Monounsaturated Fats - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MONOUNSATURATED FATS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES ...

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MONOUNSATURATED FATS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Monounsaturated Fats: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84041-5 1. Monounsaturated Fats-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on monounsaturated fats. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MONOUNSATURATED FATS ..................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Monounsaturated Fats.................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MONOUNSATURATED FATS............................................................ 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Finding Nutrition Studies on Monounsaturated Fats................................................................. 23 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 26 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MONOUNSATURATED FATS ..................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 40 General References ....................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MONOUNSATURATED FATS .................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patent Applications on Monounsaturated Fats ........................................................................... 45 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MONOUNSATURATED FATS ...................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 49 Chapters on Monounsaturated Fats............................................................................................. 49 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MONOUNSATURATED FATS ........................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 51 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 53 Academic Periodicals covering Monounsaturated Fats ............................................................... 53 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 73 MONOUNSATURATED FATS DICTIONARY ........................................................................ 75 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 97

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with monounsaturated fats is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about monounsaturated fats, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to monounsaturated fats, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on monounsaturated fats. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to monounsaturated fats, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on monounsaturated fats. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MONOUNSATURATED FATS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on monounsaturated fats.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and monounsaturated fats, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

New Reasons to Love Olive Oil Source: Health. 13(1):40,45-46. January/February 1999. Summary: Jaret discusses the various health benefits of olive oil. According to Jaret, these include: olive oil is mainly monounsaturated fats; it contains polyphenols, which seem to decrease the risk of both heart disease and cancer; olive oil also contains squalenes, which have been shown to decrease the growth of certain cancers. Finally, the flavor is superior to other oils such as corn oil or canola oil, so individuals are more likely to use it. Reviews of several olive oil brands are given and a list of sources is included.

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Monounsaturated Fats

Federally Funded Research on Monounsaturated Fats The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to monounsaturated fats. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to monounsaturated fats. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore monounsaturated fats. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for monounsaturated fats: •

Project Title: HIGH MONO FAT DIET VERSUS LOW FAT DIET FOR DIABETIC PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ahmann, Andrew; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Participants in this research study have Type 2 diabetes mellitus (also called adult-onset diabetes, Type II Diabetes, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes. It can lead to diseases of the eyes, nerves and kidneys, but heart disease is the major disease risk. Diet plays an important role in treatment of this kind of diabetes in several ways. The main goal of diet therapy is improvement in blood glucose levels. Glucose levels may be improved by the type of food eaten and also by weight loss. Fat levels in the blood (e.g. cholesterol and triglycerides) represent other important factors that can be affected by diet in diabetes. Generally, high fats in the blood are associated with increased risk of heart disease. Dietary advice for people with diabetes has changed over the past 30 years. Recently a diet high in carbohydrates with no more than 30% of calories from fat has been recommended. However, there has also been significant interest in using a diet higher in monounsaturated fats (special types of fat that you eat, like olive oil and canola oil) and lower in carbohydrates (fruits, vegetables and starches). Some studies have shown that a diet high "mono" (monounsaturated fats) results in lower sugars and improved fat levels in the blood. Several questions about the best diet for diabetes are still not clearly answered. The purpose of this study is to measure the glucose, insulin and lipid responses to a low fat, high carbohydrate diet compared to a high monounsaturated fat, low carbohydrate diet. In addition, the study will evaluate how each diet affects how much of the foods are eaten. We will also give nutrition questionnaires during each diet and also questionnaires which measure sense of well-being. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: PILOT -- EFFECTS OF DIET ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Samuel-Hodge, Carmen; Shaw University 118 E South St Raleigh, Nc 27611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: African American women suffer disproportionately from diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. For African American women with diabetes (with high prevalence of overweight and CHD risk), research is needed to determine how best to improve lipid profiles (particularly, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol), through dietary patterns that are palatable and promote a higher level of compliance than the current high carbohydrate low fat (HCLF) diet prescription, While recent studies among patients with diabetes have shown positive metabolic effects of diets high in monounsaturated fatty acids (HMUFA), none have included African Americans. The overall aim of this pilot study is to assess the acceptability and monitor the metabolic effects of a HMUFA vs. HCLF diet in a sample of free-living African American women with type 2 diabetes. A randomized crossover design is proposed for evaluating the acceptability and metabolic effects of the study diets. Twenty African American women with type 2 diabetes will be recruited from 1 primary health care facility. At baseline, measures of diet, weight, height, blood pressure, blood lipids, red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acids, and hemoglobin Alo (HbAlc) will be collected. Randomization to 1 of the 2 study diets will follow a 1-week run-in period, where participants will be evaluated for compliance with the diet protocols. Study diets will be isocaloric to the diet consumed during the run-in period. The study diets will have the following composition (as a percentage of total calories): HMUFA- 40% carbohydrates, 20% protein, 40% fat, 9% saturated, 21% monounsaturated, and 10% polyunsaturated; HCLF - 55% carbohydrates, 20% protein, 25% fat, 9% saturated, 10% monounsaturated, and 6% polyunsaturated. Both diets will have < 300 mg/d cholesterol and similar levels of dietary fiber. Daily menus specifying foods and portidns to be consumed for 3 meals + 1-2 snacks will be provided to each participant. Foods in both diets will be the same except for key foods high in monounsaturated fats added to the menus for the HMUFA study diet; all key foods will be supplied to study participants. After 6 weeks on the 1st study diet, participants will return to an isocaloric usual diet for 2 weeks, then crossover to the 2ndstudy diet. Following each 6-week diet period, measures taken at baseline will be repeated. A questionnaire will be used to evaluate the acceptability of the HMUFA diet relative to the HCLF diet in terms of palatability, preference, ease of preparation, satiety, etc. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PLANT-BASED DIETRY INTERVENTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Barnard, Neal D.; Physicians Committee for Responsible Med Responsible Medicine Washington, Dc 20016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diabetes often leads to serious complications, including coronary heart disease, kidney disease, and blindness, among others. Previous studies have suggested that low-fat, plant-based diets can have a strongly favorable effect on the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as on the elevations of body weight and serum cholesterol that often accompany it, reducing the risk of complications, and raising the possibility of reducing or even eliminating medication use for many individuals. Evidence suggests that the dietary recommendations that are most effective in diabetes management may be similar to the low-fat, vegetarian diets

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that have demonstrated utility in reversing coronary artery blockages. However, no study to date has examined the effect of a low-fat, vegetarian diet as an intervention for diabetes in a substantial number of participants, and most studies using plant-based (near-vegetarian) diets have also included exercise as a major intervention component, making it impossible to separate the effects of physical activity from those of diet or to reach any definitive conclusion as to which type of dietary intervention is best. This study, which follows an encouraging preliminary trial reported in Preventive Medicine in 1999, will test the hypothesis that a low-fat, vegetarian diet yields significant improvements in key indices of diabetic control, including glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations, microalbuminuria, and medication requirements, as well as in cardiovascular risk factors, such as body weight, serum lipids, and blood pressure, in a 22-week intervention controlled throughout for exercise, with a 1-year follow-up. Sixty-eight volunteers with type 2 diabetes will be randomly assigned to a low-fat, vegan (intervention) diet or a control diet deriving 15-20percent of energy from protein and < 7percent of energy from saturated fats, with carbohydrate and monounsaturated fats together providing 60-70percent of energy intake, based on current American Diabetes Association guidelines. Participants in both groups will be asked to attend weekly meetings for nutrition and cooking instruction and group support, and will be asked not to alter their exercise patterns. Physical activity will be monitored by use of the Bouchard 3-Day Physical Activity Record. (Bouchard 1983) Diets will be assessed at baseline and 11, 22, and 74 weeks, using a 3-day dietary record. Fasting serum glucose will be monitored for the study duration and will be used to adjust medications according to a set protocol. Glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin concentrations, 24-hour urinary albumin, body weight, blood pressure, serum lipids, and related cardiovascular risk factors will be measured at baseline, 22 weeks, and 74 weeks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THERAPEUTIC LIPODYSTROPHY

APPROACHES

TO

HAART-INDUCED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Garg, Abhimanyu; Professor of Internal Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major health problem worldwide. Recently, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), including HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PI), has dramatically improved longevity of HIV-infected patients. However, such therapy causes development of 'HAART-induced lipodystrophy' characterized by marked loss of subcutaneous fat from the face, arms, legs and hips, accumulation of fat around the neck and trunk, and increased prevalence of insulin resistance, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Management of lipodystrophy and its metabolic lifestyle changes as well as novel therapies for its management. The project therefore has the following aims: 1) to compare acceptability and metabolic effects of diets rich in carbohydrates and cis-monounsaturated fats, 2) to compare effects of a supervised aerobic exercise regimen and dietary advice to dietary advice alone on metabolic variables and body fat distribution, 3) to compare lipidlowering effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fats alone and in combination with sitostanol and 4) to study efficacy and safety of recombinant methionyl leptin (r-metHuleptin) in improving insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia and body fat distribution in patients with HAART-induced lipodystrophy and metabolic complications. To accomplish these aims, we will enroll 130 patients with HAART-induced lipodystrophy or metabolic

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complications in randomized, crossover studies (aims 1 and 3) and randomized, parallel design studies (aims 2 and 4). We will study body fat distribution by anthropometry + dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging and will measure insulin sensitivity (aims 2 and 4) and plasma lipoproteins, glucose tolerance and other metabolic variables (all aims). Our results may help in designing therapeutic approaches to HAART-induced lipodystrophy and its metabolic complications. Additionally, the study may help prevent these problems in HIV-infected patients being initiated on PIcontaining HAART. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for monounsaturated fats in the PubMed Central database: •

Compared with saturated fatty acids, dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates increase atherosclerosis and VLDL cholesterol levels in LDL receptordeficient, but not apolipoprotein E-deficient, mice. by Merkel M, Velez-Carrasco W, Hudgins LC, Breslow JL.; 2001 Nov 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60864

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with monounsaturated fats, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “monounsaturated 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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fats” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for monounsaturated fats (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A cross-over study of the effect of a single oral feeding of medium chain triglyceride oil vs. canola oil on post-ingestion plasma triglyceride levels in healthy men. Author(s): Calabrese C, Myer S, Munson S, Turet P, Birdsall TC. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1999 February; 4(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9988780&dopt=Abstract

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A low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat results in less HDL-C lowering than a very-low-fat diet. Author(s): Morgan SA, O'Dea K, Sinclair AJ. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1997 February; 97(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9020242&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Hunter D, Willett W, Ljung H, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Bruce A, Adami HO. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 January 12; 158(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9437377&dopt=Abstract

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A study to assess the effects of a new detergent-free, olive oil formulation dentifrice in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Pretty IA, Gallagher MJ, Martin MV, Edgar WM, Higham SM. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 2003 July; 31(5): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799117&dopt=Abstract

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Accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma phospholipids of subjects fed canola oil. Author(s): Corner EJ, Bruce VM, McDonald BE. Source: Lipids. 1990 October; 25(10): 598-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2079866&dopt=Abstract

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Analytical methods for food-contact materials additives in olive oil simulant at submg kg-1 level. Author(s): Quinto-Fernandez EJ, Perez-Lamela C, Simal-Gandara J. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 July; 20(7): 678-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888394&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil. Author(s): Visioli F, Poli A, Gall C. Source: Medicinal Research Reviews. 2002 January; 22(1): 65-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11746176&dopt=Abstract

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Atherogenic potential of peanut oil-based monounsaturated fatty acids diets. Author(s): Cordain L. Source: Lipids. 1998 February; 33(2): 229-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507246&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effects of increasing monounsaturated fat intake in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Author(s): Donaghue KC, Pena MM, Chan AK, Blades BL, King J, Storlien LH, Silink M. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2000 June; 48(3): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10802158&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial nutritional properties of olive oil: implications for postprandial lipoproteins and factor VII. Author(s): Williams CM. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894755&dopt=Abstract

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Biological properties of olive oil phytochemicals. Author(s): Visioli F, Galli C. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(3): 209-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058980&dopt=Abstract

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Body fat distribution and non-insulin-dependent diabetes: comparison of a fiber-rich, high-carbohydrate, low-fat (23%) diet and a 35% fat diet high in monounsaturated fat. Author(s): Walker KZ, O'Dea K, Johnson L, Sinclair AJ, Piers LS, Nicholson GC, Muir JG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 February; 63(2): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561068&dopt=Abstract

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Butter differs from olive oil and sunflower oil in its effects on postprandial lipemia and triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins after single mixed meals in healthy young men. Author(s): Mekki N, Charbonnier M, Borel P, Leonardi J, Juhel C, Portugal H, Lairon D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 132(12): 3642-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468601&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor. Debunking oily rumors. I heard at a dinner party the other night that if you cook with olive oil, some of it turns into the trans fatty acids that raise cholesterol. Is that true? Author(s): Willett WC. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2002 October; 27(12): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393340&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer chemoprevention by hydroxytyrosol isolated from virgin olive oil through G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Author(s): Fabiani R, De Bartolomeo A, Rosignoli P, Servili M, Montedoro GF, Morozzi G. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2002 August; 11(4): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195161&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet vs a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Bonanome A, Visona A, Lusiani L, Beltramello G, Confortin L, Biffanti S, Sorgato F, Costa F, Pagnan A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 September; 54(3): 586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1877514&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating levels of endothelial function are modulated by dietary monounsaturated fat. Author(s): Perez-Jimenez F, Castro P, Lopez-Miranda J, Paz-Rojas E, Blanco A, LopezSegura F, Velasco F, Marin C, Fuentes F, Ordovas JM. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 August; 145(2): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10488963&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary on recent clinical advances: almonds, monounsaturated fats, magnesium and hypolipidaemic diets. Author(s): Durlach J. Source: Magnes Res. 1992 December; 5(4): 315. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1296768&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of high- and low-glycemic-index breakfast cereals with monounsaturated fat in the long-term dietary management of type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Tsihlias EB, Gibbs AL, McBurney MI, Wolever TM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 August; 72(2): 439-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919939&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effect of canola oil and sunflower oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and on in vivo thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin production in healthy young men. Author(s): McDonald BE, Gerrard JM, Bruce VM, Corner EJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 December; 50(6): 1382-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2596428&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effect of saturated and monounsaturated fat on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentration in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ilic S, Jovanovic L, Pettitt DJ. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1999; 16(9): 489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10774766&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects. Author(s): Thomsen C, Rasmussen O, Christiansen C, Pedersen E, Vesterlund M, Storm H, Ingerslev J, Hermansen K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 October; 53(10): 818-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10556990&dopt=Abstract

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Diet high in monounsaturated fat does not have a different effect on arterial elasticity than a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Author(s): Ashton EL, Pomeroy S, Foster JE, Kaye RS, Nestel PJ, Ball M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 May; 100(5): 537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812378&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary canola oil: effect on the accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid in the alkenylacyl fraction of human platelet ethanolamine phosphoglyceride. Author(s): Weaver BJ, Corner EJ, Bruce VM, McDonald BE, Holub BJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 April; 51(4): 594-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2181858&dopt=Abstract

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Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. Author(s): Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 June; 53(6): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403584&dopt=Abstract

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Different effects of diets rich in olive oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower-seed oil on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and on lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility. Author(s): Nielsen NS, Pedersen A, Sandstrom B, Marckmann P, Hoy CE. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 87(5): 489-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010587&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fat on blood glucose and insulin responses in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Rasmussen O, Lauszus FF, Christiansen C, Thomsen C, Hermansen K. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 February; 63(2): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561067&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a diet high in monounsaturated fat from almonds on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins. Author(s): Spiller GA, Jenkins DJ, Cragen LN, Gates JE, Bosello O, Berra K, Rudd C, Stevenson M, Superko R. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1992 April; 11(2): 126-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1315812&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a high-monounsaturated fat diet enriched with avocado in NIDDM patients. Author(s): Lerman-Garber I, Ichazo-Cerro S, Zamora-Gonzalez J, Cardoso-Saldana G, Posadas-Romero C. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 April; 17(4): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8026287&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Parker B, Noakes M, Luscombe N, Clifton P. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 March; 25(3): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874925&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of consumption of phenols from olives and extra virgin olive oil on LDL oxidizability in healthy humans. Author(s): Vissers MN, Zock PL, Leenen R, Roodenburg AJ, van Putte KP, Katan MB. Source: Free Radical Research. 2001 November; 35(5): 619-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767419&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ingestion of virgin olive oil on human low-density lipoprotein composition. Author(s): Gimeno E, Fito M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Castellote AI, Covas M, Farre M, de La Torre-Boronat MC, Lopez-Sabater MC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 February; 56(2): 114-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11857044&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of canola oil on serum lipids in humans. Author(s): Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein RP, Watkins TR, Maginnis WP, Geller M. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1991 June; 10(3): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1894880&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary virgin olive oil phenols on low density lipoprotein oxidation in hyperlipidemic patients. Author(s): Masella R, Giovannini C, Vari R, Di Benedetto R, Coni E, Volpe R, Fraone N, Bucci A. Source: Lipids. 2001 November; 36(11): 1195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11795851&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of diets high in saturated fatty acids, canola oil, or safflower oil on platelet function, thromboxane B2 formation, and fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids. Author(s): Kwon JS, Snook JT, Wardlaw GM, Hwang DH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 August; 54(2): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1677525&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of supplemental dietary arginine, canola oil, and trace elements on cellular immune function in critically injured patients. Author(s): Mendez C, Jurkovich GJ, Wener MH, Garcia I, Mays M, Maier RV. Source: Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 1996 July; 6(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8828077&dopt=Abstract

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Effects on blood pressure, glucose, and lipid levels of a high-monounsaturated fat diet compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in NIDDM subjects. Author(s): Rasmussen OW, Thomsen C, Hansen KW, Vesterlund M, Winther E, Hermansen K. Source: Diabetes Care. 1993 December; 16(12): 1565-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8117360&dopt=Abstract

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Energy intake and monounsaturated fat in relation to bone mineral density among women and men in Greece. Author(s): Trichopoulou A, Georgiou E, Bassiakos Y, Lipworth L, Lagiou P, Proukakis C, Trichopoulos D. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1997 May-June; 26(3): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9144765&dopt=Abstract

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Extra virgin olive oil phenols and markers of oxidation in Greek smokers: a randomized cross-over study. Author(s): Moschandreas J, Vissers MN, Wiseman S, van Putte KP, Kafatos A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 56(10): 1024-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373624&dopt=Abstract

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Flow-mediated vasodilation is not impaired when HDL-cholesterol is lowered by substituting carbohydrates for monounsaturated fat. Author(s): de Roos NM, Bots ML, Siebelink E, Schouten E, Katan MB. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86(2): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502231&dopt=Abstract

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Food safety and health effects of canola oil. Author(s): Dupont J, White PJ, Johnston KM, Heggtveit HA, McDonald BE, Grundy SM, Bonanome A. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1989 October; 8(5): 360-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2691543&dopt=Abstract

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High-monounsaturated fat diet for diabetic patients. Is it time to change the current dietary recommendations? Author(s): Garg A. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 March; 17(3): 242-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174456&dopt=Abstract

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High-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet has effects similar to a highcarbohydrate diet on fasting and postprandial state and metabolic profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Rodriguez-Villar C, Manzanares JM, Casals E, Perez-Heras A, Zambon D, Gomis R, Ros E. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2000 December; 49(12): 1511-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145109&dopt=Abstract

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How enthusiastically should the use of monounsaturated fats be encouraged? Author(s): Franz MJ. Source: Diabetes Educ. 1989 November-December; 15(6): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2627865&dopt=Abstract

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Identification and quantitation of major carotenoids in selected components of the Mediterranean diet: green leafy vegetables, figs and olive oil. Author(s): Su Q, Rowley KG, Itsiopoulos C, O'Dea K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 56(11): 1149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428183&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of the SstI polymorphism at the apolipoprotein C-III gene locus on the plasma low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol response to dietary monounsaturated fat. Author(s): Lopez-Miranda J, Jansen S, Ordovas JM, Salas J, Marin C, Castro P, Ostos MA, Cruz G, Lopez-Segura F, Blanco A, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Perez-Jimenez F. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 July; 66(1): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209175&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory activity of minor polyphenolic and nonpolyphenolic constituents of olive oil against in vitro low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): Andrikopoulos NK, Kaliora AC, Assimopoulou AN, Papageorgiou VP. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2002 Spring; 5(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511107&dopt=Abstract

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Is olive oil a key ingredient in the Mediterranean recipe for health? Author(s): Ness AR. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 April; 31(2): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980821&dopt=Abstract

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Ki-ras mutation modifies the protective effect of dietary monounsaturated fat and calcium on sporadic colorectal cancer. Author(s): Bautista D, Obrador A, Moreno V, Cabeza E, Canet R, Benito E, Bosch X, Costa J. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1997 January; 6(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8993798&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect on blood pressure by polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat diets. Author(s): Mutanen M, Kleemola P, Valsta LM, Mensink RP, Rasanen L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 January; 46(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1559504&dopt=Abstract

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Low fat and high monounsaturated fat diets decrease human low density lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility in vitro. Author(s): Hargrove RL, Etherton TD, Pearson TA, Harrison EH, Kris-Etherton PM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 June; 131(6): 1758-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385064&dopt=Abstract

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Low-fat and high-monounsaturated fatty acid diets decrease plasma cholesterol ester transfer protein concentrations in young, healthy, normolipemic men. Author(s): Jansen S, Lopez-Miranda J, Castro P, Lopez-Segura F, Marin C, Ordovas JM, Paz E, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Fuentes F, Perez-Jimenez F. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 July; 72(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871558&dopt=Abstract

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Main polyphenols in the bitter taste of virgin olive oil. Structural confirmation by online high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): Gutierrez-Rosales F, Rios JJ, Gomez-Rey ML. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 September 24; 51(20): 6021-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129311&dopt=Abstract

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Men who consume vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated fat: their dietary patterns and risk of prostate cancer (New Zealand). Author(s): Norrish AE, Jackson RT, Sharpe SJ, Skeaff CM. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2000 August; 11(7): 609-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10977105&dopt=Abstract

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Monounsaturated fat and postprandial triglyceride levels in non-insulin-dependent diabetic persons. Author(s): Michailidou G, Perea D, Katsilambros N. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1997 May; 14(5): 406-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9171261&dopt=Abstract

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Novel effects of diets enriched with corn oil or with an olive oil/sunflower oil mixture on vitamin K metabolism and vitamin K-dependent proteins in young men. Author(s): Schurgers LJ, Shearer MJ, Soute BA, Elmadfa I, Harvey J, Wagner KH, Tomasch R, Vermeer C. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2002 June; 43(6): 878-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032162&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil and the Mediterranean diet: beyond the rhetoric. Author(s): Serra-Majem L, Ngo de la Cruz J, Ribas L, Tur JA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 57 Suppl 1: S2-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947443&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil as a functional food: epidemiology and nutritional approaches. Author(s): Stark AH, Madar Z. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 June; 60(6): 170-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078915&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil consumption and risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction in Italy. Author(s): Bertuzzi M, Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 December; 31(6): 1274-7; Author Reply 1276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540737&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil increases the number of triacylglycerol-rich chylomicron particles compared with other oils: an effect retained when a second standard meal is fed. Author(s): Jackson KG, Robertson MD, Fielding BA, Frayn KN, Williams CM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 76(5): 942-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399264&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil isochromans inhibit human platelet reactivity. Author(s): Togna GI, Togna AR, Franconi M, Marra C, Guiso M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 133(8): 2532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888632&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil phenolics: effects on DNA oxidation and redox enzyme mRNA in prostate cells. Author(s): Quiles JL, Farquharson AJ, Simpson DK, Grant I, Wahle KW. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88(3): 225-34; Discussion 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207832&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil phenols are absorbed in humans. Author(s): Vissers MN, Zock PL, Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, Katan MB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 409-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880564&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil, monounsaturated fatty acids and cancer. Author(s): Gerber M. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 91-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9103261&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil, seed oils and other added fats in relation to ovarian cancer (Italy). Author(s): Bosetti C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Montella M, Conti E, Lagiou P, Parazzini F, La Vecchia C. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 June; 13(5): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146851&dopt=Abstract

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Olive oil. A natural treatment for sore nipples? Author(s): Robinson LB. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 2002 April-May; 6(2): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975124&dopt=Abstract

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Phenolics from olive oil and its waste products. Biological activities in in vitro and in vivo studies. Author(s): Visioli F, Galli C. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 88: 233-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935962&dopt=Abstract

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Positive human health effects of dust suppression with canola oil in swine barns. Author(s): Senthilselvan A, Zhang Y, Dosman JA, Barber EM, Holfeld LE, Kirychuk SP, Cormier Y, Hurst TS, Rhodes CS. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997 August; 156(2 Pt 1): 410-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279217&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial and short-term effects of dietary virgin olive oil on oxidant/antioxidant status. Author(s): Fito M, Gimeno E, Covas MI, Miro E, Lopez-Sabater Mdel C, Farre M, de TR, Marrugat J. Source: Lipids. 2002 March; 37(3): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942474&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial lipaemia and monounsaturated fat. Author(s): Katsilambros N. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 1999 April; 9(2): 96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726115&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of dietary monounsaturated fat on arteriosclerosis: beyond cholesterol. Author(s): Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J, Mata P. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 August; 163(2): 385-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052487&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of monounsaturated fat against breast cancer. Author(s): Soran A. Source: The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 1998 August; 44(4): 141-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352493&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of plasma cholesterol levels in normal men on an American Heart Association Step 1 diet or a Step 1 diet with added monounsaturated fat. Author(s): Ginsberg HN, Barr SL, Gilbert A, Karmally W, Deckelbaum R, Kaplan K, Ramakrishnan R, Holleran S, Dell RB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 March 1; 322(9): 574-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2304504&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of first non-fatal myocardial infarction negatively associated with olive oil consumption: a case-control study in Spain. Author(s): Fernandez-Jarne E, Martinez-Losa E, Prado-Santamaria M, Brugarolas-Brufau C, Serrano-Martinez M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 April; 31(2): 474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980820&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory properties of virgin olive oil polyphenols: identification of deacetoxyligstroside aglycon as a key contributor to pungency. Author(s): Andrewes P, Busch JL, de Joode T, Groenewegen A, Alexandre H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 February 26; 51(5): 1415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590491&dopt=Abstract

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Serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in healthy men on diets enriched in either canola oil or safflower oil. Author(s): Wardlaw GM, Snook JT, Lin MC, Puangco MA, Kwon JS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 July; 54(1): 104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1905474&dopt=Abstract

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Serum lipid effects of a high-monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts. Author(s): Curb JD, Wergowske G, Dobbs JC, Abbott RD, Huang B. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 April 24; 160(8): 1154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789609&dopt=Abstract

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Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Author(s): Nydahl M, Gustafsson IB, Ohrvall M, Vessby B. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1995 December; 14(6): 643-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8598426&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and amount of positional isomers of monounsaturated fatty acids in human depot fat. Author(s): Jacob J, Grimmer G. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1968 November; 9(6): 730-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4300983&dopt=Abstract

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Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Author(s): Vessby B, Unsitupa M, Hermansen K, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Tapsell LC, Nalsen C, Berglund L, Louheranta A, Rasmussen BM, Calvert GD, Maffetone A, Pedersen E, Gustafsson IB, Storlien LH; KANWU Study. Source: Diabetologia. 2001 March; 44(3): 312-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317662&dopt=Abstract

•

Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Author(s): Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, Campero B, Casals E, Merlos M, Laguna JC, Ros E. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 April 4; 132(7): 538-46. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 2000 October 17; 133(8): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744590&dopt=Abstract

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Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men. Author(s): Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O'Dea K. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 90(3): 717-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129479&dopt=Abstract

•

Supplementation of plasma with olive oil phenols and extracts: influence on LDL oxidation. Author(s): Leenen R, Roodenburg AJ, Vissers MN, Schuurbiers JA, van Putte KP, Wiseman SA, van de Put FH. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 February 27; 50(5): 1290-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853520&dopt=Abstract

•

Tailoring fatty food simulants made from solvent mixtures (2): determining the equivalent migration behaviour of olive oil and of solvents in the case of polyolefins. Author(s): Riquet AM, Scholler D, Feigenbaum A. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 June; 19(6): 582-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042025&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of chronic consumption of monounsaturated fat on immune function in middle-aged men. Author(s): Yaqoob P, Knapper JM, Webb DH, Williams CM, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 May; 25(2): 350S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9191395&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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•

The effect of replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat on plasma lipids in free-living young adults. Author(s): Hodson L, Skeaff CM, Chisholm WA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 October; 55(10): 908-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593354&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of fish oil, olive oil, oleic acid and linoleic acid on colorectal neoplastic processes. Author(s): Llor X, Pons E, Roca A, Alvarez M, Mane J, Fernandez-Banares F, Gassull MA. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 February; 22(1): 71-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553953&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of polyunsaturated fat vs monounsaturated fat on plasma lipoproteins. Author(s): Dreon DM, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM, Austin MA, Wood PD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 May 9; 263(18): 2462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2329634&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of polyunsaturated fat vs monounsaturated fat on plasma lipoproteins: the power of a study. Author(s): Passey MM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 October 24-31; 264(16): 2071. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2214069&dopt=Abstract

•

The high-monounsaturated fat diet as a practical alternative for NIDDM. Author(s): Campbell LV, Marmot PE, Dyer JA, Borkman M, Storlien LH. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 March; 17(3): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174444&dopt=Abstract

•

The influence of the type of dietary fat on postprandial fat oxidation rates: monounsaturated (olive oil) vs saturated fat (cream). Author(s): Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O'Dea K. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 June; 26(6): 814-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037652&dopt=Abstract

•

The Mediterranean diet and mortality--olive oil and beyond. Author(s): Hu FB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 26; 348(26): 2595-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826632&dopt=Abstract

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•

Three-year study of fenthion and dimethoate pesticides in olive oil from organic and conventional cultivation. Author(s): Tsatsakis AM, Tsakiris IN, Tzatzarakis MN, Agourakis ZB, Tutudaki M, Alegakis AK. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 June; 20(6): 553-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881128&dopt=Abstract

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Total and monounsaturated fat intake and serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal Japanese women. Author(s): Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(1): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341042&dopt=Abstract

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Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humans. Author(s): Miro-Casas E, Covas MI, Fito M, Farre-Albadalejo M, Marrugat J, de la Torre R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 57(1): 186-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548315&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary excretion of olive oil phenols and their metabolites in humans. Author(s): Caruso D, Visioli F, Patelli R, Galli C, Galli G. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 December; 50(12): 1426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735087&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MONOUNSATURATED FATS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and monounsaturated fats.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Monounsaturated Fats The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on monounsaturated fats: •

Dietary unsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: higher levels of postprandial lipoprotein on a linoleic acid-rich sunflower oil diet compared with an oleic acid-rich olive oil diet. Author(s): Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College. Source: Madigan, C Ryan, M Owens, D Collins, P Tomkin, G H Diabetes-Care. 2000 October; 23(10): 1472-7 0149-5992

•

Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia. Source: Parker, Barbara Noakes, Manny Luscombe, Natalie Clifton, Peter Diabetes-Care. 2002 March; 25(3): 425-30 0149-5992

•

Effects of a monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Indiana University Center for Weight Management, Indianapolis, IN. Source: Gumbiner, B. Low, C.C. Reaven, P.D. Diabetes-care (USA). (January 1998). volume 21(1) page 9-15. diabetes diet fats fatty acids cardiovascular diseases risk 01495992

•

Effects on blood pressure, glucose, and lipid levels of a high-monounsaturated fat diet compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in NIDDM subjects. Author(s): Medical Department M, Aarhus Community Hospital, Denmark. Source: Rasmussen, O W Thomsen, C Hansen, K W Vesterlund, M Winther, E Hermansen, K Diabetes-Care. 1993 December; 16(12): 1565-71 0149-5992

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High-monounsaturated fat diet for diabetic patients. Is it time to change the current dietary recommendations? Author(s): Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-9052. Source: Garg, A Diabetes-Care. 1994 March; 17(3): 242-6 0149-5992

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Intake of a diet high in trans monounsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids. Effects on postprandial insulinemia and glycemia in obese patients with NIDDM. Author(s): Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Christiansen, E Schnider, S Palmvig, B Tauber Lassen, E Pedersen, O DiabetesCare. 1997 May; 20(5): 881-7 0149-5992

•

Olive oil as a functional food: epidemiology and nutritional approaches. Author(s): The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Rehovot, Israel. Source: Stark, Aliza H Madar, Zecharia Nutr-Revolume 2002 June; 60(6): 170-6 0029-6643

•

The high-monounsaturated fat diet as a practical alternative for NIDDM. Author(s): Diabetes Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Campbell, L V Marmot, P E Dyer, J A Borkman, M Storlien, L H Diabetes-Care. 1994 Mar; 17(3): 177-82 0149-5992

Nutrition

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “monounsaturated fats” (or a synonym): •

Butter differs from olive oil and sunflower oil in its effects on postprandial lipemia and triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins after single mixed meals in healthy young men. Author(s): Unite 476-Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Human Nutrition and Lipids, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Universite de la Mediterranee, 13009 Marseille, France. Source: Mekki, N Charbonnier, M Borel, P Leonardi, J Juhel, C Portugal, H Lairon, D JNutr. 2002 December; 132(12): 3642-9 0022-3166

•

Comparison of the effects of two diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids differing in their linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid ratio on platelet aggregation. Author(s): Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland. Source: Freese, R Mutanen, M Valsta, L M Salminen, I Thromb-Haemost. 1994 January; 71(1): 73-7 0340-6245

•

Do dietary monounsaturated fatty acids play a protective role in carcinogenesis and cardiovascular disease? Author(s): American Health Foundation, New York, NY 10017. Source: Cohen, L A Wynder, E I Med-Hypotheses. 1990 February; 31(2): 83-9 0306-9877

•

Effects induced by olive oil-rich diet on erythrocytes membrane lipids and sodiumpotassium transports in postmenopausal hypertensive women. Author(s): Istituto di Patologia Medica, Universita di Verona, Italy. Source: Corrocher, R Pagnan, A Ambrosio, G B Ferrari, S Olivieri, O Guarini, P Bassi, A Piccolo, D Gandini, A Girelli, D J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1992 May; 15(5): 369-76 0391-4097

•

Effects of diets containing olive oil, sunflower oil, or rapeseed oil on the hemostatic system. Author(s): Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Munster, Germany. [email protected] Source: Junker, R Kratz, M Neufeld, M Erren, M Nofer, J R Schulte, H Nowak Gottl, U Assmann, G Wahrburg, U Thromb-Haemost. 2001 February; 85(2): 280-6 0340-6245

•

Health effects of Mediterranean diets and monounsaturated fats. Source: Spiller, G.A. Cereal-Foods-World. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. Sept 1991. volume 36 (9) page 812-814. 0146-6283

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How enthusiastically should the use of monounsaturated fats be encouraged? Source: Franz, M J Diabetes-Educ. 1989 Nov-December; 15(6): 494-7 0145-7217

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Protective effect of dietary monounsaturated fat on arteriosclerosis: beyond cholesterol. Author(s): Unidad de Lipidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain. [email protected] Source: Perez Jimenez, F Lopez Miranda, J Mata, P Atherosclerosis. 2002 August; 163(2): 385-98 0021-9150

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Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Author(s): Unit for Clinical Nutrition Research, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Vessby, B Unsitupa, M Hermansen, K Riccardi, G Rivellese, A A Tapsell, L C Nalsen, C Berglund, L Louheranta, A Rasmussen, B M Calvert, G D Maffetone, A

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Pedersen, E Gustafsson, I B Storlien, L H Diabetologia. 2001 March; 44(3): 312-9 0012186X •

Trans monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids have similar effects on postprandial flow-mediated vasodilation. Author(s): Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Source: de Roos, N M Siebelink, E Bots, M L van Tol, A Schouten, E G Katan, M B Eur-JClin-Nutr. 2002 July; 56(7): 674-9 0954-3007

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to monounsaturated fats; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Minerals Vanadium Alternative names: Vanadate, Vanadyl Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Food and Diet Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asparagus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,7,00.html Baguettes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html

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Beet Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,309,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Rabe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,185,00.html Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bulgur Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,305,00.html Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celery Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Collard Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,152,00.html

Nutrition

Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Egg Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggplants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,19,00.html Feta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Focaccia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Game Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,88,00.html Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lamb and Mutton Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lima Beans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,151,00.html Low-Fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Monounsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,25,00.html Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Olives Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,318,00.html Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,992,00.html Peanuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,110,00.html Pecorino Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,176,00.html Rabbit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Radicchio Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rice Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sardines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,317,00.html Sourdough Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Spelt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Swiss Chard Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,140,00.html Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html Tuna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,183,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MONOUNSATURATED FATS

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to monounsaturated fats. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to monounsaturated fats and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to monounsaturated fats: •

A high carbohydrate versus a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet lowers the atherogenic potential of big VLDL particles in patients with type 1 diabetes. Author(s): Georgopoulos A, Bantle JP, Noutsou M, Hoover HA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 October; 130(10): 2503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015481&dopt=Abstract

•

AHA Science Advisory. Monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease. American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee. Author(s): Kris-Etherton PM. Source: Circulation. 1999 September 14; 100(11): 1253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10484550&dopt=Abstract

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•

Assorted monounsaturated fatty acids promote healthy hearts. Author(s): Feldman EB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 December; 70(6): 953-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584038&dopt=Abstract

•

Beneficial effects of increasing monounsaturated fat intake in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Author(s): Donaghue KC, Pena MM, Chan AK, Blades BL, King J, Storlien LH, Silink M. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2000 June; 48(3): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10802158&dopt=Abstract

•

Cholesterol reduction using manufactured foods high in monounsaturated fatty acids: a randomized crossover study. Author(s): Williams CM, Francis-Knapper JA, Webb D, Brookes CA, Zampelas A, Tredger JA, Wright J, Meijer G, Calder PC, Yaqoob P, Roche H, Gibney MJ. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 June; 81(6): 439-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10615219&dopt=Abstract

•

Circulating levels of endothelial function are modulated by dietary monounsaturated fat. Author(s): Perez-Jimenez F, Castro P, Lopez-Miranda J, Paz-Rojas E, Blanco A, LopezSegura F, Velasco F, Marin C, Fuentes F, Ordovas JM. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 August; 145(2): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10488963&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparative effects of polyunsaturated- to saturated fatty acid ratio versus polyunsaturated- and monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acid ratio on lipid metabolism in rats. Author(s): Chang NW, Huang PC. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 January; 142(1): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9920520&dopt=Abstract

•

Compared with saturated fatty acids, dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates increase atherosclerosis and VLDL cholesterol levels in LDL receptordeficient, but not apolipoprotein E-deficient, mice. Author(s): Merkel M, Velez-Carrasco W, Hudgins LC, Breslow JL. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 November 6; 98(23): 13294-9. Epub 2001 October 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11606787&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing equal levels of gamma-linolenic acid from high gamma-linolenic acid canola oil or borage oil. Author(s): Palombo JD, DeMichele SJ, Liu JW, Bistrian BR, Huang YS.

Alternative Medicine 35

Source: Lipids. 2000 September; 35(9): 975-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11026618&dopt=Abstract •

Diet high in monounsaturated fat does not have a different effect on arterial elasticity than a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Author(s): Ashton EL, Pomeroy S, Foster JE, Kaye RS, Nestel PJ, Ball M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 May; 100(5): 537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812378&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary canola oil alters hematological indices and blood lipids in neonatal piglets fed formula. Author(s): Innis SM, Dyer RA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 July; 129(7): 1261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395585&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary flavonoids reduce lipid peroxidation in rats fed polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat diets. Author(s): Fremont L, Gozzelino MT, Franchi MP, Linard A. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 September; 128(9): 1495-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732310&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and haemostasis. Author(s): Kelly CM, Smith RD, Williams CM. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2001 May; 60(2): 161-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681631&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids promote aortic atherosclerosis in LDL receptornull, human ApoB100-overexpressing transgenic mice. Author(s): Rudel LL, Kelley K, Sawyer JK, Shah R, Wilson MD. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1998 November; 18(11): 1818-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812923&dopt=Abstract

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Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. Author(s): Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 June; 53(6): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403584&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Thomsen C, Storm H, Holst JJ, Hermansen K.

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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 March; 77(3): 605-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600850&dopt=Abstract •

Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on postprandial lipemia and incretin responses in healthy subjects. Author(s): Thomsen C, Rasmussen O, Lousen T, Holst JJ, Fenselau S, Schrezenmeir J, Hermansen K. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 June; 69(6): 1135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357731&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Parker B, Noakes M, Luscombe N, Clifton P. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 March; 25(3): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874925&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of different forms of canola oil fatty acids plus canola meal on milk composition and physical properties of butter. Author(s): Bayourthe C, Enjalbert F, Moncoulon R. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2000 April; 83(4): 690-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791784&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of supplemental vitamin E and canola oil on tissue tocopherol and liver fatty acid profile of finishing swine. Author(s): Soler-Velasquez MP, Brendemuhl JH, McDowell LR, Sheppard KA, Johnson DD, Williams SN. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1998 January; 76(1): 110-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9464891&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the ratio of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid on rat plasma and liver lipid concentrations. Author(s): Chang NW, Huang PC. Source: Lipids. 1998 May; 33(5): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9625595&dopt=Abstract

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Exchanging carbohydrates for monounsaturated fats in energy-restricted diets: effects on metabolic profile and other cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Colette C, Percheron C, Pares-Herbute N, Michel F, Pham TC, Brillant L, Descomps B, Monnier L. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 June; 27(6): 648-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833107&dopt=Abstract


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Fatty acid composition of milk from Holstein cows fed oleamide or canola oil. Author(s): Jenkins TC. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1998 March; 81(3): 794-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565883&dopt=Abstract

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High carbohydrate and high monounsaturated fatty acid diets similarly affect LDL electrophoretic characteristics in men who are losing weight. Author(s): Archer WR, Lamarche B, St-Pierre AC, Mauger JF, Deriaz O, Landry N, Corneau L, Despres JP, Bergeron J, Couture P, Bergeron N. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 October; 133(10): 3124-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14519795&dopt=Abstract

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High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Author(s): Kris-Etherton PM, Pearson TA, Wan Y, Hargrove RL, Moriarty K, Fishell V, Etherton TD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 December; 70(6): 1009-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584045&dopt=Abstract

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Incorporation of dietary trans monounsaturated fatty acids into tissues of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Author(s): Moreira NX, Curi R, Padovese R, Mancini-Filho J. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2001 April; 34(4): 501-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285462&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term monounsaturated fatty acid diets reduce platelet aggregation in healthy young subjects. Author(s): Smith RD, Kelly CN, Fielding BA, Hauton D, Silva KD, Nydahl MC, Miller GJ, Williams CM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 90(3): 597-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129466&dopt=Abstract

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Low fat and high monounsaturated fat diets decrease human low density lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility in vitro. Author(s): Hargrove RL, Etherton TD, Pearson TA, Harrison EH, Kris-Etherton PM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 June; 131(6): 1758-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385064&dopt=Abstract

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Low-fat and high-monounsaturated fatty acid diets decrease plasma cholesterol ester transfer protein concentrations in young, healthy, normolipemic men. Author(s): Jansen S, Lopez-Miranda J, Castro P, Lopez-Segura F, Marin C, Ordovas JM, Paz E, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Fuentes F, Perez-Jimenez F.

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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 July; 72(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871558&dopt=Abstract •

Monounsaturated fats and immune function. Author(s): Yaqoob P. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1998 November; 57(4): 511-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096110&dopt=Abstract

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Monounsaturated fatty acid diets improve glycemic tolerance through increased secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Author(s): Rocca AS, LaGreca J, Kalitsky J, Brubaker PL. Source: Endocrinology. 2001 March; 142(3): 1148-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181530&dopt=Abstract

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Numerical density of cardiac myocytes in aged rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet and a canola oil diet (n-3 fatty acid rich). Author(s): Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1999 May; 434(5): 4513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389629&dopt=Abstract

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Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increase neutral lipid accumulation, caspase activation and apoptosis in a neutrophil-like, differentiated HL-60 cell line. Author(s): Healy DA, Watson RW, Newsholme P. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2003 February; 104(2): 171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546639&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia induced by saturated vs. monounsaturated fatty acids is related to reduced hepatic lipoprotein receptors binding in NZW rabbits. Author(s): Harbis A, Juhel C, Senft M, Lairon D. Source: Lipids. 1999; 34 Suppl: S125-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10419118&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial lipaemia and monounsaturated fat. Author(s): Katsilambros N. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 1999 April; 9(2): 96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726115&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of monounsaturated fat against breast cancer. Author(s): Soran A.


Source: The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 1998 August; 44(4): 141-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352493&dopt=Abstract •

Stereology of the myocardium and blood biochemistry in aged rats fed with a cholesterol-rich and canola oil diet (n-3 fatty acid rich). Author(s): Aguila MB, Rodrigues-Apfel MI, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Source: Basic Research in Cardiology. 1998 June; 93(3): 182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689444&dopt=Abstract

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Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Author(s): Vessby B, Unsitupa M, Hermansen K, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Tapsell LC, Nalsen C, Berglund L, Louheranta A, Rasmussen BM, Calvert GD, Maffetone A, Pedersen E, Gustafsson IB, Storlien LH; KANWU Study. Source: Diabetologia. 2001 March; 44(3): 312-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317662&dopt=Abstract

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Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Author(s): Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, Campero B, Casals E, Merlos M, Laguna JC, Ros E. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 April 4; 132(7): 538-46. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 2000 October 17; 133(8): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744590&dopt=Abstract

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Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men. Author(s): Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O'Dea K. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 90(3): 717-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129479&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat on plasma lipids in free-living young adults. Author(s): Hodson L, Skeaff CM, Chisholm WA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 October; 55(10): 908-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593354&dopt=Abstract

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Tissue stores of individual monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer: the EURAMIC study. European Community Multicenter Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer. Author(s): Simonsen NR, Fernandez-Crehuet Navajas J, Martin-Moreno JM, Strain JJ, Huttunen JK, Martin BC, Thamm M, Kardinaal AF, van't Veer P, Kok FJ, Kohlmeier L.

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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 July; 68(1): 134-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9665107&dopt=Abstract •

Trans monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids have similar effects on postprandial flow-mediated vasodilation. Author(s): de Roos NM, Siebelink E, Bots ML, van Tol A, Schouten EG, Katan MB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 56(7): 674-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080409&dopt=Abstract

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UK Food Standards Agency cis-monounsaturated fatty acid workshop report. Author(s): Sanderson P, Gill JM, Packard CJ, Sanders TA, Vessby B, Williams CM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 88(1): 99-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117433&dopt=Abstract

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Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat. Author(s): Bell RR, Spencer MJ, Sherriff JL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 October; 127(10): 2006-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9311958&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/


The following is a specific Web list relating to monounsaturated fats; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Age-Related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Apple Diet Alternative names: apple-cleansing regimen apple-diet cleansing routine apple-diet regimen apple-diet therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html

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Herbs and Supplements Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Beta-Sitosterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fennel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,20,00.html Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrastis Canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Mentha Alternative names: Pennyroyal; Mentha/Hedeoma pulegium Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vanadate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadyl Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MONOUNSATURATED FATS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “monounsaturated fats” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on monounsaturated fats, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Monounsaturated Fats As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to monounsaturated fats:

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Canola oil from seeds with reduced glucosinolates and linolenic acid Inventor(s): DeBonte, Lorin R.; (Fort Collins, CO), Fan, Zhegong; (Fort Collins, CO), Loh, Willie H.T.; (Minneapolis, MN) Correspondence: David L. Biek, ESQ.; Cargill Incorporated; P.O. Box 5624, MS 24; Minneapolis; MN; 55440-5624; US Patent Application Number: 20020092042 Date filed: December 27, 2001 Abstract: A canola line has been stabilized to produce seeds having an.alpha.-linolenic acid content of less than that of generic canola oil, more preferably less than or equal to about 7%.alpha.-linolenic acid relative to total fatty acid content of said seed and a total glucosinolate content of less than 18.mu.mol/g of defatted meal, more preferably less than or equal to about 15.mu.mol/g of defatted meal. This canola line has reduced sulfur content of less than or equal to 3.0 ppm, improved sensory characteristics and increased oxidative stability. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved canola seeds, plants and oil having advantageous properties, that is, a low glucosinolates content and a very low.alpha.linolenic acid (C.sub.18:3) content, which produce an oil with low sulfur content, improved sensory characteristics and oxidative stability. A need exists for an improved vegetable oil with a significantly extended shelf life and greater heat stability relative to generic canola oil and a positive nutritional contribution to animal, including human, diets. Canola oil has the lowest level of saturated fatty acids of all vegetable oils. "Canola" refers to rapeseed (Brassica) which has an erucic acid (C.sub.22:1) content of at most 2 percent by weight based on the total fatty acid content of a seed, preferably at most 0.5 percent by weight and most preferably essentially 0 percent by weight and which produces, after crushing, an air-dried meal containing less than 30 micromoles (.mu.mol) per gram of defatted (oil-free) meal. These types of rapeseed are distinguished by their edibility in comparison to more traditional varieties of the species. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for flavoring an olive oil Inventor(s): Maitland, Reinout; (Vlaardingen, NL), Van Boom, Stella Sophia; (Vlaardingen, NL), Van der Brugghen, Rob; (Vlaardingen, NL) Correspondence: Unilever; Patent Department; 45 River Road; Edgewater; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20020164413 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a flavoured olive oil, comprising the steps of:mixing olives with one or more flavoring agents;subjecting the mixture to a crushing and malaxation treatment obtaining a malaxation mash;separating the flavored olive oil from the malaxation mash;collecting the flavored olive oil. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of preparing a flavored olive oil and to the flavored olive oil obtained therewith. Flavored oils are convenient means to flavor foods and are useful as condiments or cooking ingredients. For example, an oil flavored with onion can be used for frying. Another use is as a means to flavor meals, such as pasta, meat, fish, salads etc. or as a basis for a marinade. In the prior art many ways of flavoring oils are provided. One of the basic methods is the addition of the

Patents 47

flavoring agent to the oil and leaving the oil to stand for a certain amount of time, such as described in GB 1 237 042. In this way oils flavored with herbs, such as rosemary are prepared. A drawback of this method is that it can take a relatively long time for the oil to absorb the flavor. Also, the added flavoring agent will often remain in the oil, which is not desirable for some applications. Another drawback is that this extraction method does not yield an optimal flavor profile. It is also possible to add to an oil synthetic flavors or natural flavor extracts (for instance those obtained according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,734). However, many consumers do not appreciate the addition of a flavor which is synthetic, because they rather prefer a naturally flavored product. However, using extracts to flavor the oil, generally is not very economical, as processes to prepare extracts can be complicated and make the product expensive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of production of a meat product containing olive oil Inventor(s): Domazakis, Emmanouil; (Rethymnon, GR) Correspondence: Clifford W Browning; Woodard Emhardt Naughton Moriarty & Mcnett; Bank One Center Tower; 111 Monument Circle Suite 3700; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5137; US Patent Application Number: 20030049364 Date filed: January 15, 2002 Abstract: Method of production of goods based on meat (products of cooked pork meats--sausages--salamis of contracted meat) with direct embodiment of olive oil and maximum possible substitution of animal fat, which includes the following stages: a) Mixture of thin meat with H2O, salt, poli-phosphoric salts, preservatives, vegetable proteins, milk proteins and starch. b) Insertion of olive oil and continuation of mixture. c) The mixture is encased with simultaneous application of vacuum and pasteurization. d) Freeze of product. Products based on meat with embodiment of olive oil, which are produced according to this method have an excellent stability as far structure is concerned (compactness) and the scenic-chemical features of olive oil which these products contain remain unchangeable. Excerpt(s): obtainment of solid emulsion--meat-paste of firm structure, apt to undergo any suitable caloric process, with further target the embodiment and firm connection of olive oil and after the coagulation of the proteins in the main system of the emulsion that consists of proteins/water/olive oil. the obtainment of the maximum possible maintenance of organic-receptive, scenic-chemical and nutrient features of the differentiation determinant Olive Oil. The cooked pork meats of contracted meat constitute a structural > with the participation of essential ingredients of the proteins of the meat, water (of the meat+additional water) and additional fat (pork fatty tissue). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Swab with olive oil Inventor(s): Davidson, Kenneth; (Dayton, OH) Correspondence: William M. Selenke; 28 Dewitt Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45218; US Patent Application Number: 20020177798 Date filed: April 12, 2002 Abstract: Swabs with adsorbed olive oil are manufactured in sealed containers or flexible packages. The swab can be either swabs on the end of sticks or plain flat absorbent gauze. The use of these olive oil swabs includes heating the sealed container or package in water, opening that container or package, removing the swab, and applying the olive oil to the afflicted area. Excerpt(s): The invention is concerned with the manufacture of swabs and bandages impregnated with olive oil and the use of olive oil as an unguent for inflamed and injured tissues, especially ears and noses. The medicinal properties of olive oil in wound dressings have been known since antiquity. "He went to him and bandaged his wounds pouring on oil and wine." Luke 10:34. An example of a modem type "Q-tip"R swab is Deford U.S. Pat. No. 2,006,539. Examples of a modern type "Q-tip"R swabs adapted to apply mendicants are U.S. Pat. No. 2,490,168, Strauss and U.S. Pat. No. 3,958,571 Bennington. Placing absorbent tips of bandage materials on a stick is a long established patent and commercial art. Olive oil, often called "sweet oil," is a common, accepted home remedy for earache. The sweet oil is warmed and placed in the ear. The warmth and soothing effect of the oil does relieve earache. Likewise, olive oil is used an ointment for small dried areas of the skin and small irritated or scraped areas of the skin. Various oils are used with pads to remove makeup. Likewise, olive oil on stick swabs can be comforting to constrution workers in a dusty environment to clean out their nose. However, neither in the patent or commercial literature are references to swabs presoaked with sweet oil. A medicinal first aid pad manufactured with olive oil placed in the absorbent part of such pads would have certain advantages. They would be less messy and more convenient then bottles of olive oil. A second advantage is that no bacteria or other infectious agents in would be present in the swab with sterilized sweet oil after the combination is sterilized with common sterilization techniques. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with monounsaturated fats, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on monounsaturated fats. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning monounsaturated fats. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MONOUNSATURATED FATS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to monounsaturated fats. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on monounsaturated fats include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “monounsaturated fats” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “monounsaturated fats” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “monounsaturated fats” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Olive Oil Cookery: The Mediterranean Diet by Maher A. Abbas, et al (1995); ISBN: 0913990116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913990116/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Monounsaturated Fats In order to find chapters that specifically relate to monounsaturated fats, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and monounsaturated fats using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type

50


“monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on monounsaturated fats: •

Fats Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 235-258. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: The fat group includes foods that are all or mostly fat. A serving or exchange of fat has 5 grams of fat and 45 calories. This chapter on dietary fats is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, saturated fats, fat replacement in commercial foods, buying and storing nuts, and the butter versus margarine controversy. Numerous recipes are then provided: herbed avocado dressing, wholewheat flax loaf, new Waldorf salad, Chinese chicken with cashews, and a section of lower-fat party foods: sun-dried tomato spread, smoky cheese dip, hot artichoke dip, hummus, creamy spinach dip, potato skin bar, open-faced mini bagel bar, veggie sandwich, turkey chutney sandwiches, tomato pizza bagels, and low-fat buffalo wings. The chapter concludes with a chart of commonly dietary fats and their nutrition values. 2 tables.

51

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS MONOUNSATURATED FATS

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover monounsaturated fats.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on monounsaturated fats is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to monounsaturated fats. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for monounsaturated fats: •

High-monounsaturated fat, macadamia nut-based diet lowers cholesterol Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 28, 2000

52


•

AHA advises monounsaturated fats may be substituted for saturated fats Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 14, 1999

•

High levels of monounsaturated fatty acid intake protects against age-related memory loss Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 12, 1999

•

Monounsaturated fats promote risk for aortic atherosclerosis in mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 25, 1998

•

Monounsaturated Fats Cut Breast Cancer Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 12, 1998

•

Monounsaturated Fat May Be Protective Against Breast Cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 12, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Periodicals and News

53

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to monounsaturated fats, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on monounsaturated fats: •

Fat Confusion Cleared Up Source: AICR Newsletter. Issue 62, p.5. Winter 1999. Contact: AICR, 1759 R Street NW, Washington, DC. (202) 328-7744. Summary: This article explains the differences between the various kinds of fats. According to the author, it is not healthy to eliminate all fats from the diet. However, individuals should reduce the amount of animal fat they consume. Avocados and almonds eaten in moderation are not unhealthy, and may improve the ratio of `good' cholesterol in the blood, since both contain monounsaturated fats. Olive or canola oils should be used for cooking, says the author, but it is unhealthy to overindulge in any kind of fat. Trans-fats are to be avoided, especially those found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and mayonnaise, processed cookies, chips, cakes, and crackers, and in deep-fried foods like doughnuts.

Academic Periodicals covering Monounsaturated Fats Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to monounsaturated fats. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering monounsaturated fats that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest

54


studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

57

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

59

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1393 0 542 0 0 1935

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

61

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on monounsaturated fats can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to monounsaturated fats. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to monounsaturated fats. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “monounsaturated fats”:

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•

Other guides Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Dietary Fats http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Ovarian Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancancer.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to monounsaturated fats. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

65

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to monounsaturated fats. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with monounsaturated fats. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about monounsaturated fats. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “monounsaturated fats” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “monounsaturated fats”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “monounsaturated fats” (or synonyms) into the

66


“For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “monounsaturated fats” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

67

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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MONOUNSATURATED FATS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adult-Onset Diabetes: Former term for noninsulin-dependent or type II diabetes. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU]

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Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha-Linolenic Acid: A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH]

Dictionary 77

Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the

78


heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]

Dictionary 79

Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the

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high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

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Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH]

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Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Earache: Pain in the ear. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with

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malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

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[NIH]

Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related Cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haemostasis: The arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level

Dictionary 85

may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,

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subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

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Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipaemia: The presence of an excess of fats or lipids in the blood. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH]

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Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU]

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Neoplastic Processes: The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nipples: The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. [NIH]

Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]

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Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH]

Dictionary 91

Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]

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Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH]

Dictionary 93

Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and

94


peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat

Dictionary 95

tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 75, 87, 89 Acceptor, 75, 87, 89 Adipocytes, 75, 86 Adult-Onset Diabetes, 4, 75 Adverse Effect, 75, 93 Aerobic, 6, 75 Aerobic Exercise, 6, 75 Afferent, 75, 86 Affinity, 75, 93 Age of Onset, 75, 95 Albumin, 6, 75, 90 Algorithms, 75, 77 Alimentary, 75, 81, 89 Alkaline, 76, 78, 90 Alpha-Linolenic Acid, 25, 76 Alternative medicine, 52, 76 Amino Acids, 76, 81, 89, 91, 94 Aneurysm, 76, 95 Anions, 75, 76, 86 Anthropometry, 7, 76 Antibody, 75, 76, 80, 85 Anticoagulant, 76, 91 Antigen, 75, 76, 80, 85 Antioxidant, 9, 18, 76 Apolipoproteins, 76, 87 Apoptosis, 10, 38, 76, 78 Aqueous, 77, 81, 82, 85 Arginine, 13, 77 Arterial, 11, 35, 77, 79, 85, 91 Arteries, 77, 78, 81, 87, 88 Arterioles, 77, 78 Arteriolosclerosis, 77 Arteriosclerosis, 18, 25, 35, 41, 77, 85 Atherogenic, 9, 33, 77 Atrophy, 77, 87 B Bacteria, 48, 76, 77, 83, 95 Base, 77, 81, 86, 89, 90 Bile, 77, 87 Bilirubin, 75, 77 Biosynthesis, 77, 91 Biotechnology, 7, 52, 59, 77 Bladder, 77, 91, 95 Blood Coagulation, 77, 78, 94 Blood Glucose, 4, 12, 77, 84, 86 Blood pressure, 5, 6, 13, 15, 24, 77, 78, 85, 88, 93

Blood vessel, 77, 78, 79, 90, 93, 95 Body Fluids, 78, 93 Body Mass Index, 78, 89 Branch, 71, 78, 89, 93, 94 C Calcification, 77, 78 Calcium, 15, 78, 80 Carbohydrate, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 24, 33, 35, 37, 50, 78, 84 Carcinogenesis, 25, 78 Cardiac, 38, 78, 88 Cardiorespiratory, 75, 78 Cardiovascular, 5, 6, 11, 24, 25, 33, 36, 78 Cardiovascular disease, 24, 25, 33, 78 Carotenoids, 14, 78 Caspase, 38, 78 Cell, 5, 10, 38, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95 Cell Cycle, 10, 78 Cell Death, 76, 78, 88 Cell Division, 77, 78, 79, 88, 90 Cell membrane, 79, 90 Cell proliferation, 77, 79 Cellulose, 79, 90 Cerebrovascular, 78, 79 Chemoprevention, 10, 79 Cholesterol Esters, 79, 87 Chromatin, 76, 79 Chronic, 20, 79, 86, 93 Chylomicrons, 79, 87 CIS, 6, 40, 79 Clinical trial, 4, 59, 79, 91, 92 Cloning, 77, 79 Coagulation, 47, 77, 79, 84, 90, 94 Cod Liver Oil, 79, 82 Collagen, 79, 90 Colloidal, 75, 80, 89 Colorectal, 15, 21, 41, 80 Colorectal Cancer, 15, 41, 80 Complement, 80, 90 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 43, 80 Complementary medicine, 33, 80 Computational Biology, 59, 80 Condiments, 46, 80 Consumption, 12, 17, 19, 20, 80, 92 Contraindications, ii, 80 Corn Oil, 3, 16, 81

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Coronary, 5, 41, 64, 78, 81, 88 Coronary heart disease, 5, 78, 81 Coronary Thrombosis, 81, 88 Cortisol, 75, 81 Curative, 81, 94 Cysteine, 81, 83, 94 Cytoplasm, 76, 79, 81 D Dairy Products, 81, 92 Databases, Bibliographic, 59, 81 Deletion, 76, 81 Density, 13, 15, 37, 38, 78, 81, 82, 87, 89 Diabetes Mellitus, 4, 11, 41, 81, 84 Diagnostic procedure, 45, 52, 81 Dietary Fats, 50, 64, 81 Dietary Fiber, 5, 81 Dietary Proteins, 81, 95 Digestion, 75, 77, 81, 86, 87, 93 Dilatation, 76, 81, 95 Dilatation, Pathologic, 81, 95 Dilation, 81, 95 Dimethoate, 22, 82 Diploid, 82, 90 Direct, iii, 47, 82, 92 Dissociation, 75, 82, 86 Drug Interactions, 82 Drug Tolerance, 82, 94 Dyslipidemia, 6, 82 E Earache, 48, 82 Efficacy, 6, 82 Elasticity, 11, 35, 77, 82 Electrocoagulation, 79, 82 Electrolyte, 82, 91, 93 Electrons, 76, 77, 82, 86, 89 Emulsion, 47, 82 Endemic, 83, 93 Endopeptidases, 83, 91 Endotoxic, 83, 87 Energy balance, 83, 86 Energy Intake, 6, 83 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 83 Enzymatic, 78, 80, 83 Enzyme, 17, 78, 83, 90, 91, 94, 95 Epidemic, 83, 93 Erythrocytes, 25, 83 Estrogen, 22, 83 Ethanolamine, 11, 83 Exogenous, 83, 95 Extracellular, 83, 93 Extraction, 47, 83

F Family Planning, 59, 83 Fatty acids, 5, 7, 9, 10, 17, 19, 24, 25, 26, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 75, 83, 84, 91 Fenthion, 22, 83 Flavoring Agents, 46, 83 Forearm, 78, 83 G Gas, 83, 85 Gene, 15, 77, 83, 85 Gestational, 11, 84 Gland, 84, 89, 91, 93, 94 Glucose, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 24, 35, 77, 79, 81, 84, 86 Glucose Intolerance, 81, 84 Glucose tolerance, 7, 84 Glucose Tolerance Test, 84 Glucosinolates, 46, 84 Glycerol, 84, 90 Glycerophospholipids, 84, 90 Governing Board, 84, 91 Growth, 3, 34, 76, 78, 79, 84, 88, 90 H Haemostasis, 35, 84 Haploid, 84, 90 Heart attack, 78, 84 Hemoglobin, 5, 6, 83, 84 Hepatic, 38, 75, 84, 85 Heredity, 83, 85 Hormone, 81, 85, 86 Hydrogen, 75, 77, 78, 85, 87, 88, 89 Hydrogen Peroxide, 85, 87 Hydrophobic, 84, 85, 87 Hypercholesterolemia, 42, 82, 85 Hyperlipidemia, 82, 85 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 19, 85 Hypertension, 77, 78, 85 Hypertriglyceridemia, 38, 82, 85 I Id, 26, 40, 64, 70, 72, 85 Immune function, 13, 20, 38, 85 Immune response, 76, 85, 94, 95 Immunodeficiency, 6, 85 Immunogenic, 85, 87 In vitro, 8, 15, 18, 37, 85 In vivo, 8, 11, 18, 85 Indicative, 49, 85, 89, 95 Infantile, 85, 87 Infarction, 39, 85 Infection, 6, 85, 87, 93, 95 Inflammation, 75, 86 Ingestion, 8, 12, 84, 86

Index 99

Insecticides, 86, 89 Insulin, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 20, 25, 39, 42, 84, 86, 95 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 10, 12, 86 Intestinal, 84, 86 Intestine, 80, 85, 86 Intracellular, 85, 86, 91 Invasive, 86, 87 Involuntary, 86, 88 Ionization, 16, 86 Ions, 77, 82, 85, 86 K Kb, 58, 86 Kidney Disease, 5, 58, 86 L Large Intestine, 80, 86, 92 Leptin, 6, 86 Library Services, 70, 86 Ligament, 87, 91 Linkages, 84, 87 Lipaemia, 18, 38, 87 Lipid, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 24, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 76, 77, 84, 86, 87, 94 Lipid A, 12, 19, 38, 87 Lipid Peroxidation, 35, 87 Lipodystrophy, 6, 87 Lipopolysaccharides, 87 Lipoprotein, 12, 13, 15, 24, 37, 38, 82, 87 Liver, 36, 75, 77, 82, 84, 85, 87 Localized, 85, 87, 90 Locomotion, 87, 90 Low-density lipoprotein, 12, 15, 82, 87 Lymphatic, 86, 87 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 7, 87 Malnutrition, 75, 77, 87 Mammary, 87, 89 Meat, 46, 47, 81, 87, 92 Meat Products, 81, 87 Medial, 77, 87 MEDLINE, 59, 87 Membrane, 5, 25, 79, 80, 88, 89, 90 Memory, 52, 88 Menopause, 88, 90, 91 Methionine, 88, 94 MI, 10, 18, 22, 39, 73, 88 Migration, 20, 88 Mitosis, 76, 88 Molecular, 59, 61, 77, 80, 88 Molecule, 76, 77, 80, 82, 88, 89, 92 Monitor, 5, 88

Myocardial infarction, 17, 19, 81, 88 Myocardium, 39, 88 N NCI, 1, 57, 79, 88 Necrosis, 76, 84, 85, 88 Need, 3, 46, 49, 53, 65, 75, 88, 94 Neonatal, 18, 35, 88 Neoplasia, 88 Neoplasm, 88, 89 Neoplastic, 21, 88, 89 Neoplastic Processes, 21, 89 Nephropathy, 86, 89 Neutrophil, 38, 89 Nipples, 18, 89 Nuclei, 82, 87, 88, 89 Nucleus, 76, 79, 81, 89 O On-line, 16, 73, 89 Opacity, 81, 89 Osmotic, 75, 89 Overweight, 5, 20, 26, 39, 89 Oxidation, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 75, 76, 87, 89 P Palliative, 89, 94 Pancreas, 75, 86, 89 Parenteral, 83, 89 Pathologic, 76, 81, 89, 95 Pathologic Processes, 76, 89 Pelvic, 89, 91 Peptide, 35, 38, 83, 86, 89, 91 Pesticides, 22, 86, 89 Petrolatum, 83, 89 Pharmacologic, 89, 94 Phenolphthalein, 83, 90 Phospholipids, 8, 13, 83, 87, 90 Phosphorus, 78, 90 Photocoagulation, 79, 90 Physiologic, 77, 90, 92 Pilot study, 5, 90 Plant Proteins, 90, 95 Plants, 46, 76, 84, 90, 94, 95 Plaque, 77, 90 Plasma, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 36, 37, 39, 75, 79, 84, 85, 90, 93 Plasma protein, 75, 90 Platelet Aggregation, 25, 37, 90 Platelets, 90, 94 Polymorphism, 15, 90 Polyposis, 80, 90 Polyunsaturated fat, 6, 21, 50, 90 Postmenopausal, 25, 90

100 Monounsaturated Fats

Postprandial, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 35, 36, 38, 40, 91 Potassium, 25, 91 Practice Guidelines, 60, 91 Premenopausal, 22, 91 Prevalence, 5, 6, 91 Progressive, 77, 82, 84, 88, 91 Prospective study, 8, 91 Prostaglandins, 76, 91 Prostate, 16, 17, 42, 91 Protease, 6, 91 Protease Inhibitors, 6, 91 Protein C, 16, 37, 75, 76, 87, 91 Protein S, 77, 91 Proteins, 16, 47, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95 Protocol, 6, 91 Public Policy, 59, 91 Publishing, 7, 92 Pulmonary, 77, 80, 92, 94 Pulmonary Artery, 77, 92 Pulse, 88, 92 R Race, 88, 92 Radioactive, 85, 86, 92 Randomized, 5, 7, 14, 20, 34, 39, 82, 92 Reagent, 83, 92 Receptor, 7, 34, 35, 76, 92 Recombinant, 6, 92 Rectum, 80, 83, 86, 91, 92 Recurrence, 79, 92 Refer, 1, 80, 87, 92 Regimen, 6, 42, 82, 92 Respiration, 88, 92 Rigidity, 90, 92 Risk factor, 6, 11, 24, 36, 91, 92 Rodenticides, 89, 92 S Saturated fat, 6, 7, 13, 21, 24, 26, 34, 36, 39, 40, 46, 50, 52, 92 Sclerosis, 42, 77, 92 Screening, 79, 92 Secretion, 38, 86, 93 Semen, 91, 93 Serum, 5, 13, 19, 20, 22, 39, 75, 80, 87, 93 Side effect, 75, 93, 94 Sodium, 25, 93 Solvent, 20, 84, 89, 93 Soybean Oil, 90, 93 Specialist, 65, 81, 93 Species, 46, 88, 92, 93, 95 Spinal cord, 79, 93

Sporadic, 15, 93 Sterilization, 48, 93 Stomach, 75, 84, 85, 93 Stroke, 58, 78, 93 Subacute, 86, 93 Subclinical, 86, 93 Subcutaneous, 6, 75, 87, 89, 93 Subspecies, 93 Substance P, 93 Sulfur, 46, 88, 94 Suppression, 18, 94 Surfactant, 83, 94 Symphysis, 91, 94 Systemic, 78, 82, 86, 94 T Therapeutics, 94 Thrombin, 90, 91, 94 Thrombomodulin, 91, 94 Thrombus, 81, 85, 90, 94 Thyroxine, 75, 94 Tissue, 36, 39, 47, 75, 76, 77, 79, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95 Tolerance, 38, 84, 94 Toxic, iv, 84, 94 Toxicity, 82, 94 Toxicology, 60, 94 Toxins, 76, 85, 94 Trace element, 13, 94 Transfection, 77, 94 Triglyceride, 8, 16, 85, 94 Tuberculosis, 80, 95 Type 2 diabetes, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 24, 35, 36, 95 U Unconscious, 85, 95 Urethra, 91, 95 Urinary, 6, 22, 95 Urine, 77, 95 V Vaccine, 91, 95 Vascular, 35, 85, 86, 94, 95 Vasoconstriction, 84, 95 Vasodilation, 14, 26, 40, 95 Vegetable Proteins, 47, 90, 95 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 95 Virus, 6, 90, 95 Vitro, 95 Vivo, 95 W White blood cell, 76, 89, 95 Z Zymogen, 91, 95

101


Index 103


Monounsaturated Fats - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Monounsaturated Fats - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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