .'~:.'
... ?-,~.
'.
":" l ~?i( ';'/"'" "i.-Y~? ~'q .,:~"; 2.
Babbius Monument; L. Foundations of Altar in Lower Agora (B F, G, H, J, Cf. Note 2, p. 3; a Base of Greek Period; f3 Water Conduit of Greek Period)
.f,r_ .
M?na
Relief,
.,,'.,'
1:;'; ., . /;,.", :~-... ~~~~~~~?,./~'J~!., .:.,,l.. 2
Posi
,.,.:;-
.Mea ele,Psi
!
~ ~ AI
? rr?
;?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .s~~~~~~gJ
00li
'II'
AID
~
~ ~ ~ ~ o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A~~~~~~~~~~ 44?
;?5?.r,
-4~
?~~~~~~~~~~ I:'
r-
-???
u~aw;1;3~2~L
-.
.2~~~~~~~~~~~2 ~
The Terentius Altar-~.
:xvx
w?w
TI~Pb?~
'
,'~~~~~~'.'-'...' ...-,. ~,'.~' .~ .-- . ....~:.i'.:,'. "
?e
"'~' ? "';'""''
?r '.; ~'~,,~.'~:::
'' '" .~"? ,i~--, '"~ ~-.'~'.~'~.~'.'
?~ ~~~~? ~ -" :,jA!~. :~,~~
., .
.
'
~ . ....
. .?
-
r
.
,aa; r..--..' ?
L4~;'',:-~..?r ,,'~? :
".
...-. . ' -.-~
....
[,-5',,,,,
, ..~.,.~ .~
,/ '~'t . ~ ~ . ~~~~~~~~~~~ .~? . .. . .~'. ~ . ~....... ~~~ ~?~,' ~ ~ ~ . : ?
., ~,_,.: ~~~.:~.
.?.,. ~
'1,.,,,,-..: -).,??
:-:7?"':'. , :
?'"
. ..;~:,;~:
i .% ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '"' ,~...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.44'
~ .,'?~, ? .~~~~,,,. ...--.~
. ;~
~', '~: i~-;~.}:~'"~' . -'-~ ~ :tt~ :,~ 'a~~.?.;
,=,;?..
a~li4_ ..:..j
1.,
;~"11l--' ?'L?h?.M..'
..-.-
....
,-
: ....,
~..?~a~.~?
,-1
~'~-i~:,:' .:-..-, ,.''ei'., :t. : ,. .,
.~,..;
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
-.:v ..:':, ; . '.~
..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,_
~~.... .- .,...' .
'
~
......
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .??
... .;. ..
..~j'.:~- ..:.,,.
~
~.. 2.Bto
1. Mast Emaplacement,from West
.~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~ 'C1
.,
?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ' . .. ? . . ......,~. .. ..
"~~~~~
2 T.,op of Augu .l~.ii~~~~~~r i!u~
~ 1. Augustales~:
i
?~~~~~~~~~~~~~p
?
Bas fo
tte
fAhn
~
IC;~~~~~~~~~~ I.:*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .
~~.;r ?~~~ ..... 1'
Top .f Auu
..
L.??
To.f..u.aesBs
~~~7r~~~~L~~' .:.-~ .,!~..'
I/:
-
.'
.-*,
'1 :.:
-'
' --, :
-r.
-
"
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~t~~~ . 2. The Kan 1. The SteppedBase in Front of the Fa.ade of the Colossal Figures ..
.'
.
~~~~~~~ nF '.~~~~~~~~~ ':/I"' r,
'
. fBm,.SalBs
3.Sa iFrt. .. Ba
'/4"~~' :~.~i~'~1
3. S
.
mllae iCnF
;;iiu~
PLATE 67
I
I.-:
It' ,
V
?C~~*1A '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
'V~~~~~; ,....~
'"'~~ -?
1U
1 Th lutiu
~ ~
?;. -?.;~4
Heidoo
t
U
Bs Ron
3i?C
la
X.
e
'~
'.-
......r
: ...
-. ~ ~..~ c~...-~''.? ~',,~~~~ Al .
:?.
........
~ ...... '' ?j?ri4
, ., ,~-.... .-:
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~-.,~;1 .:
L
rl, - ..
" ':
-;:,.
. The Composite-Circle Base-' ..
psi?Cr]
. ? ''IX;k ' 'm...~." "
I '~':
,~~~~~~r ;.
.
.
:'~
. I.
..-.
.
,
,.
?.; ?
.~-~!~L?
.
,,.
',.' .,
:.._:,.~ ..''
ifSY", ~~~~~~~~~:,.:
~..,
'.~': ?r~ ''.'
.
.,..
??lj
~~~~~~~. h o
B~s
-i-,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~
It~~~~~~~
pj~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d w.
VW.~ 4?'
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ir
WI
?,Y P%Mlk-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~N-G R
?-li
AS'i-~.T?~ ' d ??
h Nrt
Soaad
heRoanMrkt
ro
teWet,son
fcrexavtin
4
~~~?sI
W
;r-wtipm~~~~~~~~~~~t
0~~~~~~~~;_CI
fjA
-!:.-,--k: Ir SYC?
Ik~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~u
j1.~
~~
an'
*.?? :;; ?-L..
r
~
T?a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *~~~yrn-?ns'~~~~~~~~r; ~ Af*~ :~;;~~~;;~~;;~~~:~:? ~ '! .
.;*i;4~"
????A
RM'";
~
;
~
C?
-
~ ~
r
?-
~
??-?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
L-?*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Mw
Z--~C-
The Roman Marketand the North Stoa from the East, soon after excavation
PLATE70 ??? ,-"?''.: ~
.:~
~
f:1
~
'
~-. "
":-
.
~ i~r?~ ~
....... '~
-
~
...... ?" ':'= ::'.~. I
rrrrp~~-
rr
~
?
--
-s
? 7
r
r. .?:J c~
:;L
-1
I
,.'
L
.. ,.
'"
. ili0r~~~~~ _-l
.-~
~-.
|
"
. .
'-''''
'
~
,
~
.~
,,
H.":
;
~ -s-_ ~ ~.'
-
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "'
_.
I'~'b.i.' .
-..
t:
_2.,-.
"
.?
C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r
.--r.
~- ~~~
'''' I...,---
~
~~.1. . .~-??-,.
.
'~--'
, -~;1C ' _a. :::..--. ,-." ~.-.'
R
~ ~ ~~. ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
. #' -,
2.CThEatedo
'
~-
~'
~~~~~~~~~' --
;. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
h PitdBidngrmteWs
of the Painted Building, from the Weast 1. ThemEastind
1
,?-...;r?.
_*
.
.;.
.'
,r,
t
. ...
1. The Archaic Road on the Northeast Shoulder of the Temple Hill, from the east
3. The entranceto the ;
....
?
-{~.4-. -.
..,
o --.:~ ?-
~,~ v
5:
.~,
.
. ' ~ -
.
.
---
-
2. The Stylobateof the North Stoa with the Sill of the Stoa Areain the backgroundand the Drainon the right
4. Cornice from be
floors o
PLATE 72
1. The North Stoa from the West. The blocks marking the position of the half column piers on the stylobate actually belong to the row of interior piers of the second story. The row of blocks on the left marks the line of the Barrierof the Stoa Area.
-vw
=tAk
2. Some of the stone catapult balls
3. The southwest cornerroom of the Roman Market, designed for a stairway, with remains of lime-slaking basin.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; I
r
I
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
: p
I~~4
}FX The Gold Coinfoundunderhe Floor of te n$% North Stoa
PLATE 74
_S,i LZ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~
~~~~~~
.II .
~~~~~~~~~
-
-Ab
~_~
? .iw
-
f
~
rn ..
: Ci ' -
~
?'
' ' "*:--.*_
'_
, ..... .?
.. ....o ?-'.,~,~.~.,~~..:..
:
I..'
~
'
~ ~~~~~~. '='
::
~ . ::,:::-'',:'.L
~ .......
i::-::~7 ~~:''.~: .. :.,.:::?
~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'"~L :'.:' ' ~.'.:,.;.:'':": - '"
......... '
..
'
?~..':.'71 -:'~'.'~~"?:
'.
..
..v. .:::
';~-'.~.:~1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~.
".?.
'. C.~ "t ~ 1,,, ~ ~ ~ ~ a,~~
"%~
~~
"'
>77
__
i...
g~
(7
70)60 >
~o, J_ I
I
19
"I
6i
c
v** ..
Ill
8x7,zyo
7
_
;I:_
3 9o
,
7
o
4k 9
lA.
p
.
u
o
79
197 7&i6
9
7
00
1
i
I
O
I _
__
I / II
%" ....
.
4
....~I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..~.
j~
,
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 U:3^ S ' Otr i i. I 7, D"aOu~~~~~~~~7 ~~~~o" 0~~~~~~-;~~~~-i?C '>-