Minocycline - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MINOCYCLINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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MINOCYCLINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Minocycline: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84499-2 1. Minocycline-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on minocycline. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MINOCYCLINE .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Minocycline .................................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MINOCYCLINE ................................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Minocycline ................................................................................. 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND MINOCYCLINE ....................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Recent Trials on Minocycline ...................................................................................................... 65 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MINOCYCLINE ....................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patents on Minocycline ............................................................................................................... 69 Patent Applications on Minocycline............................................................................................ 81 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MINOCYCLINE........................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Chapters on Minocycline ............................................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MINOCYCLINE ............................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 89 Newsletters on Minocycline......................................................................................................... 91 Academic Periodicals covering Minocycline................................................................................ 92 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 93 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 94 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 107 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 109 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 109 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 109 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 115 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 115

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MINOCYCLINE DICTIONARY ................................................................................................. 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 169

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with minocycline is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about minocycline, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to minocycline, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on minocycline. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to minocycline, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on minocycline. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MINOCYCLINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on minocycline.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and minocycline, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Effect of Locally Delivered Minocycline Microspheres on Markers of Bone Resorption Source: Journal of Periodontology. 73(8): 835-842. August 2002. Contact: Available from American Academy of Periodontology. Suite 800, 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-2690. (312) 573-3220. Fax (312) 573-3225. Summary: Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers associated with bone resorption may be useful to determine periodontal disease status and response to therapy. A bonespecific degradation product (ICTP) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1) have both been associated with periodontal disease activity. This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment (in the form of scaling and root planing, SRP) and locally administered minocycline (an antibiotic) microspheres on the GCF

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levels of ICTP and IL-1. The study included 48 chronic periodontitis patients who were randomly assigned to one of two groups: SRP plus subgingival (below the gum) application of vehicle control (SRPV) or SRP plus subgingival application of minocycline microspheres (SRPM). Subjects were monitored at 8 sites per subject at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months. Significant differences in GCF levels of ICTP and IL-1 were found between deep and shallow sites at all time points in both treatment groups. In addition, healthy subjects demonstrated significantly reduced levels of both markers compared to both shallow and deep sites in periodontitis patients. Only the SRPM treated patients showed significant reductions in both ICTP and IL-1 levels 1 month after treatment. The authors conclude that GCF levels of ICTP and IL-1 correlate with clinical measures of periodontal disease and may aid in assessing disease status and response to periodontal therapy. Furthermore, local administration of minocycline microspheres led to a potent short-term reduction in GCF IL-1 levels. Additional studies are needed to address whether repeated administration of scaling and root planing along with minocycline microspheres will achieve long-term reductions in GCF ICTP and IL-1 levels. 2 figures. 3 tables. 46 references. •

Treatment of Periodontitis by Local Administration of Minocycline Microspheres: A Controlled Trial Source: Journal of Periodontology. 72(11): 1535-1544. November 2001. Contact: Available from American Academy of Periodontology. Suite 800, 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-2690. (312) 573-3220. Fax (312) 573-3225. Summary: Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of tooth supporting tissues that is usually treated by mechanical removal of plaque and microorganisms that adhere to teeth. This treatment, known as scaling and root planing is not optimally effective. Adjunctive therapy with locally delivered antimicrobials has resulted in improved clinical outcomes such as probing depth reduction. This article reports on the efficacy and safety of locally administered microencapsulated minocycline. The patients (n = 748) with moderate to advanced periodontitis were enrolled in a multicenter trial and randomized to one of three treatment arms: scaling and root planing (SRP) alone; SRP plus vehicle; or SRP plus minocycline microspheres. The primary outcome measure was probing depth reduction at 9 months. Clinical assessments were performed at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 9 months. Minocycline microspheres plus SRP provided substantially more probing depth reduction than either SRP alone or SRP plus vehicle. The difference reached statistical significance after the first month and was maintained throughout the trial. The improved outcome was observed to be independent of patients' smoking status, age, gender, or baseline disease level. There was no difference in the incidence of adverse effects among treatment groups. 7 figures. 4 tables. 44 references.

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Antibiotics for Rheumatoid Arthritis?: Minocycline Shows Promise in Some Patients Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 105(4): 95-98. April 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the use of the antibiotic minocycline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Although studies in the United States and Europe have validated the usefulness of minocycline, most rheumatologists are not convinced of the value of antibiotic therapy for this form of arthritis. Three double-blind, controlled studies and two open trials have reported the efficacy of minocycline in treating rheumatoid arthritis. The mechanism of action of minocycline and related compounds is unclear; however, the antirheumatic effect could be related to immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Minocycline may

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be a reasonable alternative for treating patients with a benign prognosis, but not for those with severe and potentially very destructive disease. 3 tables and 25 references. •

Treating Chronic Periodontitis with the Local Delivery of Minocycline Microspheres Source: Contemporary Oral Hygiene. 2(1): 11-15. January-February 2002. Contact: Available from Contemporary Oral Hygiene. 241 Forsgate Drive, Jamesburg, NJ 08831. (800) 926-7636. Summary: Treating chronic adult periodontitis can be challenging. Once thought to be a persistent, slowly progressing inflammatory disease, researchers now know that chronic periodontitis is characterized by spontaneous bursts of disease activity in a few random sites. Furthermore, the sites may exhibit this activity from a few days to a few months before becoming quiescent (quiet again). Despite an improved understanding regarding the initiation and progression of periodontitis, nonsurgical treatment options have changed very little in three decades. This continuing education article provides the dental hygienist with information on the background and rationale for a new generation local delivery product that offers a nonsurgical option for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The author reviews the research, clinical procedures, and clinical use of minocycline hydrochloride microspheres, a locally-delivered, controlled-release system for the administration of high concentrations of minocycline to the periodontal pocket. This system is marked in the United States under the trade name of Arestin (OroPharma Inc., Warminster, Pennsylvania). The author concludes that the use of local delivery products such as Arestin provides the dental hygienist with a promising option for the treatment and maintenance of chronic periodontitis, particularly for those patients who may not respond to traditional therapies. 7 figures. 33 references.

Federally Funded Research on Minocycline The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to minocycline. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to minocycline. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore minocycline. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for minocycline:

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: ANTI-INFECTIVE CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER Principal Investigator & Institution: Violante, Michael R.; Sts Biopolymers, Inc. 336 Summit Point Dr Henrietta, Ny 14467 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-FEB-2002; Project End 04-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project will develop an anti-infective coating for central venous catheters. Although STS and others have made significant advances in the development of anti-infective medical devices in the field, devices currently on the market can be further optimized for patient safety and efficacy. One commercial device that has demonstrated a reduction in infection rates uses a combination of antibiotics (rifampin and minocycline} as the active agents on the catheter surface. However, the widespread use of the product may further contribute to the development of drug resistant organisms. Another coated device on the market, using an active agent combination of silver sulfadiazine and chlorhexidine, has shown limited efficacy in clinical studies and was associated with hypersensitivity reactions in patients because of the presence of chlorhexidine. STS has produced experimental coated catheters, which demonstrate effective antimicrobial drug release for up to 30 days against typical organisms associated with CVC nosocomial infections, without using antibiotics. In vitro and in vivo tests suggested that the product performed better than commercially available products. STS will optimize the coatings, and evaluate efficacy and toxicology using chemical, in vitro and in vivo tests, including a biofilms formation study at the Center for Biofilms Engineering. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Hospitalacquired nosocomial infections associated with central venous catheters remain a grave concern. The proposed device, for an increased per-device manufacturing cost of a few dollars, can potentially reduce this infection rate thereby saving lives and significantly reducing hospital costs. Following the launch of this product into a very broad market, a number of similar intravascular devices may be released based upon the same core technology developed under this grant. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT OSTEOPOROSIS

OF

MINOCYCLINE

IN

POSTMENOPAUSAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Shapiro, Jay R.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS AND MODULATION OF DISEASE PROGRESSION IN ALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Friedlander, Robert M.; Associate Director; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The functional role of the caspase cell death family in neurodegeneration, in particular ALS, has been clearly demonstrated. We have shown that caspases-1 and -3 are regulated at the transcription level in the mutant SOD1G93A transgenic ALS mouse model. Caspases-1 and -3 are specifically activated in ventral horn neurons in this mouse model. Adding relevancy to this finding, caspase-1 and -3 activation have been demonstrated in spinal cord of humans

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with ALS. Caspase inhibition, either by the caspase-1 dominant negative transgene, or by administration of the broad caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk, slows disease progression and delays mortality in mutant SOD 1G93A mice. The broad goal of this study is to expand our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathways mediating neuronal cell death. This knowledge should contribute to the rational development of improved therapeutics for ALS. With this goal in mind we wish to evaluate the cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous signals modulating disease progression in ALS. The aims of this study include: 1) Evaluate the non-cell autonomous functional interaction between caspase-1 and iNOS in ALS mice. A detrimental feedback ioop appears to play a role between caspase-1-generated mature IL-1B and iNOSgenerated NO. 2) Caspase-1 and caspase-3 are regulated at the expression and activation levels. The regulation of additional caspases will be evaluated. 3) Evaluate a potential therapeutic role for minocycline in ALS. Investigate the mechanisms of minocycline-mediated neuroprotection. 4) Since neuroprotection conferred by caspase inhibition and Bcl-2 over expression occurs by acting at different stages of the cell death pathway, we hypothesize that the combination of caspase inhibition and Bcl-2 over expression will provide greater neuroprotection than either alone. A proper knowledge of the caspase-mediated pathways will aid in designing rational pharmacotherapy. Since the mechanisms of cell death in these devastating diseases appear to be shared, furthering the understanding of the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in ALS will likely result in benefits to other neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MODIFIED LATE INFARCT REPERFUSION TO PREVENT POST MI CHF Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorman, Robert C.; Assistant Professor; Surgery; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Congestive heart failure (CHF) has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. The significant majority of these cases are the result of postinfarction LV remodeling. It is now established that early infarct expansion initiates an inexorable myopathic process in normally perfused myocardium that leads to a CHF. Infarct stiffening can prevent adverse remodeling and reperfusion therapy is currently the best available means to accomplish this. However, reperfusion therapy often fails to influence remodeling especially after long ischemic intervals. Much has been learned about pathophysiology and pathology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) but a comprehensive understanding of this very complex phenomenon has been illusive. It is not the central focus of this proposal to explore the mechanism of myocardial reperfusion injury (although the apoptosis studies will provide new information on how this unique form of cell death contributes to I/R injury) but rather to exploit what is already known to improve the results of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Our hypothesis is that even very limited myocardial salvage (too small to improve contractile function) within the area at risk can alter infarct material properties enough to prevent early infarct expansion, stabilize postinfarction ventricular geometry and prevent the development of CHF. A well-established sheep model of postinfarction ventricular remodeling and progressive CHF will be used. The effect of unmodified and modified reperfusion after varying ischemic intervals on infarct expansion and the outcome of remodeling will be assessed using the imaging techniques of sonomicrometry array localization and quantitative echocardiography. Myocytes are lost at the time of reperfusion due to necrosis, apoptosis and/or microvascular no

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reflow. Adenosine, abciximab and minocycline have been selected to modify the infarct reperfusate because they have been demonstrated in clinical and/or experimental studies and confirmed in the sheep model to limit infarct size within in the area at risk by affecting one or more of the mechanisms of cell loss that occur during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF MINOCYCLINE IN LENTIVIRAL INF Principal Investigator & Institution: Zink, M C.; Professor; Comparative Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): HIV CNS disease is consistently associated with infiltration and activation of macrophages/microglia, enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, increased expression of proapoptotic and neurotoxic mediators, and neuronal loss. A number of neuroprotective therapeutics are being examined, but no single agent has emerged as the solution to the inflammatory and neurodegenerative effects of HIV in the CNS. The recent identification of the tetracycline derivative, minocycline, as a potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drug that also inhibits HIV replication in macrophages, microglial cells, and astrocytes demands the examination of this readily available generic drug as a neuroprotective agent in HIV infection. We have developed an accelerated, consistent SIV/macaque model (SIV-AC) of HIV CNS disease in which over 90% of infected animals develop encephalitis with neurodegeneration as evidenced by increased expression of B-APP and B-amyloid and evidence of neuronal degeneration/apoptosis in the CSF and brain. This model recapitulates the acute, asymptomatic, and terminal characteristics of HIV infection in humans on a highly reproducible time schedule. Our recent studies using this model have demonstrated that the development of SIV encephalitis coincides with an imbalance between the antiapoptotic ERK signaling pathways and the proapoptotic JNK and p38 signaling pathways, representing a failure to maintain a homeostatic balance in the CNS. Our hypothesis is that minocycline will play a dual neuroprotective role in SIV-infected macaques: a) by inhibiting pathologic activation of p38 thus reestablishing a balance between pro-and antiapoptotic pathways, and b) by inhibiting SIV replication and hence the production of viral neurotoxic proteins in the CNS. This application proposes integrated in vivo and in vitro studies to examine the mechanisms by which minocycline exerts its palliative effects on the CNS. In Aim 1 we propose to measure the effects of minocycline on virus replication and on the development of CNS inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes in SIV-infected macaques. In Aims 2 and 3 we will identify the mechanism(s) by which minocycline protects against neurotoxicity and suppresses SIV/HIV replication in macrophages, microglia and astrocytes. Theses mechanistic studies are important given the potential of minocycline to act not only as a neuroprotective agent but also as a viral suppressive agent in the CNS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF BRAIN ABSCESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kielian, Tammy L.; Assistant Professor; Anatomy; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Brain abscesses represent an important medical problem despite recent advances made in detection and therapy. Because of the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains and the ubiquitous nature of bacteria, these CNS infections are likely to persist. The size of a developing abscess normally extends well beyond the original site of infection leading to damage of surrounding normal brain parenchyma. This finding suggests that the CNS antibacterial response is not down regulated in an efficient manner, resulting in chronic inflammation and large abscess lesions. They propose that a balance exists between sufficient and overcompensatory responses to S. aureus in the CNS, which dictates the outcome of brain abscess development; therefore, therapies aimed at attenuating chronic CNS inflammation subsequent to effective bacterial neutralization may result in smaller abscesses and subsequent improvements in cognitive and neurological functions. The objective of the proposed work is to examine the influences of minocycline and PPARgamma agonists on the pathogenesis of brain abscess development. Recently, these compounds have been found to exhibit neuroprotective effects in several models of CNS disease; however, their roles in regulating CNS infectious disease has not yet been examined. To address this objective, the following Specific Aims will be addressed: (I) to evaluate the dose- and time-dependent effects of PPAR-gamma agonists and minocycline on S. aureus-induced brain abscess development; (II) to investigate the effects of PPAR-gamma agonists and minocycline on cell migration and neuronal cell death induced by S. aureus-stimulated microglia; and (III) to examine the mechanism(s) responsible for impaired neutrophil infiltration into brain abscesses of CXCR2 KO mice and the potential effects of PPAR-gamma agonists and minocycline in the CNS compartment. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, the bacteriostatic activity of minocycline may augment its effects on brain abscess development. The potential multifactorial effects of these compounds suggest that they may be more efficacious compared to traditional therapies developed to counteract a single pathway in CNS diseases. These experiments should provide meaningful insights into how minocycline and PPAR-gamma agonists influence brain abscess development and will reveal whether their ability to modulate non-infectious CNS conditions extends to infectious diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHASE III TRIAL OF MINOCYCLINE IN ALS: DATA CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Robert G.; California Pacific Med Ctr-Pacific Camp 2200 Webster Street, Suite 514 San Francisco, Ca 94115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): This proposal is designed to provide data management and statistical support for the companion application Phase III Trial of Minocycline in ALS: I-Clinical Center (P.I. Paul Gordon, University of New Mexico), which is a multi-center clinical trial of Minocycline in ALS. The clinical trial is a randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which will enroll 400 patients during the first two years. Each patient will be followed monthly for a minimum of 13 months; the first four months without drug or placebo (monitoring phase) to measure rate of decline of a validated functional measure (ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised, ALSFRS-R), followed by 9 months on drug or placebo (assigned by randomization). The primary test of drug efficacy will be based on comparing changes in slope, i.e., the slope after assignment (based on up to 9 monthly scores), minus the slope before assignment (based on 5 monthly scores), in the drug vs. placebo groups. A linear mixed effects model will be used to estimate the average change of slope for patients in each group.

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The difference in average change, drug vs. placebo, will be tested using a mixed linear effects model. The study has 80% power to detect a change of 15% in slope, which corresponds to 4-5 months of prolonged survival. The companion application, Phase III Trial of Minocycline in ALS: I - Clinical Center (P.I. Paul Gordon, University of New Mexico), describes the details of background, clinical procedures and human subjects. This application describes the specific aims of the Data Management Center, and summarizes results of our previous clinical trials and studies in ALS. We provide data from our previous studies to justify the 4-month lead-in, thereby reducing sample size. We present an analysis of our previous results to support our choice of the primary and secondary efficacy variables. In particular, we demonstrate a close relationship between changes in ALSFRS and survival. We explain the selection of the effect size and development of the sample size in detail, based on analysis of our previous results. The details of data management are described, including the methods for quality control, security and information technology. Finally, the analytic plan is described in full. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHASE III TRIAL OF MINOCYCLINE IN ALS:I-CLINICAL CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Gordon, Paul H.; Neurology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to death on average in 3 years (1). There is no cure or known treatment that significantly improves function. Loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord of ALS patients causes the progressive symptoms. Motor nerve degeneration may result from a cascade of events including free radical toxicity, glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction (2-4), which lead to the activation of cell death pathways (5-9). Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinases, including p38, are up-regulated in response to cell stress, and promote pro-apoptotic and inflammatory mediators (10, 11). Caspase enzymes and inflammatory mediators regulate cell death pathways (12-14), and are activated in human and transgenic mousemodel ALS (15,16). Caspase enzyme inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents have been shown to slow progression in the ALS model (6,7,17,18). Minocycline, FDA approved for treatment of infection, has high central nervous system penetration when taken orally, inhibits p38 MAP kinase, prevents activation of caspase-1, caspase-3 and inflammatory mediators (19,20), and delays disease progression in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington disease (19), Parkinson disease (21) and ALS (22) (Serge Przedborski, personal communication). It is well-tolerated as an oral treatment for outpatients. The objective of this clinical trial is to determine whether Minocycline slows disease progression and helps maintain function in patients with ALS. The study design selects patients early in the course of ALS when a neuroprotective therapy may be most beneficial, measures functional improvement from the medication, which patients and physicians consider most important, and minimizes subject drop out. The proposed study will be an IRB-approved, investigatorinitiated, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Minocycline in 400 subjects with ALS treated for 9 months. The primary outcome measure is the change in slope of the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R). Secondary outcome measures consist of changes in disease progression rate, as measured by Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), forced vital capacity (percent predicted) and survival. Should Minocycline prove effective in slowing the rate of functional decline, it would have an immediate impact both clinically and from the perspective of

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understanding the underlying pathophysiology of human ALS. This application is the clinical part of a combined proposal to carry out the clinical trial. A Data Center will be established at the California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco to carry out data management and statistical analyses (see companion grant application Phase III Trial of Minocycline in ALS: II Data Center. P.I. Dr. Robert Miller). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for minocycline in the PubMed Central database: •

A tetracycline derivative, minocycline, reduces inflammation and protects against focal cerebral ischemia with a wide therapeutic window. by Yrjanheikki J, Tikka T, Keinanen R, Goldsteins G, Chan PH, Koistinaho J.; 1999 Nov 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23976

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Activities of the glycylcyclines N,N-dimethylglycylamido-minocycline and N,Ndimethylglycylamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline against Nocardia spp. and tetracycline-resistant isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria. by Brown BA, Wallace RJ Jr, Onyi G.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163222

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Activities of WIN-57273, minocycline, clarithromycin, and 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex in human macrophages. by Cohen Y, Perronne C, Truffot-Pernot C, Grosset J, Vilde JL, Pocidalo JJ.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245463

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Antimicrobial Activity of Prosthetic Heart Valve Sewing Cuffs Coated With Minocycline and Rifampin. by Darouiche RO, Fowler VG Jr, Adal K, Kielhofner M, Mansouri D, Reller LB.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127022

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Bactericidal Activity of a Single-Dose Combination of Ofloxacin plus Minocycline, with or without Rifampin, against Mycobacterium leprae in Mice and in Lepromatous Patients. by Ji B, Sow S, Perani E, Lienhardt C, Diderot V, Grosset J.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105755

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Bactericidal activity of single dose of clarithromycin plus minocycline, with or without ofloxacin, against Mycobacterium leprae in patients. by Ji B, Jamet P, Perani EG, Sow S, Lienhardt C, Petinon C, Grosset JH.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163487

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Clarithromycin, minocycline, and rifabutin treatments before and after infection of C57BL/6 mice with Mycobacterium avium. by Lazard T, Perronne C, Grosset J, Vilde JL, Pocidalo JJ.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188043

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Clarithromycin-minocycline combination as salvage therapy for toxoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. by Lacassin F, Schaffo D, Perronne C, Longuet P, Leport C, Vilde JL.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=162527

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Combined Activity of Minocycline and Amphotericin B In Vitro Against Medically Important Yeasts. by Lew MA, Beckett KM, Levin MJ.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352483

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Comparison of the In Vitro Activity of the Glycylcycline Tigecycline (Formerly GAR936) with Those of Tetracycline, Minocycline, and Doxycycline against Isolates of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. by Wallace, Jr. RJ, Brown-Elliott BA, Crist CJ, Mann L, Wilson RW.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128779

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Delayed minocycline but not delayed mild hypothermia protects against embolic stroke. by Wang CX, Yang T, Noor R, Shuaib A.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107740

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Effect of low-level and intermittent minocycline therapy on the growth of Mycobacterium leprae in mice. by Gelber RH, Siu P, Tsang M, Alley P, Murray LP.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245143

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Effectiveness of clarithromycin and minocycline alone and in combination against experimental Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. by Ji B, Perani EG, Grosset JH.; 1991 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245054

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Efficacy of Minocycline and EDTA Lock Solution in Preventing Catheter-Related Bacteremia, Septic Phlebitis, and Endocarditis in Rabbits. by Raad I, Hachem R, Tcholakian RK, Sherertz R.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127019

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Eradication of colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by using oral minocycline-rifampin and topical mupirocin. by Darouiche R, Wright C, Hamill R, Koza M, Lewis D, Markowski J.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245228

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Evaluation of the hepatotoxic potential of minocycline. by Bocker R, Estler CJ, Ludewig-Sandig D.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245185

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In vitro activities of two new glycylcyclines, N,N-dimethylglycylamido derivatives of minocycline and 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline, against 339 strains of anaerobic bacteria. by Wexler HM, Molitoris E, Finegold SM.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284777

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In vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone atovaquone alone or combined with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, clarithromycin, or minocycline against Toxoplasma gondii. by Romand S, Pudney M, Derouin F.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192394

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In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activities of a Novel Glycylcycline, the 9-tButylglycylamido Derivative of Minocycline (GAR-936). by Petersen PJ, Jacobus NV, Weiss WJ, Sum PE, Testa RT.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89200

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In Vitro and in Vivo Combinations of Cefotaxime and Minocycline against Aeromonas hydrophila. by Ko WC, Lee HC, Chuang YC, Ten SH, Su CY, Wu JJ.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90456

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In vitro synergism between cefotaxime and minocycline against Vibrio vulnificus. by Chuang YC, Liu JW, Ko WC, Lin KY, Wu JJ, Huang KY.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164095

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Minocycline and Cefotaxime in the Treatment of Experimental Murine Vibrio vulnificus Infection. by Chuang YC, Ko WC, Wang ST, Liu JW, Kuo CF, Wu JJ, Huang KY.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105595

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Minocycline inhibits caspase-independent and -dependent mitochondrial cell death pathways in models of Huntington's disease. by Wang X, Zhu S, Drozda M, Zhang W, Stavrovskaya IG, Cattaneo E, Ferrante RJ, Kristal BS, Friedlander RM.; 2003 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193587

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Minocycline prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. by Du Y, Ma Z, Lin S, Dodel RC, Gao F, Bales KR, Triarhou LC, Chernet E, Perry KW, Nelson DL, Luecke S, Phebus LA, Bymaster FP, Paul SM.; 2001 Dec 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64739

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Minocycline versus vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Nightingale CH, Coe CJ, Quintiliani R.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284585

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N,N-dimethylglycyl-amido derivative of minocycline and 6-demethyl-6desoxytetracycline, two new glycylcyclines highly effective against tetracyclineresistant gram-positive cocci. by Goldstein FW, Kitzis MD, Acar JF.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284718

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Suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor production in Propionibacterium acnes by subminimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline, ampicillin, minocycline, and erythromycin. by Webster GF, Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, McArthur WP.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182009

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Synergistic activity of clarithromycin and minocycline in an animal model of acute experimental toxoplasmosis. by Derouin F, Caroff B, Chau F, Prokocimer P, Pocidalo JJ.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245560

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The tetracycline derivative minocycline differentially affects cytokine production by monocytes and T lymphocytes. by Kloppenburg M, Brinkman BM, de Rooij-Dijk HH, Miltenburg AM, Daha MR, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA, Verweij C.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163234

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Therapy of experimental cerebral nocardiosis with imipenem, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and minocycline. by Gombert ME, Aulicino TM, duBouchet L, Silverman GE, Sheinbaum WM.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180533

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Transport of the lipophilic analog minocycline differs from that of tetracycline in susceptible and resistant Escherichia coli strains. by McMurry LM, Cullinane JC, Levy SB.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185662

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Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Quinupristin-Dalfopristin in Combination with Minocycline. by Raad I, Hachem R, Hanna H, Girgawy E, Rolston K, Whimbey E, Husni R, Bodey G.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90805

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with minocycline, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for minocycline (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 15-month evaluation of the effects of repeated subgingival minocycline in chronic adult periodontitis. Author(s): van Steenberghe D, Rosling B, Soder PO, Landry RG, van der Velden U, Timmerman MF, McCarthy EF, Vandenhoven G, Wouters C, Wilson M, Matthews J, Newman HN. Source: J Periodontol. 1999 June; 70(6): 657-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10397521

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A bacterial sensitivity test to determine the effectiveness of minocycline HCI (Minocin), erythromycin (Erythrocin) and ampicillin (Ampicin) on the predominant microorganisms present in a diseased periodontium. Author(s): Angeles BL, Book DR, Go KG, Lim DJ, Uy HG. Source: J Philipp Dent Assoc. 1994 June-August; 46(1): 4-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9462063

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A case of follicular mucinosis treated successfully with minocycline. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002086 Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 142(4): 841-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12535427

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A clinical study of minocycline-induced pneumonitis. Author(s): Toyoshima M, Sato A, Hayakawa H, Taniguchi M, Imokawa S, Chida K. Source: Intern Med. 1996 March; 35(3): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8785448

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A comparison of the efficacy and safety of lymecycline and minocycline in patients with moderately severe acne vulgaris. Author(s): Grosshans E, Belaich S, Meynadier J, Alirezai M, Thomas L. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1998 April-May; 8(3): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9649660

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A cross sectional assessment of health status instruments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis participating in a clinical trial. Minocycline in Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial Group. Author(s): Tuttleman M, Pillemer SR, Tilley BC, Fowler SE, Buckley LM, Alarcon GS, Trentham DE, Neuner R, Clegg DO, Leisen JC, Heyse SP. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 October; 24(10): 1910-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330931

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A new option for local delivery. Antimicrobials, such as minocycline microspheres, can enhance the effectiveness of mechanical therapy in treating chronic periodontitis. Author(s): Wilder RS. Source: Tex Dent J. 2003 October; 120(10): 984-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14619726

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A new type of minocycline-induced cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Author(s): Mouton RW, Jordaan HF, Schneider JW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2004 January; 29(1): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14723711

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A randomized controlled trial of a 2% minocycline gel as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment, using a design with multiple matching criteria. Author(s): Graca MA, Watts TL, Wilson RF, Palmer RM. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997 April; 24(4): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144047

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A severe persistent case of recurrent pemphigoid gestationis successfully treated with minocycline and nicotinamide. Author(s): Loo WJ, Dean D, Wojnarowska F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 November; 26(8): 726-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722465

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Accumulation of ciprofloxacin and minocycline by cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Author(s): Yang Q, Nakkula RJ, Walters JD. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2002 December; 81(12): 836-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454098

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Actinic keratoconjunctivitis and minocycline. Author(s): Shah W, De Cock R. Source: Eye (London, England). 1999; 13 ( Pt 1): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10396400

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Activity of buforin II alone and in combination with azithromycin and minocycline against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture. Author(s): Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Del Prete MS, Barchiesi F, Fineo A, Scalise G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 January; 47(1): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11152438

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Acute hepatitis and drug-related lupus induced by minocycline treatment. Author(s): Golstein PE, Deviere J, Cremer M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 January; 92(1): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8995955

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Acute pigmentation due to minocycline therapy in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nakamura S, Yokozeki H, Nishioka K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 148(5): 1073-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786854

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Adverse effects of minocycline versus doxycycline in the treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Author(s): Dotevall L, Hagberg L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 February; 30(2): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671363

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An in vitro model of ciprofloxacin and minocycline transport by oral epithelial cells. Author(s): Brayton JJ, Yang Q, Nakkula RJ, Walters JD. Source: J Periodontol. 2002 November; 73(11): 1267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479629

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An in vitro study of the efficacy of rifampicin and minocycline coated umbilical venous catheters. Author(s): Norton RE, Patole S, Whitehall J. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2001 March; 17(3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11282272

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An infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome induced by minocycline: a third pattern of adverse drug reaction. Author(s): Lupton JR, Figueroa P, Tamjidi P, Berberian BJ, Sulica VI. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 August; 64(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10467499

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ANCA-positive crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with minocycline therapy. Author(s): Sethi S, Sahani M, Oei LS. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 August; 42(2): E27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900849

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Another look at minocycline. Author(s): Alarcon GS, Tilley B, Cooper S, Clegg DO, Trentham DE, Pillemer SR, Neuner R, Fowler S. Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 1996 December; 45(8): 6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8997812

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Antibiotics for rheumatoid arthritis? Minocycline shows promise in some patients. Author(s): Alarcon GS. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 April; 105(4): 95-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10223089

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Antimicrobial activity of prosthetic heart valve sewing cuffs coated with minocycline and rifampin. Author(s): Darouiche RO, Fowler VG Jr, Adal K, Kielhofner M, Mansouri D, Reller LB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 46(2): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11796374

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Antimicrobial durability and rare ultrastructural colonization of indwelling central catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin. Author(s): Raad II, Darouiche RO, Hachem R, Abi-Said D, Safar H, Darnule T, Mansouri M, Morck D. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1998 February; 26(2): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9468157

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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and HLA class II alleles in minocyclineinduced lupus-like syndrome. Author(s): Dunphy J, Oliver M, Rands AL, Lovell CR, McHugh NJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 March; 142(3): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10735951

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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive polyarthritis associated with minocycline therapy. Author(s): Gaffney K, Merry P. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 December; 35(12): 1327. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9010068

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Apparent cure of intracranial Nocardia asteroides infection by minocycline. Author(s): Wren MV, Savage AM, Alford RH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1979 February; 139(2): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=373660

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Arthralgias, myalgias, and autoimmune hepatitis with minocycline therapy. Author(s): Matteson EL, Johnson BW, Maher JD. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 August; 25(8): 1653-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9712119

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Assessment of viability by normal mouse foot-pad and bacillary ATP bioluminescence assay in multibacillary cases treated with an MDT regimen using conventional as well as newer drugs like minocycline and ofloxacin. Author(s): Gupta UD, Katoch K, Singh HB, Natrajan M, Sharma VD, Katoch VM. Source: Indian J Lepr. 2000 October-December; 72(4): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11212477

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Azithromycin compared with minocycline in the treatment of acne comedonica and papulo-pustulosa. Author(s): Gruber F, Grubisic-Greblo H, Kastelan M, Brajac I, Lenkovic M, Zamolo G. Source: J Chemother. 1998 December; 10(6): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876055

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Bacterial resistance following subgingival and systemic administration of minocycline. Author(s): Preus HR, Lassen J, Aass AM, Ciancio SG. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1995 May; 22(5): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7601919

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Bacterial sensitivity to minocycline (minocin) of clinical isolations. Author(s): Wamola IA, Slack RC. Source: East Afr Med J. 1977 November; 54(11): 658-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=95945

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Bactericidal activity of a single-dose combination of ofloxacin plus minocycline, with or without rifampin, against Mycobacterium leprae in mice and in lepromatous patients. Author(s): Ji B, Sow S, Perani E, Lienhardt C, Diderot V, Grosset J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 May; 42(5): 1115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9593137

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Bactericidal activity of single dose of clarithromycin plus minocycline, with or without ofloxacin, against Mycobacterium leprae in patients. Author(s): Ji B, Jamet P, Perani EG, Sow S, Lienhardt C, Petinon C, Grosset JH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 September; 40(9): 2137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8878595

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Benefits and risks of minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Langevitz P, Livneh A, Bank I, Pras M. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2000 May; 22(5): 405-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10830256

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Benign intracranial hypertension after minocycline therapy. Author(s): Monaco F, Agnetti V, Mutani R. Source: European Neurology. 1978; 17(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=624295

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Black bones following long-term minocycline treatment. Author(s): Rumbak MJ, Pitcock JA, Palmieri GM, Robertson JT. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1991 September; 115(9): 939-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1718240

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Black breast milk due to minocycline therapy. Author(s): Hunt MJ, Salisbury EL, Grace J, Armati R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 May; 134(5): 943-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8736342

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Black galactorrhea as a consequence of minocycline and phenothiazine therapy. Author(s): Basler RS, Lynch PJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 March; 121(3): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4038862

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Black thyroid associated with minocycline therapy. Author(s): Medeiros LJ, Federman M, Silverman ML, Balogh K. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1984 April; 108(4): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6422904

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Black thyroid associated with minocycline therapy: histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the brown pigment. Author(s): Senba M, Toda Y, Yamashita H. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1988 January; 24(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3346152

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Black tongue associated with minocycline therapy. Author(s): Katz J, Barak S, Shemer J, Langevitz P, Livneh A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 May; 131(5): 620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7741558

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Blastomycosis-like pyoderma--report of a case responsive to combination therapy utilizing minocycline and carbon dioxide laser debridement. Author(s): Sawchuk WS, Heald PW. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1986 October; 12(10): 1041-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3760311

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Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with minocycline therapy: a possible cause. Author(s): Piperno D, Donne C, Loire R, Cordier JF. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 June; 8(6): 1018-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7589364

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Bullous pemphigoid associated with dermatomyositis successfully controlled with minocycline. Author(s): Tsukada Y, Kawase MK, Murashima A, Kitahora T, Hashimoto T, Komai A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 September; 28(5): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950360

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Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections. A randomized, doubleblind trial. The Texas Medical Center Catheter Study Group. Author(s): Raad I, Darouiche R, Dupuis J, Abi-Said D, Gabrielli A, Hachem R, Wall M, Harris R, Jones J, Buzaid A, Robertson C, Shenaq S, Curling P, Burke T, Ericsson C. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 August 15; 127(4): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9265425

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Characterization of pigmented granules in minocycline-induced cutaneous pigmentation: observations using fluorescence microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Okada N, Sato S, Sasou T, Aoyama M, Nishida K, Yoshikawa K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 October; 129(4): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8217753

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Chemiluminescent method for determination of tetracycline, chlortetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, and demeclocycline. Author(s): Marczynski S. Source: Biopolymers. 2000; 57(6): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11054656

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Clarithromycin with minocycline and clofazimine for Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex lung disease in patients without the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. GETIM. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement des Infections a Mycobacteries. Author(s): Roussel G, Igual J. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1998 June; 2(6): 46270. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9626603

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Clarithromycin-minocycline combination as salvage therapy for toxoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Lacassin F, Schaffo D, Perronne C, Longuet P, Leport C, Vilde JL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 January; 39(1): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7695324

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Clearance of confluent and reticulate papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud with minocycline. Author(s): Poskitt L, Wilkinson JD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 September; 129(3): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286242

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Clinical and immunological study of 7 patients with minocycline-induced autoimmune phenomena. Author(s): Elkayam O, Levartovsky D, Brautbar C, Yaron M, Burke M, Vardinon N, Caspi D. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1998 December; 105(6): 484-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9870833

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Clinical and microbiological effects of controlled-release locally delivered minocycline in periodontitis. Author(s): Jones AA, Kornman KS, Newbold DA, Manwell MA. Source: J Periodontol. 1994 November; 65(11): 1058-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7853130

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Clinical and microbiological effects of minocycline-loaded microcapsules in adult periodontitis. Author(s): Yeom HR, Park YJ, Lee SJ, Rhyu IC, Chung CP, Nisengard RJ. Source: J Periodontol. 1997 November; 68(11): 1102-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9407404

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Clinical and microbiological study of local minocycline delivery (Periocline) following scaling and root planing in recurrent periodontal pockets. Author(s): Nakagawa T, Yamada S, Oosuka Y, Saito A, Hosaka Y, Ishikawa T, Okuda K. Source: Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 1991 May; 32(2): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1819445

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Clinical images: skin hyperpigmentation associated with minocycline therapy. Author(s): Kaplan H. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 July; 40(7): 1353. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9214437

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Clinical pharmacokinetics of doxycycline and minocycline. Author(s): Saivin S, Houin G. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1988 December; 15(6): 355-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3072140

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Coexistent minocycline-induced systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hepatitis. Author(s): Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998 December; 28(3): 187-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9872479

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Combination chemotherapy for infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with combination therapy by cefuzonam and fosfomycin or minocycline in the urologic field. Author(s): Matsumoto T, Kubo S, Haraoka M, Takahashi K, Tanaka M, Sakumoto M, Kumazawa J. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993 September-October; 15(5): 819-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8269448

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Comedonal diffusion of minocycline in acne. Author(s): Chosidow O, Poli F, Naline E, Advenier C, Revuz J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 196(1): 162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9557253

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Comparative in-vitro activity of moxifloxacin, minocycline and azithromycin against Chlamydia spp. Author(s): Donati M, Rodriguez Fermepin M, Olmo A, D'Apote L, Cevenini R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 June; 43(6): 825-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10404322

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Comparative safety of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline. Author(s): Shapiro LE, Knowles SR, Shear NH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 October; 133(10): 1224-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9382560

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Comparison of combined azelaic acid cream plus oral minocycline with oral isotretinoin in severe acne. Author(s): Gollnick HP, Graupe K, Zaumseil RP. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2001 November-December; 11(6): 53844. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11701404

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Comparison of conventional periodontal maintenance versus scaling and root planing with subgingival minocycline. Author(s): Meinberg TA, Barnes CM, Dunning DG, Reinhardt RA. Source: J Periodontol. 2002 February; 73(2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11895281

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Comparison of serum antibiotic levels in acne patients receiving the standard or a modified release formulation of minocycline hydrochloride. Author(s): Gardner KJ, Eady EA, Cove JH, Taylor JP, Cunliffe WJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 March; 22(2): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330069

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Comparison of the in vitro activity of the glycylcycline tigecycline (formerly GAR936) with those of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline against isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Author(s): Wallace RJ Jr, Brown-Elliott BA, Crist CJ, Mann L, Wilson RW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 October; 46(10): 3164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234839

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Complications of minocycline therapy for acne vulgaris: case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Somech R, Arav-Boger R, Assia A, Spirer Z, Jurgenson U. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 November-December; 16(6): 469-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10632948

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Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud clearing with minocycline. Author(s): Fuller LC, Hay RJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1994 July; 19(4): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7955481

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Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis: successful treatment with minocycline. Author(s): Fung MA, Frieden IJ, LeBoit PE, Berger TG, Epstein E, Kay D, Van SL, Williams ML. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 November; 132(11): 1400-1. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol 1997 March; 133(3): 293. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8915335

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Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud: minocycline deserves trial before etretinate. Author(s): Puig L, de Moragas JM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 January; 131(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7826088

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Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis responsive to minocycline. Author(s): Shimizu S, Han-Yaku H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9031794

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Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis: response to minocycline. Author(s): Montemarano AD, Hengge M, Sau P, Welch M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 February; 34(2 Pt 1): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8642090

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Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis: treatment with minocycline. Author(s): Sassolas B, Plantin P, Guillet G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 March; 26(3 Pt 2): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1564161

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Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia: report of a case in which oral administration of minocycline was effective. Author(s): Tsujino Y, Dekio S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138546

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Cyst sclerotherapy with minocycline hydrochloride in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Author(s): Uemasu J, Fujihara M, Munemura C, Nakamura E, Kawasaki H. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1996 May; 11(5): 8436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8671906

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Dental and oral discolorations associated with minocycline and other tetracycline analogs. Author(s): Cheek CC, Heymann HO. Source: J Esthet Dent. 1999; 11(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10337289

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Determination of minocycline in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry: application to bioequivalence study. Author(s): Araujo MV, Ifa DR, Ribeiro W, Moraes ME, Moraes MO, de Nucci G. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 May 5; 755(1-2): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393692

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Determination of minocycline in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection after liquid-liquid extraction. Author(s): Mascher HJ. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1998 July 3; 812(1-2): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9691330

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Development of resistance to metronidazole and minocycline in vitro. Author(s): Larsen T, Fiehn NE. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997 April; 24(4): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144048

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Diffusion of piperacillin, cefotiam, minocycline, amikacin and ofloxacin into the prostate. Author(s): Goto T, Makinose S, Ohi Y, Yamauchi D, Kayajima T, Nagayama K, Hayami H. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1998 May; 5(3): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9624555

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Discoloration of the teeth related to minocycline therapy for acne. Author(s): Caro I. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1980 September; 3(3): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6450228

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Distressing side-effects of minocycline hydrochloride. Author(s): Fanning WL, Gump DW. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1976 July; 136(7): 761-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=938165

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Distribution of genes conferring combined resistance to tetracycline and minocycline among group B streptococcal isolates from humans and various animals. Author(s): Schwarz S, Wibawan IW, Lammler C. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1994 November; 281(4): 526-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7727901

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Do minocycline and other tetracyclines have a place in rheumatology? Author(s): Toussirot E, Despaux J, Wendling D. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 July-September; 64(7-9): 474-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338929

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Doxycycline and minocycline in the treatment of respiratory infections: a doubleblind comparative clinical, microbiological and pharmacokinetic study. Author(s): Maesen FP, Davies BI, van den Bergh JJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1989 January; 23(1): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2501265

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Drug-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features during minocycline therapy. Author(s): Abe M, Furukawa S, Takayama S, Michitaka K, Minami H, Yamamoto K, Horiike N, Onji M. Source: Intern Med. 2003 January; 42(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583618

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Effect of ampicillin, cefmetazole and minocycline on the adherence of Branhamella catarrhalis to pharyngeal epithelial cells. Author(s): Ahmed K, Matsumoto K, Rikitomi N, Nagatake T, Yoshida T, Watanabe K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1990 May; 161(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2118692

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Effect of locally delivered minocycline microspheres on markers of bone resorption. Author(s): Oringer RJ, Al-Shammari KF, Aldredge WA, Iacono VJ, Eber RM, Wang HL, Berwald B, Nejat R, Giannobile WV. Source: J Periodontol. 2002 August; 73(8): 835-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211491

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Effect of low-level and intermittent minocycline therapy on the growth of Mycobacterium leprae in mice. Author(s): Gelber RH, Siu P, Tsang M, Alley P, Murray LP. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 May; 35(5): 992-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1854182

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Effect of minocycline and doxycycline on IgE responses. Author(s): Smith-Norowitz TA, Bluth MH, Drew H, Norowitz KB, Chice S, Shah VN, Nowakowski M, Josephson AS, Durkin HG, Joks R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 August; 89(2): 172-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12197574

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Effect of minocycline on prostaglandin formation in gingival fibroblasts. Author(s): ElAttar TM, Lin HS, Shultz R. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 1988 September; 23(5): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2974474

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Effect of minocycline on subgingival plaque bacteria. Author(s): Wilson M, O'Connor B, Newman HN. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1990 August; 69(2): 228-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2272944

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Effect of minocycline on the sperm count and activity in infertile men with high pus cell count in their seminal fluid. Author(s): Malallah YA, Zissis NP. Source: J Chemother. 1992 October; 4(5): 286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1479417

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Effect of repeated local minocycline administration on periodontal healing following guided tissue regeneration. Author(s): Yoshinari N, Tohya T, Kawase H, Matsuoka M, Nakane M, Kawachi M, Mitani A, Koide M, Inagaki K, Fukuda M, Noguchi T. Source: J Periodontol. 2001 March; 72(3): 284-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11327055

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Effect of short term treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis with minocycline. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Evans RT, Coufalik ED, Oates JK. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1986 February; 62(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3512418

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Effect of treatment on PCR positivity in multibacillary leprosy patients treated with conventional and newer drugs ofloxacin and minocycline. Author(s): Singh HB, Katoch K, Natrajan M, Sharma RK, Gupta UD, Sharma VD, Singh D, Chauhan DS, Srivastava K, Katoch VM. Source: Acta Leprol. 1999; 11(4): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10987049

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Effects of additional minocycline pleurodesis after thoracoscopic procedures for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Author(s): Chen JS, Hsu HH, Kuo SW, Tsai PR, Chen RJ, Lee JM, Lee YC. Source: Chest. 2004 January; 125(1): 50-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718420

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Effects of alkaline phosphatase and its inhibitor levamisole on the modulation of androgen metabolism by nicotine and minocycline in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts. Author(s): Soory M, Suchak A. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 2003 January; 48(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12615144

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Effects of chlorhexidine, minocycline, and metronidazole on Porphyromonas gingivalis strain 381 in biofilms. Author(s): Noiri Y, Okami Y, Narimatsu M, Takahashi Y, Kawahara T, Ebisu S. Source: J Periodontol. 2003 November; 74(11): 1647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14682662

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Effects of minocycline on fibroblast attachment and spreading. Author(s): Somerman MJ, Foster RA, Vorsteg GM, Progebin K, Wynn RL. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 1988 March; 23(2): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2967368

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Effects of minocycline on the ocular flora of patients with acne rosacea or seborrheic blepharitis. Author(s): Ta CN, Shine WE, McCulley JP, Pandya A, Trattler W, Norbury JW. Source: Cornea. 2003 August; 22(6): 545-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12883348

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Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, and minocycline on the neutrophil chemotactic factor production in Propionibacterium acnes biotypes 1-5. Author(s): Akamatsu H, Nishijima S, Takahashi M, Ushijima T, Asada Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1991 May; 18(5): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1834712

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Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of minocycline on neutrophil chemotactic factor production in comedonal bacteria, neutrophil phagocytosis and oxygen metabolism. Author(s): Akamatsu H, Niwa Y, Kurokawa I, Masuda R, Nishijima S, Asada Y. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1991; 283(8): 524-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1838472

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Effects of the anti-androgen finasteride on 5alpha-reductase activity in human gingival fibroblasts in response to minocycline. Author(s): Soory M, Virdi H. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1998 January; 25(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9477022

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Effects of topical instillation of minocycline hydrochloride on cyst size and renal function in polycystic kidney disease. Author(s): Uemasu J, Fujiwara M, Munemura C, Tokumoto A, Kawasaki H. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1993 March; 39(3): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8462201

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Efficacy of low-dose cyproterone acetate compared with minocycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Author(s): Monk BE, Almeyda JA, Caldwell IW, Green B, Pelta D, Leonard J, Du Vivier A, Johnson K, Tolowinska I. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1987 September; 12(5): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2965628

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Efficacy of minocycline as a root conditioner in comparison to citric acid and tetracycline. An in vitro evaluation. Author(s): Thomas BS, Varma BR, Bhat KM. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 1999 April-June; 10(2): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10865394

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Efficacy of minocycline in single dose and at 100 mg twice daily for lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Gelber RH, Murray LP, Siu P, Tsang M, Rea TH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1994 December; 62(4): 568-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7868955

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Efficacy of oral minocycline and hyperthermic treatment in a case of atypical mycobacterial skin infection by Mycobacterium marinum. Author(s): Hisamichi K, Hiruma M, Yamazaki M, Matsushita A, Ogawa H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 29(12): 810-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12532049

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Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells' syndrome): treatment with minocycline. Author(s): Stam-Westerveld EB, Daenen S, Van der Meer JB, Jonkman MF. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 March; 78(2): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9534905

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Eosinophilic pericarditis caused by minocycline. Author(s): Spodick DH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 March; 77(905): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11296800

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Eradication of colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by using oral minocycline-rifampin and topical mupirocin. Author(s): Darouiche R, Wright C, Hamill R, Koza M, Lewis D, Markowski J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 August; 35(8): 1612-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1929333

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Evaluation of minocycline and cefuzonam for antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates. Author(s): Igari J, Oguri T, Higuchi T. Source: Jpn J Antibiot. 1994 August; 47(8): 1013-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7933531

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Evaluation of the long-term efficacy and safety of locally-applied minocycline in adult periodontitis patients. Author(s): Timmerman MF, van der Weijden GA, van Steenbergen TJ, Mantel MS, de Graaff J, van der Velden U. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1996 August; 23(8): 707-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8877655

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Extensive cutaneous hyperpigmentation caused by minocycline. Author(s): Pepine M, Flowers FP, Ramos-Caro FA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 February; 28(2 Pt 2): 292-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8436641

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Extensive pigmentation secondary to minocycline treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Assad SA, Bernstein EF, Brod B, James WD. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 March; 28(3): 679-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11296985

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Failure of adjunctive minocycline-HCl to eliminate oral Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Author(s): Muller HP, Lange DE, Muller RF. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1993 August; 20(7): 498-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8354724

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Fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis: a severe adverse reaction to minocycline. Author(s): MacNeil M, Haase DA, Tremaine R, Marrie TJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 February; 36(2 Pt 2): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039216

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Field trial on efficacy of supervised monthly dose of 600 mg rifampin, 400 mg ofloxacin and 100 mg minocycline for the treatment of leprosy; first results. Author(s): Mane I, Cartel JL, Grosset JH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1997 June; 65(2): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9251595

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Fixed drug eruption due to minocycline--report of one case. Author(s): LePaw MI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 February; 8(2): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6219141

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Fulminant hepatic failure, hepatorenal syndrome, and necrotizing pancreatitis after minocycline hepatotoxicity. Author(s): Boudreaux JP, Hayes DH, Mizrahi S, Hussey J, Regenstein F, Balart L. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 April; 25(2): 1873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8470208

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Genital fixed drug eruption: cross-reactivity between doxycycline and minocycline. Author(s): Correia O, Delgado L, Polonia J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 March; 24(2): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10447381

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Gingival crevicular fluid concentration and side effects of minocycline: a comparison of two dose regimens. Author(s): Freeman E, Ellen RP, Thompson G, Weinberg SE, Song M, Lazarus RH. Source: J Periodontol. 1992 January; 63(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1313100

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Gynaecomastia in association with minocycline. Author(s): Davies JP, Price-Thomas JM. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1995 July-August; 49(4): 179. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7547156

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Highly positive dsDNA antibodies in minocycline-induced lupus. Author(s): Tubach F, Kaplan G, Berenbaum F. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 January-February; 17(1): 124-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084049

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High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for minocycline in human plasma and parotid saliva. Author(s): Orti V, Audran M, Gibert P, Bougard G, Bressolle F. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 February 11; 738(2): 357-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10718653

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Histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings in a case of minocycline-associated “black thyroid”. Author(s): Bell CD, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Rotondo F. Source: Endocrine Pathology. 2001 Winter; 12(4): 443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914478

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HLA-DRB1 genes and disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. The MIRA Trial Group. Minocycline in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Author(s): Reveille JD, Alarcon GS, Fowler SE, Pillemer SR, Neuner R, Clegg DO, Mikhail IS, Trentham DE, Leisen JC, Bluhm G, Cooper SM, Duncan H, Tuttleman M, Heyse SP, Sharp JT, Tilley B. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996 November; 39(11): 1802-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912501

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Hyperpigmentation associated with oral minocycline. Author(s): Ridgway HA, Sonnex TS, Kennedy CT, Millard PR, Henderson WJ, Gold SC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 July; 107(1): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7104213

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Hyperpigmentation of the skin associated with minocycline therapy. Author(s): Gordon G, Sparano BM, Iatropoulos MJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 May; 121(5): 618-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3158285

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Hyperpigmentation, neutrophilic alveolitis, and erythema nodosum resulting from minocycline. Author(s): Bridges AJ, Graziano FM, Calhoun W, Reizner GT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 May; 22(5 Pt 2): 959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2335590

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Hyperpigmented patches on the dorsa of the feet. Minocycline pigmentation. Author(s): Meyer AJ, Nahass GT. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 December; 131(12): 1447, 1450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492137

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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis during minocycline treatment. Author(s): Kloppenburg M, Dijkmans BA, Breedveld FC. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1994 June; 44(6): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8052345

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Identification and determination of the two principal metabolites of minocycline in humans. Author(s): Bocker RH, Peter R, Machbert G, Bauer W. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 August 23; 568(2): 363-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783642

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Identification of toga-like virus in fulminant hepatitis attributed to minocycline therapy. Author(s): Fagan E, Williams R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 November 11; 299(6709): 1224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2513077

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Immediate remission obtained by minocycline in a patient with histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis. Author(s): Takada K, Suzuki K, Hidaka T, Konishi T, Shinohara T, Kataharada K, Matsumoto M, Okada M, Ohsuzu F. Source: Intern Med. 2001 October; 40(10): 1055-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11688834

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Implications of minocycline, platelet-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta on inflammatory repair potential in the periodontium. Author(s): Soory M, Virdi H. Source: J Periodontol. 1999 October; 70(10): 1136-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534066

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In vitro activity of minocycline against respiratory pathogens from patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Kurlandsky LE, Fader RC. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2000 March; 29(3): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10686042

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In vitro modulation of epidermal inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-6, TNF alpha) by minocycline. Author(s): Celerier P, Litoux P, Dreno B. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1996 June; 288(7): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8818192

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In vitro modulation of human gingival epithelial cell attachment and migration by minocycline-HCL. Author(s): Vanheusden A, Nusgens B, Goffinet G, Zahedi S, Lapiere CM, Rompen E. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 1998 August; 33(6): 377-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777589

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In vitro response of human gingival epithelioid S-G cells to minocycline. Author(s): Babich H, Tipton DA. Source: Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with Bibra. 2002 February; 16(1): 11-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11812635

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In vitro sensitivity of Mycobacterium marinum to minocycline and doxycycline. Author(s): Torres JR, Sands M, Sanders CV. Source: Tubercle. 1978 September; 59(3): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=705904

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In vitro susceptibility of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Herellea vagincola) to tetracycline and minocycline. Author(s): Thomas ET, Coleman C, Talantis K, Armstrong M. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1976 January; 19(1): 140-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=812659

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In vitro susceptibility of recently isolated respiratory tract pathogens to minocycline and comparable antibiotics. A multicentre study. Author(s): Verbist L, Dhoore F. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1994; 49(6): 268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7871933

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Infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after carbon dioxide resurfacing of the face. Successful treatment with minocycline, rifampin, and mupiricin ointment. Author(s): Bellman B, Brandt FS, Holtmann M, Bebell WR. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 February; 24(2): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9491125

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Inflammatory and immunological parameters of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with minocycline. Author(s): Kloppenburg M, Dijkmans BA, Verweij CL, Breedveld FC. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1996 March; 31(2-3): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8861742

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Inhibition of enzymatic activity of phospholipases A2 by minocycline and doxycycline. Author(s): Pruzanski W, Greenwald RA, Street IP, Laliberte F, Stefanski E, Vadas P. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1992 September 25; 44(6): 1165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1417938

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Inhibition of growth of Pneumocystis carinii by lactoferrins alone and in combination with pyrimethamine, clarithromycin and minocycline. Author(s): Cirioni O, Giacometti A, Barchiesi F, Scalise G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 October; 46(4): 577-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11020255

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Interstitial nephritis, hepatic failure, and systemic eosinophilia after minocycline treatment. Author(s): Kiessling S, Forrest K, Moscow J, Gewirtz A, Jackson E, Roszman T, Goebel J. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2001 December; 38(6): E36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11728996

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Intracranial hypertension and minocycline. Author(s): Shiri J, Amichai B. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 July 15; 127(2): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9230019

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Intracranial Nocardia dissemination during minocycline therapy. Author(s): Weber L, Yium J, Hawkins S. Source: Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 2002 June; 4(2): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220249

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Intrapericardial minocycline sclerosis for malignant pericardial effusion. Author(s): Lashevsky I, Ben Yosef R, Rinkevich D, Reisner S, Markiewicz W. Source: Chest. 1996 June; 109(6): 1452-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8769492

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In-vitro activity of macrolides alone and in combination with artemisin, atovaquone, dapsone, minocycline or pyrimethamine against Cryptosporidium parvum. Author(s): Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Scalise G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 September; 38(3): 399-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889715

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In-vitro antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria taken from infected root dentine to a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline. Author(s): Hoshino E, Kurihara-Ando N, Sato I, Uematsu H, Sato M, Kota K, Iwaku M. Source: International Endodontic Journal. 1996 March; 29(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9206436

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Is serum sickness an uncommon adverse effect of minocycline treatment? Author(s): Malakar S, Dhar S, Shah Malakar R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 January; 137(1): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176679

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Isolation and identification of bacteria from subgingival plaque with low susceptibility to minocycline. Author(s): Wilson M, O'Connor B, Newman HN. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 July; 28(1): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1769945

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Isotretinoin versus minocycline in cystic acne: a study of lipid metabolism. Author(s): Pigatto PD, Finzi AF, Altomare GF, Polenghi MM, Vergani C, Vigotti G. Source: Dermatologica. 1986; 172(3): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2938993

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Lack of cross-sensitivity between tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline with regard to fixed drug sensitivity to tetracycline. Author(s): Bargman H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 November; 11(5 Pt 1): 900-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6239882

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Late-onset drug fever associated with minocycline. Author(s): Gorard DA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1990 May; 66(775): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2371195

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Lepromatous leprosy: nasal manifestations and treatment with minocycline. Author(s): Lalwani AK, Tami TA, Gelber RH. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1992 March; 101(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1543336

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Lethal medium-vessel panarteritis mimicking deep sepsis following etanercept and minocycline therapy in a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Berthelot JM, Glemarec J, Maugars Y, Prost A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 41(6): 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12048303

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Letter to the editor: Modified fluorometric assay for minocycline. Author(s): Ace LN, Jaffe JM. Source: Biochem Med. 1975 April; 12(4): 401-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=240355

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Letter: Activity of minocycline against Bacteroids fragilis. Author(s): Leigh DA, Simmons K. Source: Lancet. 1975 January 4; 1(7897): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=46948

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Letter: Effect of minocycline on tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Leigh DA, Simmons K. Source: Lancet. 1974 May 18; 1(7864): 1006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4133636

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Letter: Minocycline: possible vestibular side-effects. Author(s): Pines A. Source: Lancet. 1974 October 26; 2(7887): 1014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4138346

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Letter: Minocycline: possible vestibular side-effects. Author(s): Doyle RK. Source: Lancet. 1974 October 19; 2(7886): 960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4138345

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Letter: Minocycline: Possible vestibular side-effects. Author(s): Nicol CS, Oriel JD. Source: Lancet. 1974 November 23; 2(7891): 1260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4139487

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Letter: Side-effects of minocycline hydrochloride. Author(s): Masterton G, Schofield CB. Source: Lancet. 1974 November 9; 2(7889): 1139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4139428

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Lingual hyperpigmentation associated with minocycline therapy. Author(s): Meyerson MA, Cohen PR, Hymes SR. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1995 February; 79(2): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7614181

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Liquid chromatographic determination of minocycline in human serum. Author(s): De Leenheer AP, Nelis HJ. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 December; 68(12): 1527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=529045

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Liver damage associated with minocycline use in acne: a systematic review of the published literature and pharmacovigilance data. Author(s): Lawrenson RA, Seaman HE, Sundstrom A, Williams TJ, Farmer RD. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2000 October; 23(4): 333-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11051220

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Locally delivered minocycline and guided tissue regeneration to treat post-juvenile periodontitis. A case report. Author(s): Saito A, Hosaka Y, Nakagawa T, Seida K, Yamada S, Okuda K. Source: J Periodontol. 1994 September; 65(9): 835-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7990019

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Locally delivered minocycline microspheres for the treatment of periodontitis in smokers. Author(s): Paquette D, Oringer R, Lessem J, Offenbacher S, Genco R, Persson GR, Santucci EA, Williams RC. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003 September; 30(9): 787-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956654

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Longitudinal melanonychia induced by minocycline. Author(s): Mallon E, Dawber RP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 June; 130(6): 794-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8011510

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Long-term results of multiple minocycline hydrochloride injections for the treatment of symptomatic solitary hepatic cyst. Author(s): Yoshida H, Onda M, Tajiri T, Arima Y, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Akimaru K. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 May; 18(5): 595-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12702053

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Low-dose minocycline therapy in tetracycline-recalcitrant acne vulgaris. Author(s): Cullen SI. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1978 January; 21(1): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=146595

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Lupoid sycosis successfully treated with minocycline. Author(s): Abe M, Ishikawa O, Miyachi Y. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 January; 138(1): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536255

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Lupuslike reaction associated with minocycline. Author(s): Singer SJ, Piazza-Hepp TD, Girardi LS, Moledina NR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 January 22-29; 277(4): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9002484

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Lupus-like syndrome associated with the use of minocycline. Author(s): Quilty B, McHugh N. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 December; 33(12): 1197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8000761

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Lymecycline and minocycline in inflammatory acne: a randomized, double-blind intent-to-treat study on clinical and in vivo antibacterial efficacy. Author(s): Pierard-Franchimont C, Goffin V, Arrese JE, Martalo O, Braham C, Slachmuylders P, Pierard GE. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2002 March-April; 15(2): 1129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867968

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Lymecycline in the treatment of acne: an efficacious, safe and cost-effective alternative to minocycline. Author(s): Bossuyt L, Bosschaert J, Richert B, Cromphaut P, Mitchell T, Al Abadie M, Henry I, Bewley A, Poyner T, Mann N, Czernielewski J. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 March-April; 13(2): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695127

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Medication-associated depersonalization symptoms: report of transient depersonalization symptoms induced by minocycline. Author(s): Cohen PR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 January; 97(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14746427

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Minocycline and ethylenediaminetetraacetate for the prevention of recurrent vascular catheter infections. Author(s): Raad I, Buzaid A, Rhyne J, Hachem R, Darouiche R, Safar H, Albitar M, Sherertz RJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 July; 25(1): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9243049

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Minocycline and Pseudotumor cerebri: The well-known but well-kept secret. Author(s): Weese-Mayer DE, Yang RJ, Mayer JR, Zaparackas Z. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 August; 108(2): 519-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11491116

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Minocycline as a therapeutic option in bullous pemphigoid. Author(s): Loo WJ, Kirtschig G, Wojnarowska F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 July; 26(5): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488819

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Minocycline hypersensitivity syndrome with hypotension mimicking septic shock. Author(s): Colvin JH, Sheth AP. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 July-August; 18(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11576401

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Minocycline hypersensitivity with respiratory failure. Author(s): Clayton BD, Hitchcock MG, Williford PM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 February; 135(2): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052397

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Minocycline in paediatric infections. Author(s): Seth V, Vasuki K, Ghai OP. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1979 February; 69: 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=429037

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Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Breedveld FC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 May; 40(5): 794-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153537

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Minocycline induces an increase in the number of excreting pilosebaceous follicles in acne vulgaris. A randomised study. Author(s): Bodokh I, Jacomet Y, Lacour JP, Ortonne JP. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 July; 77(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228213

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Minocycline inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and neointima formation after arterial injury. Author(s): Pinney SP, Chen HJ, Liang D, Wang X, Schwartz A, Rabbani LE. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2003 October; 42(4): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14508231

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Minocycline is not effective in systemic sclerosis: results of an open-label multicenter trial. Author(s): Mayes MD, O'Donnell D, Rothfield NF, Csuka ME. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 February; 50(2): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14872498

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Minocycline related lupus. Author(s): Pointud P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 September; 24(9): 1851; Author Reply 1851-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292820

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Minocycline related lupus. Author(s): Emery P, Gough A, Griffiths B. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 September; 24(9): 1850; Author Reply 1851-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292819

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Minocycline-induced activation of tetracycline-responsive promoter. Author(s): Chtarto A, Tenenbaum L, Velu T, Brotchi J, Levivier M, Blum D. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 December 11; 352(3): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625008

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Minocycline-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Author(s): Walker RG, Thomson NM, Dowling JP, Ogg CS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 February 24; 1(6162): 524. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=444868

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Minocycline-induced blue-green discoloration of bone. A case report. Author(s): McCleskey PE, Littleton KH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2004 January; 86-A(1): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711958

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Minocycline-induced cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Author(s): Pelletier F, Puzenat E, Blanc D, Faivre B, Humbert P, Aubin F. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 July-August; 13(4): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948923

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Minocycline-induced interstitial nephritis. Author(s): Hill GW, Roach M. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 March 24; 1(6166): 820-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=435818

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Minocycline-induced scleral pigmentation. Author(s): Fraunfelder FT, Randall JA. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 June; 104(6): 936-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9186432

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Minocycline-related lupus erythematosus with associated liver disease. Author(s): Crosson J, Stillman MT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 May; 36(5 Pt 2): 867-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9146570

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Multicenter randomized comparative double-blind controlled clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of zinc gluconate versus minocycline hydrochloride in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Author(s): Dreno B, Moyse D, Alirezai M, Amblard P, Auffret N, Beylot C, Bodokh I, Chivot M, Daniel F, Humbert P, Meynadier J, Poli F; Acne Research and Study Group. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11586012

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N,N-dimethylglycyl-amido derivative of minocycline and 6-demethyl-6desoxytetracycline, two new glycylcyclines highly effective against tetracyclineresistant gram-positive cocci. Author(s): Goldstein FW, Kitzis MD, Acar JF. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 September; 38(9): 2218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7811053

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Nail, skin, and scleral pigmentation induced by minocycline. Author(s): Angeloni VL, Salasche SJ, Ortiz R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1987 September; 40(3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3652731

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Necrotizing vasculitis of the skin and uterine cervix associated with minocycline therapy for acne vulgaris. Author(s): Schrodt BJ, Kulp-Shorten CL, Callen JP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 May; 92(5): 502-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10342897

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No detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific DNA in erythema migrans lesions after minocycline treatment. Author(s): Muellegger RR, Zoechling N, Soyer HP, Hoedl S, Wienecke R, Volkenandt M, Kerl H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 June; 131(6): 678-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7778919

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Nodular hyperplasia, black thyroid, and chronic minocycline ingestion in a teenager. Author(s): Folsom DL, Gauderer MW, Dahms WT. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1992 December; 127(12): 1476-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1365695

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Non-specific urethritis. A placebo-controlled trial of minocycline in conjunction with laboratory investigations. Author(s): Prentice MJ, Taylor-Robinson D, Csonka GW. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1976 August; 52(4): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=786440

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Non-surgical treatment of splenic cyst, using with installation of minocycline chloride. Author(s): Shimanuki K, Satake M. Source: Fukushima J Med Sci. 1996 December; 42(1-2): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9127967

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Novel effects of minocycline on Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion in human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells. Author(s): Ito Y, Son M, Kume H, Yamaki K. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2001 October 15; 176(2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11601886

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Obstructive jaundice caused by non-parasitic hepatic cyst treated with percutaneous drainage and instillation of minocycline hydrochloride as a sclerosing agent. Author(s): Yoshihara K, Yamashiro S, Koizumi S, Matsuo Y, Shigeru J, Kanegae S, Oda Y. Source: Intern Med. 1996 May; 35(5): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8797049

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Ocular penetration of orally administered minocycline. Author(s): Poirier RH, Ellison AC. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1979 December; 11(12): 1859-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=556140

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One-dose and multiple-dose kinetics of minocycline in patients with renal disease. Author(s): Sklenar I, Spring P, Dettli L. Source: Agents Actions. 1977 September; 7(3): 369-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=596320

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Oral and systemic effects of prolonged minocycline therapy. Author(s): Patel K, Cheshire D, Vance A. Source: British Dental Journal. 1998 December 12-26; 185(11-12): 560-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9885428

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Oral ibuprofen and minocycline for the treatment of resistant acne vulgaris. Author(s): Funt LS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 September; 13(3): 524-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2932479

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Oral minocycline improved keratosis follicularis squamosa (Dohi) and related disorder: bacterial factors are possibly involved in abberant keratinization. Author(s): Katayama I, Yokozeki H, Nishioka K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 August; 21(8): 604-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7962961

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Oral pigmentation secondary to minocycline therapy. Author(s): Beehner ME, Houston GD, Young JD. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1986 July; 44(7): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2941550

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Oral presentation of minocycline-induced black bone disease. Author(s): Odell EW, Hodgson RP, Haskell R. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1995 April; 79(4): 459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7614206

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Paper in BMJ influenced prescribing of minocycline. Author(s): Ferguson JJ, Jenkins MG, Field J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 January 3; 316(7124): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9451291

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Parallel assessment of 24 monthly doses of rifampin, ofloxacin, and minocycline versus two years of World Health Organization multi-drug therapy for multibacillary leprosy. Author(s): Villahermosa LG, Fajardo TT Jr, Abalos RM, Cellona RV, Balagon MV, Dela Cruz EC, Tan EV, Walsh GP, Walsh DS. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004 February; 70(2): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993633

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Pemphigus vegetans with oesophageal involvement: successful treatment with minocycline and nicotinamide. Author(s): Sawai T, Kitazawa K, Danno K, Sugie N, Machizuki T, Sugiura H, Uehara M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 132(4): 668-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7748766

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Penetration of minocycline hydrochloride into lung tissue and sputum. Author(s): Watanabe A, Anzai Y, Niitsuma K, Saito M, Yanase K, Nakamura M. Source: Chemotherapy. 2001 January-February; 47(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11125226

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Perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-positive cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa associated with minocycline therapy for acne vulgaris. Author(s): Schaffer JV, Davidson DM, McNiff JM, Bolognia JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 February; 44(2): 198206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174376

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Pharmacokinetic characteristics of minocycline in debilitated elderly patients. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Takano K, Matsuyama N, Koike Y, Minshita S, Sanaka M, Kuyama Y, Yamakana M. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1999 May; 6(3): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10423658

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Photo quiz: pigmentation due to minocycline. Author(s): Welsch MJ, Elston DM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 May; 67(5): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11381851

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Polyarteritis nodosa attributable to minocycline treatment for acne vulgaris. Author(s): Schrodt BJ, Callen JP. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 February; 103(2): 503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9925852

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Possible antidepressant effect of minocycline. Author(s): Levine J, Cholestoy A, Zimmerman J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 April; 153(4): 582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8599421

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Postoperative minocycline pigmentation. Author(s): Chave TA, Collier PM, Campbell WB. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2000 September; 82(5): 3489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11041039

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Presumed hypersensitivity to minocycline and conjunctival infiltration. Author(s): Parc C, Brezin AP, Nataf I, Dusser D, Moachon L, D'Hermies F. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 86(11): 1313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386097

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Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: treatment with chloramphenicol plus minocycline. Author(s): Safdar A, Bryan CS, Stinson S, Saunders DE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 June 1; 34(11): E61-3. Epub 2002 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12015709

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Prurigo pigmentosa treated with minocycline. Author(s): Schepis C, Siragusa M, Palazzo R, Ussia AF, Cavallari V. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 July; 135(1): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8776395

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Pseudotumor cerebri induced by minocycline therapy for acne vulgaris. Author(s): Mochizuki K, Takahashi T, Kano M, Terajima K, Hori N. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November-December; 46(6): 668-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12543195

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Pseudotumor cerebri induced by minocycline treatment for acne vulgaris. Author(s): Lewis PA, Kearney PJ. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 January; 77(1): 83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9059695

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Pseudotumor cerebri induced by vitamin A combined with minocycline. Author(s): Moskowitz Y, Leibowitz E, Ronen M, Aviel E. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1993 August; 25(8): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239326

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Pseudotumor cerebri secondary to minocycline intake. Author(s): Ang ER, Zimmerman JC, Malkin E. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 May-June; 15(3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12038730

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Psoriatic arthritis and minocycline induced autoantibodies. Author(s): Leitch DN, Haslock DI. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1997 May; 16(3): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9184273

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Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with cystic acne and hidradenitis suppurativa controlled by adding minocycline and sulfasalazine to the treatment regimen. Author(s): Shenefelt PD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 May; 57(5): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726710

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Pyoderma gangrenosum responsive to minocycline hydrochloride. Author(s): Lynch WS, Bergfeld WF. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1978 April; 21(4): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=639572

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Q-switched ruby laser treatment of minocycline-induced cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Author(s): Knoell KA, Milgraum SS, Kutenplon M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 October; 132(10): 1251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8859046

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Radiographic assessment of disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate or minocycline. Author(s): Alarcon GS, Bartolucci AA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 February; 27(2): 530-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685828

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Radiographic results from the Minocycline in Rheumatoid Arthritis (MIRA) Trial. Author(s): Bluhm GB, Sharp JT, Tilley BC, Alarcon GS, Cooper SM, Pillemer SR, Clegg DO, Heyse SP, Trentham DE, Neuner R, Kaplan DA, Leisen JC, Buckley L, Duncan H, Tuttleman M, Li S, Fowler SE. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 July; 24(7): 1295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228128

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Randomized study of minocycline + gentamicin compared with metronidazole + gentamicin for prophylaxis or treatment of mixed infections in abdominal surgery. Author(s): Legrand JC, Van der Auwera P, Renaux J, Bailly A, Van Eukem P, Chastel C. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1986; 6(5): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3781699

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Rapid fluorimetric assay of minocycline in plasma or serum: comparison with microbiological assay. Author(s): Hall D. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 February; 4(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=402926

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Rapid serum minocycline assay for pleurodesis monitoring using high-performance liquid chromatography with radial compression. Author(s): Birminham K, Vaughan LM, Strange C. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1995 June; 17(3): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7624923

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Recurrent erythema migrans despite extended antibiotic treatment with minocycline in a patient with persisting Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Author(s): Liegner KB, Shapiro JR, Ramsay D, Halperin AJ, Hogrefe W, Kong L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 February; 28(2 Pt 2): 312-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8436647

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Regression of large hepatic cysts by minocycline hydrochloride in polycystic kidney disease. Author(s): Uemasu J, Munemura C, Fujiwara M, Kawasaki H. Source: Nephron. 1995; 69(3): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7753290

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Relapsing acute respiratory failure induced by minocycline. Author(s): Oddo M, Liaudet L, Lepori M, Broccard AF, Schaller MD. Source: Chest. 2003 June; 123(6): 2146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12796202

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Resolution of refractory hepatic hydrothorax after chemical pleurodesis with minocycline. Author(s): Lin CC, Wu JC, Chang SC, Huang YH, Huo TI, Chang FY, Lee SD. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2000 September; 63(9): 704-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037647

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Respiratory distress due to minocycline-induced pulmonary lupus. Author(s): Christodoulou CS, Emmanuel P, Ray RA, Good RA, Schnapf BM, Cawkwell GD. Source: Chest. 1999 May; 115(5): 1471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10334177

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Response of atypical bullous pyoderma gangrenosum to oral minocycline hydrochloride and topical steroids. Author(s): Reynolds NJ, Peachey RD. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(6): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1981437

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Response to minocycline of arthritis associated with agammaglobulinemia. A casereport. Author(s): Soubrier M, Dubost JJ, Micheau V, Zmantar C, Ristori JM, Bussiere JL. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 March; 64(3): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9090770

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Rifampicin/minocycline and ofloxacin (ROM) for single lesions--what is the evidence? Author(s): Lockwood DN. Source: Lepr Rev. 1997 December; 68(4): 299-300. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9503865

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Rifampin and minocycline in meningococcal disease. Author(s): Beaty HN. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1983 July-August; 5 Suppl 3: S451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6415780

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Safety of long-term high-dose minocycline in the treatment of acne. Author(s): Goulden V, Glass D, Cunliffe WJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 April; 134(4): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8733373

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Safety of minocycline for acne. Author(s): Gottlieb A. Source: Lancet. 1997 February 8; 349(9049): 374. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033461

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Scaling and root-planing treatment with adjunctive subgingival minocycline. A clinical pilot study over six months, of sites adjacent to and remote from the antibiotic application. Author(s): Henderson RJ, Boyens JV, Holborow DW, Pack AR. Source: J Int Acad Periodontol. 2002 July; 4(3): 77-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670086

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Self-administered joint counts and standard joint counts in the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis. MIRA Trial Group. Minocycline in RA. Author(s): Alarcon GS, Tilley BC, Li S, Fowler SE, Pillemer SR. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 May; 26(5): 1065-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10332969

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Serious adverse reactions induced by minocycline. Report of 13 patients and review of the literature. Author(s): Knowles SR, Shapiro L, Shear NH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 August; 132(8): 934-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712844

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Serum-sickness-like reaction associated with minocycline therapy in adolescents. Author(s): Harel L, Amir J, Livni E, Straussberg R, Varsano I. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 May; 30(5): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740328

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Severe acute myopathy induced by minocycline. Author(s): Narvaez J, Vilaseca-Momplet J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2004 February 15; 116(4): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14969661

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Severe complication of a commonly prescribed drug: minocycline-induced lupus. Author(s): Shepherd J. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 May-June; 15(3): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12038732

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Severe drug-induced pneumonitis associated with minocycline and nicotinamide therapy of a bullous pemphigoid. Author(s): Hara H, Fujitsuka A, Morishima C, Kurihara N, Yamaguchi Z, Morishima T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 September; 78(5): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9779273

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Severe hypersensitivity reaction to minocycline. Author(s): de Paz S, Perez A, Gomez M, Trampal A, Dominguez Lazaro A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1999 November-December; 9(6): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10664938

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Severe minocycline-induced eosinophilic pneumonia: extrapulmonary manifestations and the use of in vitro immunoassays. Author(s): Bentur L, Bar-Kana Y, Livni E, Finkelstein R, Ben-Izhak O, Keidar S, Bentur Y. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1997 June; 31(6): 733-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9184714

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Should minocycline be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis? Author(s): Panush RS, Thoburn R. Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 1996 April; 45(2): 2-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8901389

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Single-dose rifampicin, oflaxicin and minocycline (ROM) therapy for single leprosy lesions. Author(s): Ramu G. Source: Lepr Rev. 1998 March; 69(1): 78-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9628098

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Special selection: minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation of the tongue. Author(s): Tanzi EL, Hecker MS. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 August; 9(8): 687-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10927700

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Staining of adult teeth by minocycline: binding of minocycline by specific proteins. Author(s): Bowles WH, Bokmeyer TJ. Source: J Esthet Dent. 1997; 9(1): 30-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9468876

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Streptococcal infection in the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease and clinical effects of minocycline on the disease symptoms. Author(s): Kaneko F, Oyama N, Nishibu A. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1997 December; 38(6): 444-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9509915

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Study of immune reactivity of minocycline-induced chronic active hepatitis. Author(s): Herzog D, Hajoui O, Russo P, Alvarez F. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 May; 42(5): 1100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9149070

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Subgingival distribution of periodontopathic bacteria in adult periodontitis and their susceptibility to minocycline-HCl. Author(s): Hagiwara S, Takamatsu N, Tominaga Y, Umeda M. Source: J Periodontol. 1998 January; 69(1): 92-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9527568

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Successful treatment of Nocardia asteroides infection with minocycline in kidney transplant patients. Author(s): Ochiai T, Amemiya H, Watanabe K, Sato H, Kobayashi A, Takizawa H, Iwasaki Y. Source: Jpn J Surg. 1978 June; 8(2): 138-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=355687

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Symptomatic hepatic cysts: treatment with single-shot injection of minocycline hydrochloride. Author(s): Cellier C, Cuenod CA, Deslandes P, Auroux J, Landi B, Siauve N, Barbier JP, Frija G. Source: Radiology. 1998 January; 206(1): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9423674

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Targeting leukocyte MMPs and transmigration: minocycline as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Brundula V, Rewcastle NB, Metz LM, Bernard CC, Yong VW. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2002 June; 125(Pt 6): 1297-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12023318

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Testing your diagnostic skills (#54). Case no. 1. Minocycline staining. Author(s): Baughman R. Source: Todays Fda. 2001 October; 13(10): 20, 23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799658

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The effect of minocycline on the metabolism of androgens by human oral periosteal fibroblasts and its inhibition by finasteride. Author(s): Soory M, Tilakaratne A. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 2000 April; 45(4): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10708666

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The efficacy of minocycline microspheres in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: statistical vs clinical significance. Author(s): Greenstein G. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2003 February; 24(2): 121-6, 128, 130 Passim; Quiz 133. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723407

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The modulation of androgen metabolism by estradiol, minocycline, and indomethacin in a cell culture model. Author(s): Tilakaratne A, Soory M. Source: J Periodontol. 2002 June; 73(6): 585-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083529

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The risk of liver damage associated with minocycline: a comparative study. Author(s): Seaman HE, Lawrenson RA, Williams TJ, MacRae KD, Farmer RD. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 August; 41(8): 852-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11504273

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Topically applied minocycline microspheres: why it works. Author(s): Dean JW, Branch-Mays GL, Hart TC, Reinhardt RA, Shapiro B, Santucci EA, Lessem J. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2003 April; 24(4): 247-50, 252-7; Quiz 258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12769027

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Transrectal ultrasound-guided puncture, drainage, and minocycline hydrochloride sclerotherapy for the symptomatic prostatic cyst. Author(s): Saito S. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 2002 November; 16(9): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490027

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Treatment of alpha1-antitrypsin-deficiency panniculitis with minocycline. Author(s): Ginarte M, Roson E, Peteiro C, Toribio J. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 August; 68(2): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11534920

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Treatment of cutaneous calcinosis in limited systemic sclerosis with minocycline. Author(s): Robertson LP, Marshall RW, Hickling P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 March; 62(3): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12594118

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Treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis with minocycline or placebo: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): O'Dell JR, Haire CE, Palmer W, Drymalski W, Wees S, Blakely K, Churchill M, Eckhoff PJ, Weaver A, Doud D, Erikson N, Dietz F, Olson R, Maloley P, Klassen LW, Moore GF. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1997 May; 40(5): 842-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153544

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Treatment of early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with minocycline: four-year followup of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): O'Dell JR, Paulsen G, Haire CE, Blakely K, Palmer W, Wees S, Eckhoff PJ, Klassen LW, Churchill M, Doud D, Weaver A, Moore GF. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999 August; 42(8): 1691-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10446869

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Treatment of early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year, double-blind comparison of minocycline and hydroxychloroquine. Author(s): O'Dell JR, Blakely KW, Mallek JA, Eckhoff PJ, Leff RD, Wees SJ, Sems KM, Fernandez AM, Palmer WR, Klassen LW, Paulsen GA, Haire CE, Moore GF. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 October; 44(10): 2235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11665963

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Treatment of human brucellosis with rifampin plus minocycline. Author(s): Cascio A, Scarlata F, Giordano S, Antinori S, Colomba C, Titone L. Source: J Chemother. 2003 June; 15(3): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12868551

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Treatment of minocycline-induced cutaneous pigmentation with the Q-switched Alexandrite laser and a review of the literature. Author(s): Green D, Friedman KJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 February; 44(2 Suppl): 342-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174411

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Treatment of periodontitis by local administration of minocycline microspheres: a controlled trial. Author(s): Williams RC, Paquette DW, Offenbacher S, Adams DF, Armitage GC, Bray K, Caton J, Cochran DL, Drisko CH, Fiorellini JP, Giannobile WV, Grossi S, Guerrero DM, Johnson GK, Lamster IB, Magnusson I, Oringer RJ, Persson GR, Van Dyke TE, Wolff LF, Santucci EA, Rodda BE, Lessem J. Source: J Periodontol. 2001 November; 72(11): 1535-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759865

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Treatment of recurrent auricle pseudocyst with intralesional injection of minocycline: a report of two cases. Author(s): Oyama N, Satoh M, Iwatsuki K, Kaneko F. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 554-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568746

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Treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections in the immunocompromised host: quinupristin-dalfopristin in combination with minocycline. Author(s): Raad I, Hachem R, Hanna H, Girgawy E, Rolston K, Whimbey E, Husni R, Bodey G. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 November; 45(11): 3202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600379

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Trials of daily, long-term minocycline and rifampin or clarithromycin and rifampin in the treatment of borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy. Author(s): Rea TH. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 2000 June; 68(2): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036492

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Two cases of confluent and reticulate papillomatosis: successful treatments of one case with cefdinir and another with minocycline. Author(s): Yamamoto A, Okubo Y, Oshima H, Oh-i T, Koga M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 September; 27(9): 598-603. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11052236

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Ultrastructural and x-ray microanalytical observations of minocycline-related hyperpigmentation of the skin. Author(s): Sato S, Murphy GF, Bernhard JD, Mihm MC Jr, Fitzpatrick TB. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1981 September; 77(3): 264-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7264358

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Unique metabolic fate of a tetracycline (minocycline) Author(s): Nelis HJ, de Leenheer AP. Source: Lancet. 1981 October 24; 2(8252): 938. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6117720

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Unusual skin pigmentation from long-term methacycline and minocycline therapy. Author(s): Shum DT, Smout MS, Pace WE, Headington JT. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1986 January; 122(1): 17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3942405

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Use of minocycline and soft tissue pigmentation: close association. Author(s): Katz J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 March; 137(3): 372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255345

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Use of minocycline in the prophylaxis and treatment of surgical infections. Author(s): Anlyan AJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1977 June; 43(6): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=869335

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Vesicular prurigo pigmentosa cured by minocycline. Author(s): Matsumoto C, Kinoshita M, Baba S, Suzuki H, Kanematsu S, Kanematsu N. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 July; 15(4): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11730052

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Vestibular reactions associated with minocycline. Author(s): Jacobson JA, Daniel B. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1975 October; 8(4): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1081373

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MINOCYCLINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and minocycline.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Minocycline The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “minocycline” (or a synonym): •

Activity of combinations of dapsone, rifampin, minocycline, clarithromycin, and sparfloxacin against M. leprae-infected mice. Author(s): San Francisco Regional Hansen's Disease Program, California, USA. Source: Gelber, R H Siu, P Tsang, M Richard, V Chehl, S K Murray, L P Int-J-Lepr-OtherMycobact-Dis. 1995 June; 63(2): 259-64 0148-916X

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Additive neuroprotective effects of minocycline with creatine in a mouse model of ALS. Author(s): Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Zhang, W Narayanan, M Friedlander, R M Ann-Neurol. 2003 February; 53(2): 267-70 0364-5134

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Antiangiogenic treatment (TNP-470/minocycline) increases tissue levels of anticancer drugs in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. Author(s): Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Teicher, B A Dupuis, N P Robinson, M F Emi, Y Goff, D A Oncol-Res. 1995; 7(5): 237-43 0965-0407

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beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate/tetrahydrocortisol +/- minocycline as modulators of cancer therapies in vitro and in vivo against primary and metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma. Author(s): Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115. Source: Teicher, B A Sotomayor, E A Huang, Z D Ara, G Holden, S Khandekar, V Chen, Y N Cancer-Chemother-Pharmacol. 1993; 33(3): 229-38 0344-5704

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Effect of minocycline on osteoporosis. Author(s): Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. Source: Williams, S Wakisaka, A Zeng, Q Q Barnes, J Seyedin, S Martin, G Wechter, W J Liang, C T Adv-Dent-Res. 1998 November; 12(2): 71-5 0895-9374

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Mechanism for the anti-thyroid action of minocycline. Author(s): Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA. [email protected] Source: Doerge, D R Divi, R L Deck, J Taurog, A Chem-Res-Toxicol. 1997 January; 10(1): 49-58 0893-228X

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Minocycline as a cause of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Report of four cases and comparison with autoimmune hepatitis. Author(s): Department of Anatomic Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA. Source: Goldstein, N S Bayati, N Silverman, A L Gordon, S C Am-J-Clin-Pathol. 2000 October; 114(4): 591-8 0002-9173

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Minocycline effectively reduces acid producted by Propionibacterium granulosum. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical & Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan. Source: Higaki, Shuichi Kitagawa, Taro Morohashi, Masaaki Yamagishi, Takayoshi JDermatol. 2002 January; 29(1): 20-2 0385-2407

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Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety. Author(s): Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford University, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LF. [email protected]

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Source: Garner, S E Eady, E A Popescu, C Newton, J Li Wan Po, A Cochrane-DatabaseSyst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD002086 1469-493X •

Minocycline induced autoimmune disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a missed diagnosis? Author(s): Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK. Source: Marzo Ortega, H Misbah, S Emery, P J-Rheumatol. 2001 February; 28(2): 377-8 0315-162X

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Minocycline prevents the decrease in bone mineral density and trabecular bone in ovariectomized aged rats. Author(s): Gerontology Research Center, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Source: Williams, S Wakisaka, A Zeng, Q Q Barnes, J Martin, G Wechter, W J Liang, C T Bone. 1996 December; 19(6): 637-44 8756-3282

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Minocycline slows disease progression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Centre for Research in Neurosciences, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada. Source: Kriz, J Nguyen, M D Julien, J P Neurobiol-Dis. 2002 August; 10(3): 268-78 09699961

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Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia. Author(s): A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, FIN70211 Kuopio, Finland. Source: Tikka, T Fiebich, B L Goldsteins, G Keinanen, R Koistinaho, J J-Neurosci. 2001 April 15; 21(8): 2580-8 1529-2401

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Protection against minocycline pigment formation by ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Author(s): Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, USA. Source: Bowles, W H J-Esthet-Dent. 1998; 10(4): 182-6 1040-1466

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The effect of pH on the sensitivity of species of Lactobacillus to chlorhexidine and the antibiotics minocycline and spiramycin. Author(s): Department of Rehabilitative Dental Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Source: Cleghorn, B Bowden, G H J-Dent-Res. 1989 July; 68(7): 1146-50 0022-0345

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The effects of minocycline and tetracycline on the mitotic response of human peripheral blood-lymphocytes. Author(s): University Department of Immunology, General Infirmary, Leeds, UK. Source: Ingham, E Turnbull, L Kearney, J N J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1991 May; 27(5): 607-17 0305-7453

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The treatment of minocycline-induced brainstem vertigo by the combined administration of piracetam and ergotoxin. Author(s): Department of Neurootology, University of Wurzburg, West Germany. Source: Claussen, C F Schneider, D Patil, N P Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 1989; 468171-4 0365-5237

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Toxicity profile of dual methotrexate combinations with gold, hydroxychloroquine, sulphasalazine and minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Medical Centre, Israel.

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Source: Elkayam, O Yaron, M Zhukovsky, G Segal, R Caspi, D Rheumatol-Int. 1997; 17(2): 49-53 0172-8172

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to minocycline; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B3 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND MINOCYCLINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning minocycline.

Recent Trials on Minocycline The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to minocycline.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Minocycline in Patients with Huntington's Disease Condition(s): Huntington's Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study to determine whether treatment with minocycline is safe and tolerable in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and whether minocycline reduces symptoms of HD in these patients. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029874

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Minocycline to Treat Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Condition(s): Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this trial is to test the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of minocycline compared to placebo in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00047723

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “minocycline” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MINOCYCLINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “minocycline” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on minocycline, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Minocycline By performing a patent search focusing on minocycline, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on minocycline: •

7, 9-substituted tetracycline compounds Inventor(s): Bhatia; Beena (Arlington, MA), Bowser; Todd (Charlton, MA), Frechette; Roger (Reading, MA), Hawkins; Paul (Cambridge, MA), Ismail; Mohamed (Bedford, MA), McIntyre; Laura (Arlington, MA), Nelson; Mark L. (Wellesley, MA), Reddy; Laxma (Lexington, MA), Sheahan; Paul (Hopkinton, MA), Stapleton; Karen (Weymouth, MA), Viski; Peter (Brookline, MA), Warchol; Tad (Acton, MA) Assignee(s): Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (boston, Ma) Patent Number: 6,683,068 Date filed: June 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention pertains to novel 7,9-substituted tetracycline compounds. These tetracycline compounds can be used to treat numerous tetracycline compound-responsive states, such as bacterial infections and neoplasms, as well as other known applications for minocycline and tetracycline compounds in general, such as blocking tetracycline efflux and modulation of gene expression. Excerpt(s): The development of the tetracycline antibiotics was the direct result of a systematic screening of soil specimens collected from many parts of the world for evidence of microorganisms capable of producing bacteriocidal and/or bacteriostatic compositions. The first of these novel compounds was introduced in 1948 under the name chlortetracycline. Two years later, oxytetracycline became available. The elucidation of the chemical structure of these compounds confirmed their similarity and furnished the analytical basis for the production of a third member of this group in 1952, tetracycline. A new family of tetracycline compounds, without the ring-attached methyl group present in earlier tetracyclines, was prepared in 1957 and became publicly available in 1967; and minocycline was in use by 1972. Recently, research efforts have focused on developing new tetracycline antibiotic compositions effective under varying therapeutic conditions and routes of administration. New tetracycline analogues have also been investigated which may prove to be equal to or more effective than the originally introduced tetracycline compounds. Examples include U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,980,584; 2,990,331; 3,062,717; 3,165,531; 3,454,697; 3,557,280; 3,674,859; 3,957,980; 4,018,889; 4,024,272; and 4,126,680. These patents are representative of the range of pharmaceutically active tetracycline and tetracycline analogue compositions. Historically, soon after their initial development and introduction, the tetracyclines were found to be highly effective pharmacologically against rickettsiae; a number of grampositive and gram-negative bacteria; and the agents responsible for lymphogranuloma venereum, inclusion conjunctivitis, and psittacosis. Hence, tetracyclines became known as "broad spectrum" antibiotics. With the subsequent establishment of their in vitro antimicrobial activity, effectiveness in experimental infections, and pharmacological properties, the tetracyclines as a class rapidly became widely used for therapeutic purposes. However, this widespread use of tetracyclines for both major and minor illnesses and diseases led directly to the emergence of resistance to these antibiotics even among highly susceptible bacterial species both commensal and pathogenic (e.g., pneumococci and Salmonella). The rise of tetracycline-resistant organisms has resulted in a general decline in use of tetracyclines and tetracycline analogue compositions as antibiotics of choice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06683068__

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Antibacterial coated medical implants Inventor(s): Darouiche; Rabih O. (Houston, TX), Raad; Issam I. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 5,217,493 Date filed: March 11, 1992 Abstract: An implantable medical device having long lasting resistance to staphylococcal biofilm colonization is provided. Implantable medical devices such as catheters, shunts, prosthesis, pacemakers, etc. are susceptible to colonization by biofilm adherent microorganisms, especially staphylococci. While systemic staphylococcal infections are effectively treated by many antibiotics, vancomycin being the antibiotic of choice, this same bacteria when encased in biofilm adhering to indwelling medical devices is generally resistant to antibiotic treatment. By the present invention, the combination of rifampin and minocycline or the combination of rifampin and novobiocin when coated on the surfaces of implantable medical devices unexpectedly provides superior antibacterial activity against staphylococcal biofilm colonization on the coated surface of indwelling medical devices. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to indwelling medical articles, such as catheters, coated with antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth. Indwelling medical devices including vascular catheters are becoming essential in the management of hospitalized patients by providing venous access. The benefit derived from these catheters as well as other types of catheters such as peritoneal catheters, cardiovascular, orthopedic and other prosthetic devices is often upset by infectious complications. The most common organisms causing these infectious complications are Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. In the case of vascular catheters, these two organisms account for almost 70-80% of all infectious organisms, with Staphylococcus epidermidis being the most common organism. Candida albicans, a fungal agent, account for about 10-15% of catheter infections. Colonization of bacteria on the interior surfaces of the catheter or other part of the device can produce serious patient problems, including the need to remove and/or replace the implanted device and to vigorously treat secondary infective conditions. A considerable amount of attention and study has been directed toward preventing such colonization by the use of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics, bound to the surface of the materials employed in such devices. In such attempts the objective has been to produce a sufficient bacteriostatic or bactericidal action to prevent colonization. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05217493__

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Antibiotic composition for inhibition of angiogenesis Inventor(s): Bok; Robert A. (#158, 3121 Chowen Ave. South, Minneapolis, MN 55416), Brem; Henry (11201 Five Springs Rd., Lutherville, MD 21093), Tamargo; Rafael J. (2306 Pennyroyal Ter., Baltimore, MD 21209) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,482,810 Date filed: April 13, 1994 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions for delivering an effective dose of an angiogenesis inhibitor consisting of a tetracycline or tetracycline such as minocycline.

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The effective dosage for inhibition of angiogenesis based on in vitro testing is between one and 500 micromolar. The compositions are delivered topically, locally or systemically using implants or injection. The composition is extremely selective for growth of endothelial cells, inhibiting growth, but is not cytotoxic at the effective dosages. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of angiogenesis inhibitors, in particular antibiotics that inhibit angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells that result in the formation of new blood vessels, is an essential event in a wide variety of normal and pathological processes. For example, angiogenesis plays a critical role in embryogenesis, wound healing, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy, and tumor formation, as reported by Folkman, J. Angiogenesis and its inhibitors. In: V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman and S. A. Rosenberg (eds.). Important Advances in Oncology, pp. 42-62, (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1985); Brem, H., et al., Brain tumor angiogenesis. In: P. L. Kornblith and M. D. Walker (eds.), Advances in Neuro-Oncology, pp. 89-101. (Future Publishing Co., Mount Kisco, N.Y. 1988); Folkman, J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N. Engl. J. Med., 285; 1182-1186 (1971); and Folkman, J. Successful treatment of an angiogenic disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 320: 1211-1212 (1989). Identification of several agents that inhibit tumor angiogenesis has provided a conceptual framework for the understanding of angiogenesis in general. The inhibition of angiogenesis by certain steroids and heparin derivatives, reported by Folkman, J., et al., Science 221: 719. (1983); and Murray, J. B., et al., Purification and partial amino acid sequence of a bovine cartilage-derived collagenase inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem., 261: 4154-4159 (1986); led to studies elucidating the crucial role of remodeling of the extracellular matrix in angiogenesis. These agents apparently prevent angiogenesis by specifically disrupting the deposition and cross-linking of collagen, as reported by Ingber, D., and Folkman, J. Inhibition of angiogenesis through modulation of collagen metabolism. Lab. Invest., 59: 44-51 (1989). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06482810__ •

Composition stably containing minocycline for treating periodontal diseases Inventor(s): Eguchi; Tohru (Takatsuki, JP), Hasegawa; Kenji (Ibaraki, JP), Nakashima; Koichi (Takatsuki, JP), Ota; Masako (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Lederle (japan), Ltd. (jp) Patent Number: 4,701,320 Date filed: November 26, 1985 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition stably containing minocycline for treating periodontal diseases which comprises minocycline or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a base composed of a polyhydric alcohol containing a magnesium compound. Optionally, the base can further contain a water soluble high molecular weight compound, ethyl methacrylate/chlrortrimethylammnoniumethyl methacrylate copolymer and its solubilizer. A method for treating periodontal diseases comprising topically applying the composition to the oral cavity is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for treating periodontal diseases. More particularly, it relates to a composition containing minocycline, one of tetracycline antibiotics, in a stable state. The present invention also relates to a method for treating periodontal diseases by using the composition of the present invention. There are several analogous compounds in tetracycline antibiotics including tetracycline

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per se as well as minocycline. Since they are very unstable, various studies have been conducted to stably incorporate tetracycline antibiotics into pharmaceutical compositions. For example, Japanese Patent Laid Open Publication No. 90616/1977 discloses an aqueous injectable solution wherein teteracycline antibiotics such as oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline or a salt thereof is stabilized by chelation with an alkaline earth metal compound such as magnesium compound in an aqueous 2-pyrrolidone solution. Japanese Patent Laid Open Publication No. 94028/1978 discloses a pharmaceutical composition wherein oxytetracycline is stabilized by incorporating it with an alkaline earth metal ion, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and an aliphatic amide such as dimethylacetamide and adjusting pH to 5.0 to 7.5. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 3,335,055 discloses a method for stabilization for tetracycline with magnesium ion and a pyridine derivative such as isonicotinamide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04701320__ •

Implantable medical device Inventor(s): Fischer, Jr.; Frank J. (Bloomington, IN) Assignee(s): Cook Incorporated (bloomington, In) Patent Number: 6,599,275 Date filed: June 4, 1997 Abstract: An implantable medical device 10 such as a catheter with a pharmacologically active ingredient layered between outer and inner elongated member tubes 11 and 13 for minimizing the risk of infection or other physiological afflictions associated with the implantation thereof. The outer and inner elongated member tubes include a base material mixed with a bioactive material including, for example, one and/or the other of rifampin and minocycline. An intermediate tube or layer 18 is positioned between and in communication with the outer and inner elongated member tubes 11 and 13. The intermediate tube or layer may also include a base material of, for example, silicone with a pharmacologically active ingredient mixed therein. The slower diffusion rate minocycline is included as or part of the bioactive material in the base material of the outer and inner elongated member tubes. The pharmacologically active ingredient or bioactive material such as a mixture of rifampin and minocycline is included in the base material of the intermediate tube or layer, which permeates through the inner and outer member tubes and diffuses therefrom or therethrough for treating tissues surrounding the catheter concomitantly. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to medical devices and, particularly, to medical devices that are implantable either partly or completely into a human or veterinary patient. It has become common to treat a variety of medical conditions by introducing an implantable medical device partly or completely into the esophagus, trachea, colon, biliary tract, urinary tract, vascular system or other location within a human or veterinary patient. For example, many treatments of the vascular system entail the introduction of a device such as a stent, a catheter, a balloon, a wire guide, a cannula, or the like. However, when such a device is introduced into and manipulated through the vascular system, the blood vessel walls can be disturbed or injured. Clot formation or thrombosis often results at the injured site, causing stenosis or occlusion of the blood vessel. Moreover, if the medical device is left within the patient for an extended period of time, a thrombus often forms on the device itself, again causing stenosis or occlusion. As a result, the patient is placed at risk of a variety of complications, including heart attack, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. Thus, the use of

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such a medical device can entail the risk of precisely the problems that its use was intended to ameliorate. Another problem associated with implantable medical devices and, more particularly, to partly implanted medical devices such as catheters percutaneously introduced into the vascular system of a patient for long-term hemodialysis or drug infusion is the risk of infection. This risk is also present with hyperalimentation (intravenous feeding) catheters which are percutaneously introduced into the patient. The urinary tract is another system of the patient in which an urethral catheter such as a well-known Foley catheter is introduced into the patient's bladder via the urethra for the drainage of urine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599275__ •

Method for treatment of reactive arthritis or bursitis Inventor(s): Bonner, Jr.; Ernest L. (1406 Park St., Suite 400, Alameda, CA 94501), Hines; Robert (3637 Cape Center Dr., Fayetteville, NC 28304) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,087,382 Date filed: March 17, 1999 Abstract: An improved method for treatment of conditions in human beings associated with either or both reactive arthritis or bursitis comprising administration of a combination of L-lysine, minocycline hydrochloride, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and metronidazole. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved treatment for symptoms associated in humans with reactive arthritis or idiopathic bursitis. Reactive arthritis refers to a spondyloarthritity which usually arises as a complication of an infection elsewhere in the bodye. Reactive arthritis can be caused by species of Shigella bacteria (most notably Shigella flexneri), Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, several species of Salmonella, genitourinary pathogens, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Streptococcus pyogenes, and other yet unidentified infectious agents. Reactive arthritis commonly occurs in young men and women, but can occur at any age. Sufferers experience joint pain, stiffness, redness or swelling. Common symptoms may include a fatigue, malaise, fever, and weight loss. The joints of the lower extremities, including the knee, ankle, and joints of the foot, are the most common sites of involvement, but symptoms can also occur in the wrists, fingers, elbows, shoulders, neck, and lower back. Other symptoms may include urethritis and prostatitis in males, and cervicitis or salpingitis in females. Ocular disease is common ranging from transient, asymptomatic conjunctivitis to aggressive anterior uveitis that occasionally results in blindness. Mucocutaneous lesions and nail changes are frequent. On less frequent or rare occasions manifestations of reactive arthritis include cardiac conduction defects, aortic insufficiency, central or peripheral nervous system lesions, and pleuropulmonary infiltrates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06087382__

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Method of treating skin and composition Inventor(s): Tomas; Robert E. (29926 S. Stockton, Farmington Hills, MI 48336) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,674,539 Date filed: May 18, 1995 Abstract: A topical medication for the treatment of skin pathology including acne is comprised of tetracycline, minocycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, or doxicycline and selenium sulfide or sulfur in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The lotion, cream or ointment is applied to the lesions, left in place briefly and washed off. This is repeated twice daily. The lesions generally clear up within a week. Because the treatment is local, the serious side effects of systemic administration of drugs is avoided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of tetracycline in combination with sulfur or selenium sulfide in topical preparations for the treatment of acne. The treatment of acne vulgaris has been directed primarily to cleansing the skin, avoidance of certain foods and chocolate and the topical application of various astringents and ointments. Certain chemicals have been tried with variable success including peroxides topically applied. A theory has developed that a causative factor may be the formation of free fatty acids in the sebaceous glands or ducts. U.S. Pat. No. 4,005,198 issued Jan. 25, 1977 to Skillern discloses the use of the specific duiretic Methyclothiazide orally in conjunction with oral tetracycline to control acne with the tetracycline discontinued after some reduction in symptoms. The antibiotic is used in this case for its purported action in reducing the formation of free fatty acids in the sebaceous ducts and not for its antibiotic activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05674539__

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Method to treat cancer with tetracyclines Inventor(s): Fife; Rose S. (5 Smith La., Zionsville, IN 46077), Sledge; George W. (612 King Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46260) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,668,122 Date filed: May 1, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides a method to treat susceptible cancers in humans comprising administering a cancer-treating amount of a member of the tetracycline family or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Doxycycline, minocycline and tetracycline are utilized in the preferred method. Preferred methods of the present invention treat osteo-, breast, lung, prostate or Kaposi's cancers. Other aspects of the invention are described in the full application. Excerpt(s): Cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States. Breast, lung and prostate cancer alone cost billions of medical dollars each year. Most treatments now available are quite toxic to the human body; side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss and fatigue cause hesitance and fear in cancer patients facing such treatments. The present invention provides a relatively non-toxic and simple treatment for cancers. This invention discloses a method to treat cancers by administering a member of the tetracycline family (TCN). The major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in humans is metastatic disease. As a consequence, there has been much interest in the mechanisms involved in invasion of cells and metastasis. Several enzyme systems have been

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implicated in the metastatic process: metalloproteinases, cysteine proteases, and serine proteinases. Yagel, S.A. et al., 49 Cancer Research 3553 (1989), Dickson R. B., 41 J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. 389 (1992) and Zucker S. et al., 45 Cancer Research 6168 (1985). Inhibitors of metalloproteinases, especially of the collagenases, have been the focus of intense study. DeClerck A. et al., 52 Cancer Research 701 (1992). The present invention discloses that growth, migration and enzyme activity of human cancer cells can be altered by administration of TCNs. This invention provides a simple, non-toxic treatment for cancers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05668122__ •

Non-glycopeptide antimicrobial agents in combination with an anticoagulant, an antithrombotic or a chelating agent, and their uses in, for example, the preparation of medical devices Inventor(s): Raad; Isaam (Houston, TX), Sherertz; Robert (Winston-Salem, NC) Assignee(s): Baylor College of Medicine (houston, Tx), Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx), Wake Forest University (winston-salem, Nc) Patent Number: 5,688,516 Date filed: October 3, 1994 Abstract: Compositions and methods of employing compositions in flushing and coating medical devices are disclosed. The compositions include selected combinations of a chelating agent, anticoagulant, or antithrombotic agent, with an non-glycopeptide antimicrobial agent, such as the tetracycline antibiotics. Methods of using these compositions for coating a medical device and for inhibiting catheter infection are also disclosed. Particular combinations of the claimed combinations include minocycline or other non-glycopeptide antimicrobial agent together with EDTA, EGTA, DTPA, TTH, heparin and/or hirudin in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of indwelling medical devices, such as catheters, as well as to the field of methods and compositions for flushing and coating these medical devices. The field of the invention also relates to microbial-inhibiting pharmaceutical preparations. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical preparations useful in maintaining catheter patency and preventing infection. Methods of using the pharmaceutical preparation of the invention in the management and maintenance of a vascular catheter are also related to the present disclosure. Indwelling medical devices including vascular catheters have become essential in the management of hospitalized or chronically ill patients. Unfortunately, vascular catheters have become the major source for hospital-acquired sepsis. Hence, the benefit derived from indwelling medical devices such as vascular catheters is often upset by infectious complications. Thrombotic occlusions of the lumen of central venous catheters (CVC) is another complication that will often lead to the removal of catheters. The current standard care of catheters includes flushing the lumen of the catheter with heparin. However, heparin has no antimicrobial activity. Thus, infections, as well as thrombotic occlusion, continue to occur frequently despite the prophylactic use of heparin flushes. Knowledge of the pathogenesis and microbiology of central venous catheter-related infections is essential in order to provide effective prevention for this problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05688516__

Patents 77

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Prevention of adhesions and excessive scar formation using angiogenesis inhibitors Inventor(s): Brem; Harold (300 E. 93rd St., Apt. 41C, New York, NY 10128), Ehrlich; H. Paul (995 Jonestown Rd., P.O. Box 545, Grantville, PA 17028), Folkman; Judah (18 Chatham Cir., Brookline, MA 02146) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,638,949 Date filed: August 25, 1998 Abstract: A method and compositions for inhibiting excessive scar formation and adhesions by administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of an angiogenesis inhibitor. In the preferred embodiment, the angiogenesis inhibitor is selective, such as a fumagillol derivative like 0-chloroacetylcarbamoyl-Fumagillol (TNP470, TAP Pharmaceuticals), thalidomide, or a selective drug having more than one activity, such as minocycline or penicilliamine which also have antibiotic activity. Less selective compounds can also be used, such as the cytokine IL12. Patients to be treated include those having experienced trauma, surgical intervention, burns, and other types of injuries. The inhibitor is administered in an amount effective to decrease excessive scarring, defined as formation of high density tissue including cells and connective tissue, without preventing normal wound closure. The inhibitors can be administered systemically and/or locally or topically, as needed. For prevention of adhesions, the angiogenesis inhibitor would typically be applied at the time of surgery, preferably in a controlled release formulation and/or using barrier technology. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for the prevention of adhesions, excessive scar formation and other types of abnormal proliferation of tissue using angiogenesis inhibitors. Scars are the result of wounds that have healed, lesions due to diseases, or surgical operations. Hypertrophic and keloid scars occur when the tissue response is out of proportion to the amount of scar tissue required for normal repair and healing. A keloid scar is a raised, firm, thickened red scar that exceeds the boundary of the injury and may grow for a prolonged period of time. The increase in scar size is due to deposition of all increased amount of collagen into the tissue. African-Americans are genetically prone to developing keloids. Keloid development has been associated with different types of skin injury including surgery, ear piercing, laceration, burns, vaccination or inflammatory process. Common sites are earlobes and the upper trunk and extremities. Surgical removal of keloids alone has been associated with a recurrence rate of 45% to 100%. The problem of excessive scar formation that manifests itself clinically is a multi-billion dollar problem. For example, intra-abdominal adhesions results in a very significant morbidity and mortality in every surgery practice. Greater than 400,000 hospital admissions in the United States per year are for treatment of pelvic adhesions following surgery. Repeat surgery can greatly aggravate scarring. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638949__

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Process for producing 7-dimethylamino-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline Inventor(s): Hasegawa; Ryoichi (Yono, JP), Ohno; Hiroaki (Tokyo, JP), Saito; Yoshinori (Yono, JP), Sano; Kazuaki (Hoya, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Kayaku Kabushiki Kaisha (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 4,918,208 Date filed: July 22, 1988

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Abstract: A process for producing 7-dimethylamino-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline (minocycline) which comprises treating the reaction liquid containing minocycline and formaldehyde with hydroxylamine or urea, the reaction liquid being obtained after reductive methylation of 7-amino-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline by using aldehyde, then subjecting the reaction liquid to an adsorption treatment with a nonionic adsorption resin (adsorbent), and subsequently eluting the intended product adsorbed to the adsorbent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for producing a medicament. More particularly, it relates to a process for producing 7-dimethylamino-6-demethyl-6deoxytetracycline (hereinafter referred to as "minocycline"), an antibiotic substance of the tetracycline family. (3) reductive dimethylamination of 7-(4-sulfophenylazo)-6demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline with formaldehyde (Fr. Add. No. 92,088). Minocycline obtained by any of the aforementioned methods is isolated by pouring the reaction liquid after the reductive dimethylamination (wherein usually alcohols such as methyl cellosolve, methanol and ethanol are used as a solvent) into a large amount of a solvent which does not dissolve minocycline, such as ether or acetone, to precipitate crystals of minocycline (namely a dilution method) or by extracting it with a water-immiscible organic solvent such as chloroform or ethyl acetate from the reaction liquid which has been made neutral to prevent salt formation between minocycline and acids (namely an extraction method). With regard to removal of formaldehyde remaining in the reaction liquid, no description is given in the prior reference. Since residual formaldehyde exerts an adverse effect of forming by-products, particularly in aqueous medium, by reacting with minocycline, it is preferably removed as completely as possible. Accordingly, development of an effective process for producing minocycline of low impurity content is eagerly awaited which can replace the above-mentioned dilution or extraction method, both of which requires the use of a large amount of organic solvent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04918208__ •

Pulsatile once-a-day delivery systems for minocycline Inventor(s): Ellway; Keith A. (Southampton Hants, GB), Ganesan; Madurai G. (Suffern, NY), Johnson; Jerry B. (Upper Saddle River, NJ), Mooney; Kieran G. (Kent, GB), Sheth; Nitin V. (Middletown, NY), Valorose, Jr.; Joseph J. (Montgomery, NY) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (stamford, Ct) Patent Number: 5,262,173 Date filed: March 2, 1992 Abstract: Pharmaceutical delivery systems containing 7-dimethyl-6-deoxy-6demethyltetracycline or a non-toxic acid addition salt thereof comprising mixtures of a minor proportion of slow-release blended polymer coated spherical granules adapted to release part of the minocycline in a medium having a pH of below 3.9 and the rest in the range of from about 4.0 to about 7.5 and a major proportion of coated or uncoated quickrelease granules adapted to release minocycline in a medium having a pH of less than about 3.9 and oral dosage unit form capsules containing the above are provided. These systems and formulations provide enhanced therapeutic blood levels of minocycline for at least about 24 hours when administered to a subject only once-a-day, regardless of whether the patient is fed or fasted. Methods for the preparation of the systems and formulations are provided as well.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates pharmaceutical delivery systems for the prolonged controlled release of 7-dimethylamino-6-deoxy-6-demethyltetracycline (minocycline) or non-toxic acid addition salts thereof. It provides a once-a-day delivery system which maintains therapeutic blood level concentrations of the medicament in a patient for twenty-four hours by the once-a-day administration of improved custom designed formulations comprising a major proportion of an initial loading or first pulse of minocycline containing quick release granules and a minor proportion of a secondary loading or second pulse of minocycline containing blended pH-sensitive and pHindifferent polymer coated spherical granules administered simultaneously. Spheronized pharmaceutical compositions comprising a major proportion of quickrelease initial and a minor proportion of slow-release secondary minocycline loadings as well as oral dosage unit forms of all of the above are provided as well. These pharmaceutical delivery systems, compositions and oral dosage unit forms, in comparison with those containing only a minor proportion of the initial quick-release loading of available minocycline, will provide more than 10% higher plasma level concentrations of minocycline in the therapeutic range for effective antibacterial activity for up to about twenty-four hours and they have the same excellent absorption characteristics regardless of whether they are administered to fed or fasting patients. The tetracycline compound, 7-dimethylamino-6-deoxy-6-demethyltetracycline, and its non-toxic acid addition salts are widely used in therapy primarily for their antimicrobial effects. Commonly assigned Boothe et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,148,212, and Pesti et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,226,436, describe the preparation of minocycline. Although the compounds have achieved widespread use in oral dosage forms, they have several drawbacks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05262173__ •

Stable, cosmetically acceptable topical gel formulation and method of treatment for acne Inventor(s): Ritter; Lawrence (Suffern, NY) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (wayne, Nj) Patent Number: 5,122,519 Date filed: June 27, 1989 Abstract: Stable, cosmetically acceptable gel formulations of the tetracycline antibiotics for the topical treatment of acne in humans. Minocycline hydrochloride is the preferred antibiotic and the pharmaceutical vehicle is a volatile silicone solvent in combination with an emollient ester cosolvent and a polyethylene gelling agent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations and particularly to stable, cosmetically elegant topical preparations for the treatment of acne. This invention also includes a method of treatment of humans with the pharmaceutical preparations and ingredients to medicinally treat acne. Acne is a common inflammatory disease in skin areas where sebaceous glands are largest, most numerous, and most active. In its mildest form, it is a more or less superficial disorder which is evidenced by slight, spotty skin irritations and ordinary skin hygiene is a satisfactory treatment. However, in the more inflammatory types of acne, bacterial invasion of or about the pilosebaceous follicle occurs and pustules, infected cysts, and in extreme cases canalizing inflamed and infected sacs appear. Without effective treatment, these lesions may become extensive and leave permanent, disfiguring scars. Acne is very common in puberty. As reported by Hunnitz, S.: Clinical Pediatric Dermatology, p. 107 Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 1981, up to 85 percent of high school students have acne lesions and it is realistic to say

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that acne is so common 100 percent of persons between 9 and 19 have some experience with acne lesions. Usually by the early twenties the process of lesion formation slows considerably. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05122519__ •

Use of tetracycline to enhance bone protein synthesis and/or treatment of osteoporosis Inventor(s): Golub; Lorne M. (Smithtown, NY), McNamara; Thomas F. (Port Jefferson, NY), Ramamurthy; Nungavaram S. (Smithtown, NY) Assignee(s): The Research Foundation of State University of New York (albany, Ny) Patent Number: 4,925,833 Date filed: December 29, 1986 Abstract: Tetracyclines, antibacterial and non-antibacterial tetracyclines, have been found to be useful in the treatment of osteoporosis in humans by administering to the human suffering from osteoporosis an effective amount of a tetracycline to enhance bone protein synthesis. Tetracyclines which have been found to be effective in the treatment of osteoporosis in humans include minocycline, doxycycline and dedimethylaminotetracyline. Excerpt(s): In pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 566,517, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,897, it is disclosed that tetracyclines, such as the antibiotic tetracyclines, e.g tetracycline, are useful as anti-collagenolytic agents or as inhibitors of collagenase. These tetracyclines and compositions containing the same are disclosed therein as being useful in the treatment of periodontal diseases, corneal ulcers, rheumatoid arthritis and the like characterized by excessive collagen destruction. In pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 699,048, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,383, it is disclosed that the non-antibiotic or nonantibacterial tetracyclines also possess anti-collagenolytic properties and are useful as inhibitors of collagenase. Additionally, these non-antibiotic or non-antibacterial tetracyclines have also been found to be useful in the treatment of periodontal diseases, corneal ulcers, bone deficiency disorders due to excess collagenase production or excessivde collagen destruction, rheumatoid arthristis and the like. A particularly useful non-antibiotic tetracycline in the practices of this invention is the tetracycline dedimethylaminotetracycline. Tetracyclines are useful as broad spectrum antibiotics because they have the ability to inhibit protein synthesis in a wide variety of bacteria. As disclosed in the above-identified pending patent applications, it has also been discovered that tetracyclines, antibiotic tetracyclines and non-antibiotic tetracyclines, have the ability to inhibit collagen-destructive enzymes, such as collagenase, responsible for the breakdown of connective tissue in a number of diseases, such as periodontal disease, corneal ulcers and rheumatoid arthritis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04925833__

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Patent Applications on Minocycline As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to minocycline: •

7-substituted tetracycline compounds Inventor(s): Bandarage, Upul; (Newton, MA), Bhatia, Beena; (Arlington, MA), Bowser, Todd; (Charlton, MA), Frechette, Roger; (Reading, MA), Hawkins, Paul; (Cambridge, MA), Ismail, Mohamed; (Bedrford, MA), Koza, Darrell; (Westerly, RI), McIntyre, Laura; (Arlington, MA), Messersmith, David; (Somerville, MA), Nelson, Mark L.; (Wellesley, MA), Rennie, Glen; (Weymouth, MA), Sheahan, Paul; (Hopkinton, MA), Verma, Atul; (Arlington, MA), Viski, Peter; (Brookline, MA), Warchol, Tadeusz; (Acton, MA) Correspondence: Elizabeth A. Hanley, ESQ.; Lahive & Cockfield, Llp; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030055025 Date filed: June 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention pertains, at least in part, to novel 7-substituted tetracycline compounds. These tetracycline compounds can be used to treat numerous tetracycline compound-responsive states, such as bacterial infections and neoplasms, as well as other known applications for minocycline and tetracycline compounds in general, such as blocking tetracycline efflux and modulation of gene expression. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/275,576, entitled "7-Substituted Tetracycline Compounds" filed Mar. 13, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/216,760, entitled "7-Substituted Sancycline Compounds" filed on Jul. 7, 2000; the entire contents of each of these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The development of the tetracycline antibiotics was the direct result of a systematic screening of soil specimens collected from many parts of the world for evidence of microorganisms capable of producing bacteriocidal and/or bacteriostatic compositions. The first of these novel compounds was introduced in 1948 under the name chlortetracycline. Two years later, oxytetracycline became available. The elucidation of the chemical structure of these compounds confirmed their similarity and furnished the analytical basis for the production of a third member of this group in 1952, tetracycline. A new family of tetracycline compounds, without the ring-attached methyl group present in earlier tetracyclines, was prepared in 1957 and became publicly available in 1967; and minocycline was in use by 1972. Recently, research efforts have focused on developing new tetracycline antibiotic compositions effective under varying therapeutic conditions and routes of administration. New tetracycline analogues have also been investigated which may prove to be equal to or more effective than the originally introduced tetracycline compounds. Examples include U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,980,584; 2,990,331; 3,062,717; 3,165,531; 3,454,697; 3,557,280; 3,674,859; 3,957,980; 4,018,889; 4,024,272; and 4,126,680. These patents are representative of the range of pharmaceutically active tetracycline and tetracycline analogue compositions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Combinations of antiseptic and antibiotic agents that inhibit the development of resistant microorganisms Inventor(s): Modak, Shanta M.; (River Edge, NJ), Sampath, Lester A.; (Nyack, NY), Tambe, Suhas; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Baker Botts L.L.P.; 44th Floor; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112-4498; US Patent Application Number: 20020173775 Date filed: February 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising a combination of one or more antiseptic and an antibiotic. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that such combinations tend to deter the formation of antibiotic-resistant organisms. In preferred, nonlimiting embodiments of the invention, the antibiotic is minocycline and the antiseptic is a chlorhexidine compound, triclosan, or benzalkonium chloride, and in particular embodiments, a silver salt or a bismuth salt is added. Examples of specific, nonlimiting embodiments of the invention include combinations of (i) minocycline, triclosan, and a bismuth salt; (ii) minocycline, a chlorhexidine compound, and a bismuth salt; and (iii) minocycline, benzalkonium chloride, and a bismuth salt. The present invention further provides for articles, such as, but not limited to, medical articles, which have been treated with or which otherwise comprise a combination of antiseptic and antibiotic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to combinations of antiseptic and antibiotic agents which exert an antimicrobial effect while deterring, relative to other antimicrobial agents, the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. An antiseptic is a substance that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms, and which is typically applied to living tissue, distinguishing the class from disinfectants, which are usually applied to inanimate objects (Goodman and Gilman's "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Seventh Edition, Gilman et al., editors, 1985, Macmillan Publishing Co., (hereafter, Goodman and Gilman") pp. 959-960). Common examples of antiseptics are ethyl alcohol and tincture of iodine. Alcohol is usually used to clean a subject's skin prior to insertion of a hypodermic needle; tincture of iodine is frequently applied as a first step in wound care, both uses intended to decrease the number of microbes on the skin to prevent invention. While antiseptics once played a more substantial role in wound management, they are now secondary in importance to antibiotics, chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms (or synthetic or semisynthetic analogs thereof) that kill or suppress the growth of other microorganisms (Goodman and Gilman, p. 1067). Antibiotics may be administered systemically or locally applied. Since the production of penicillin in 1941, antibiotics have been widely used, with the result that microorganism strains have developed which are resistant to one or more antibiotic. The generation of resistant organisms has created an everincreasing need for the identification or synthesis of new antibiotics (Goodman and Gilman, p. 1066). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Minocycline-containing compositions Inventor(s): Hayakawa, Ikuto; (Funabashi-shi, JP), Ono, Kazuhiro; (Souka-shi, JP), Sakaguchi, Hidenari; (Kawasaki-shi, JP) Correspondence: Greenblum & Bernstein, P.L.C.; 1941 Roland Clarke Place; Reston; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20020002151 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a stable pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising minocycline as an active ingredient. According to the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising minocycline or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof in an oleaginous base. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition which comprises minocycline or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient, and which is useful in the treatment or prevention of a periodontal disease such as periodontitis. Periodontitis (proximate periodontitis) is a chronic non-specific inflammation occurring not only in gingiva but also in other periodontia, which in most cases develops from periodontitis simplex. In this disease, periodontal pocket, tooth loosening, alveolar bone absorption, and drainage from the pocket are observed, and most of them progress indolently. It is known that certain gram negative bacilli within the periodontal sulcus are involved in periodontitis. For example, Bacteriodes gingivalis is involved in adult periodontitis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is involved in juvenile periodontitis, and Bacteriodes intermedius is involved in acute necrotizing ulcerative Periodontitis (The Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology, Vol. 29 No. 2 pp463-471). It is known that minocycline is effective in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Minocycline is one type of tetracycline antibiotics which exhibits strong antibiotic action against the aforementioned periodontal pathogenic bacteria, and exhibits superior clinical efficacy against periodontitis (The Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology, Vol. 29 No. 2 pp472-483). For example, there is proposed a method of directly applying an ointment comprising minocycline hydrochloride (3.0%), hydroxymethylcellulose and glycerine to the periodontal pocket. Further, "Periocline dental ointment" (sold by Sunstar Inc.) is being used clinically as a periodontitis therapeutic agent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Treatment for reactive arthritis or bursitis Inventor(s): Bonner, Ernest L. JR.; (Alameda, CA), Hines, Robert; (Fayetteville, NC) Correspondence: Beeson Skinner Beverly Llp; One Kaiser Plaza, Suite 2360; Oakland; CA; 94612; US Patent Application Number: 20030055022 Date filed: October 15, 2002 Abstract: A treatment for conditions in human beings associated with either or both reactive arthritis or bursitis comprising a combination of acyclovir, minocycline hydrochloride, and metronidazole. An alternate treatment comprises the combination of valacyclovir hydrochloride, minocycline hydrochloride, and metronidazole.

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Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/510,704, filed Feb. 22, 2000, which is still pending, which was a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/270,962, filed Mar. 17, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,382. This invention relates to an improved pharmaceutical formulation treatment of symptoms associated in humans with reactive arthritis or idiopathic bursitis. Reactive arthritis refers to a spondyloarthritity which usually arises as a complication of an infection elsewhere in the body. Reactive arthritis can be caused by species of Shigella bacteria (most notably Shigella flexneri), Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, several species of Salmonella, genitourinary pathogens, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Streptococcus pyogenes, and other yet unidentified infectious agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use of tetracyclines as neuro-protective agents and for the treatment of parkinson's disease and related disorders Inventor(s): Dodel, Richard; (Marburg, DE), Du, Yansheng; (Carmel, IN) Correspondence: Ratnerprestia; P O Box 980; Valley Forge; PA; 19482-0980; US Patent Application Number: 20030092683 Date filed: November 13, 2001 Abstract: As discussed above the present invention in a first aspect thereof relates to the use of a tetracycline, preferably minocycline, for manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of a disorder selected from Parkinson's disease and related disorders, preferably Parkinson's disease.In a second aspect thereof the invention relates to a method for treating or prevention of a disorder selected from Parkinson's disease and related disorders in a patient in need thereof, which method includes administering the patient an effective dosage of a tetracycline, preferably minocycline.In a third aspect thereof the invention relates to the use of a tetracycline, preferably minocycline, as a neuro-protective agent in general. Excerpt(s): Parkinson's disease is a common and disabling neuro-degenerative disorder resulting from the depletion of brain dopamine caused by the dramatic loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in elderly humans with an occurrence of about 1% of all over 60 years of age. The disease thus causes considerable concerns especially in the western hemisphere. Therapies for Parkinson's disease currently available include dopamine-substitution with levodopa optionally in combination with dopamine agonists. These therapies currently available for Parkinson's disease help alleviate symptoms, however, efficacy is lost over time since progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons continues as the disease progresses. One of the most desirable therapeutic goals for both the treatment as well as prevention of Parkinson's disease, which would be neuro-protection, has been relatively elusive. Accordingly, there are no therapeutic efficacious neuro-protective drugs available to treat Parkinson's disease. Testing of any drugs for treatment and/or prevention of Parkinson's disease is typically carried out in an animal model. In this model Parkinson is induced by administering 1methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a neurotoxin. MPTP is metabolized into 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP.sup.+) which then selectively kills dopaminergic neurons thereby inducing Parkinsonism. The striking pathologic and clinical similarities between idiopathic Parkinson's disease and MPTP-induced Parkinsonism suggest that the two disorders share common pathogenic mechanism.

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MPTP/MPP+-induced neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons is a well characterized model which is therefore widely used to understand the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in a variety of primate and rodent models. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with minocycline, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on minocycline. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning minocycline. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MINOCYCLINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to minocycline. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on minocycline include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Minocycline In order to find chapters that specifically relate to minocycline, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and minocycline using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on minocycline: •

Antibiotics in Periodontal Therapy Source: in Newman, M.G. and van Winkelhoff, A.J., eds. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 113-126. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $32.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153970. Summary: This chapter on antibiotics for the treatment of periodontal disease is from a textbook that integrates basic facts and principles of antibiotic therapy with recentlyemerged concepts of care. The authors note that in general, antibiotics are seldom necessary for treatment of gingivitis (gum inflammation) and chronic periodontal diseases. Scaling, root planing, and periodontal surgery (if indicated) are anti-infective measures that may negate the need for antibiotics. The authors discuss conditions that

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may call for systemic antimicrobial periodontal therapy, the infecting microorganisms, and the use of antibiotics in situations of plaque formation and gingivitis and periodontitis, and the selection of antibiotic regimens in periodontal therapy (single drug regimens, combination antimicrobial therapy, and sequential regimens). Specific drugs covered are penicillins, tetracyclines, minocycline, doxycycline, metronidazole, clindamycin, ciprofloxin, spiramycin, and amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Important principles, key facts, and clinical insights are highlighted and the chapter concludes with a list of references. 3 figures. 2 tables. 58 references. •

Topical Antimicrobial Agents: General Principles and Individual Drugs Source: in Newman, M.G. and van Winkelhoff, A.J., eds. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 5368. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $32.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153970. Summary: This chapter on topical antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal disease is from a textbook that integrates basic facts and principles of antibiotic therapy with recently-emerged concepts of care. The authors focus on general principles for using topical antimicrobial agents, then discuss specific individual drugs. For the treatment of periodontal disease, antimicrobials can be delivered locally by means of pocket irrigation or placement of drug-containing ointments or gels or by using sophisticated devices for prolonged release of antibacterial agents. Specific agents discussed include two percent minocycline ointment, doxycycline hyclate in a biodegradable polymer, metronidazole gel, tetracycline in a nonresorbable plastic copolymer, and chlorhexidine gluconate in a gelatin chip. The authors discuss adverse reactions, a comparison of treatment methods and strategies, a comparison of local and systemic antibiotics, recolonization, and factors influencing the success of treatment. The authors conclude that to treat periodontal diseases successfully, local delivery devices must provide therapeutic levels of antimicrobial agents in the subgingival (under the gums) area over prolonged periods. Clinical trials demonstrate the efficacy of topical antimicrobial therapy under these conditions. Important principles, key facts, and clinical insights are highlighted and the chapter concludes with a list of references. 2 figures. 1 table. 76 references.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MINOCYCLINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover minocycline.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on minocycline is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to minocycline. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “minocycline” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for minocycline: •

India Ranbaxy gets US FDA nod for minocycline tabs Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 09, 2004

•

Minocycline protects the neonatal rats from hypoxic-ischemic brain injury Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 29, 2002

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Minocycline shows promise as ALS treatment in animal model Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 01, 2002

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Minocycline suppresses disease activity in rat model of MS Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 11, 2002

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Minocycline an effective treatment for early rheumatoid arthritis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 20, 2001

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Rifampin/minocycline-impregnated central venous catheters reduce bacteremia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 23, 2001

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Minocycline slows Huntington's disease in mice Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 28, 2000

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Long-term data show efficacy of minocycline for early rheumatoid arthritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 26, 1999

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FDA approves Global Pharmaceutical's generic minocycline Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 30, 1999

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Minocycline use for acne linked to lupuslike syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 09, 1999

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Central lines coated with minocycline and rifampin have low infection rates Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 07, 1999

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Minocycline linked to autoimmune hepatitis in some adolescents Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 28, 1998

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Amikacin, minocycline useful alternatives to fluoroquinolones for bacterial prostatitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 16, 1998

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Minocycline Shows Efficacy In Treatment Of Asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 17, 1998

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Minocycline Restores Bone In Model Of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 12, 1996

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Minocycline Use Associated With Severe Adverse Reactions Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 19, 1996

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “minocycline” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to minocycline, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “minocycline” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Minocycline Find newsletters on minocycline using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following

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hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “minocycline.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Drug-Induced Rheumatic Syndromes Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 51(4): 1-4. 2002. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter provides health professionals with information on drug induced rheumatic syndromes. Categories of drug induced rheumatic diseases are drug induced lupus (DIL), drug induced myopathy/myositis (DIM), and drug induced vasculitis (DIV). Although more than 100 drugs have been implicated in DIL, the drugs most studied have been procainamide and hydralazine. However, these drugs are not commonly prescribed today, and the illness they produce is often different from those recently implicated in DIL. Minocycline is a treatment used for acne and rheumatoid arthritis that has caused immune and autoimmune phenomena. Several of the new recombinant biologics have been implicated in DIL, including interferon alpha, interferon gamma, and antitumor necrosis factor therapies. It is not possible to predict who will develop DIL, so patients with idiopathic lupus should be allowed to take potentially lupus inducing drugs but with careful monitoring. Drugs associated with the development of DIV include hematopoietic growth factors such as G-CSF and GM-CSF; vaccines for hepatitis B, influenza, and others; and leukotriene inhibitors. The article concludes that the number of drugs that are capable of inducing rheumatic syndromes is growing. Elements in the assessment of a possible association between exposure and the development of a rheumatic disorder include temporal association, lack of likely alternative explanations, rechallenge, and biological plausibility. 1 table and 23 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Minocycline Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to minocycline. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering minocycline that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for minocycline. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with minocycline. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to minocycline: Tetracyclines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Achromycin V; Declomycin; Doryx; Dynacin; Minocin; Monodox; Terramycin; Vibramycin; Vibra-Tabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202552.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2831 6 982 47 11 3877

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “minocycline” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on minocycline can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to minocycline. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to minocycline. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “minocycline”:

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis.html Plague http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plague.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Rosacea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rosacea.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on minocycline. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Minocycline Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. (800) 449-2623. Fax: (660) 627-2623. Website: www.aocd.org/skin. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet provides patients with information about the drug minocycline. Minocycline is an antibiotic that kills acne bacteria. It also has an antiinflammatory effect, reducing redness, swelling, and tenderness of pimples even if it does not kill the bacteria. Minocycline does cause dizziness or headaches and is best taken at bedtime until the patient gets used to these symptoms. The medication should be discontinued if hypersensitivity lupus and pseudotumor celebri, two rare side effects, occur. Pigmentation problems may occur if too much minocycline accumulates in the body. Regular exams are needed for patients taking this medication. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “minocycline” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted:

Patient Resources

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2002 national guideline for the management of lymphogranuloma venereum Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3039&nbr=2265&a mp;string=minocycline

•

2002 national guideline for the management of prostatitis Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3041&nbr=2267&a mp;string=minocycline

•

2002 national guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3030&nbr=2256&a mp;string=minocycline

•

Acne Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 April 30; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3389&nbr=2615&a mp;string=minocycline

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Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 2002 August 9); 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3387&nbr=2613&a mp;string=minocycline

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Management of early rheumatoid arthritis. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 December; 44 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2914&nbr=2140&a mp;string=minocycline

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Management of genital Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 March; 26 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2304&nbr=1530&a mp;string=minocycline

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Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults Source: Infectious Diseases Society of America - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 February; 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2665&nbr=1891&a mp;string=minocycline

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Use of antibiotics in adults Source: Singapore Ministry of Health - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 April; 78 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3434&nbr=2660&a mp;string=minocycline

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Use of antibiotics in paediatric care Source: Singapore Ministry of Health - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2002 March; 109 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3436&nbr=2662&a mp;string=minocycline The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to minocycline. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to minocycline. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with minocycline. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about minocycline. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “minocycline” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “minocycline”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “minocycline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “minocycline” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 111

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 113

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

117

MINOCYCLINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to paraquat, has also been used as an herbicide. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Rosacea: An acneiform eruption occurring mostly in middle-aged adults and appearing generally on the forehead, cheeks, nose, and chin. Three types are recognized: granulomatous, glandular hyperplastic with rhinophyma, and ocular. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH]

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Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agammaglobulinemia: An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveolitis: Inflammation of an alveolus. Called also odontobothritis. [EU] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most

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individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from

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surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU]

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Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apocrine Glands: Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical

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environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH]

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Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain

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mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotypes: Causes septicemic and pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle and sheep, usually in conjunction with a virus infection such as parainfluenza 3. Also recorded as a cause of acute mastitis in cattle. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU]

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Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcinosis: Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all

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cellular proteins. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Cefotiam: A cephalosporin antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is the drug of choice for biliary tract infections and is a safe drug for perinatal infections. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti).

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This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlortetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the substrate of Streptomyces aureofaciens and used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: An elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH]

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Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagenases: Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Compacta: Part of substantia nigra. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving

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biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Ulcer: Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH]

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Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Demeclocycline: An antibiotic related to tetracycline and produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may

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also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH]

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Dopamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting

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the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in

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temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH]

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Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]

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Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

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Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Cocci: Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guided Tissue Regeneration: The repopulating of the periodontium, after treatment for periodontal disease. Repopulation is achieved by guiding the periodontal ligament progenitor cells to reproduce in the desired location by blocking contact of epithelial and gingival connective tissues with the root during healing. This blocking is accomplished by using synthetic membranes or collagen membranes. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively

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assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematopoietic growth factors: A group of proteins that cause blood cells to grow and mature. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatorenal Syndrome: Renal failure in those with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice. Historically called Heyd disease, urohepatic syndrome, or bile nephrosis. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Hidradenitis: The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions. [NIH] Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It

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is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident. Hormonal mechanisms are expected in its pathogenesis. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Hirudin: The active principle in the buccal gland secretion of leeches. It acts as an antithrombin and as an antithrombotic agent. [NIH] Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis: Development of lesions in the lymph node characterized by infiltration of the cortex or paracortex by large collections of proliferating histiocytes and complete or, more often, incomplete necrosis of lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospital Charges: The prices a hospital sets for its services. Hospital costs (the direct and indirect expenses incurred by the hospital in providing the services) are one factor in the determination of hospital charges. Other factors may include, for example, profits, competition, and the necessity of recouping the costs of uncompensated care. [NIH] Hospital Costs: The expenses incurred by a hospital in providing care. The hospital costs attributed to a particular patient care episode include the direct costs plus an appropriate proportion of the overhead for administration, personnel, building maintenance, equipment, etc. Hospital costs are one of the factors which determine hospital charges (the price the hospital sets for its services). [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylamine: A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH]

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Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypodermic: Applied or administered beneath the skin. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]

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Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU]

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Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isonicotinic: A drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes.

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[NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Keratosis Follicularis: A slowly progressive autosomal dominant disorder of keratinization characterized by pinkish-to-tan papules that coalesce to form plaques. These lesions become darker over time and commonly fuse, forming papillomatous and warty malodorous growths. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH]

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Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymecycline: (4S-(4 alpha,4a alpha,5a alpha,6 beta,12a alpha-N(6)-((((4-(Dimethylamino)1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2naphthacenyl)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-L-lysine. A semisynthetic antibiotic related to tetracycline. It is more readily absorbed than tetracycline and can therefore be given in lower doses; it is also reported to have fewer gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of

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connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytosis: Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macroglia: A type of neuroglia composed of astrocytes. [NIH] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]

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Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to tetracycline but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period. [NIH]

Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH]

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Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

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Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU]

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Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways. [NIH]

Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation of neutrophils in tissues or cells in response to a wide variety of substances released at the sites of inflammatory reactions. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]

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Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Novobiocin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant staphylococci infections. [NIH]

Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or

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concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH]

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Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Pericardial Effusion: Presence of fluid within the pericardium. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal Ligament: Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone. [NIH] Periodontal Pocket: An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH]

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Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics. [NIH]

Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleurodesis: A surgical procedure that causes the membranes around the lung to stick

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together, and prevents the buildup of fluid in the space between the membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH]

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Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]

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Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psittacosis: A lung disease caused by a Chlamydia bacterium; occurs in domestic fowls, ducks, pigeons, turkeys and many wild birds and is contracted by man by contact with these birds; the human symptoms are headache, nausea, epistaxis and fever and usually with added symptoms. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the

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legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]

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Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reticulate: An area of the cell wall involved in the coalescence of two vessel elements having multiple perforations that are netlike. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of

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inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Rhinophyma: A manifestation of severe Acne rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rifabutin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Root Planing: A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Salvage Therapy: A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases. [NIH] Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane of a smooth, striated, or cardiac muscle fiber. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH]

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Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Sickness: Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as

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the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silver Sulfadiazine: Antibacterial used topically in burn therapy. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Pigmentation: Coloration of the skin. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]

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Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spiramycin: A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a

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smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfadiazine: A short-acting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sycosis: A chronic pustular perifolliculitis. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU]

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Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

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pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products

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of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH]

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Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Remodeling: The geometric and structural changes that the ventricle undergoes, usually following myocardial infarction. It comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]

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Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX 1 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, 84, 117 A Abdomen, 117, 124, 126, 137, 144, 151, 152, 162 Abdominal, 50, 77, 117, 151, 152, 165 Abscess, 9, 117, 135 Acetone, 78, 117, 143 Acne Rosacea, 30, 117 Acne Vulgaris, 15, 25, 30, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 60, 75, 117, 142 Acyclovir, 83, 117 Adaptability, 117, 126 Adhesions, 77, 117 Adipose Tissue, 117, 151 Adjuvant, 117, 136 Adrenergic, 117, 131, 133, 163 Adsorption, 78, 117 Adsorptive, 117 Adverse Effect, 4, 37, 78, 118, 142, 161 Aerobic, 118, 140, 147, 156, 162 Affinity, 118, 122, 144 Agammaglobulinemia, 51, 118 Agar, 118, 153 Agonist, 118, 131, 149 Airway, 45, 118 Algorithms, 118, 124 Alkaline, 29, 73, 118, 119, 125 Alkaline Phosphatase, 29, 118 Alkaloid, 118, 149 Alleles, 18, 118 Alternative medicine, 91, 118 Alveolitis, 34, 118 Ambulatory Care, 118 Amebiasis, 118, 146 Amikacin, 14, 27, 90, 119 Amino Acid Sequence, 72, 119, 120 Ammonia, 119, 163, 166 Amoxicillin, 88, 119 Ampicillin, 14, 15, 28, 119, 153 Amyloid, 8, 119 Anaerobic, 13, 119, 140, 162 Anal, 10, 119, 138 Analgesic, 119, 140 Analog, 14, 117, 119, 128, 135 Analogous, 72, 119, 165 Anaplasia, 119, 148 Anatomical, 119, 126, 140, 146, 159

Androgens, 54, 119 Anesthesia, 118, 119, 154 Angiogenesis, 71, 72, 77, 119 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 71, 72, 77, 119 Angioplasty, 120, 148 Animal model, 10, 14, 84, 90, 120 Ankle, 74, 120, 166 Antibacterial, 9, 13, 37, 41, 71, 79, 80, 88, 120, 127, 128, 140, 150, 161, 166 Antibiotic, 3, 4, 24, 50, 52, 70, 71, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 104, 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 127, 130, 134, 135, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 153, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165 Antibodies, 18, 33, 43, 120, 122, 137, 153 Antibody, 18, 47, 118, 120, 137, 139, 140, 141, 157, 160 Anticoagulant, 76, 120, 155 Antidepressant, 47, 120 Antigen, 118, 120, 139, 140, 141, 146 Antihypertensive, 120, 139 Anti-infective, 6, 87, 120, 127, 142, 161 Anti-inflammatory, 4, 8, 9, 10, 104, 120, 140, 141 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 10, 120 Antimetabolite, 117, 120, 135, 146 Antineoplastic, 120, 135, 146 Antioxidant, 120, 121 Antiseptic, 82, 117, 120, 165 Antithrombotic, 76, 121, 139 Antiviral, 117, 121, 142 Anus, 119, 121, 124, 128, 142 Apocrine Glands, 121, 138 Apoptosis, 7, 8, 121, 125 Aqueous, 73, 78, 121, 123, 130 Arachidonic Acid, 121, 155 Archaea, 121, 146 Arterial, 42, 121, 140, 155, 163 Arteries, 121, 124, 129, 146, 147, 148, 154 Arterioles, 121, 124, 148 Artery, 120, 121, 129, 148, 151, 156, 158 Arthralgia, 121, 160 Ascorbic Acid, 61, 121, 139 Assay, 19, 33, 38, 50, 121, 159 Astringents, 75, 121 Astrocytes, 8, 121, 145, 146 Asymptomatic, 8, 74, 118, 122, 151 Atopic, 17, 122

170

Minocycline

Atrophy, 122, 134, 149 Atypical, 31, 51, 122, 141 Auditory, 122, 159 Autacoids, 122, 141 Autoantibodies, 49, 122 Autoantigens, 122 Autodigestion, 122, 151 Autoimmune disease, 61, 122, 147 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 19, 23, 60, 90, 122 Autonomic, 122, 150, 152 Autonomic Nervous System, 122, 152 Axons, 122, 149, 150 Azithromycin, 17, 19, 24, 122 B Bacteremia, 12, 90, 122 Bacterial Infections, 70, 81, 122 Bactericidal, 11, 12, 19, 20, 71, 123, 134 Bacteriophage, 123, 153 Bacteriostatic, 9, 70, 71, 81, 123, 134, 165 Bacterium, 123, 156 Barbiturate, 123, 164 Base, 72, 73, 83, 123, 130, 143, 164, 166 Basement Membrane, 123, 134 Benign, 5, 20, 123, 135, 137, 148 Beta-Lactamases, 123, 140 Beta-pleated, 119, 123 Bilateral, 123, 133 Bile, 123, 135, 138, 142, 144 Bile duct, 123 Bile Pigments, 123, 142 Biliary, 73, 123, 126, 151 Biliary Tract, 73, 123, 126, 151 Biochemical, 36, 118, 120, 123, 160 Biofilms, 6, 29, 123 Biological response modifier, 123, 142 Bioluminescence, 19, 123 Biomarkers, 3, 124 Biopsy, 124, 152 Biotechnology, 11, 14, 91, 99, 124 Biotypes, 30, 124 Bismuth, 82, 124 Bladder, 74, 124, 147, 155, 166 Blepharitis, 30, 124 Blood pressure, 120, 124, 140 Blood vessel, 72, 73, 119, 124, 125, 126, 127, 133, 136, 142, 145, 161, 162, 164, 166, 167 Blood-Brain Barrier, 124, 144 Body Fluids, 124, 125, 132, 165 Body Image, 124, 130 Bone Marrow, 124, 145, 147, 161 Bone Resorption, 3, 28, 124, 152

Bowel, 119, 124, 131, 152, 162, 165 Bowel Movement, 124, 131, 162 Branch, 55, 113, 124, 145, 151, 161, 164 Breakdown, 80, 124, 131, 135 Broad-spectrum, 119, 124, 126, 146, 150, 153, 159 Bronchi, 125, 133, 165 Brucellosis, 56, 125 Buccal, 125, 139, 144 Bullous, 21, 42, 51, 52, 125 Burns, 77, 125 Burns, Electric, 125 Bursitis, 74, 83, 84, 125 Bypass, 125, 148 C Calcinosis, 55, 125 Calcium, 63, 125, 127, 148 Callus, 125, 132, 143 Cannula, 73, 125 Capsules, 78, 125, 132, 136 Carbon Dioxide, 21, 36, 125, 136, 153, 158 Carcinogen, 125, 146 Carcinogenic, 125, 141, 154 Carcinoma, 60, 125, 130 Cardiac, 74, 117, 125, 133, 148, 150, 159 Cardiovascular, 42, 71, 125, 160 Case report, 25, 40, 43, 125, 128 Case series, 125, 128 Caspase, 6, 10, 13, 125 Catecholamine, 126, 131, 153 Catheter, 6, 12, 21, 41, 71, 73, 76, 105, 126 Catheterization, 120, 126, 148 Cause of Death, 75, 126 Cefmetazole, 28, 126 Cefotaxime, 13, 126 Cefotiam, 27, 126 Cell Count, 28, 126 Cell Death, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 117, 121, 126 Cell Division, 122, 126, 137, 147, 153 Cell proliferation, 42, 126 Cellulitis, 31, 126 Central Nervous System, 10, 122, 126, 135, 137, 144, 146, 147, 160 Cerebral, 11, 14, 124, 126, 133 Cerebrum, 126 Cervix, 44, 126 Character, 126, 130 Chelation, 73, 126 Chemotherapy, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 36, 37, 38, 44, 47, 57, 58, 126, 138, 159 Chest wall, 126, 154

Index 171

Chin, 117, 126, 145 Chlorhexidine, 6, 29, 61, 82, 88, 127 Chloroform, 78, 127 Chlortetracycline, 22, 70, 73, 81, 127 Cholinergic, 127, 149 Chromatin, 121, 127, 133, 145 Chronic renal, 127, 154, 166 Cicatricial, 127, 138 Cicatrix, 127, 143 Cicatrix, Hypertrophic, 127, 143 Cilastatin, 127, 140 Ciprofloxacin, 16, 17, 37, 127 Citric Acid, 30, 127 Citrus, 121, 127 Clarithromycin, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 36, 57, 60, 127 Clavulanic Acid, 88, 127 Clear cell carcinoma, 127, 130 Clindamycin, 30, 75, 88, 128 Clinical study, 15, 128, 129 Clinical trial, 5, 9, 10, 16, 65, 66, 88, 99, 128, 129, 132, 157 Cloning, 124, 128 Coagulation, 125, 128, 159, 164 Coenzyme, 121, 128 Cofactor, 128, 155 Collagen, 72, 77, 80, 119, 123, 128, 135, 136, 137, 143, 154 Collagenases, 76, 128 Collapse, 124, 128, 154 Colon, 73, 128, 143, 165 Combination Therapy, 21, 23, 128 Commensal, 70, 128 Compacta, 84, 128 Complete remission, 128, 158 Computational Biology, 99, 128 Conduction, 74, 129 Congestion, 129, 133 Conjunctiva, 129, 141, 143 Conjunctivitis, 70, 74, 129 Connective Tissue Cells, 129 Constriction, 129, 142, 156 Contamination, 129, 138 Contraindications, ii, 129 Controlled clinical trial, 44, 129 Controlled study, 10, 129 Coordination, 129, 147 Cornea, 30, 129, 143, 159, 166 Corneal Ulcer, 80, 129 Coronary, 129, 146, 147, 148 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 129, 148 Coronary Thrombosis, 129, 146, 147, 148

Cortex, 129, 134, 139 Cranial, 129, 134, 137, 142, 152 Creatine, 60, 129 Creatinine, 129, 165 Cryptosporidiosis, 122, 129 Curative, 130, 164 Curettage, 130, 159 Cutaneous, 16, 17, 22, 26, 32, 40, 43, 44, 47, 49, 55, 56, 130, 144 Cyclic, 130, 155 Cyproterone, 30, 130 Cyproterone Acetate, 30, 130 Cyst, 26, 30, 40, 45, 55, 130 Cytokine, 14, 77, 130, 164 Cytoplasm, 121, 130, 133, 145, 147 Cytotoxic, 72, 130 D Deamination, 130, 166 Degenerative, 84, 130, 138, 159 Deletion, 121, 130 Demeclocycline, 22, 130 Dendrites, 130, 149 Density, 61, 77, 130, 144, 150, 154, 161 Depersonalization, 41, 130, 159 Derealization, 130 Dermatitis, 17, 32, 130 Dermis, 130, 143, 146 DES, 22, 130 Developing Countries, 131, 145 Diabetes Mellitus, 131 Diabetic Retinopathy, 72, 131 Diagnostic procedure, 69, 91, 131 Dialyzer, 131, 138 Diastolic, 131, 140 Digestion, 123, 124, 131, 144, 151, 162 Digestive system, 67, 131 Dihydrotestosterone, 130, 131, 157 Dilatation, 120, 131, 167 Dilution, 78, 131 Dimethyl, 78, 131 Direct, iii, 70, 81, 93, 131, 136, 139, 157 Disease Progression, 7, 10, 49, 61, 131 Disinfectant, 127, 131, 134 Dizziness, 104, 131, 167 Dopa, 131, 144 Dopamine, 84, 117, 131, 132, 144, 149 Dopamine Agonists, 84, 132 Dosage Forms, 79, 132 Double-blind, 4, 9, 10, 21, 27, 41, 44, 56, 132 Doxycycline, 12, 17, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 33, 35, 36, 38, 73, 75, 80, 88, 132

172

Minocycline

Drug Interactions, 94, 132 Duct, 125, 126, 132, 159, 162 Dyes, 119, 132 E Echocardiography, 7, 132 Edema, 131, 132, 142, 148, 166 Efficacy, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 30, 31, 32, 41, 44, 55, 60, 83, 84, 88, 90, 126, 132, 140 Effusion, 132, 145 Elastin, 128, 132 Embryo, 132, 141 Embryogenesis, 72, 132 Emollient, 79, 132, 150 Encephalitis, 8, 132 Encephalitis, Viral, 132 Endocarditis, 12, 13, 48, 132 Endocardium, 132, 133 Endogenous, 122, 131, 133 Endothelial cell, 72, 124, 133 End-stage renal, 127, 133, 154 Environmental Health, 98, 100, 133 Enzymatic, 36, 119, 125, 133, 158 Enzyme, 10, 75, 118, 125, 128, 133, 136, 141, 148, 155, 157, 163, 167 Enzyme Inhibitors, 10, 133 Eosinophilia, 32, 37, 133 Eosinophilic, 31, 53, 133 Eosinophils, 133, 143 Epidemic, 7, 133, 162 Epidermal, 35, 133, 145 Epidermis, 130, 133, 139, 156 Epinephrine, 117, 131, 133, 149, 150, 165 Epistaxis, 133, 156 Epithelial, 17, 28, 35, 45, 129, 133, 134, 137, 138, 152 Epithelial Cells, 17, 28, 133, 138 Erythema, 34, 44, 50, 133, 166 Erythema Nodosum, 34, 133 Erythromycin, 14, 15, 30, 75, 122, 127, 134 Esophageal, 134, 159 Esophageal Varices, 134, 159 Esophagus, 73, 131, 134, 151, 153, 162 Estradiol, 55, 134 Estrogen, 130, 134 Ethanol, 78, 134 Ether, 78, 121, 134, 165 Etretinate, 25, 134 Excitotoxicity, 10, 61, 134 Exogenous, 117, 133, 134 Expiration, 134, 158, 167 Extensor, 134, 156

Extracellular, 72, 119, 121, 123, 129, 134, 135 Extracellular Matrix, 72, 129, 134, 135 Extracellular Space, 134 Extraction, 26, 78, 134 Extrapyramidal, 131, 134 F Facial, 134, 151 Facial Nerve, 134, 151 Family Planning, 99, 135 Fat, 117, 121, 124, 135, 143, 144, 147, 158, 159, 161 Fatigue, 74, 75, 135, 138 Fatty acids, 75, 135, 155, 161 Fibrin, 135, 164 Fibroblasts, 16, 28, 29, 30, 54, 129, 135 Fibrosis, 35, 135, 139, 159 Finasteride, 30, 54, 135 Fistulas, 135, 139 Fluorescence, 22, 135 Fluorouracil, 135, 144 Flushing, 76, 135 Follicles, 42, 130, 135 Fosfomycin, 23, 135 Free Radicals, 120, 135, 148 Fungi, 124, 135, 146, 166 Fungistatic, 135, 165 G Gallbladder, 117, 123, 131, 135 Ganglia, 135, 149, 152 Gas, 119, 125, 135, 136, 139, 149, 154, 158 Gas exchange, 136, 158 Gastric, 119, 122, 132, 136, 151, 159 Gastrointestinal, 127, 133, 134, 136, 144, 160, 162, 163, 165 Gastrointestinal tract, 134, 136, 160, 162, 165 Gelatin, 88, 136, 137, 163, 164 Gels, 88, 136 Gene, 70, 81, 118, 124, 136 Gene Expression, 70, 81, 136 Genital, 33, 105, 127, 136, 166 Genitourinary, 29, 74, 84, 105, 136, 166 Giardiasis, 136, 146 Gingivitis, 87, 136 Gland, 136, 138, 139, 145, 151, 155, 159, 160, 164 Glomerular, 136 Glomeruli, 136 Glomerulonephritis, 18, 136 Glomerulus, 136, 148 Glucose, 121, 131, 136

Index 173

Glucuronic Acid, 136, 138 Glutamate, 10, 134, 136 Glutathione Peroxidase, 136, 160 Glycine, 119, 137, 149, 160 Gonorrhea, 84, 137 Governing Board, 137, 154 Graft, 137, 139, 148 Grafting, 137, 141 Gram-negative, 70, 126, 137, 140, 150, 156 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 70, 137 Gram-positive, 14, 44, 70, 126, 137, 140, 147, 150, 162 Gram-Positive Cocci, 14, 44, 137 Granuloma, 137, 145 Granuloma Inguinale, 137, 145 Groin, 137, 138, 141 Growth factors, 137, 146 Guided Tissue Regeneration, 29, 40, 137 H Haptens, 118, 137, 160 Headache, 137, 141, 156 Health Status, 16, 137 Heart attack, 73, 138 Heart failure, 7, 138 Hematopoietic growth factors, 92, 138 Hemodialysis, 74, 131, 138 Hemorrhage, 137, 138, 148, 162, 167 Hemorrhoids, 138, 159 Heparin, 72, 76, 138 Hepatic, 32, 37, 40, 45, 50, 54, 138, 144 Hepatitis, 17, 27, 32, 34, 53, 60, 92, 138, 141 Hepatitis A, 17, 34, 138 Hepatocytes, 138 Hepatomegaly, 138, 141 Hepatorenal Syndrome, 32, 138 Hepatotoxic, 13, 138 Hepatotoxicity, 32, 138 Hepatovirus, 138 Herbicide, 117, 138 Heredity, 117, 136, 138 Herpes, 117, 138 Hidradenitis, 49, 138 Hidradenitis Suppurativa, 49, 138 Hirsutism, 130, 139 Hirudin, 76, 139 Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis, 35, 139 Homologous, 118, 139, 163 Hormone, 130, 133, 134, 139, 142, 153, 158, 164 Hospital Charges, 139 Hospital Costs, 6, 139

Host, 123, 128, 139, 166, 167 Hydralazine, 92, 139 Hydrogen, 123, 136, 139, 147 Hydrolysis, 123, 139, 153 Hydroxylamine, 78, 139 Hydroxylysine, 128, 139 Hydroxyproline, 119, 128, 139 Hyperbilirubinemia, 139, 142 Hyperpigmentation, 16, 23, 32, 34, 39, 49, 53, 57, 139 Hyperplasia, 26, 45, 135, 140 Hypersensitivity, 6, 34, 42, 48, 53, 104, 140, 158 Hypertension, 37, 140, 142, 166 Hypertrophy, 140, 159 Hypnotic, 123, 140, 164 Hypodermic, 82, 140 Hypotension, 42, 140 Hypothermia, 12, 140 Hypoxic, 89, 140, 146 I Ibuprofen, 46, 140 Id, 62, 105, 106, 112, 114, 140 Idiopathic, 74, 84, 92, 138, 140, 156 Illusion, 140, 167 Imipenem, 14, 127, 140 Immune response, 117, 120, 122, 137, 140, 163, 166, 167 Immune system, 122, 140, 147, 168 Immunocompromised, 14, 57, 140 Immunocompromised Host, 14, 57, 140 Immunodeficiency, 12, 22, 140, 163 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 140, 163 Immunologic, 118, 140 Immunosuppressant, 135, 140, 146 Immunosuppressive, 140 Impairment, 140, 145 Implantation, 73, 141 In situ, 88, 141 In vitro, 6, 8, 13, 17, 24, 26, 30, 35, 36, 53, 60, 70, 72, 141, 159 In vivo, 6, 8, 13, 41, 60, 138, 141 Indicative, 141, 151, 166 Indomethacin, 55, 141 Induction, 119, 141 Infarction, 141, 154, 158 Infection, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 19, 31, 36, 50, 53, 54, 73, 74, 76, 84, 90, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 132, 133, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 158, 159, 162, 165, 166, 168 Infectious Mononucleosis, 17, 141

174

Minocycline

Infiltration, 8, 48, 136, 139, 141, 154 Influenza, 92, 141 Infusion, 74, 141, 148, 159 Ingestion, 45, 141, 146, 154 Inguinal, 141, 145 Initiation, 5, 141 Inner ear, 141, 166 Inorganic, 139, 141 Inotropic, 131, 141 Instillation, 30, 45, 142 Insulator, 142, 147 Interferon, 92, 142 Interferon-alpha, 142 Intermittent, 12, 28, 142 Internal Medicine, 19, 21, 27, 37, 142, 158 Interstitial, 37, 43, 134, 142, 148 Intestines, 117, 136, 142 Intracellular, 137, 141, 142, 155, 159, 160, 167 Intracranial Hypertension, 20, 137, 142 Intravascular, 6, 105, 142 Intravenous, 74, 141, 142 Involuntary, 142, 148 Iodine, 82, 142 Ion Channels, 122, 142, 163 Ions, 123, 139, 142 Irrigation, 88, 142 Ischemia, 8, 11, 122, 142, 148, 158 Isonicotinic, 74, 142 Isotretinoin, 24, 38, 142 J Jaundice, 45, 138, 139, 142 Joint, 43, 52, 74, 121, 127, 143, 163 K Kanamycin, 119, 143 Kb, 98, 143 Keloid, 77, 127, 143 Keratoconjunctivitis, 16, 143 Keratosis, 46, 143 Keratosis Follicularis, 46, 143 Ketoacidosis, 117, 143 Ketone Bodies, 117, 143 Kidney Disease, 18, 26, 30, 37, 50, 67, 98, 143 Kinetics, 45, 143 L Laceration, 77, 143 Large Intestine, 131, 142, 143, 157 Larynx, 143, 165 Leprosy, 29, 31, 32, 38, 46, 53, 57, 143 Lethal, 38, 123, 143

Leukocytes, 124, 133, 141, 142, 143, 147, 165 Levamisole, 29, 144 Levodopa, 84, 131, 144 Libido, 119, 144 Library Services, 112, 144 Ligament, 144, 155 Lincomycin, 128, 144 Lipid, 38, 144, 147 Lipophilic, 14, 144 Lipopolysaccharide, 137, 144 Lipoprotein, 137, 144 Liver, 40, 44, 55, 117, 121, 122, 123, 131, 134, 135, 136, 138, 144, 166 Liver Cirrhosis, 138, 144 Localization, 7, 144, 149 Localized, 117, 139, 141, 144, 153, 159, 165, 166 Lumen, 76, 125, 144 Lupus, 17, 18, 33, 41, 43, 44, 51, 52, 92, 104, 144, 163 Lymecycline, 15, 41, 144 Lymph, 32, 133, 139, 141, 144, 145, 160 Lymph node, 139, 144, 145 Lymphadenopathy, 32, 141, 145, 160 Lymphatic, 141, 144, 145, 161 Lymphatic system, 144, 145, 161 Lymphocytes, 14, 61, 120, 141, 143, 145, 168 Lymphocytosis, 32, 145 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 70, 105, 137, 145 Lymphoid, 26, 120, 139, 145 Lysine, 74, 139, 144, 145 M Macroglia, 145, 146 Macrolides, 37, 145 Malaise, 74, 125, 145 Malignant, 37, 120, 145, 148 Mastitis, 124, 145 Mediate, 131, 145 Medicament, 78, 79, 145, 163 MEDLINE, 99, 145 Melanocytes, 139, 145 Membrane, 121, 129, 131, 137, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 158, 159 Meninges, 126, 145 Mental, iv, 5, 67, 98, 100, 127, 135, 145, 156, 166 Mental Disorders, 67, 145 Metabolite, 117, 131, 146 Metastasis, 75, 146, 148

Index 175

Metastatic, 60, 75, 146, 160 Methacycline, 57, 146 Methanol, 78, 146 Methionine, 131, 146, 163 Methotrexate, 49, 61, 146 Metronidazole, 26, 29, 37, 50, 74, 83, 88, 146 MI, 7, 32, 60, 75, 115, 146 Microbe, 146, 164 Microbiological, 23, 27, 50, 146 Microbiology, 76, 122, 123, 146 Microglia, 8, 9, 61, 122, 146 Microorganism, 82, 128, 146, 167 Microscopy, 22, 123, 146 Microspheres, 3, 4, 5, 16, 28, 40, 55, 56, 146 Migrans, 44, 50, 146 Migration, 9, 35, 42, 72, 76, 147, 152 Milliliter, 147, 161 Mitochondria, 147, 148, 150 Mitosis, 121, 147 Mitotic, 61, 147 Modification, 119, 147 Molecular, 7, 61, 72, 99, 101, 119, 123, 124, 128, 138, 147, 165 Molecule, 120, 123, 128, 139, 147, 157 Monocytes, 14, 143, 147, 164 Mononuclear, 137, 141, 147, 165 Motility, 141, 147, 160 Motion Sickness, 147, 148 Motor Neurons, 10, 147 Mucins, 147, 159 Mucosa, 144, 147 Multiple sclerosis, 54, 147 Mupirocin, 12, 31, 147 Myalgia, 141, 147 Myelin, 147 Myocardial infarction, 7, 129, 146, 147, 148, 167 Myocardial Ischemia, 7, 148 Myocardial Reperfusion, 7, 148, 158 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 7, 148, 158 Myocardium, 7, 146, 147, 148 Myopathy, 52, 92, 148 Myositis, 92, 148 N Nasal Mucosa, 141, 148 Nausea, 75, 132, 148, 156, 166 NCI, 1, 66, 97, 148 Need, 3, 71, 77, 82, 84, 87, 91, 107, 118, 127, 148 Neonatal, 89, 148 Neoplasia, 134, 148

Neoplasms, 70, 81, 120, 148 Neoplastic, 119, 148, 159 Nephritis, 37, 43, 148 Nephropathy, 143, 148 Nephrosis, 138, 149 Nerve, 10, 117, 119, 122, 127, 130, 134, 147, 149, 150, 154, 156, 158, 159, 162, 165 Nerve Degeneration, 10, 149 Nervous System, 122, 126, 149, 152, 163 Neural, 119, 146, 149 Neural Pathways, 149 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 7, 84, 149 Neuronal, 7, 8, 9, 149 Neurons, 6, 84, 130, 134, 135, 144, 147, 149, 163 Neurophysiology, 149 Neurotoxic, 8, 117, 149 Neurotoxicity, 8, 149 Neurotoxin, 84, 149 Neurotransmitter, 119, 131, 136, 137, 142, 149, 150, 163 Neutralization, 9, 149 Neutrophil, 9, 30, 149 Neutrophil Infiltration, 9, 149 Nicotine, 29, 149 Nitrogen, 118, 119, 149, 165 Norepinephrine, 117, 131, 149, 150 Nosocomial, 6, 150 Novobiocin, 71, 150 Nucleic acid, 149, 150, 156, 157, 167 Nucleus, 121, 122, 127, 130, 133, 145, 147, 150 O Ocular, 30, 45, 74, 117, 150 Ofloxacin, 11, 12, 19, 20, 27, 29, 32, 46, 51, 150 Ointments, 75, 88, 132, 150, 161 Opacity, 130, 150 Optic Disk, 131, 150 Organelles, 130, 145, 147, 150 Orgasm, 150, 160 Osteoporosis, 60, 80, 90, 150 Ototoxic, 119, 150 Outpatient, 150 Ovary, 134, 150 Oxacillin, 13, 150 P Pacemaker, 150 Paediatric, 42, 106, 150 Palliative, 8, 130, 151, 164 Pancreas, 117, 124, 131, 151, 165 Pancreatic, 151

176

Minocycline

Pancreatitis, 32, 151 Panniculitis, 55, 151 Parasite, 151, 165 Parasitic, 45, 129, 151, 159 Parkinsonism, 84, 144, 151 Parotid, 33, 151 Partial remission, 151, 158 Pathogenesis, 9, 53, 76, 85, 139, 151 Pathologic, 8, 84, 121, 124, 125, 129, 139, 140, 151, 156, 158 Pathologic Processes, 121, 151 Pathophysiology, 7, 11, 151 Patient Education, 104, 110, 112, 115, 151 Pelvic, 77, 151, 155 Pelvis, 117, 151, 166 Penicillin, 82, 119, 151 Peptic, 151, 159 Peptic Ulcer, 151, 159 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 151, 159 Peptide, 119, 127, 128, 151, 153, 155 Peptide Chain Elongation, 127, 151 Perception, 130, 152, 159 Percutaneous, 45, 152 Pericardial Effusion, 37, 152 Pericarditis, 31, 152 Pericardium, 152, 163 Perinatal, 126, 152 Periodontal disease, 3, 72, 80, 83, 87, 88, 137, 152 Periodontal Ligament, 137, 152 Periodontal Pocket, 5, 23, 83, 152 Periodontitis, 4, 5, 15, 16, 23, 31, 40, 54, 55, 56, 83, 88, 136, 152 Peripheral blood, 61, 142, 152 Peripheral Nervous System, 74, 149, 152, 163 Peritoneal, 71, 152 Peritoneum, 152 Perivascular, 146, 152 Phagocytosis, 30, 146, 152 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 76, 79, 134, 136, 152 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 132, 152 Pharmacokinetic, 27, 47, 152 Pharmacologic, 119, 122, 153, 165 Pharmacotherapy, 7, 52, 53, 153 Pharynx, 141, 153 Phenyl, 84, 117, 153 Phospholipases, 36, 153 Phosphorylation, 117, 153 Physiologic, 118, 131, 153, 155, 157, 158

Pigmentation, 17, 22, 32, 34, 44, 46, 47, 48, 56, 58, 104, 139, 153 Pilot study, 52, 153 Piperacillin, 27, 153 Piracetam, 61, 153 Placenta, 134, 153 Plague, 104, 153 Plant Oils, 150, 153 Plants, 118, 125, 127, 136, 138, 150, 153, 156, 165 Plaque, 4, 28, 38, 88, 120, 127, 153 Plasma, 26, 33, 50, 79, 120, 136, 153, 159, 160 Plasma cells, 120, 153 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 35, 153 Platelets, 153, 160, 164 Pleurodesis, 29, 50, 153 Pneumonia, 21, 53, 106, 129, 154, 165 Pneumonitis, 15, 34, 52, 154 Pneumothorax, 29, 154 Poisoning, 148, 154 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 43, 47, 154 Polyarthritis, 18, 154 Polycystic, 26, 30, 50, 154 Polyethylene, 79, 154 Polymers, 123, 154, 155 Posterior, 119, 151, 154, 159 Postmenopausal, 90, 150, 154 Practice Guidelines, 100, 104, 154 Precursor, 121, 131, 133, 144, 150, 154, 165 Procainamide, 92, 154 Procaine, 154 Progression, 5, 7, 10, 120, 154 Progressive, 7, 10, 84, 127, 129, 137, 143, 149, 154 Proline, 128, 139, 154 Promoter, 43, 154 Prone, 77, 155 Prophylaxis, 50, 58, 134, 155, 159, 166 Prostaglandin, 28, 155 Prostaglandins A, 141, 155 Prostate, 27, 75, 124, 155, 160, 165 Prostatitis, 74, 90, 105, 155 Prosthesis, 71, 155 Protease, 128, 155 Protective Agents, 84, 155 Protein C, 119, 123, 144, 155, 160, 166 Protein Conformation, 119, 155 Protein S, 80, 124, 127, 134, 155, 164 Protozoa, 124, 146, 156, 166 Pseudomonas, 147, 153, 156 Pseudomonas Infections, 153, 156

Index 177

Pseudotumor Cerebri, 142, 156 Psittacosis, 70, 156 Psoriasis, 72, 134, 156 Psychic, 144, 145, 156 Puberty, 79, 156 Public Policy, 99, 156 Pulmonary, 51, 73, 124, 133, 156, 167 Pulmonary Artery, 124, 156, 167 Pulmonary Embolism, 73, 156 Pulse, 79, 156 Purines, 156, 160 Purulent, 156 Pustular, 117, 156, 163 Pyoderma, 21, 49, 51, 156 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 51, 156 Pyrimidines, 157, 160 Q Quiescent, 5, 157 R Race, 131, 147, 157 Radiation, 135, 140, 146, 157, 159, 168 Radiation therapy, 157, 159 Radioactive, 139, 141, 157 Radiological, 152, 157 Random Allocation, 157 Randomization, 9, 157 Randomized, 4, 9, 10, 16, 21, 41, 44, 50, 56, 132, 157 Receptor, 120, 130, 131, 157, 160 Recombinant, 92, 157 Rectum, 121, 124, 128, 131, 135, 143, 155, 157, 163 Recurrence, 77, 157 Reductase, 30, 135, 146, 157 Refer, 1, 125, 131, 135, 138, 144, 150, 157, 167 Refraction, 157, 161 Refractory, 50, 157 Regimen, 19, 49, 132, 153, 157 Remission, 35, 157, 158 Reperfusion, 7, 148, 158 Reperfusion Injury, 158 Resorption, 158 Respiration, 125, 147, 158 Respiratory failure, 42, 50, 158 Restoration, 148, 158, 168 Reticulate, 22, 25, 57, 158 Retina, 131, 158, 166 Retinal, 131, 150, 158 Retinoid, 134, 158 Rheumatic Diseases, 18, 53, 55, 92, 158 Rheumatism, 23, 33, 42, 43, 56, 140, 158

Rheumatoid, 4, 16, 18, 20, 32, 33, 36, 38, 42, 49, 52, 53, 56, 61, 80, 90, 92, 104, 105, 158 Rheumatoid arthritis, 4, 16, 18, 20, 32, 33, 36, 38, 42, 49, 52, 53, 56, 61, 80, 90, 92, 105, 158 Rheumatology, 16, 18, 19, 27, 32, 38, 41, 43, 49, 52, 61, 158 Rhinophyma, 117, 159 Rickettsiae, 70, 159, 166 Rifabutin, 12, 159 Ristocetin, 159, 166 Root Planing, 3, 4, 23, 24, 87, 159 S Saliva, 33, 159 Salivary, 131, 134, 159 Salivary glands, 131, 134, 159 Salpingitis, 74, 159 Salvage Therapy, 12, 22, 159 Sarcolemma, 148, 159 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 130, 159 Sclera, 129, 159, 166 Sclerosis, 10, 37, 43, 55, 61, 65, 66, 104, 147, 159 Sclerotherapy, 26, 55, 159 Screening, 70, 81, 128, 159 Sebaceous, 75, 79, 130, 159 Sebaceous gland, 75, 79, 130, 159 Sebum, 117, 159 Secondary tumor, 146, 160 Secretion, 45, 117, 139, 146, 147, 160 Selenium, 75, 160 Semen, 155, 160 Seminal fluid, 28, 160 Semisynthetic, 82, 119, 126, 127, 128, 140, 144, 146, 147, 153, 160 Senile, 150, 160 Sepsis, 38, 76, 160 Septic, 12, 42, 160 Serine, 76, 160 Serotonin, 149, 153, 160, 165 Serum, 24, 37, 39, 50, 52, 119, 160, 165 Serum Sickness, 37, 160 Sex Characteristics, 119, 156, 160, 164 Shock, 42, 160, 165 Side effect, 33, 75, 93, 104, 118, 126, 144, 160, 164 Signs and Symptoms, 154, 158, 161, 166 Silver Sulfadiazine, 6, 161 Skeletal, 119, 161 Skeleton, 143, 155, 161 Skin Pigmentation, 57, 161

178

Minocycline

Skull, 161, 164 Smooth muscle, 42, 122, 129, 161, 163 Soaps, 161, 165 Soft tissue, 58, 124, 161 Solid tumor, 119, 120, 161 Solvent, 78, 79, 117, 127, 134, 146, 152, 161 Somatic, 132, 147, 152, 161 Sound wave, 129, 161 Spatial disorientation, 131, 161 Specialist, 107, 161 Species, 61, 70, 74, 82, 84, 132, 133, 147, 151, 156, 157, 161, 162, 167, 168 Spectrum, 70, 80, 126, 140, 146, 161 Sperm, 28, 119, 160, 161 Sperm Count, 28, 161 Spinal cord, 6, 10, 121, 126, 145, 149, 152, 161, 162 Spinal Nerves, 152, 162 Spiramycin, 61, 88, 162 Splenomegaly, 141, 162 Sporadic, 149, 162 Sputum, 47, 162 Stabilization, 73, 162 Staphylococcal Infections, 71, 162 Staphylococcus, 12, 13, 23, 31, 36, 39, 71, 147, 162 Stenosis, 73, 162 Stent, 73, 162 Steroids, 51, 72, 162 Stomach, 117, 122, 131, 134, 136, 139, 142, 148, 151, 153, 162 Stool, 128, 143, 162 Streptococcal, 27, 53, 144, 162 Streptococci, 147, 162 Streptococcus, 74, 84, 162 Stress, 10, 122, 126, 135, 148, 158, 162, 166 Stricture, 162 Stroke, 12, 65, 67, 73, 98, 162 Subacute, 141, 145, 162 Subclinical, 141, 162 Subcutaneous, 126, 132, 151, 162 Subspecies, 161, 162 Substance P, 134, 146, 159, 160, 163 Substrate, 127, 133, 163 Sulfadiazine, 13, 163 Sulfur, 75, 146, 163 Suppositories, 136, 163 Suppression, 14, 163 Suppressive, 8, 163 Sweat, 121, 130, 138, 163 Sycosis, 40, 163 Sympathomimetic, 131, 133, 150, 163

Symphysis, 126, 155, 163 Symptomatic, 40, 54, 55, 151, 163 Synaptic, 149, 163 Synaptic Transmission, 149, 163 Systemic, 19, 23, 37, 43, 46, 55, 71, 75, 88, 94, 124, 133, 141, 142, 157, 163 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 23, 163 Systolic, 140, 163 T Tachycardia, 122, 164 Tachypnea, 122, 164 Teichoic Acids, 137, 164 Temporal, 92, 164 Tendon, 125, 164 Teratogenic, 134, 142, 164 Testis, 134, 164 Testosterone, 135, 157, 164 Thalidomide, 77, 164 Therapeutics, 7, 8, 23, 47, 82, 94, 164 Threonine, 160, 164 Threshold, 140, 164 Thrombosis, 73, 155, 159, 162, 164 Thrombus, 73, 129, 141, 148, 164 Thyroid, 20, 21, 33, 45, 60, 142, 164, 165 Topical, 12, 30, 31, 51, 75, 79, 83, 88, 121, 127, 134, 142, 161, 164 Toxic, iv, 75, 78, 79, 117, 138, 146, 149, 160, 164, 165, 166 Toxicity, 10, 61, 132, 159, 164 Toxicology, 6, 20, 35, 40, 45, 100, 164 Toxins, 120, 132, 136, 141, 165 Toxoplasmosis, 12, 14, 22, 122, 163, 165 Trachea, 73, 125, 143, 153, 164, 165 Transfection, 124, 165 Translation, 119, 134, 165 Translocation, 127, 134, 165 Transmitter, 122, 131, 142, 150, 165 Trauma, 77, 137, 151, 165 Trichomoniasis, 146, 165 Triclosan, 82, 165 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 14, 165 Trophic, 149, 165 Tryptophan, 128, 160, 165 Tumor marker, 124, 165 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 164, 165 Tyrosine, 117, 131, 165 U Ulcer, 126, 151, 165, 166 Ulcerative colitis, 156, 165 Unconscious, 140, 165 Uraemia, 151, 165 Urea, 78, 163, 165, 166

Index 179

Ureters, 166 Urethra, 74, 155, 166 Urethritis, 29, 45, 74, 105, 166 Urinary, 73, 127, 136, 166 Urinary tract, 73, 166 Urine, 74, 124, 129, 143, 166 Urogenital, 136, 137, 166 Urticaria, 160, 166 Uterus, 126, 166 Uvea, 166 Uveitis, 74, 166 V Vaccination, 77, 166 Vaccines, 92, 166, 167 Vagina, 126, 130, 166 Vancomycin, 13, 14, 48, 57, 71, 166 Varicose, 159, 166 Varicose vein, 159, 166 Vascular, 41, 71, 73, 76, 130, 141, 144, 153, 164, 166 Vasculitis, 44, 92, 151, 154, 166 Vasodilator, 131, 139, 148, 167 Vein, 142, 151, 167 Venous, 6, 17, 21, 71, 76, 90, 138, 155, 167 Venter, 167 Ventral, 6, 162, 167 Ventricle, 156, 163, 167

Ventricular, 7, 148, 167 Ventricular Remodeling, 7, 167 Venules, 124, 167 Vertebrae, 161, 167 Vertigo, 61, 167 Vestibular, 39, 58, 167 Vestibule, 141, 167 Veterinary Medicine, 99, 167 Viral, 8, 129, 132, 141, 167 Virulence, 164, 167 Virus, 8, 12, 22, 34, 123, 124, 141, 142, 153, 167 Virus Replication, 8, 167 Vital Capacity, 10, 167 Vitreous, 131, 158, 167 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 131, 167 Vitro, 6, 12, 13, 24, 35, 37, 138, 167 Vivo, 6, 13, 168 W Wart, 143, 168 White blood cell, 120, 141, 143, 145, 149, 153, 168 Windpipe, 153, 164, 168 Wound Healing, 72, 127, 147, 168 X Xenograft, 120, 168 X-ray, 57, 135, 157, 168

180

Minocycline

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