Metoclopramide - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

METOCLOPRAMIDE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Metoclopramide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84498-4 1. Metoclopramide-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on metoclopramide. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON METOCLOPRAMIDE ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Metoclopramide............................................................................. 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND METOCLOPRAMIDE ......................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Metoclopramide ........................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON METOCLOPRAMIDE..................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Dissertations on Metoclopramide ................................................................................................ 61 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON METOCLOPRAMIDE ............................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patents on Metoclopramide.......................................................................................................... 63 Patent Applications on Metoclopramide...................................................................................... 75 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON METOCLOPRAMIDE ................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 79 Chapters on Metoclopramide ....................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON METOCLOPRAMIDE ..................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 85 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 87 Academic Periodicals covering Metoclopramide.......................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 89 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 90 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113

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METOCLOPRAMIDE DICTIONARY....................................................................................... 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 175

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with metoclopramide is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about metoclopramide, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to metoclopramide, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on metoclopramide. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to metoclopramide, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on metoclopramide. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON METOCLOPRAMIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on metoclopramide.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and metoclopramide, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Metoclopramide: A Dopamine Receptor Antagonist Source: American Family Physician. 41(3): 919-924. March 1990. Summary: This article discusses metoclopramide, a dopamine receptor antagonist with unique properties of increasing lower esophageal sphincter pressure and increasing the rate of gastric emptying. These gastrointestinal motility actions are useful in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis and severe gastroesophageal reflux and in postoperative situations involving visceral atony. The author covers the chemistry, pharmacology, clinical uses, adverse reactions, and drug interactions of metoclopramide. Metoclopramide is a useful adjunctive drug for intestinal intubation and radiologic examination. It has also been used intravenously to control the nausea and vomiting of intensive cancer chemotherapy, such as with cisplatin. Intravenous metoclopramide is generally not intended for long-term use. The most common adverse

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reactions are restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue, and lassitude. 3 tables. 35 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Metoclopramide The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to metoclopramide. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to metoclopramide. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore metoclopramide. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for metoclopramide: •

Project Title: CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE SEROTONIN RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Teitler, Milt; Professor; Pharmacology & Neuroscience; Albany Medical College of Union Univ Albany, Ny 12208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We have shown that clozapine and risperidone, atypical antipsychotic drugs, have potent inverse agonist properties at constitutively activated mutant (CAM) forms of the rat 5SHT2A and 5HT2C receptors. Inverse agonist activity may be a significant property of antipsychotic drugs, given the revised ternary complex model of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), which predicts a steady-state level of activation of receptors in the absence of ligand stimulation. Further studies of antipsychotic drug actions at CAM forms of clozapine-sensitive human SHT receptors are necessary to determine if inverse agonist activity is a key property of atypical antipsychotic drugs. In order to expand the studies to the human 5HT6 and 5HT7 receptors we have attempted to make CAM forms of these receptors by mutating two well-documented regions of GPCR constitutive activity. Initial experiments involving mutations in these areas have produced forms of the receptor either lacking robust constitutive activity or producing apparently null mutant forms of the receptor (5HT6). While these results have slowed progress on determining the inverse agonist activity of antipsychotic drugs on these receptors they open up interesting avenues of research on the variability in structure within the GPCR family and within 5HT receptors in particular. Therefore we propose to pursue three specific aims: 1) we will continue to test typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs at human CAM forms of the 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors; 2) we will continue to mutate the human 5HT6 and 5HT7 receptors to produce CAM forms of these receptors and test antipsychotic drugs for inverse agonist activity at these receptors; 3) we will examine effects of constitutive activation on

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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clozapine-sensitive 5HT receptor cellular trafficking, and the effects of inverse agonists on the trafficking of the mutated receptors. The results of these studies should reveal the role inverse agonist activity of antipsychotic drugs plays in the atypical properties of clozapine, and may indicate a major role for one or more of the clozapine-sensitive receptors in the atypical properties of clozapine. This information should be very helpful in designing a new generation of atypical antipsychotic drugs sharing clozapine's unique antipsychotic properties, but lacking its deleterious hematological effects. Information concerning alterations in cellular processing of CAM receptors should also be forthcoming, including information on the molecular domains involved in directing cellular compartmentalization, believed to play a key role in cellular receptor sensitivity states. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX IN PRETERM INFANTS & EFFECT OF PROKINETIC AGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sinkin, Robert; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MAINTENANCE OF ORGAN FUNCTION FOLLOWING INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Chaudry, Irshad H.; Professor, Professor, Vice Chairman & Di; Surgery; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1988; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Our recent studies indicate that depletion of androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) two weeks prior to onset of hemorrhage prevents the depression of cardiac function following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation. Alternatively, administration of flutamide, an androgen antagonist (AA), after hemorrhageresuscitation in non-castrated rats improves the depressed cardiac performance and hepatocellular function. Our hypothesis, therefore, is that androgens and/or low estradiol or the high ration of androgens:estradiol are directly as well as indirectly responsible for producing the depression in cardiac performance and the function of other organs after trauma-hemorrhage in males. Studies are proposed to determine the mechanism by which androgen depletion/AA improves cardiac performance and the function of other organs after hemorrhage-resuscitation. To determine if the effects of androgens and/or AA are receptor-mediated, isolated myocytes will be analyzed for androgen receptor expression, sex steroid binding capacity, receptor activation (release of heat shock protein 90 and phosphorylation), expression of transcription factors (NFkappaB and AP-1) and alpha- and beta-myosin- heavy chain genes along with androgens, estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin levels in circulation. Since sex steroids can affect intracellular Ca/2+, [Ca/2+]i in isolated myocytes along with PKCepsilon and betaII expressions, cAMP and IP/3 levels will be measured. The gene expression and release of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-4 & IL-10), and the release of catecholamines, ACTH and corticosterone will be measured to determine if they are altered by androgen depletion/AA. Isolated hearts and blood vessels will be used to determine if there are direct effects of androgen/AA on these organs. Additional studies will examine if androgen depletion/AA affects the adrenals

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and modifies the response of catecholamines on the heart, liver and vascularity smooth muscle. Isolated myocytes and hepatocytes will be used to examine if beta- or alphaadrenergic receptor binding capacity/affinity are altered by androgen depletion/AA. We will also determine if AA improves the gut, lung and renal functions after hemorrhage-resuscitation and whether it decreases susceptibility to subsequent sepsis. If AA treatment (single or 3 doses) improves but does not sustain cardiovascular responses, we will administer luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, betaestradiol, prolactin or metoclopramide to determine if they produce synergistic salutary effects. The hemodynamic parameters and organ functions to be measured include blood flow, circulating blood volume, cardiac output, left ventricular performance, vascular reactivity, liver, gut, adrenal and lung functions. The integration of cardiac function with the function of other organs and detailed mechanistic studies at the cellular and subcellular levels using physiologic, pharmacological and molecular biology techniques to identify targets for novel treatment modalities using AA or hormones should provide new information for the improved treatment of trauma victims with major blood loss and for decreasing susceptibility to subsequent sepsis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: METOCLOPRAMIDE TO ESTABLISH LACTATION IN PRETERM MOTHERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hansen, Wendy; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The specific aims of this study are to determine the effectiveness of metoclopramide compared to placebo in the establishment and continuation of lactation in mothers of preterm infants, evaluate the milk composition, specifically protein concentration, total nitrogen and lactoferrin, with and without metoclopramide use and evaluate mother's satisfaction with her breastfeeding comparing metoclopramide and placebo groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS & TARGETED DELIVERY OF ANTI AIDS DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bates, Theodore R.; Texas Southern University 3201 Wheeler Ave Houston, Tx 77004 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The specific aims of this Activity are: 1) to quantitatively assess whether didanosine (ddI) undergoes presystemic (first-pass) gut wall and/or liver metabolism after oral administration; 2) to quantitatively assess whether allopurinol (an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase) inhibits the metabolism of ddI; 3) to quantitatively assess, individually, the absorption kinetics of 3TC, indinavir, and ritonavir after single dose individual oral administration alone, and in the presence of co-ingested dietary lipid; 4) to quantitatively assess, individually, the effect of gastrointestinal (GI) motility (altered by administration of propantheline bromide, a potent GI motility inhibitor, and metoclopramide, a potent GI motility stimulator) on the in vivo absorption kinetics of 3TC, indinavir and ritonavir; 5) to quantitatively assess, individually, the effects of adsorbents present in over-the-counter antidiarrheal and antiemetic preparations on the in vitro binding and in vivo absorption kinetics of zidovudine (AZT), ddI, zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), 3TC, indinavir, and ritonavir; 6) to quantitatively assess the

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pharmacokinetics and the penetration characteristics of select intravenouslyadministered anti-AIDs drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) using microdialysis; and 7) to develop and pharmacokinetically evaluate liposomal formulations of select anti-AIDS drugs for their targeted delivery to the macrophages and lymph tissue after intravenous drug administration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROBING DRUG RELATED MENTAL DISORDERS OF AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Katz, Ira R.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Adverse effects of medications prescribed for elderly patients are common causes of the mental disorders of aging. Therefore, studies of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral symptoms that result from the administration of centrally-acting medications can provide information about the symptoms that characterize the toxic encephalopathies. From a practical perspective, they can provide clinicians and patients with information on the risks associated with use of the tested medications that could facilitate the prevention of disability. Accordingly, we are proposing to conduct randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge studies in which we will administer commonly prescribed medications for a period of several weeks to healthy, medically stable elderly volunteers. We will test for effects of active medications versus placebo with weekly tests of cognition, depression, other mood states, and sleepiness/alertness, and with daily self-reports of events and of both positive and negative affects. The medications to be studied were selected because they are commonly used, sufficiently safe to allow administration to elderly volunteers, and are suspected as causes of cognitive or affective toxicity. We propose two studies: Study I will compare the effects of 5 weeks of metoclopramide (up to 40 mg/day), sertraline (up to 200 mg/day), naproxen (up to 1000 mg/day), and placebo. Study II will compare 14 weeks of simvastatin (up to 20 mg/day) with placebo. Analyses will include modeling using random regression models. The hypotheses to be tested are that the medications under investigation can cause behavioral toxicity manifest by changes in cognitive performance assessed through weekly assessments; depressive or related symptoms manifest through weekly clinical interviews or self- reports on depression and behavioral rating scales; and increased negative affect and/or decreased positive affect as assessed through daily self-reports. We will also explore the impact of medications on daily reports of positive or negative events and on the relationship between daily events and daily affect. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with metoclopramide, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for metoclopramide (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of antiemetic efficacy of droperidol alone and in combination with metoclopramide in day surgery anaesthesia. Author(s): Loo CC, Thomas E, Tan HM, Sia TH. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1997 September; 52(3): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968096

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A comparison of granisetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide in the treatment of established nausea and vomiting after breast surgery: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Kawasaki T. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 April; 25(4): 1142-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12809962

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A comparison of metoclopramide and lidocaine for preventing pain on injection of diazepam. Author(s): Majedi H, Rabiee M, Khan ZH, Hassannasab B. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 November; 95(5): 1297-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401614

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A comparison of prophylactic ondansetron and metoclopramide administration in patients undergoing major neurosurgical procedures. Author(s): Pugh SC, Jones NC, Barsoum LZ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1996 December; 51(12): 1162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9038459

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A double-blind multicenter comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. Author(s): Patterson D, Abell T, Rothstein R, Koch K, Barnett J. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 May; 94(5): 1230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10235199

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A double-blind, crossover study of controlled-release metoclopramide and placebo for the chronic nausea and dyspepsia of advanced cancer. Author(s): Bruera E, Belzile M, Neumann C, Harsanyi Z, Babul N, Darke A. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000 June; 19(6): 427-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10908823

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of intranasal metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Author(s): Wagner BK, Berman SL, Devitt PA, Halvorsen MB, O'Hara DA. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1996 November-December; 16(6): 1063-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8947980

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A double-blind, randomised, parallel group, multinational, multicentre study comparing a single dose of ondansetron 24 mg p.o. with placebo and metoclopramide 10 mg t.d.s. p.o. in the treatment of opioid-induced nausea and emesis in cancer patients. Author(s): Hardy J, Daly S, McQuade B, Albertsson M, Chimontsi-Kypriou V, Stathopoulos P, Curtis P. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2002 April; 10(3): 231-6. Epub 2002 February 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904788

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A placebo-controlled, randomized trial of droperidol versus metoclopramide for outpatients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy under conscious sedation. Author(s): Uerpairojkit K, Pavaves B, Nalawachai J. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 April; 85(4): 470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12118494

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A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and safety of ondansetron (GR38032F) plus dexamethasone with metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in the prophylaxis of nausea and emesis induced by carboplatin chemotherapy. Author(s): du Bois A, McKenna CJ, Andersson H, Lahousen M, Kitchener H, Pinter T, Capstick V, Wilkinson JR. Source: Oncology. 1997 January-February; 54(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8978585

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A randomized double-blind trial to compare the clinical efficacy of granisetron with metoclopramide, both combined with dexamethasone in the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced delayed emesis. Author(s): Aapro MS, Thuerlimann B, Sessa C, De Pree C, Bernhard J, Maibach R; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2003 February; 14(2): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562658

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A randomized double-blinded comparison of metoclopramide, ondansetron and cyclizine in day-case laparoscopy. Author(s): Watts SA. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1996 October; 24(5): 546-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8909663

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Acute dyskinesias after metoclopramide withdrawal. Author(s): Modrego Pardo P, Perez Trullen JM. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1997 April; 45(4): 536. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9100735

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Acute dystonia associated with fluvoxamine-metoclopramide. Author(s): Palop V, Jimenez MJ, Catalan C, Martinez-Mir I. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 March; 33(3): 382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10200869

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Acute dystonia due to metoclopramide: increased risk in AIDS. Author(s): van Der Kleij FG, de Vries PA, Stassen PM, Sprenger HG, Gans RO. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 February 11; 162(3): 358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822933

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Acute intermittent porphyria precipitated by hyperemesis and metoclopramide treatment in pregnancy. Author(s): Shenhav S, Gemer O, Sassoon E, Segal S. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1997 May; 76(5): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9197454

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Akathisia and anesthesia: refusal of surgery after the administration of metoclopramide. Author(s): LaGorio J, Thompson VA, Sternberg D, Dorje P. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1998 July; 87(1): 224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661578

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Akathisia, panic, agoraphobia, and major depression following brief exposure to metoclopramide. Author(s): Anfinson TJ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2002 Winter; 36(1): 82-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12397849

Studies

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Aldosterone response to metoclopramide in patients with prolactinoma: effect of short-term bromocriptine treatment. Author(s): Zacharieva S, Stoeva I, Andreeva M, Kalinov K, Matrozov P, Andonova K. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1996 November; 18(9): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9010834

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An adolescent case of sulfhemoglobinemia associated with high-dose metoclopramide and N-acetylcysteine. Author(s): Langford JS, Sheikh S. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 October; 34(4 Pt 1): 538-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10499955

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An analysis of the antiemetic protection of metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in Chinese patients receiving moderately high emetogenic chemotherapy. Author(s): Molassiotis A, Mok TS, Yam BM, Yung H. Source: European Journal of Cancer Care. 2002 June; 11(2): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099946

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An unusual complication of metoclopramide injection. Author(s): Stone AG, Howell PR. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 August; 58(8): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859499

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Analysis of formulation and food effect on the absorption of metoclopramide. Author(s): Vergin H, Fisch U, Mahr G, Winterhalter B. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 April; 40(4): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11996211

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Antiemetic efficacy of granisetron and metoclopramide in children undergoing ophthalmic or ENT surgery. Author(s): Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1996 November; 43(11): 1095-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922763

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Anti-emetic efficacy of prophylactic granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide in the prevention of nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Fujii Y, Saitoh Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1998 March; 15(2): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9587723

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Metoclopramide

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Antiemetic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery: comparison of metoclopramide and ondansetron. Author(s): Woodward DK, Sherry KM, Harrison D. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999 December; 83(6): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10700794

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Antiemetic prophylaxis with ondansetron and methylprednisolone vs metoclopramide and methylprednisolone in mild and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Author(s): Tsavaris NB, Koufos C, Katsikas M, Dimitrakopoulos A, Athanasiou E, Linardaki G. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999 September; 18(3): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517044

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Assessment of a controlled release hydrophilic matrix formulation for metoclopramide HCl. Author(s): Hasan EI, Amro BI, Arafat T, Badwan AA. Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V. 2003 May; 55(3): 33944. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12754009

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Asystolic cardiac arrest: an unusual reaction following iv metoclopramide. Author(s): Grenier Y, Drolet P. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 April; 50(4): 333-5. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670808

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Attenuated metoclopramide-induced vascular hyperreactivity to cold stress in athletic subjects. Author(s): Blanco M, Gomez J, Blanco G, Negrin C, Velasco M. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1998 November; 5(6): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10099078

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Basal and metoclopramide-stimulated prolactin (PRL) serum levels in users and nonusers of a copper intrauterine device (TCu-380 IUD). Author(s): Parra A, Gabino F, Ramirez A, Valencia H, Coria I, Espinosa de los Monteros A. Source: Contraception. 1991 November; 44(5): 541-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797468

Studies

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Betamethasone-dixyrazine combination versus high-dose metoclopramide as antiemetic treatment in doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy. Author(s): Sorbe B, Hallen C, Skare NG, Underskog I. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1989 June; 15(2): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2762589

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Betamethasone-dixyrazine versus betamethasone-metoclopramide as antiemetic treatment of cisplatin-doxorubicin-induced nausea in ovarian carcinoma patients. Author(s): Sorbe B, Hallen C. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1991; 12(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2050157

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Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of rectally administered metoclopramide. Author(s): Vergin H, Krammer R, Nitsche V, Miczka M, Strobel K, Schimmel H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1990 June; 40(6): 679-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2397004

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Bioavailability of intranasal metoclopramide. Author(s): Ward MJ, Buss DC, Ellershaw J, Nash A, Routledge PA. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 November; 28(5): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2590616

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Birth outcome following maternal use of metoclopramide. The Euromap study group. Author(s): Sorensen HT, Nielsen GL, Christensen K, Tage-Jensen U, Ekbom A, Baron J. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 March; 49(3): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10718782

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Bolus metoclopramide does not enhance morphine analgesia after cesarean section. Author(s): Driver RP Jr, D'Angelo R, Eisenach JC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1996 May; 82(5): 1033-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8610862

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Cardiac arrest after intravenous metoclopramide - a case of five repeated injections of metoclopramide causing five episodes of cardiac arrest. Author(s): Bentsen G, Stubhaug A. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 46(7): 908-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139551

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Metoclopramide

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Cardiac arrest after labetalol and metoclopramide administration in a patient with scleroderma. Author(s): Tung A, Sweitzer B, Cutter T. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 December; 95(6): 1667-8, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12456435

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Cardiac dysrhythmias associated with the intravenous administration of ondansetron and metoclopramide. Author(s): Baguley WA, Hay WT, Mackie KP, Cheney FW, Cullen BF. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 June; 84(6): 1380-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9174325

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Chronic metoclopramide therapy for diabetic gastroparesis. Author(s): Lata PF, Pigarelli DL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 January; 37(1): 122-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12503946

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Chronic nausea in advanced cancer patients: a retrospective assessment of a metoclopramide-based antiemetic regimen. Author(s): Bruera E, Seifert L, Watanabe S, Babul N, Darke A, Harsanyi Z, SuarezAlmazor M. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1996 March; 11(3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8851371

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Cisapride or metoclopramide to accelerate small bowel transit during barium followthrough examination? Author(s): Hare C, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Platt K, Raleigh G. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2000 May-June; 25(3): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10823442

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Clearance of barium from the oesophagus with diet cola and metoclopramide: a one stop approach to patients with dysphagia. Author(s): Mitchell J, Farrow R, Hussaini SH, Dalton HR. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2001 January; 56(1): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11162700

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Comparative bioavailability of two tablet formulations of metoclopramide hydrochloride. Author(s): el-Sayed YM, Niazy EM, al-Rayes S, Ismail AO, Gouda MW. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995 March; 33(3): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7599911

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Comparative central nervous system effects and pharmacokinetics of neumetoclopramide and metoclopramide in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Rotmensch HH, Mould GP, Sutton JA, Kilminster S, Moller C, Pero RW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 March; 37(3): 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9089424

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Comparative efficacy and safety of calcium carbasalate plus metoclopramide versus ergotamine tartrate plus caffeine in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Author(s): Le Jeunne C, Gomez JP, Pradalier A, Titus i Albareda F, Joffroy A, Liano H, Henry P, Lainez JM, Geraud G. Source: European Neurology. 1999 January; 41(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9885327

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Comparative evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of ondansetron and metoclopramide in the prophylaxis of emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy regimens including cisplatin. Author(s): Advani SH, Gopal R, Dhar AK, Lal HM, Cooverji ND. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1996 February; 44(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999066

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Comparative study of low-dose oral granisetron plus dexamethasone and high-dose metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by CHOP-therapy in young patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Numbenjapon T, Sriswasdi C, Mongkonsritragoon W, Leelasiri A, Prayoonwiwat W. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 November; 85(11): 1156-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546311

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Comparing the efficacy of prophylactic metoclopramide, ondansetron, and placebo in cesarean section patients given epidural anesthesia. Author(s): Pan PH, Moore CH. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2001 September; 13(6): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578887

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Comparison of cisapride and metoclopramide for facilitating gastric emptying and improving tolerance to intragastric enteral nutrition in critically III, mechanically ventilated adults. Author(s): MacLaren R, Patrick WD, Hall RI, Rocker GM, Whelan GJ, Lima JJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 November; 23(11): 1855-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11768837

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Comparison of dexamethasone and metoclopramide as antiemetics in children receiving cancer chemotherapy. Author(s): Basade M, Kulkarni SS, Dhar AK, Sastry PS, Saikia B, Advani SH. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 April; 33(4): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8772908

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Comparison of granisetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for prevention of postoperative vomiting in children with a history of motion sickness undergoing tonsillectomy. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 March; 36(3): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11226996

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Comparison of intravenous valproate versus intramuscular dihydroergotamine and metoclopramide for acute treatment of migraine headache. Author(s): Edwards KR, Norton J, Behnke M. Source: Headache. 2001 November-December; 41(10): 976-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903525

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Comparison of metoclopramide and ondansetron for the prevention of nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine. Author(s): Pitkanen MT, Numminen MK, Tuominen MK, Rosenberg PH. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1997 March; 14(2): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9088816

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Comparison of ondansetron and metoclopramide for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery. Author(s): Chen PP, Chui PT, Gin T. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1996 September; 13(5): 485-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889424

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Comparison of ondansetron with metoclopramide in prevention of acute emesis associated with low dose & high dose cisplatin chemotherapy. Author(s): Bhatia A, Tripathi KD, Sharma M. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 July; 118: 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14748464

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Comparison of ondansetron with metoclopramide in the symptomatic relief of uremia-induced nausea and vomiting. Author(s): Ljutic D, Perkovic D, Rumboldt Z, Bagatin J, Hozo I, Pivac N. Source: Kidney & Blood Pressure Research. 2002; 25(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11834879

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Comparison of ondansetron, metoclopramide and placebo as premedicants to reduce nausea and vomiting after major surgery. Author(s): Alexander R, Fennelly M. Source: Anaesthesia. 1997 July; 52(7): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9244032

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Comparison of ondansetron-dexamethasone-lorazepam versus metoclopramidedexamethasone-lorazepam in the control of cisplatin induced emesis. Author(s): Manusirivithaya S, Chareoniam V, Isariyodom P, Sungsab D. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 July; 84(7): 966-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759977

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Comparison of oral 5-HT3-receptor antagonists and low-dose oral metoclopramide plus i.m. dexamethasone for the prevention of delayed emesis in head and neck cancer patients receiving high-dose cisplatin. Author(s): Mantovani G, Maccio A, Curreli L, Lampis B, Ghiani M, Bianchi A, Contu P. Source: Oncol Rep. 1998 January-February; 5(1): 273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9458381

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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tropisetron, metoclopramide, and chlorpromazine in the treatment of emesis associated with far advanced cancer. Author(s): Mystakidou K, Befon S, Liossi C, Vlachos L. Source: Cancer. 1998 September 15; 83(6): 1214-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9740088

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Comparison of the efficacy and side-effects of ondansetron and metoclopramidediphenhydramine administered to control nausea and vomiting in children treated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a prospective randomized study. Author(s): Koseoglu V, Kurekci AE, Sarici U, Atay AA, Ozcan O, Sorici U. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 October; 157(10): 806-10. Erratum In: Eur J Pediatr 1999 February; 158(2): 168. Sorici U[corrected to Sarici U]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9809818

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Comparison of the efficacy of tropisetron versus a metoclopramide cocktail based on the intensity of cisplatin-induced emesis. Author(s): Chang TC, Hsieh F, Lai CH, Tseng CJ, Cheng HH, Li CL, Michael BJ, Soong YK. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1996; 37(3): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8529290

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Comparison of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of controlled release and immediate release metoclopramide for the management of chronic nausea in patients with advanced cancer. Author(s): Bruera ED, MacEachern TJ, Spachynski KA, LeGatt DF, MacDonald RN, Babul N, Harsanyi Z, Darke AC. Source: Cancer. 1994 December 15; 74(12): 3204-11. Erratum In: Cancer 1995 April 1; 75(7): 1733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7982184

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Cortisol levels alter the response to metoclopramide in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea. Author(s): Mendes MC, Ferriani RA, Costa LO, Moura MD, Silva de Sa MF. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1995 March; 9(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793305

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Cost-effectiveness and quality of life evaluation of ondansetron and metoclopramide for moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimens in breast cancer. Author(s): Lachaine J, Laurier C, Langleben A, Vaillant L. Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 1999 November; 32(2): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10612010

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Delayed neuroleptic malignant syndrome following cessation of prolonged therapy with metoclopramide. Author(s): Le Couteur DG, Kay T. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1995 June; 25(3): 261. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7487703

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Diagnostic use of metoclopramide in hypertension caused by pheochromocytoma. Author(s): Hsu TS, Lee CP, Kuo CT. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1993 November; 42(1): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8112909

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Difference in the inhibition of plasma carboxylesterase activity by metoclopramide in humans and laboratory animals. Author(s): Rao SS, Kaveeshwar U. Source: Pharmazie. 1992 May; 47(5): 391. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1409834

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Difference in the inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity by anti-emetic metoclopramide in humans and mice. Author(s): Rao SS, Kaveeshwar U, Mishra PK. Source: Pharmazie. 1992 January; 47(1): 66-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1608990

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Differences in the metoclopramide-induced prolactin release related to age at first full-term pregnancy or nulliparity. Author(s): Parra A, Barron J, Sinibaldi J, Coria I, Espinosa de los Monteros A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 February; 12(2): 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9070698

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Different responses in little and bigbig prolactin to metoclopramide in subjects with hyperprolactinemia due to 150-170 kD (bigbig) prolactin. Author(s): Bjoro T, Johansen E, Frey HH, Turter A, Torjesen PA. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993 April; 128(4): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8498149

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Differential prolactin response to oral metoclopramide in nulliparous versus parous women throughout the menstrual cycle. Author(s): Espinosa de los Monteros A, Cornejo J, Parra A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1991 May; 55(5): 885-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2022267

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Dihydroergotamine and metoclopramide in the treatment of organic headache. Author(s): Gross DW, Donat JR, Boyle CA. Source: Headache. 1995 November-December; 35(10): 637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8550366

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Diltiazem and metoclopramide overdose. Author(s): Beno JM, Nemeth DR. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1991 September-October; 15(5): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1960984

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Dimenhydrinate and metoclopramide alone or in combination for prophylaxis of PONV. Author(s): Eberhart LH, Seeling W, Ulrich B, Morin AM, Georgieff M. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2000 August; 47(8): 780-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958095

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Does metoclopramide reduce the length of ileus after colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Author(s): Cheape JD, Wexner SD, James K, Jagelman DG. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1991 June; 34(6): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2036922

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Does metoclopramide reduce variceal pressure? Author(s): Spence RA. Source: Hpb Surg. 1992 June; 5(4): 280-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1390367

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Does metoclopramide supplement postoperative analgesia using patient-controlled analgesia with morphine in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery? Author(s): Danzer BI, Birnbach DJ, Stein DJ, Kuroda MM, Thys DM. Source: Reg Anesth. 1997 September-October; 22(5): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338902

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Dolasetron, but not metoclopramide prevents nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Author(s): Piper SN, Suttner SW, Rohm KD, Maleck WH, Larbig E, Boldt J. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 December; 49(10): 1021-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477671

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Domperidone versus metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Author(s): Dumitrascu DL, Weinbeck M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638616

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Dopamine infusion enhances the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol response to metoclopramide in hyperprolactinemic patients but not in normal subjects. Author(s): Moro M, Maraschini C, Cavagnini F. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1997 June; 11(3): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9209895

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Dopamine-induced antihypertensive effects and plasma insulin rise are blocked by metoclopramide in labetalol-treated patients. Author(s): Martin G, Forte P, Luchsinger A, Mendoza F, Urbina-Quintana A, Hernandez Pieretti O, Romero E, Velasco M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 January; 34(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8132857

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Dopamine-mediated effects induced by metoclopramide simultaneously on adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin in patients with pituitary and/or hypothalamic disorders. Author(s): Nishida S, Matsuki M, Horino M, Kawai Y, Tsushima K, Yoneda M, Oyama H, Ishii R. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1990 October 15; 190(3): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2174755

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Dose schedule evaluation of metoclopramide as a potentiator of cisplatin and carboplatin treatments of xenografted squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Author(s): Lybak S, Wennerberg J, Kjellen E, Pero RW. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1991 August; 2(4): 375-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797194

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Dose-response study of metoclopramide in gastroesophageal reflux in infancy. Author(s): Pons G, Duhamel JF, Guillot M, Gouyon JB, d'Athis P, Richard MO, Rey E, Moran C, Bougle D, Bellissant E, et al. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 7(3-4): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8500785

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Double-blind crossover trial of single vs. divided dose of metoclopramide in a combined regimen for treatment of cisplatin-induced emesis. Author(s): Roila F, Basurto C, Bracarda S, Sassi M, Lupattelli M, Picciafuoco M, Boschetti E, Tonato M, Del Favero A. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1991; 27(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1827271

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Double-blind randomised trial of the antiemetic efficacy and safety of ondansetron and metoclopramide in advanced breast cancer patients treated with epirubicin and cyclophosphamide. Author(s): Marschner NW, Adler M, Nagel GA, Christmann D, Fenzl E, Upadhyaya B. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1991; 27(9): 1137-40. Erratum In: Eur J Cancer 1991; 27(12): 1717. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1835624

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Double-blind, randomized crossover study of metoclopramide and batanopride for prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis. Author(s): Fleming GF, Vokes EE, McEvilly JM, Janisch L, Francher D, Smaldone L. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1991; 28(3): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1855280

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Early nasogastric tube removal combined with metoclopramide after postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. Author(s): Davis JW, Pisters LL, Doviak MJ, Donat SM. Source: Urology. 2002 April; 59(4): 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927318

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Early nasogastric tube removal combined with metoclopramide after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion. Author(s): Donat SM, Slaton JW, Pisters LL, Swanson DA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 November; 162(5): 1599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524876

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Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication or of ranitidine plus metoclopramide on Helicobacter pylori-positive functional dyspepsia. A randomized, controlled followup study. Author(s): Alizadeh-Naeeni M, Saberi-Firoozi M, Pourkhajeh A, Taheri H, Malekzadeh R, Derakhshan MH, Massarrat S; Iranian Functional Dyspepsia Study Group. Source: Digestion. 2002; 66(2): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428068

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Effect of melatonin on hypoglycemia and metoclopramide-stimulated arginine vasopressin secretion in normal men. Author(s): Coiro V, Volpi R, Caffarri G, Capretti L, Marchesi C, Giacalone G, Chiodera P. Source: Neuropeptides. 1997 August; 31(4): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9308018

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Effect of metoclopramide dose on preventing emesis after oral administration of Nacetylcysteine for acetaminophen overdose. Author(s): Wright RO, Anderson AC, Lesko SL, Woolf AD, Linakis JG, Lewander WJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1999; 37(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078158

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Effect of metoclopramide on mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block. Author(s): Motamed C, Kirov K, Combes X, Dhonneur G, Duvaldestin P. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 February; 46(2): 214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11942874

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Effect of metoclopramide on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Author(s): Takeuchi Y, Ikeda T, Takeuchi S, Ito H, Sugiyama Y, Matsukawa T, Iwase S, Mano T. Source: Environ Med. 1993; 37(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269352

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Effect of metoclopramide on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Author(s): Takeuchi Y, Matsukawa T, Sugiyama Y, Iwase S, Mano T. Source: Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System. 1996 April 20; 58(1-2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740668

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Effect of neonatal administration of an antidopaminergic drug (metoclopramide) on sexual behavior of male rats. Author(s): Gonzales FG, Ortega JG, Salazar M. Source: Archives of Andrology. 2000 November-December; 45(3): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11111861

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Effect of nitric oxide on basal and TRH-or metoclopramide-stimulated prolactin release in normal men. [email protected]. Author(s): Volpi R, Chiodera P, Capretti L, Guberti A, Vescovi PP, Dellostritto A, Davoli C, Coiro V. Source: Neuropeptides. 1998 December; 32(6): 563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9920455

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Effect of parity on pituitary prolactin response to metoclopramide and domperidone: implications for the enhancement of lactation. Author(s): Brown TE, Fernandes PA, Grant LJ, Hutsul JA, McCoshen JA. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 2000 January-February; 7(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10732318

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Effect of prokinetic agents, cisapride and metoclopramide, on the bioavailability in humans and intestinal permeability in rats of ranitidine, and intestinal charcoal transit in rats. Author(s): Lee HT, Lee YJ, Chung SJ, Shim CK. Source: Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2000 November-December; 108(5-6): 31123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11958284

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Effect of transdermal iontophoresis codelivery of hydrocortisone on metoclopramide pharmacokinetics and skin-induced reactions in human subjects. Author(s): Cormier M, Chao ST, Gupta SK, Haak R. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1999 October; 88(10): 1030-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10514351

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Effects of a dopamine antagonist (metoclopramide) on the release of beta-endorphin, ACTH and cortisol in hyperprolactinemic-amenorrheic women. Author(s): Seki K, Mitsui C, Nagata I. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1995; 40(1): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7557642

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Effects of i.v. metoclopramide, atropine and their combination on gastric insufflation in children anaesthetized with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide. Author(s): Suga A, Tanaka M, Toyooka H. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2001 March; 11(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11240871

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Effects of intravenous nitroglycerin and nitroglycerin and metoclopramide on intravariceal pressure: a double blind, randomized study. Author(s): Sarin SK, Saraya A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 January; 90(1): 48-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7801949

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Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide on PRL secretion in normally cycling and amenorrheic alcoholic women. Author(s): Vescovi PP, Coiro V. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1997 April 14; 45(1-2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9179513

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Efficacy of metoclopramide in postoperative ileus after exploratory laparotomy. Author(s): Seta ML, Kale-Pradhan PB. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 October; 21(10): 1181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11601663

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Efficacy of ondansetron and metoclopramide for preventing postoperative emesis following strabismus surgery in children. Author(s): Shende D, Mandal NG. Source: Anaesthesia. 1997 May; 52(5): 496-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9165973

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Evaluation of prochlorperazine buccal tablets (Bukatel) and metoclopramide oral tablets in the treatment of acute emesis. Author(s): Singh S, Sharma DR, Chaudhary A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1999 August; 97(8): 346-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10643185

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Factors that influence the antiemetic activity of metoclopramide to cisplatin based chemotherapy. Author(s): Tsavaris N, Mylonakis N, Bacoyiannis C, Kosmas C, Kalergis G, Iakovidis V, Tzaninis D, Kosmidis P. Source: Oncol Rep. 1998 September-October; 5(5): 1147-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9683826

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Failure to thrive related to metoclopramide therapy. Author(s): Gorelik AR, Williams LS, Steward JT. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 May; 51(5): 721-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12752854

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Familial dyskinesia following single dose metoclopramide. Author(s): Tongia SK, Bhagwat AW. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 October; 38(10): 815-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2084100

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Familial metoclopramide-induced dystonic reactions. Author(s): Guala A, Mittino D, Fabbrocini P, Ghini T. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1992 October; 7(4): 385-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1484540

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Ferristene as intestinal MR contrast agent. Distribution and safety of a fast ingestion procedure with oral metoclopramide. Author(s): Van Beers BE, Grandin C, De Greef D, Lundby B, Pringot J. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1996 September; 37(5): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8915274

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Fetal effects of metoclopramide therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Author(s): Berkovitch M, Elbirt D, Addis A, Schuler-Faccini L, Ornoy A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 August 10; 343(6): 445-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10939907

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Fulminant metoclopramide induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome rapidly responsive to intravenous dantrolene. Author(s): Henderson A, Longdon P. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1991 October; 21(5): 742-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1759924

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Gastric residual volume in children: a study comparing efficiency of erythromycin and metoclopramide as prokinetic agents. Author(s): Zatman TF, Hall JE, Harmer M. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 June; 86(6): 869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11573597

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Gastrointestinal symptoms and delayed gastric emptying in Fabry's disease: response to metoclopramide. Author(s): Argoff CE, Barton NW, Brady RO, Ziessman HA. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1998 September; 19(9): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10581595

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Gastroparesis following traumatic brain injury and response to metoclopramide therapy. Author(s): Jackson MD, Davidoff G. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1989 July; 70(7): 553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2742474

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Granisetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Kobayashi N. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 April; 109(4): 664-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10201761

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Granisetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing gynecologic surgery. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Somekawa Y. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 January; 182(1 Pt 1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10649150

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Growth hormone and prolactin secretion after metoclopramide administration (DA2 receptor blockade) in fertile women. Author(s): Cunha-Filho JS, Gross JL, Vettori D, Dias EC, Passos EP. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2001 September; 33(9): 536-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561213

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Gynecomastia with metoclopramide use in pediatric patients. Author(s): Madani S, Tolia V. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997 March; 24(2): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9077721

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Haloperidol-induced dystonia and parkinsonism on discontinuing metoclopramide: implications for differential thalamocortical activity. Author(s): Lauterbach EC. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 December; 12(6): 442-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474182

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High efficacy of a single oral dose of ondansetron 8 mg versus a metoclopramide regimen in the prevention of acute emesis induced by fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (FAC) chemotherapy for breast cancer. Author(s): Bosnjak SM, Neskovic-Konstantinovic ZB, Radulovic SS, Susnjar S, Mitrovi LB. Source: J Chemother. 2000 October; 12(5): 446-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11128567

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High-dose metoclopramide + lorazepam versus low-dose metoclopramide + lorazepam + dehydrobenzperidol in the treatment of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. Author(s): Herrstedt J, Hannibal J, Hallas J, Andersen E, Laursen LC, Hansen M. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1991 March; 2(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2043493

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Home subcutaneous metoclopramide therapy for hyperemesis gravidarum. Author(s): Buttino L Jr, Coleman SK, Bergauer NK, Gambon C, Stanziano GJ. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2000 September; 20(6): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11002874

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Hyperresponsiveness of arginine vasopressin to metoclopramide in patients with pheochromocytoma. Author(s): Chiodera P, Volpi R, Coiro V. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 November 22; 159(21): 2601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10573053

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Hyperventilation alternating with apnea in neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with metoclopramide and cisapride. Author(s): Shintani S, Shiigai T, Tsuchiya K, Kikuchi M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1995 February; 128(2): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7738600

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IAP Committee for Protection of Child Consumer: statement on Metoclopramide usage in children. Author(s): IAP Committee for Protection of Child Consumer. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 October; 40(10): 965-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14581734

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Iatrogenic metoclopramide toxicity in an infant presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Author(s): Sahin B, Turkmen MA, Kavukcu S. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 April; 17(2): 150-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334098

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Impaired metoclopramide-induced pituitary prolactin release in men with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Parra A, Ramirez-Peredo J, Coutino B, Lagunes B, Marin A, Ponce de Leon S, Ruiz-Arguelles GJ. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1999 January; 133(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10385484

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In vitro dissolution and urinary excretion study of metoclopramide tablets. Author(s): Quiroga PA, Bustillo PM, Volonte MG. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1998 October; 19(7): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818715

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In vitro protection of plasma cholinesterases by metoclopramide from inhibition by paraoxon. Author(s): Petroianu G, Kuhn F, Thyes C, Ewald V, Missler A. Source: Journal of Applied Toxicology : Jat. 2003 January-February; 23(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12518340

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In vivo tumor measurement of DNA damage, DNA repair and NAD pools as indicators of radiosensitization by metoclopramide. Author(s): Olsson A, Sheng Y, Kjellen E, Pero RW. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1995 May; 16(5): 1029-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7767961

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Incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting are similar after metoclopramide 20 mg and ondansetron 8 mg given by the end of laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Author(s): Quaynor H, Raeder JC. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 January; 46(1): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903083

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Increased incidence of levodopa therapy following metoclopramide use. Author(s): Avorn J, Gurwitz JH, Bohn RL, Mogun H, Monane M, Walker A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 December 13; 274(22): 1780-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7500509

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Index of Suspicion. Case 1. Dystonic reaction to metoclopramide. Author(s): Stille CJ. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1997 February; 18(2): 63, 64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9029934

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Indirect parasympathomimetic activity of metoclopramide: reversible inhibition of cholinesterases from human central nervous system and blood. Author(s): Chemnitius JM, Haselmeyer KH, Gonska BD, Kreuzer H, Zech R. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1996 July-August; 34(1-2): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8981558

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Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate in combination with metoclopramide in patients with amenorrhea of hypothalamic origin. Author(s): Mendes MC, Ferriani RA, Sala MM, Moura MD, de Sa MF. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1999 June; 13(3): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451805

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Influence of metoclopramide on plasma cholinesterase and duration of action of mivacurium. Author(s): Skinner HJ, Girling KJ, Whitehurst A, Nathanson MH. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999 April; 82(4): 542-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472219

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Influence of metoclopramide on the pharmacokinetics of 8-methoxypsoralen. Author(s): Studer-Sachsenberg EM, Piletta PA, Fathi M, Saurat JH, Salomon D. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267751

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Influence of residual C-peptide secretion on the arginine vasopressin response to hypoglycaemia and metoclopramide in insulin-dependent diabetes. Author(s): Chiodera P, Volpi R, Capretti L, Speroni G, Caffarri G, Colla R, Caiazza A, Coiro V. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995 August; 25(8): 568-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7589012

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International, multicentre, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of ondansetron vs. metoclopramide in the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting. Author(s): Morris RW, Aune H, Feiss P, Hanson A, Hasselstrom L, Maltby JR, Rocke DA, Rozenberg B, Rust M, Cohen LA. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1998 January; 15(1): 69-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9522145

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Intra-arterial injection of metoclopramide, midazolam, propofol and pethidine. Author(s): Murphy EJ. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 June; 30(3): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075648

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Intramuscular prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide as single-agent therapy for the treatment of acute migraine headache. Author(s): Jones J, Pack S, Chun E. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996 May; 14(3): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8639197

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Intranasal metoclopramide. Author(s): Ormrod D, Goa KL. Source: Drugs. 1999 August; 58(2): 315-22; Discussion 323-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10473023

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Intraperitoneal metoclopramide causing a movement disorder. Author(s): Perez MG, Husserl F, Ross J. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 May; 17(5): 945. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981100

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Intravenous chlorpromazine vs intravenous metoclopramide in acute migraine headache. Author(s): Cameron JD, Lane PL, Speechley M. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1995 July; 2(7): 597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8521205

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Ketorolac versus DHE and metoclopramide in the treatment of migraine headaches. Author(s): Klapper JA, Stanton JS. Source: Headache. 1991 September; 31(8): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1960056

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Kinetics of intravenous metoclopramide in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Author(s): Albani F, Tame MR, De Palma R, Bernardi M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 40(4): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2050180

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Lack of effect of metoclopramide and domperidone on esophageal peristalsis and esophageal acid clearance in reflux esophagitis. A randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Grande L, Lacima G, Ros E, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Fuster J, Visa J, Pera C. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1992 April; 37(4): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1551349

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Lack of effect of metoclopramide on colonic motility after cholecystectomy. Author(s): Tollesson PO, Cassuto J, Faxen A, Rimback G, Mattsson E, Rosen S. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1991 May; 157(5): 355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1678650

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Lack of effect of NaCl and/or metoclopramide on exogenous (13C)-glucose oxidation during exercise. Author(s): Massicotte D, Peronnet F, Tremblay C, Bronsard E, Hillaire-Marcel C. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996 April; 17(3): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8739568

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Lack of evidence for pituitary thyrotroph down-regulation after 1 week of oral thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide under conditions of constant peripheral thyroid hormone levels. Author(s): Grebe SK, Delahunt JW, Feek CM, Purdie G, Porter DJ. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1995 March; 132(3): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7889183

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Late-onset major depression with delusions after metoclopramide treatment. Author(s): Friend KD, Young RC. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 1997 Winter; 5(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9169248

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Local anesthetic effect of tramadol, metoclopramide, and lidocaine following intradermal injection. Author(s): Pang WW, Mok MS, Chang DP, Huang MH. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1998 November-December; 23(6): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840854

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Long-term safety and clinical effectiveness of controlled-release metoclopramide in cancer-associated dyspepsia syndrome: a multicentre evaluation. Author(s): Wilson J, Plourde JY, Marshall D, Yoshida S, Chow W, Harsanyi Z, Pearen S, Darke A. Source: Journal of Palliative Care. 2002 Summer; 18(2): 84-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164105

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Low dose ondansetron and dexamethasone: a cost effective alternative to high dose metoclopramide/dexamethasone/lorazepam in the prevention of acute cisplatin induced emesis. Author(s): Sands R, Roberts JT, Marsh M, Gill A. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1992 January; 4(1): 67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1531293

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Low-dose dexamethasone reduces nausea and vomiting after epidural morphine: a comparison of metoclopramide with saline. Author(s): Tzeng JI, Hsing CH, Chu CC, Chen YH, Wang JJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 February; 14(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11880017

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Metoclopramide and acute porphyria. Author(s): Gorchein A. Source: Lancet. 1997 October 11; 350(9084): 1104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10213579

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Metoclopramide and unintended weight gain. Author(s): Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 September; 34(2): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898564

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Metoclopramide decreases emesis but increases sedation in tramadol patientcontrolled analgesia. Author(s): Pang WW, Wu HS, Lin CH, Chang DP, Huang MH. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 December; 49(10): 1029-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477672

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Metoclopramide enhances labetalol-induced antihypertensive effect during handgrip in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Blanco M, Gomez J, Negrin C, Blanco G, Rodriguez M, Torres M, Vasquez M, Alcala I, Vargas R, Velasco M. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1998 July; 5(4): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10099062

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Metoclopramide for migration of naso-enteral tube. Author(s): Silva CC, Saconato H, Atallah AN. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003353. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519594

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Metoclopramide for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a prospective multicenter international study. Author(s): Berkovitch M, Mazzota P, Greenberg R, Elbirt D, Addis A, Schuler-Faccini L, Merlob P, Arnon J, Stahl B, Magee L, Moretti M, Ornoy A. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2002 August; 19(6): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357422

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Metoclopramide for preventing pneumonia in critically ill patients receiving enteral tube feeding: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Yavagal DR, Karnad DR, Oak JL. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 May; 28(5): 1408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10834687

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Metoclopramide improves gastric motility. Author(s): Calcroft RM, Joynt G. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 November; 25(11): 1339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10654229

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Metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Author(s): Henzi I, Walder B, Tramer MR. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999 November; 83(5): 761-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690140

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Metoclopramide inhibits the cytotoxicity of cisplatin and enhances the cytotoxicity of epirubicin. Author(s): Motlagh PB, Henriksson R, Grankvist K. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1995 February; 76(2): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7746800

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Metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates emergency contraceptive-associated nausea. Author(s): Ragan RE, Rock RW, Buck HW. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 February; 188(2): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592235

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Metoclopramide protection of cholinesterase from paraoxon inhibition. Author(s): Petroianu GA, Hasan MY, Kosanovic M, Vijayasarathy C, Saleh AM. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2003 October; 45(5): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513894

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Metoclopramide versus ondansetron in prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Author(s): Wilson EB, Bass CS, Abrameit W, Roberson R, Smith RW. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2001 February; 181(2): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425054

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Metoclopramide-induced akathisia during the second trimester of a 37-year-old woman's first pregnancy. Author(s): Poortinga E, Rosenthal D, Bagri S. Source: Psychosomatics. 2001 March-April; 42(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11239130

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Metoclopramide-induced methemoglobinemia in a patient with co-existing deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase: failure of methylene blue treatment. Author(s): Karadsheh NS, Shaker Q, Ratroat B. Source: Haematologica. 2001 June; 86(6): 659-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11418378

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Metoclopramide-induced methemoglobinemia in an adult. Author(s): Mary AM, Bhupalam L. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 2000 June; 98(6): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870338

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Metoclopramide-induced raised intracranial pressure after head injury. Author(s): Deehan S, Dobb GJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2002 April; 14(2): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907399

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Metoclopramide-induced supersensitivity psychosis. Author(s): Lu ML, Pan JJ, Teng HW, Su KP, Shen WW. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 September; 36(9): 1387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196057

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Metoclopramide-related pisa syndrome in clozapine treatment. Author(s): Kropp S, Hauser U, Emrich HM, Grohmann R. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 Summer; 13(3): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11514658

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Metoclopramide-stimulated gastric emptying scintigraphy: does it predict symptom response to prokinetic therapy in chronic gastroparesis? Author(s): Lyday WD 2nd, DiBaise JK. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 September; 97(9): 2474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358283

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Nausea and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopy: comparison of premedication with oral ondansetron, metoclopramide and placebo. Author(s): Malins AF, Field JM, Nesling PM, Cooper GM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1994 February; 72(2): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110581

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Nausea and vomiting after termination of pregnancy as day surgery cases: comparison of 3 different doses of droperidol and metoclopramide as anti-emetic prophylaxis. Author(s): Lim KS, Lim BL, Tee CS, Vengadasalam D. Source: Singapore Med J. 1991 October; 32(5): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1788581

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Nausea and vomiting in fractionated radiotherapy: a prospective on-demand trial of tropisetron rescue for non-responders to metoclopramide. Author(s): Miralbell R, Coucke P, Behrouz F, Blazek N, Melliger M, Philipp S, Wickenhauser R, Gebhard S, Schwabb T, Rosset A, et al. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1995; 31A(9): 1461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7577072

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with metoclopramide antiemetic therapy. Author(s): Bakri YN, Khan R, Subhi J, Kawi Z. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1992 February; 44(2): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1544597

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with metoclopramide. Author(s): Nonino F, Campomori A. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 May; 33(5): 644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10369632

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a child treated with metoclopramide for chemotherapy-related nausea. Author(s): Brower RD, Dreyer CF, Kent TA. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1989 July; 4(3): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2768791

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by metoclopramide. Author(s): Donnet A, Harle JR, Dumont JC, Alif Cherif A. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1991; 45(10): 461-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1820178

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Neuromuscular block by suxamethonium following treatment with histamine type 2 antagonists or metoclopramide. Author(s): Turner DR, Kao YJ, Bivona C. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1989 September; 63(3): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2572248

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Neutral metoclopramide induces tumor cytotoxicity and sensitizes ionizing radiation of a human lung adenocarcinoma and virus induced sarcoma in mice. Author(s): Olsson AR, Hua J, Sheng Y, Pero RW. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1997; 36(3): 323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208905

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Neutral metoclopramide sensitizes cytotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation in SCID mice xenografted with a human brain astrocytoma. Author(s): Hua J, Olsson AR, Pero RW. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 December 10; 73(6): 871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9399668

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New methods to detect the effect of alteration in gastric pH and intestinal transit by metoclopramide and propantheline using a continuous gastric pH probe and hydrogen breath analysis. Author(s): Hughes GS Jr, VanderLugt JT, Bays M, Bohan DF, Francom SF. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1990 March; 12(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2319840

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No difference between micro- and macroprolactinomas in the prolactin responsiveness to metoclopramide and dopamine administration. Author(s): Maraschini C, Moro M, Toja P, Braga M, Cavagnini F. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1996 February; 10(1): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8737186

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Normal tissue reactions in mice after combined treatment with metoclopramide and ionizing radiation. Author(s): Lybak S, Kjellen E, Nilsson P, Tomaszewicz A, Wennerberg J, Pero RW. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1992; 31(4): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1632984

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Omeprazole or ranitidine plus metoclopramide for patients with severe erosive oesophagitis. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Author(s): Bloom BS, Hillman AL, LaMont B, Liss C, Schwartz JS, Stever GJ. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1995 October; 8(4): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10155675

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Omeprazole versus ranitidine or ranitidine/metoclopramide in poorly responsive symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Richter JE, Sabesin SM, Kogut DG, Kerr RM, Wruble LD, Collen MJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 September; 91(9): 1766-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792695

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Ondansetron against metoclopramide/dexamethasone--a comparative study. Author(s): Lim AK, Haron MR, Yap TM. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1994 September; 49(3): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7845271

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Ondansetron and metoclopramide fail to prevent vomiting secondary to ultra-highdose cisplatin-carboplatin chemotherapy. Author(s): Goldspiel BR, Kohler DR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 September; 84(3): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8058256

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Ondansetron and metoclopramide fail to prevent vomiting secondary to ultra-highdose cisplatin-carboplatin chemotherapy. Author(s): Fanning J, Hilgers RD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 April; 83(4): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8134073

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Ondansetron compared with metoclopramide in the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting. The French Ondansetron Study Group. Author(s): Diemunsch P, Conseiller C, Clyti N, Mamet JP. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1997 September; 79(3): 322-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389849

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Ondansetron compared with metoclopramide in the treatment of PONV. Author(s): Harper CM, Barker JP. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 March; 80(3): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9623448

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Ondansetron compared with ondansetron plus metoclopramide in the prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis. Author(s): Lee CW, Suh CW, Lee JS, Lee KH, Cho GY, Kim SW, Kim SH. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1994 October; 9(5): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7702784

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Ondansetron is more effective than metoclopramide for the treatment of opioidinduced emesis in post-surgical adult patients. Ondansetron OIE Post-Surgical Study Group. Author(s): Chung F, Lane R, Spraggs C, McQuade B, Jacka M, Luttropp HH, Alahuta S, Rocherieux S, Roy M, Duvaldestin P, Curtis P. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1999 October; 16(10): 669-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583349

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Ondansetron is not superior to moderate dose metoclopramide in the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting after minor gynaecological surgery. Author(s): Monagle J, Barnes R, Goodchild C, Hewitt M. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1997 November; 14(6): 604-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466096

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Ondansetron or metoclopramide in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Author(s): Rose JB, Martin TM. Source: Anesthesiology. 1995 May; 82(5): 1305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7741314

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Ondansetron rather than metoclopramide for bupropion-induced nausea. Author(s): Lara DR, Busnello ED, Souza DO. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 May; 46(4): 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11387797

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Ondansetron versus dehydrobenzoperidol and metoclopramide for management of postoperative nausea in laparoscopic surgery patients. Author(s): Dabbous A, Khoury SJ, Chehab IR, Bartelmaos T, Khoury G. Source: Jsls. 2001 April-June; 5(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394426

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Ondansetron versus metoclopramide and droperidol: an unfair comparison. Author(s): Hindle A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993 September; 77(3): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8257526

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Ondansetron versus metoclopramide as antiemetic treatment during cisplatin-based chemotherapy. A prospective study with special regard to regard to electrolyte imbalance. Author(s): Tsavaris N, Charalambidis G, Ganas N, Pagou M, Karabellis A, Mylonakis N, Benou N, Tsikalakis D, Kosmidis P. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1995; 34(2): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7718263

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Ondansetron versus metoclopramide in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Author(s): Polati E, Verlato G, Finco G, Mosaner W, Grosso S, Gottin L, Pinaroli AM, Ischia S. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 August; 85(2): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249120

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Optimum anti-emetic therapy for cisplatin induced emesis over repeat courses: ondansetron plus dexamethasone compared with metoclopramide, dexamethasone plus lorazepam. Author(s): Cunningham D, Dicato M, Verweij J, Crombez R, de Mulder P, du Bois A, Stewart A, Smyth J, Selby P, van Straelen D, Parideans R, McQuade B, McRae J. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1996 March; 7(3): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740792

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Oral granisetron alone and in combination with dexamethasone: a double-blind randomized comparison against high-dose metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis. The Granisetron Study Group. Author(s): Heron JF, Goedhals L, Jordaan JP, Cunningham J, Cedar E. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1994 September; 5(7): 579-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7993831

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Oral granisetron with or without methylprednisolone versus metoclopramide plus methylprednisolone in the management of delayed nausea and vomiting induced by cisplatin-based chemotherapy. A prospective randomized trial. Author(s): Gebbia V, Testa A, Valenza R, Cannata G, Tirrito ML, Gebbia N. Source: Cancer. 1995 November 15; 76(10): 1821-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8625054

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Oral ondansetron, tropisetron or metoclopramide to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a comparison in high-risk patients undergoing thyroid or parathyroid surgery. Author(s): Jokela R, Koivuranta M, Kangas-Saarela T, Purhonen S, Alahuhta S. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 May; 46(5): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027845

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Pain on injection of propofol: the mitigating influence of metoclopramide using different techniques. Author(s): Liaw WJ, Pang WW, Chang DP, Hwang MH. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 January; 43(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9926183

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Pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide in neonates. Author(s): Kearns GL, van den Anker JN, Reed MD, Blumer JL. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 February; 38(2): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9549642

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Placebo-controlled comparison of dolasetron and metoclopramide in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing hysterectomy. Author(s): Piper SN, Triem JG, Maleck WH, Fent MT, Huttner I, Boldt J. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2001 April; 18(4): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11350463

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Possible metoclopramide-induced increase in serum aldosterone in a premature infant. Author(s): Fanning S, Ishisaka DY, Merritt TA. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1995 February 1; 52(3): 316, 319. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7749961

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Post-laparoscopic vomiting in females versus males: comparison of prophylactic antiemetic action of ondansetron versus metoclopramide. Author(s): Dabbous A, Itani M, Kawas N, Karam V, Aouad M, Baraka A, Khoury SJ, Khoury G. Source: Jsls. 1998 July-September; 2(3): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876753

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Pre-emptive metoclopramide and ondansetron for nausea and vomiting associated with iloprost infusions. Author(s): Roome C, Thompson J. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 2001 June; 23(3): 122. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11468879

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Preoperative diagnosis and localization of aldosterone-producing adenoma by adrenal venous sampling after administration of metoclopramide. Author(s): Wu KD, Liao TS, Chen YM, Lai MK, Chen SJ, Su CT, Chu TS, Chang CC, Hsieh BS. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 September; 100(9): 598-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11695274

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Prevention of nausea and vomiting with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide during and after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 September; 42(8): 921-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9773135

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Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A prospective randomized study of metoclopramide and transdermal hyoscine. Author(s): Thune A, Appelgren L, Haglind E. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1995 April; 161(4): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7612769

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Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery. Combined antiemetic treatment with tropisetron and metoclopramide vs. metoclopramide alone. Author(s): Papadimitriou L, Livanios S, Katsaros G, Hassiakos D, Koussi T, Demesticha T. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2001 September; 18(9): 615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553257

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Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients during menstruation: comparison of droperidol, metoclopramide and granisetron. Author(s): Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 February; 80(2): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9602596

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Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting with antiemetics in patients undergoing middle ear surgery: comparison of a small dose of propofol with droperidol or metoclopramide. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Kobayashi N. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 January; 127(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177010

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Prokinetic drugs: metoclopramide and cisapride. Author(s): Dowling PM. Source: Can Vet J. 1995 February; 36(2): 115-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7728729

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Prophylactic anti-emetic therapy with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide in female patients undergoing middle ear surgery. Author(s): Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 December; 53(12): 1165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10193218

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Prophylactic antiemetics for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a comparison of perphenazine, droperidol plus ondansetron, and droperidol plus metoclopramide. Author(s): Steinbrook RA, Gosnell JL, Freiberger D. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1998 September; 10(6): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9793814

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Prophylactic metoclopramide administered immediately after the induction of anesthesia has no effect on the incidence of postoperative emesis after strabismus surgery. Author(s): Shende D, Haldar M. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 March; 35(3): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9707877

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Prophylactic metoclopramide is unnecessary with intravenous analgesia in the ED. Author(s): Talbot-Stern J, Paoloni R. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 October; 18(6): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11043615

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Prophylactic therapy with granisetron in the prevention of vomiting after paediatric surgery. A randomized, double-blind comparison with droperidol and metoclopramide. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1998; 8(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9549743

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Prospective randomized comparison of tropisetron with and without dexamethasone against high-dose metoclopramide in prophylaxis of acute and delayed cisplatininduced nausea and vomiting. Author(s): Malik I, Moid I, Khan Z, Hussain M. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1999 April; 22(2): 126-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10199444

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Pyridostigmine and metoclopramide do not restore the TSH response to TRH inhibited by L-thyroxine treatment in children with goiter. Author(s): Radetti G, Bernasconi S, Bozzola M, Volta C, Tonini G, Gentili L, Rigon F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 December; 23(11): 744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11194708

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Randomised comparison of ondansetron and metoclopramide plus dexamethasone for chemotherapy induced emesis. Author(s): Dick GS, Meller ST, Pinkerton CR. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995 September; 73(3): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492164

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Randomised, prospective, controlled trial comparing tropisetron with metoclopramide and placebo in controlling postoperative nausea and vomiting. Author(s): Muhammad SR, Abbas SZ, Abbas SQ. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2000 November; 50(11): 386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11126816

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Randomized clinical trial of granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide for the treatment of nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Kawasaki T. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 March; 87(3): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10718795

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Randomized, double-blind comparison of a prochlorperazine-based versus a metoclopramide-based antiemetic regimen in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Gilbert CJ, Ohly KV, Rosner G, Peters WP. Source: Cancer. 1995 December 1; 76(11): 2330-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8635039

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Randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for emergency department treatment of migraine headache. Author(s): Coppola M, Yealy DM, Leibold RA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 November; 26(5): 541-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7486359

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Rapid intravenous administration of ondansetron or metoclopramide is not associated with cardiovascular compromise in children. Author(s): Rose JB, McCloskey JJ. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1995; 5(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7489421

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Re: Metoclopramide for chronic nausea. Author(s): Twycross R. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1997 May; 13(5): 252-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9185429

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Re: Metoclopramide for chronic nausea. Author(s): Regnard CF, O'Reilly M. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1997 April; 13(4): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9136227

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Reduced response to metoclopramide and anomalous rising response to upright posture of plasma aldosterone concentration in Japanese patients with aldosteroneproducing adenoma. Author(s): Mune T, Morita H, Yasuda K, Yamakita N, Miura K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 October; 77(4): 1020-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8408449

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Reduction in the arginine vasopressin responses to metoclopramide and insulininduced hypoglycemia in normal weight bulimic women. Author(s): Chiodera P, Volpi R, Marchesi C, Caffarra P, De Ferri A, Capretti L, Speroni G, d'Amato L, Coiro V. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1993 May; 57(5): 907-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8413828

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Reduction of pain and nausea after laparoscopic sterilization with bupivacaine, metoclopramide, scopolamine, ketorolac, and gastric suctioning. Author(s): Bradford TH, Robertson K, Norman PF, Meeks GR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 May; 85(5 Pt 1): 687-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7724096

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Regulation of plasma aldosterone levels by metoclopramide: a reappraisal of its mechanism from dopaminergic antagonism to serotonergic agonism. Author(s): Rizzi CA, Mierau J, Ladinsky H. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1997 June; 36(6): 763-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9225303

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Repeated doses of combined oral lysine acetylsalicylate and metoclopramide in the acute treatment of migraine. Author(s): Hugues FC, Lacoste JP, Danchot J, Joire JE. Source: Headache. 1997 July-August; 37(7): 452-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9277030

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Respiratory failure following oral administration of metoclopramide. Author(s): MacLaren R, Shields CA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1998 October; 32(10): 1017-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9793592

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Response of Diamond-Blackfan anemia to metoclopramide: evidence for a role for prolactin in erythropoiesis. Author(s): Abkowitz JL, Schaison G, Boulad F, Brown DL, Buchanan GR, Johnson CA, Murray JC, Sabo KM. Source: Blood. 2002 October 15; 100(8): 2687-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12351372

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Restoration of normal sperm characteristics in hypoprolactinemic infertile men treated with metoclopramide and exogenous human prolactin. Author(s): Ufearo CS, Orisakwe OE. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 September; 58(3): 354-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554710

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Reversal of negative pressure ventilation-induced lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction with metoclopramide. Author(s): Marino WD, Pitchumoni CS. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992 February; 87(2): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1734696

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Reversal of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension in migraine by metoclopramide. Author(s): Schwarzberg MN. Source: Headache. 1994 November-December; 34(10): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7843960

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Reversible nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura associated with metoclopramide. Author(s): Goad JA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 January; 33(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9972383

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RP-HPLC method with electrochemical detection for the determination of metoclopramide in serum and its use in pharmacokinetic studies. Author(s): Lamparczyk H, Chmielewska A, Konieczna L, Plenis A, Zarzycki PK. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2001 December; 15(8): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748686

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Safety and ocular hypotensive efficacy of a single dose of metoclopramide or droperidol in healthy subjects. Author(s): Liao SL, Hung PT, Chen YC, Lan WL. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999 April; 15(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10229489

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Sequential single doses of cisapride, erythromycin, and metoclopramide in critically ill patients intolerant to enteral nutrition: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Author(s): MacLaren R, Kuhl DA, Gervasio JM, Brown RO, Dickerson RN, Livingston TN, Swift K, Headley S, Kudsk KA, Lima JJ. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 February; 28(2): 438-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10708180

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Serotonin syndrome caused by selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitorsmetoclopramide interaction. Author(s): Fisher AA, Davis MW. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 January; 36(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816261

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Serum prolactin response to metoclopramide during status epilepticus. Author(s): Lindbom U, Tomson T, Nilsson BY, Andersson DE. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1992 August; 55(8): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1527538

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Severe generalized dystonia induced by metoclopramide in a girl with methylmalonic acidemia. Author(s): Caksen H, Atas B, Tuncer O, Odabas D. Source: Brain & Development. 2003 March; 25(2): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581813

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Single-agent oral granisetron for the prevention of acute cisplatin-induced emesis: a double-blind, randomized comparison with granisetron plus dexamethasone and high-dose metoclopramide plus dexamethasone. Author(s): Heron JF. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1995 August; 22(4 Suppl 10): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7570051

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Sinus arrest after administration of intravenous metoclopramide. Author(s): Malkoff MD, Ponzillo JJ, Myles GL, Gomez CR, Cruz-Flores S. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 April; 29(4): 381-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7633016

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Sleeping with and without norepinephrine: effects of metoclopramide and D,L-threo3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine on sleep in dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Author(s): Tulen JH, Man in 't Veld AJ, Dzoljic MR, Mechelse K, Moleman P. Source: Sleep. 1991 February; 14(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1811317

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Small doses of propofol, droperidol, and metoclopramide for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Kobayashi N. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 March; 124(3): 266-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11240988

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Strategies to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting: does metoclopramide have a role? Author(s): Beattie WS. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 December; 49(10): 1009-15. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477669

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Study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two preparations of metoclopramide. Author(s): Harrison FJ, Heirler F, Scherer J, Wulsch A, Galiano A, Hornauer M, Kelly J. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1994 April; 44(4): 519-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8011007

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Subcutaneous metoclopramide in the treatment of symptomatic gastroparesis: clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Author(s): McCallum RW, Valenzuela G, Polepalle S, Spyker D. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1991 July 1; 258(1): 136-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2072291

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Suicide attempt due to metoclopramide-induced akathisia. Author(s): Chow LY, Chung D, Leung V, Leung TF, Leung CM. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1997 July-August; 51(5): 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9489098

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Sulpiride versus metoclopramide in nononcologic patients with vomiting or nausea. Author(s): Cohen N, Alon I, Almoznino-Sarfian D, Gorelik O, Chachasvili S, Litvinjuk V, Modai D, Weissgarten J. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999 July; 29(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10405234

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Sumatriptan plus metoclopramide in triptan-nonresponsive migraineurs. Author(s): Schulman EA, Dermott KF. Source: Headache. 2003 July-August; 43(7): 729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890127

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Supraglottic dystonic reaction to metoclopramide in a child. Author(s): Tait PA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 June 4; 174(11): 607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453338

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Sustained release metoclopramide for prophylaxis of post-operative nausea and vomiting. Author(s): Elliott RH, Graham SG, Curran JP. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1994 November; 11(6): 465-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7851353

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Sustained release microspheres of metoclopramide using poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide) copolymers. Author(s): Elkheshen SA, Radwan MA. Source: Journal of Microencapsulation. 2000 July-August; 17(4): 425-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898083

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Sustained-release metoclopramide plus methylprednisolone versus placebo plus methylprednisolone as antiemetic prophylaxis during non-cisplatin chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind cross-over trial. Author(s): Hansen O, Pfeiffer P, Madsen B, Andersen I, Hansen B, Mathiesen B. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1996; 35(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8619941

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Synthesis of a metabolite of metoclopramide and its detection in human urine. Author(s): Maurich V, De Amici M, De Micheli C. Source: Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989). 1994 December; 49(12): 805-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7893337

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Tardive dyskinesia associated with metoclopramide in persons with developmental disabilities. Author(s): Matson JL, Mayville EA, Bielecki J, Smalls Y, Eckholdt CS. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2002 May-June; 23(3): 224-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102590

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Tardive tremor due to metoclopramide. Author(s): Tarsy D, Indorf G. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 May; 17(3): 620-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12112224

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Tetanus-like syndrome secondary to metoclopramide administration. Author(s): Mazza A, Ruffatti S, Pessina AC, Casiglia E. Source: Ann Ital Med Int. 2000 October-December; 15(4): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11202633

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The cardiovascular effects of metoclopramide in multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure. Author(s): Magnifico F, Pierangeli G, Barletta G, Candela C, Bonavina G, Contin M, Cortelli P. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 2001 June; 11(3): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11605821

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The characteristics of the inhibition of serum cholinesterase by metoclopramide. Author(s): Graham SG, Crossley AW. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 48(3-4): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7589045

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The combination of metoclopramide, methylprednisolone and ondansetron against antiblastic-delayed emesis: a randomised phase II study. Author(s): Mustacchi G, Ceccherini R, Leita ML, Sandri P, Milani S, Carbonara T. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 March-April; 17(2B): 1345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9137496

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The effect of intravenous metoclopramide on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Blanco M, Jelambi I, Perez G, Gomez J, Franco T, Hurtado N, Velasco M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 September; 34(9): 390-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8880288

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The effect of metoclopramide on antral emptying of a semisolid meal in patients with functional dyspepsia. A randomized placebo controlled sonographic study. Author(s): Dumitrascu DL, Ungureanu O, Verzea D, Pascu O. Source: Rom J Intern Med. 1998 January-June; 36(1-2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660974

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The effect of metoclopramide on QT dynamicity: double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Ellidokuz E, Kaya D. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 July 1; 18(1): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848637

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The effectiveness of combined oral lysine acetylsalicylate and metoclopramide (Migpriv) in the treatment of migraine attacks. Comparison with placebo and oral sumatriptan. Author(s): Tfelt-Hansen P. Source: Funct Neurol. 2000; 15 Suppl 3: 196-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200792

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The effects of oral droperidol versus oral metoclopramide versus both oral droperidol and metoclopramide on postoperative vomiting when used as a premedicant for strabismus surgery. Author(s): Kymer PJ, Brown RE Jr, Lawhorn CD, Jones E, Pearce L. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1995 February; 7(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7772356

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The gastroprokinetic and antiemetic drug metoclopramide is a substrate and inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2D6. Author(s): Desta Z, Wu GM, Morocho AM, Flockhart DA. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 March; 30(3): 336-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11854155

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The morphine-sparing effect of metoclopramide on postoperative laparoscopic tubal ligation patients. Author(s): Gibbs RD, Movinsky BA, Pellegrini J, Vacchiano CA. Source: Aana Journal. 2002 February; 70(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11887541

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The novel anti-migraine compound zolmitriptan (Zomig 311C90) has no clinically significant interactions with paracetamol or metoclopramide. Author(s): Seaber EJ, Ridout G, Layton G, Posner J, Peck RW. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997; 53(3-4): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9476036

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The triangular test to assess the efficacy of metoclopramide in gastroesophageal reflux. Author(s): Bellissant E, Duhamel JF, Guillot M, Pariente-Khayat A, Olive G, Pons G. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997 March; 61(3): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9084462

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The use of metoclopramide for the small bowel meal examination: pre-procedural versus peri-procedural oral administration. Author(s): Paul N, Rawlinson J, Keir M. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1996 December; 69(828): 1130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9135468

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To determine the effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying in severe head injuries: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Marino LV, Kiratu EM, French S, Nathoo N. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 17(1): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12779198

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Torsade de pointes induced by metoclopramide in an elderly woman with preexisting complete left bundle branch block. Author(s): Chou CC, Wu D. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2001 December; 24(12): 805-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858397

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Treatment of cisplatin-related nausea and vomiting with a combination of ondansetron and metoclopramide: a pilot study. Author(s): Gebbia V, Testa A, Cannata G, Gebbia N. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1996 September; 7(7): 734-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8949983

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Treatment of vomiting after paediatric strabismus surgery with granisetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Ito M. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 2002 September-October; 216(5): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12424404

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Update on metoclopramide (Reglan). Author(s): Corbett JV, Yaros PS. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1994 September-October; 19(5): 296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7990678

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Urinary retention--an unusual dystonic reaction to continuous metoclopramide infusion. Author(s): Kohli-Kumar M, Pearson AD, Sharkey I, Craft AW. Source: Dicp. 1991 May; 25(5): 469-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2068829

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Use of metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride in the management of diabetic gastroparesis. Author(s): Brown CK, Khanderia U. Source: Clin Pharm. 1990 May; 9(5): 357-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2190745

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Withdrawal effects of metoclopramide. Author(s): Noll AM, Pinsky D. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1991 June; 154(6): 726-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1877215

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Zinc supplementation does not inhibit basal and metoclopramide-stimulated prolactinemia secretion in healthy men. Author(s): Castro AV, Mendonca BB, Bloise W, Shuhama T, Brandao-Neto J. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2002; 16(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195728

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Zolmitriptan versus a combination of acetylsalicylic acid and metoclopramide in the acute oral treatment of migraine: a double-blind, randomised, three-attack study. Author(s): Geraud G, Compagnon A, Rossi A; COZAM Study Group. Source: European Neurology. 2002; 47(2): 88-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11844897

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND METOCLOPRAMIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and metoclopramide.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Metoclopramide The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “metoclopramide” (or a synonym): •

A controlled clinical trial of the addition of transdermal scopolamine to a standard metoclopramide and dexamethasone antiemetic regimen. Author(s): Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11030. Source: Meyer, B R O'Mara, V Reidenberg, M M J-Clin-Oncol. 1987 December; 5(12): 1994-7 0732-183X

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A double-blind, multicentre comparison of intravenous dolasetron mesilate and metoclopramide in the prevention of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients receiving high-dose cisplatin chemotherapy. Author(s): Service d'Oncologie Medicale, Centre H. Becquerel, Rouen, France. Source: Chevallier, B Cappelaere, P Splinter, T Fabbro, M Wendling, J L Cals, L Catimel, G Giovannini, M Khayat, D Bastit, P Claverie, N Support-Care-Cancer. 1997 January; 5(1): 22-30 0941-4355

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Abortive migraine therapy with oral naproxen sodium plus metoclopramide plus ergotamine tartrate with caffeine. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City. Source: Saadah, H A Headache. 1992 February; 32(2): 95-7 0017-8748

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An open, randomized study to compare the efficacy and tolerability of tropisetron with that of a metoclopramide-containing antiemetic cocktail in the prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis. Author(s): Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Orebro Medical Center Hospital, Sweden. Source: Sorbe, B Hallen, C Frankendal, B Cancer-Chemother-Pharmacol. 1994; 33(4): 298302 0344-5704

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Antiemetic efficacy of ondansetron and metoclopramide, both combined with corticosteroid, in malignant lymphoma patients receiving non-cisplatin chemotherapy. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen County Hospital Herlev, Denmark. Source: Jorgensen, M Victor, M A Acta-Oncol. 1996; 35(2): 159-63 0284-186X

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Application of metoclopramide specificity in migraine attacks therapy. Source: Schwarzberg, M N Headache. 1994 Jul-August; 34(7): 439-41 0017-8748

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Blood flow modification by nicotinamide and metoclopramide in mouse tumours growing in different sites. Author(s): CRC Gray Laboratory, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middx. UK. Source: Hirst, D G Joiner, B Hirst, V K Br-J-Cancer. 1993 January; 67(1): 1-6 0007-0920

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Chitosan and chondroitin microspheres for oral-administration controlled release of metoclopramide. Author(s): Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnologia Farmaceutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Source: Ganza Gonzalez, A Anguiano Igea, S Otero Espinar, F J Blanco Mendez, J Eur-JPharm-Biopharm. 1999 September; 48(2): 149-55 0939-6411

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Effect of metoclopramide and ranitidine on acetylcholine release from isolated rat stomach. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Suita/Osaka, Japan. Source: Yoshida, N Karasawa, T Kadokawa, T Arch-Int-Pharmacodyn-Ther. 1988 SepOctober; 295245-56 0003-9780

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Effects of metoclopramide on spontaneous and pharmacologically-induced yawning in the rat. Source: Urba Holmgren, R Holmgren, B Bol-Estud-Med-Biol. 1987 Jul-December; 35(34): 203-6 0067-9666

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Evidence that cholinergic receptors of muscarinic type may modulate vasopressin release induced by metoclopramide. Author(s): Department of Neurology, 2nd Medical School, University of Naples, Italy. Source: Steardo, L Iovino, M Monteleone, P Bevilacqua, M Norbiato, G J-NeuralTransm-Gen-Sect. 1990; 82(3): 213-7 0300-9564

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GI drugs: histamine antagonists, sucralfate and metoclopramide. Author(s): University of North Carolina, School of Nursing, Greensboro 27412-5001. Source: Karb, V B J-Neurosci-Nurs. 1988 June; 20(3): 201-2 0888-0395

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Involvement of central cholinergic neurotransmission in metoclopramide analgesia. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence. Source: Ghelardini, C Fantetti, L Malcangio, M Malmberg Aiello, P Giotti, A Bartolini, A Pharmacol-Res. 1992 Feb-March; 25 Suppl 125-6 1043-6618

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Metoclopramide (Primperan) in the treatment of ureterolithiasis. A prospective double-blind study of metoclopramide compared with morphatropin on ureteral colic. Author(s): Parenchyma Surgery Ward K. Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Muller, T F Naesh, O Svare, E Jensen, A Glyngdal, P Urol-Int. 1990; 45(2): 112-3 0042-1138

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Metoclopramide and ureteric colic. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University of Lund, Sweden. Source: Hedenbro, J L Olsson, A M Acta-Chir-Scand. 1988 Jul-August; 154(7-8): 439-40 0001-5482

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Metoclopramide on rat phrenic hemidiaphragm. Author(s): Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta. Source: Vedasiromoni, J R Maitra, K K Chakravarty, B K Dasgupta, A K Ganguly, D K Arch-Int-Pharmacodyn-Ther. 1990 May-June; 305123-31 0003-9780

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Neurally mediated effects of metoclopramide on pigeon oesophageal muscle. Author(s): Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Universita di Palermo, Italy. Source: La Rocca, G Fileccia, R Mule, F Urso, S A Ital-J-Gastroenterol. 1992 May; 24(4): 198-202 0392-0623

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Oral metoclopramide, glycopyrrolate and magnesium trisilicate on gastric volume and pH in paediatric patients. Source: Bhanja, D C Paul, A K J-Indian-Med-Assoc. 1988 July; 86(7): 175-6 0019-5847

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Physostigmine and metoclopramide in oesophageal peristaltic spread in man. Author(s): Institute of Human Physiology, University of Sassari, Italy.

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Source: Tolu, E Mameli, O Soro, P Muretti, P Melis, F Caria, M A Bresadola, F Pharmacol-Res-Commun. 1988 October; 20(10): 869-82 0031-6989 •

Scintigraphic determination of the effect of metoclopramide and morphine on small intestinal transit time. Author(s): Section of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of Saint Raphael, New Haven, Connecticut 06511. Source: Prokop, E K Caride, V J Winchenbach, K Troncale, F J McCallum, R W Am-JPhysiol-Imaging. 1988; 3(4): 201-4 0885-8276

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The effect of neostigmine on metoclopramide-induced aldosterone secretion after the administration of muscarinic antagonists in man. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Source: Sommers, D K Meyer, E C van Wyk, M Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1990; 38(4): 401-3 0031-6970

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The effects of metoclopramide and cloxacepride on human mast cells from adenoidal tissues. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, FRG. Source: Schmutzler, W Greven, T Braam, U Agents-Actions. 1989 April; 27(1-2): 110-2 0065-4299

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON METOCLOPRAMIDE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to metoclopramide. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “metoclopramide” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on metoclopramide, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Metoclopramide ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to metoclopramide. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Interaction of Griseofulvin with Metoclopramide, Propantheline and Phenobarbital in the Rat by Jamali, Fakhredin; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK32487

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Metoclopramide Kinetics in Sheep Maternal-Fetal Disposition, Fetal Pharmacodynamics and a Comparison between Pregnant and Nonpregnant Ewes by Riggs, Kenneth Wayne; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL50588

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The Pharmacokinetics of Metoclopramide in Normal Rats and in Rats with Experimental Renal and Hepatic Dysfunction by Tam, Yun-Kau; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK55143

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON METOCLOPRAMIDE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “metoclopramide” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on metoclopramide, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Metoclopramide By performing a patent search focusing on metoclopramide, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on metoclopramide: •

5HT 1 receptor agonists and metoclopramide for the treatment of migraine Inventor(s): Sands; George H. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 6,255,334 Date filed: September 1, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating migraine in a mammal, including a human, by administering to the mammal a 5HT.sub.1 receptor agonist, and particularly eletriptan, in combination with metoclopramide. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a 5HT.sub.1 receptor agonist and metoclopramide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating migraine in a mammal, including a human, by administering to the mammal a 5HT.sub.1 receptor agonist in combination with metoclopramide. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a 5HT.sub.1 receptor agonist and metoclopromide. Examples of agonists of 5HT.sub.1 receptors are agonists of one or more of the 5HT.sub.1A, 5HT.sub.1B, 5HT.sub.1C, 5HT.sub.1D, 5HT.sub.1E, and 5HT.sub.1F receptors. The combined use of metoclopramide and 5HT.sub.1 agonists (e.g. eletriptan, rizatriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan, but excluding zolmitriptan) for the acute treatment of migraine offers enhanced efficacy and less nausea than currenty used therapies. In 1975, Volans showed that metoclopramide helped alleviate the gastric stasis that accompanies migraine attacks. (See Volans, G. N., British Journal of Pharmacology, 1975 February; 2(1): 67-73; and Volans, G. N., Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 1978 July; 3(4): 313-318.) He studied this effect and showed the blood levels of aspirin and acetaminophen (paracetamol), taken orally, were decreased in patients experiencing a migraine attack, and that these levels returned to normal in between migraine attacks. The use of metoclopramide with aspirin or acetaminophen increased the blood levels of these medications, making them more efficatious for the treatment of migraine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06255334__

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Anti-emetic composition Inventor(s): Naeger; David M. (8 Gladiola Center, Newtown, PA 18940-4224) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,661,142 Date filed: April 17, 1996 Abstract: The invention relates to an anti-emetic composition that comprises dexamethasone (DEX), metoclopramide (MTC) and an antihistamine or an anticholinergic agent. In a particular embodiment, a composition containing DEX:MTC:diphenhydramine in a relative weight ratio of about 1:1:2.5, respectively, is found to be effective in providing relief from the discomfort caused by symptoms of both vomiting and nausea in all patients receiving the composition. Alternatively, an effective composition may contain DEX:MTC:scopolamine in a relative weight ratio of

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about 1:1:0.025, respectively. Other effective compositions and methods of their use are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to both a therapeutic composition comprising a combination of antiemetic drugs and to a method for treating emesis, including nausea. Nausea and vomiting can follow the administration of many drugs, particularly anticancer or chemotherapeutic agents. The symptoms also often accompany infectious and non-infectious gastrointestinal disorders. The initial manifestations of the vomiting response often involves nausea, in which gastric tone is reduced, gastric peristalsis is reduced or absent and the tone of the duodenum and upper jejunum is increased, such that their contents reflux. Ultimately, the upper portion of the stomach relaxes while the pylorus constricts, and the coordinated contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles leads to expulsion of gastric contents. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Edition, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 925928 (1990). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05661142__ •

Broad-spectrum anti-emetic compositions and associated methods Inventor(s): Summerville; James Peter (Winter Park, FL) Assignee(s): Upchuck, Llc (longwood, Fl) Patent Number: 6,673,792 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: Broad-spectrum anti-emetic pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed. The discloses broad-spectrum ant-emetics disclosed herein comprise selected neuroreceptor antagonists specifically formulated to treat and prevent to most common forms of emesis. In one embodiment the ant-emetic compositions include lorazepam, diphenhydramine, promethazine, and metoclopramide. The pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to oral and parenteral forms and may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Excerpt(s): Emesis, also referred to as vomiting, is associated with myriad clinical conditions. For example, emesis is often associated with uncomplicated motion sickness, mild gastrointestinal upset caused by infections, food poisoning and adverse drug reactions including cancer chemotherapy. Additionally, emesis provides an elimination mechanism for ingested toxins and poisons. Moreover, the colors, smells tastes and textures associated with potentially toxic compounds results in a learned aversion to these substances, thus providing animals with a vital survival mechanism. Emesis symptoms can range from an unpleasant inconvenience to a debilitating condition causing sever dehydration, weight loss, fatigue, torn esophagus, broken bones and reopening of surgical wounds. Moreover, many forms of chemotherapy and most radiation treatments can induce severe nausea and emesis. Patents that are particularly adversely affected with emesis can become severely dehydrated and malnourished requiring parenteral fluid and dietary supplementation. As a result, many patents find that their life quality is so compromised that they voluntarily remove themselves from life saving chemotherapy. In other patients, the emesis is so severe that physicians must temporarily, or permanently discontinue treatments. Often times the treating physician is without other therapeutic options, consequently the patient goes under treated, or in some cases, untreated. Unfortunately, emesis is a complex, multifactorial process for which there is presently no therapeutic regime suitable for treating or preventing all

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underlying biological emesis-related processes. Emesis involves many different neuroreceptors and the biochemical pathways that regulate emesis are varied and complex. Emesis-associated neuroreceptors include neurochemical receptors such as dopamine receptors, 5-hydroxytrytamine (5-HT) receptors, aceytalcholine receptors, histamine receptors, opioid receptors, neurokinin (NK.sub.1) receptors, and cannabinoid receptors, as well as mechano-receptors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06673792__ •

Effervescent powders Inventor(s): Pathak; Ram D. (Worcester Park, GB2), Treherne; Elizabeth J. (Surrey, GB2) Assignee(s): Beecham Group Limited (gb2) Patent Number: 4,309,408 Date filed: November 9, 1979 Abstract: Effervescent analgesic powders which comprise paracetamol D.C., and metoclopramide or an acid addition salt thereof, the weight ratio of paracetamol D.C. to metoclopramide or the acid addition salt thereof lying in the range 50:1 to 250:1, and a process for their preparation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to effervescent powders containing a certain paracetamol and metoclopramide or an acid addition salt thereof, and to a process for the preparation of these powders. It is known that metoclopramide, parenterally administered, potentiates the effect of an orally administered analgesic. Surprisingly we have now found that the simultaneous oral administration of a specific formulation containing a certain paracetamol and metoclopramide or a salt thereof is benificial in the treatment of migraine headache. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04309408__

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Galenical administration form of METOCLOPRAMIDE, method for its preparation and medicament comprising the new form Inventor(s): Laruelle; Claude (Avenue Bellevue, 06270 Villeneuve-Loubet, FR) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,656,024 Date filed: May 3, 1984 Abstract: A new galenic form with delayed release of METROCLOPRAMIDE, useful for gastric treatment, is formed by microgranules comprising a neutral core formed by a grain of an inert excipient comprising at least two components of the type belonging to the class formed by saccharose, starch, talc, desiccating silica, lactose and stearic acid, this neutral grain being provided with a first layer comprising METOCLOPRAMIDE, then a second outer layer formed by a microporous envelope comprising at least one natural and/or synthetic polymer belonging to the class formed by shellac, gum arabic, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetophtalate, cellulose triacetate, polyoxyethyleneglycol, the methacrylates, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer and polyvinylpyrrolidone in successive envelopes.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new galenical preparation of METOCLOPRAMIDE, and the medicament comprising this preparation. However, the administration of METOCLOPRAMIDE in its present form presents considerable disadvantages by limiting convenience of use. For example, it has been noted that the presentation in tablet form causes certain, more particularly gastric, intolerances, which prevents its use by a large category of patients, and which also limits its use for long term treatments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04656024__ •

Method for percutaneously administering metoclopramide Inventor(s): Heller; Jorge (Woodside, CA), Saito; Kenichiro (Menlo Park, CA), Skinner; Wilfred A. (Portla Valley, CA) Assignee(s): Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 4,605,670 Date filed: February 1, 1984 Abstract: A method of percutaneously administering metoclopramide which comprises applying to the skin of a mammal metoclopramide in a carrier system which comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one solvent. The adjuvant is a monovalent alcohol ester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid or an aliphatic monoalcohol. The solvent is a pyrrolidone-type compound. Mixtures can also be used. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for accelerating the percutaneous absorption of metoclopramide (hereafter often merely MCP for brevity). Drugs are commonly administered to the skin or mucosal tissues to treat local problems and systemic administration of drugs is commonly accomplished by ingesting pills or by injections. However, recently attempts have been made to achieve systemic administration of drugs by topical applications to the skin or mucosal tissues. Such topical means of achieving systemic administration has the advantage that desired blood levels can be readily achieved and maintained so that duration of therapy can be readily controlled. Thus, side effects due to an overdose of the drug can be prevented. Also, metabolism due to a first pass through the liver and gastric disturbances, which are characteristic of certain drugs such as indomethacin when administered orally, can also be eliminated. However, normal skin is relatively impermeable to most drugs in that desired blood levels of the therapeutic agent cannot be achieved by means of percutaneous absorption. The percutaneous absorption of drugs can, however, be enhanced by means of adjuvants or penetration enhancers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04605670__

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Method of controlling emesis caused by cisplatin in cancer chemotherapy Inventor(s): Keenan; Robert E. (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): A. H. Robins Company, Inc. (richmond, Va) Patent Number: 4,536,386 Date filed: June 27, 1983

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Abstract: High dosages of metoclopramide or a pharmaceutical salt thereof is administered intravenously to human cancer patients undergoing cisplatin chemotherapy to prevent emesis. Excerpt(s): Cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II) is one of the more effective drugs used in cancer chemotherapy; however, the resulting violent emesis interferes with acceptance of therapy by the patient. This invention relates to an improvement in the method of alleviating emesis caused by cisplatin with metoclopramide, more specifically with extremely high dosages of metoclopramide administered starting prior to and continuing after cisplatin administration. Cisplatin is generally acknowledged to be one of the most emetogenic drugs now available for the chemotherapy of malignant diseases in humans. Though it represents a significant advance in the treatment of human cancer, its use nevertheless provokes vomiting which is particularly violent for several hours in almost all of those to whom it is administered. Patients often refuse further treatment because of its severity. Thus, potentially beneficial effects are jeopardized and effects already achieved are negated by the failure of currently available antiemetics or dosage regimen to consistently relieve or, at the very least to even provide expectancy for reduction in severity and frequency of vomiting. Standard antiemetics have heretofore been of little value in treating side effects of cisplatin in cancer therapy according to Rosenberg, B. in "Cisplatin, Current Studies and New Developments, "Academic Press, Inc., N. Y., N. Y. pp. 9-20 (1980). Metoclopramide has been used in some diagnostic studies of the gastrointestinal tract in the treatment of vomiting of various etiologies and in a variety of functional and organic gastrointestinal disorders. Results of prior studies on attempts to employ metoclopramide against vomiting caused by cisplatin are somewhat contradictory. Kahn T., et al in Cancer Treatment Report 62 (7): 1106-7 July 1968, reports beneficial antiemetic effect in a single oral dose of two 10 mg metoclopramide tablets per patient 3 hours after administration in patients who had already been treated with combination chemotherapy with several other drugs and cisplatin. In an effort to confirm Kahn's work, Arnold, D. J., et al, reporting in Proc AACR & ASCO 21, 334 (1980) conducted a double-blind study in fifteen patients utilizing 20 mg administration of metoclopramide 30 minutes before and 3 hours after cisplatin administration. The test were terminated because of the lack of effectiveness in significantly ameliorating cisplatin emesis. Higi, M., in Deut. Med. Wochenschr. 105 (22) 794-5 (1980), found metoclopramide, triflupromazine and other phenothiazines all ineffective against platinum induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Gylys, J. A. in Res. Commun. in Chem. Path. Pharm. 23 (1): 62-8 (1979) found metoclopramide (1, 3 mg/kg) subcutaneously administered effective in dogs against cisplatin induced emesis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04536386__ •

Method of treating fescue toxicosis with domperidone Inventor(s): Cross; Dee L. (Central, SC), Strickland; James R. (Louisville, TN) Assignee(s): Clemson University (clemson, Sc) Patent Number: 5,372,818 Date filed: February 1, 1993 Abstract: A novel method for using domperidone, a dopamine receptor antagonist, for treating fescue toxicosis in animals is provided. Fescue toxicosis is caused by animals grazing on endophyte-infected fescue grass. Treatment of the animal with various dosages of domperidone results in effective management of the toxin. The domperidone

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treatments do not cause any substantial adverse behavioral or neurological side effects in the animal. Domperidone is a more effective treatment for fescue toxicosis than previously-known agents such a metoclopramide and sulpiride. Excerpt(s): A process for treating and preventing fescue toxicosis in animals with domperidone is provided. Tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea) is the pasture grass of choice in most humid, warm weather areas of the United States. Tall fescue is also used for various other purposes such as ground cover, parks, lawns, along waterways, and other areas where a quick-growing and durable grass is needed. Fescue is easily established, has a wide range of adaption, allows animals to graze for longer periods of time when used as pasture grass, is tolerant to abuse, is resistant to most pests, has good seed production, and exhibits a generally acceptable overall appearance. Animals that feed on fescue, however, often suffer from fescue toxicosis. Fescue toxicosis is caused in animals by consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue. The particular endophyte is known as Acremonium coenophialum. Symptoms of fescue toxicosis in animals include (1) fescue foot, which is a gangrenous condition of the feet and/or tails, (2) summer syndrome, which is characterized by poor animal weight gains, intolerance to heat, excessive salivation, nervousness, dramatically reduced weaning weights, lower milk production, and a reduced pregnancy rate, and (3) bovine fat necrosis, which is characterized by hard fat masses and abdominal fat tissue deposits that cause poor digestion and calving problems. Other known symptoms include (4) agalactia, which is nonsecretion of milk following childbirth, (5) prolonged gestation, (6) weak or stillborn offspring, (7) retained placentas, (8) thickened placental tissue, (9) dystocia, and (10) rebreeding difficulties. In animals experiencing such symptoms, researches have observed decreased serum prolactin and progesterone levels. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05372818__ •

Methods of administering and pharmaceutical formulations containing n-substituted benzamides and/or acid addition salts thereof Inventor(s): Pero; Ronald W. (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Oxigene, Inc. (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 5,561,161 Date filed: March 25, 1994 Abstract: A method of administering N-substituted benzamides, and their acid addition salts, in particular metoclopramide and its acid addition salts, is disclosed wherein the metoclopramide or acid addition salt is injected intramuscularly in a formulation with a pH of about 5.5 to about 7.0 and at a concentration of at least about 50 mg/ml, to deliver a dose of one to 5 mg/kg. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods of administering pharmaceutical materials, in particular N-substituted benzamides, phenothiazines, and acid addition salts thereof, to human patients, as well as to formulations containing such materials. In an important specific sense, to which detailed reference will be made herein for purposes of illustration, the invention is directed to methods and formulations for administering acid addition salts of metoclopramide to human patients. Metoclopramide is currently available in acid addition salt form, as metoclopramide hydrochloride, for administration to human patients as an antiemetic (e.g., in conjunction with chemotherapy) and for other purposes. It has also been discovered that metoclopramide and other N-substituted benzamides and their acid addition salts can enhance the

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cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Commercially available formulations of metoclopramide hydrochloride are in physiologic saline solution, to which sodium metabisulfite has sometimes been added as a preservative. Typically or conventionally, these formulations are prepared for intravenous (i.v.) injection or oral administration. The commercial formulations of metoclopramide hydrochloride have pH ranges within outer limits of about 2 to 6.5, depending inter alia on concentration. At least within these limits, it has been considered that the pH of the formulation does not affect the biological activity of the drug. A reason for the acidity of the formulations is that the acid addition salts of metoclopramide are freely soluble in aqueous vehicles whereas the free-base form is quite insoluble in water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05561161__ •

Metoclopramide/paracetamol tablets Inventor(s): Poyser; Robert H. (Old Harlow, GB2), Turner; David H. (London, GB2) Assignee(s): Beecham Group Limited (gb2) Patent Number: 4,325,971 Date filed: November 15, 1979 Abstract: Analgesic tablets which comprise an analgesic Medicament and metoclopramide or an acid addition salt thereof, the weight ratio of analgesic to metoclopramide or acid addition salt thereof lying in the range of 50:1 to 250:1, and a process for their preparation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to tablets comprising a combination of an analgesic medicament and metoclopramide or an acid addition salt thereof, and to a process for their preparation. It is known that metoclopramide, parenterally administered, potentiates the effect of an orally administered analgesic. Surprisingly, we have now found that the oral administration of a novel type of coformulation of an analgesic with a non-analgesic active ingredient, i.e. metoclopramide, is beneficial in the treatment of migraine headache. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04325971__

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Nasal administration of agents for treatment of delayed onset emesis Inventor(s): Psilogenis; Mary (Tavernerio, IT) Assignee(s): Ribogene, Inc. (hayward, Ca) Patent Number: 5,760,086 Date filed: March 14, 1996 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for the prophylactic management of delayed emesis by the use of metoclopramide nasal spray. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for treating an emetogenic reaction. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a method for treating a delayed onset emetogenic reaction, most typically associated with chemotherapy. Emetogenic reaction refers to vomiting (i.e. actual vomiting or dry heaving or dry retching) and/or to nausea. The emetogenic reaction is most commonly encountered in response to chemotherapeutic agents such as bleomycin, vincristine, vinblastine,

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adriamycin, etoposide, methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and some combinations thereof. Among these chemotherapeutic agents, the most severe emetogenic reaction is usually associated with cisplatin therapy. Generally, there are acute onset emetogenic reactions (hereinafter synonymous with "acute emesis" or "acute onset emesis") and delayed onset emetogenic reactions (hereinafter synonymous with "delayed emesis" or "delayed onset emesis"). Acute emesis and delayed emesis typically include vomiting episodes (actual and/or dry heaving or dry retching) and/or feelings of nausea. However, in acute emesis, the vomiting and/or nausea occur within the first 24 hours after chemotherapy. By contrast, in delayed emesis, the vomiting and/or nausea occur after the first 24 hours of chemotherapy. Delayed emesis is a distinct syndrome from acute emesis occurring more than 24 hours after the administration of anticancer agents, especially, cisplatin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05760086__ •

Pharmaceutical composition comprising erythromycin and metoclopramide and method of preparing same Inventor(s): Barbier; Pierre (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Societe D'etudes Scientifiques ET Industrielles (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 4,176,180 Date filed: June 1, 1978 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition comprising erythromycin and metoclopramide or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof. The antibiotic activity of the erythromycin when administered to a patient has been found to be substantially improved by the presence of the metoclopramide or the therapeutically acceptable salt thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a novel pharmaceutical composition comprising as active substances erythromycin, an antibiotic belonging to the macrolide family, and N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-4-amino-5-chlorobenzamide, hereinafter referred to as metoclopramide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Metoclopramide and its salts are known for their effect on the digestive process as an antiemetic and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,177,252 to Thominet which is incorporated by reference. The composition of the present invention may further include inert non-toxic substances or carriers normally used in pharmaceutical compositions. Although the efficiency of erythromycin as an antibiotic is comparable to that of penicillin, its antibacterial spectrum actually being wider than that of penicillin, and although erythromycin has the least side effects of the antibiotics currently used, erythromycin is not the most widely used antibiotic. This is probably due to the fact that erythromycin is partially inactivated by gastric acidity. Efforts have been made to overcome this disadvantage by administering the antibiotic in the form of coated compressed tablets or in the form of more resistant salts or esters. However, assimilation of these preparations in the intestine varies resulting in irregular concentrations of the antibiotic in the blood stream. Furthermore, some esters have adverse side effects. For example, the lauryl sulfate of the propionic ester of erythromycin, identified as estolate, has the disadvantage that in some patients it causes not inconsiderable hepatotoxicity after prolonged treatment. It has been surprisingly discovered that when administering the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention in which the integrity of the erythromycin base molecule is preserved, as it is simply associated with metoclopramide, serum concentrations of erythromycin are attained which have normal

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activity, the minimum effective serum concentration (CME) of erythromycin, for therapeutic purposes, being on the order of 1.mu.q/ml of serum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04176180__ •

Pharmaceutical composition for the preparation of a stable powder containing an association of acetylsalicylic acid and metoclopramide as the active ingredients Inventor(s): Bru; Nicole (Paris, FR), Cordoliani; Jean-Francois S. (Layrac, FR), Drouin; Jehan-Yves P. (Verrieres le Buisson, FR), Poly; Pierre-Andre (Athis Mons, FR) Assignee(s): Laboratoires Upsa (agen, Fr) Patent Number: 5,437,874 Date filed: January 4, 1994 Abstract: A novel pharmaceutical composition for the preparation of a stable powder containing an association of acetylsalicylic acid and metoclopramide as the active ingredients. The acetylsalicylic acid is in the form of a water soluble salt or complex and is in association with metoclopramide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophilic polymer in an amount sufficient to stabilize the metoclopramide. This composition has remarkable stability in powder form and can be used to prepare sachets for the treatment of migraine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical composition containing, as the active ingredient, an association of a water-soluble salt or complex of acetylsalicylic acid and metoclopramide or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The invention is applicable especially to the preparation of a drug for the treatment of migraine, which takes the form of effervescent or non-effervescent powders. Migraine is a benign complaint affecting 5 to 25% of the adult population and is characterized by repeat attacks of headache which are unilateral and very often associated with nausea and vomiting, considerably increasing the discomfort due to the headaches. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05437874__

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Prevention of fescue toxicosis Inventor(s): Lipham; Luke B. (Athens, GA), Stuedemann; John A. (Athens, GA), Thompson, Jr.; Frederick N. (Athens, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America (washington, Dc), University of Georgia Research Roundation, Inc. (athens, Ga) Patent Number: 4,880,632 Date filed: September 8, 1987 Abstract: A method, and compositions, for use in the prevention and treatment of fescue toxicosis in animals, especially cattle, sheep and horses, comprising administering to the animals a dopamine antagonist which does not cause adverse psychological or neurological effects. Useful dopamine antagonists are those specific for D.sub.2 receptors including metoclopramide, sulpiride, tiapride, alizapride and other substituted benzamides. The preferred compound is metoclopramide, a substituted benzamide having the formula 4-amino-5 chloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-methoxy benzamide monohydrochloride monohydrate. The correct dosage can be determined from the combination of the behavioral response of the animal to the compound and by

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measuring the serum prolactin levels over time.In the preferred method, the compound is administered to the animals orally, using capsules, timed or slow release boluses, or as an additive in a salt, mineral, protein or energy block or animal feed, or as an implant. Excerpt(s): This application is in the area of veterinary medicine and particularly a method for the prevention and treatment of fescue toxicosis. Tall fescue, grown on over 35 million acres, is the most widely spread pasture grass in humid areas of the eastern U.S.A. and, to a limited extent, in the northwestern U.S.A. It is also commonly used for vegetative cover on highway banks, parks, playgrounds, home lawns, and waterways. There are many reasons for its popularity: ease and wide range of establishment, wide range of adaptation, long grazing season, tolerance to abuse, pest resistance, good seed production, and excellent appearance when used for non-forage purposes. Tolerance of tall fescue to adverse climate, soil, and management conditions has aroused new interest and stimulated breeding and selection programs in countries such as France, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the USSR. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04880632__ •

Sterile parenteral composition Inventor(s): O'Brien; Ian P. (Tadworth, GB2), Pathak; Ram D. (Epsom Downs, GB2) Assignee(s): Beecham Group P.l.c. (brentford, Gb2) Patent Number: 5,081,153 Date filed: March 16, 1987 Abstract: A parenteral pharmaceutical composition comprising metoclopramide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and from 0 to 0.06% by weight, preferably from 0 to 0.006% by weight, of the composition of sodium metabisulphite, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier.The use of this composition to alleviate nausea and vomiting, particularly in that associated with cancer chemotherapy is described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing metoclopramide, and its use in medicine. Metoclopramide is a known anti-emetic agent which is used to alleviate nausea and vomiting. Hitherto, it has been administered by oral and injection routes, and for the latter use it has conveniently been packaged into 2 ml ampoules for injection, each ampoule containing 10 mg metoclopramide in saline solution. It has also been found necessary to include an effective level of the antoxidant sodium metabisulphite in the injectable composition to maintain stability. Recently, the injectable composition has been used in association with certain types of cancer chemotherapy in which an anti-cancer agent such as Cisplatin is administered, and where a side effect of such treatment is severe nausea and vomiting. However, Cisplatin has been found to be incompatible with sodium metabisulphite, and this has limited the extent to which metoclopramide can be used in the chemotherapy treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05081153__

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Treatment of low pressure glaucoma and ischemic retinal degeneration Inventor(s): Chiou; George C. Y. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): Texas A&m University System (college Station, Tx) Patent Number: 5,252,607 Date filed: January 24, 1992 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for increasing blood flow to the retina and choroid in subjects with decreased retinal or choroidal blood flow. The method involves the topical administration of metoclopramide and is useful for the treatment of low pressure glaucoma and ischemic retinal degeneration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for the improvement of blood flow to the retina and choroid in order to halt or reverse the course of visual deterioration. More specifically, it relates to the treatment of ischemic retinal degeneration and low pressure glaucoma. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness affecting approximately 3 million people in the United States. About one-third of the patient population afflicted with glaucoma suffers from what is known as low tension glaucoma. R. Weinreb, Eye Research Seminar, Research to Prevent Blindness, (1990) p. 14-15. This type of glaucoma is not associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). However, antiglaucoma agents are generally designed to lower the IOP in order to improve the ocular blood flow, particularly at the choroid, retina and lamina cribosa of the optic nerve. Such antiglaucoma agents are ineffective for the treatment of low tension glaucoma, as the IOP of these patients is already low. Therefore most low tension glaucoma patients undergo a filtering operation instead of being treated with antiglaucoma drugs. Chandler et al. Glaucoma, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 111-115 (1965). The retina is supplied with oxygen and nutrients by two vascular systems, one within the retina itself (central retinal artery) and one in the choroid (posterior ciliary artery). Interruption or impairment of either system leads to degeneration of the retina and ultimately to loss of vision. There are many diseases and conditions that affect retinal circulation and nutritional supply. Early improvement in blood flow or nutrient supply to the retina in some of these diseases and throughout the time course of others might be the key to slowing vision loss or eliminating it altogether. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05252607__

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Tumor or cancer cell killing therapy and agents useful therefor Inventor(s): Pero; Ronald W. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Oxi-gene, Inc. (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 5,340,565 Date filed: June 10, 1992 Abstract: The effectiveness of cytostatic and/or cytotoxic drugs and/or radiation in the killing of tumor and/or cancer cells is increased by the administration, along with said drugs and radiation, of an effective activating or inhibiting amount of a compound or agent which activates or inhibits the chromatin-bound enzyme adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase (ADPRT) or the administration of an effective intracellular free Ca.sup.++ -increasing amount of a compound which induces cellular or oxidative stress or which acts as an inhibitor or antagonist or calmodulin or Ca.sup.++ -calmodulin binding. Suitable such compounds or agents include the phenothiazines, antihistamines,

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butyrophenones, cannabinoids and corticosteriods and particularly metoclopramide when employed in combination with cisplatin. Excerpt(s): One important strategy in designing effective cancer chemotherapeutic drugs is defining the mechanism of cell death. Activation of the chromatin-bound enzyme, adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase (ADPRT), and the subsequent depletion of energy metabolites, such as NAD and ATP, are involved in the suicidal response to induced cellular DNA damage that leads eventually to cell death, Berger, N. A., J. Clin. Invest. 78:1131-1135, 1986. Radiation and/or most cancer therapeutic drugs induce DNA damage, and as a consequence involve ADPRT activity as part of their cytotoxic mechanisms of action, Huet and Laval, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 47: 655-662, 1985. Hence, inducers of ADPRT enhance cytotoxicity by seriously depleting cellular energy pools in an effort to repair the potentially lethal DNA damage induced by most chemotherapeutic drugs and/or radiation. This is true because NAD is consumed as a co-substrate by ADPRT activity, Hayaishi and Ueda, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46:96-116, 1977; Purnell et al, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 8:215-227, 1980which is in turn, induced by DNA strand breaks, Halldorsson et al. FEBS Lett. 85:349-352, 1978; Benjamin and gill, J. Biol, Chem. 255:10493-10508, 1980; Cohen and Berger, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 98: 268-274, 1981. Since cellular NAD/ATP pools are coupled, then cellular energy is depleted and cytotoxicity is enhanced. On he other hand, inhibitors of ADPRT are also sensitizers of cytotoxicity because they prevent the repair of potentially lethal DNA damage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05340565__

Patent Applications on Metoclopramide As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to metoclopramide: •

5HT1 receptor agonists and metoclopramide for the treatment of migraine Inventor(s): Sands, George H.; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Pfizer Inc; 235 E 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20010020036 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating migraine in a mammal, including a human, by administering to the mammal a 5HT.sub.1 receptor agonist, and particularly eletriptan, in combination with metoclopramide. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a 5HT.sub.1 receptor agonist and metoclopramide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating migraine in a mammal, including a human, by administering to the mammal a 5HT.sub.1 receptor agonist in combination with metoclopramide. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a 5HT.sub.1 receptor agonist and metoclopromide. Examples of agonists of 5HT.sub.1 receptors are agonists of one or

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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more of the 5HT.sub.1A, 5HT.sub.1B, 5HT.sub.1C, 5HT.sub.1D, 5HT.sub.1E, and 5HT.sub.1F receptors. The combined use of metoclopramide and 5HT.sub.1 agonists (e.g. eletriptan, rizatriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan, but excluding zolmitriptan) for the acute treatment of migraine offers enhanced efficacy and less nausea than currently used therapies. In 1975, Volans showed that metoclopramide helped alleviate the gastric stasis that accompanies migraine attacks. (See Volans, G. N., British Journal of Pharmacology, 1975 February; 2(1): 67-73; and Volans, G. N., Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 1978 July; 3(4): 313-318.) He studied this effect and showed the blood levels of aspirin and acetaminophen (paracetamol), taken orally, were decreased in patients experiencing a migraine attack, and that these levels returned to normal in between migraine attacks. The use of metoclopramide with aspirin or acetaminophen increased the blood levels of these medications, making them more efficatious for the treatment of migraine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nasal administration of agents for the treatment of gastroparesis Inventor(s): Lehman, Laura S.; (Palo Alto, CA), Oliver, Ruth; (Maidenhead, GB), Petrone, Michael; (Voorhees, NJ), Retzios, Anastassios D.; (San Ramon, CA), Tierney, David; (Shrewsbury, NJ), Trapnell, Carol B.; (Ellicott City, MD), Young, David; (Ellicott City, MD) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20020065321 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of gastroparesis by the use of metoclopramide nasal formulation. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for treating gastroparesis. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a method for treating gastroparesis typically caused by diabetes mellitus (including type 1 and type 2 diabetes), postviral syndromes, anorexia nervosa, malnutrition, alcoholism, surgery on the stomach or vagus nerve, medications, particularly anticholinergics and narcotics which slow contractions in the intestine, gastroesophageal reflux disease, smooth muscle disorders such as amyloidosis and scleroderma, nervous system diseases (including abdominal migraine and Parkinson's disease), or metabolic disorders (including hypothyroidism) with the nasal administration of metoclopramide. The vagus nerve controls the movement of food through the digestive tract. Normally, stomach muscles contract about three times a minute and the stomach empties within 90-120 minutes after eating. When the vagus nerve is damaged or dysfunctional, stomach muscles do not work properly and the stomach contraction becomes sluggish and/or less frequent. As a result, the movement of food is slowed or stopped. Gastroparesis is the medical term for this condition. Typical symptoms of gastroparesis are nausea, vomiting, early satiety, weight loss, abdominal bloating, abdominal discomfort, epigastric pain, anorexia. These symptoms may be mild or severe. In addition, since food lingers too long in the stomach, gastroparesis can lead to complications such as bacterial overgrowth from the fermentation of food, hardening of food into solid masses which are called bezoars that may cause nausea, vomiting, and obstruction in the stomach. Bezoars can be dangerous if they block the passage of food into the small intestine.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Treatment of migraine headache Inventor(s): Chowhan, Zakauddin T.; (Gaithersburg, MD), Plachetka, John R.; (Chapel Hill, NC) Correspondence: Fitch, Even, Tabin & Flannery; Suite 401l; 1801 K Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20006-1201; US Patent Application Number: 20030040537 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: The invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions useful in the treatment of migraine. The compositions contain metoclopramide and one or more NSAIDs in unit dosage form. By selecting NSAIDs that are non-acidic or segregating the metoclopramide and NSAID, the storage life of the compositions has been increased. Also disclosed are coordinated dosage forms for the sequential release of drugs. The invention encompasses methods of treating migraine using any of these dosage forms. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/966,506, filed Nov. 10, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/748,332, filed Nov. 12, 1996. The present invention is directed to compositions comprising metoclopramide and a second drug, particularly an analgesic. These compositions may be used as a treatment for migraine and other disorders. Migraine is a painful syndrome characterized by unilateral, pulsating headaches, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Approximately 23 million Americans presently suffer from this disorder. Drugs that have been used in an attempt to treat migraine include: ergotamine and ergotamine-like agents; serotonin agonists; and caffeine with ergots or other pharmacologic agents (see e.g., Silberstein, S. D., Curr. Opinion Neurology 7:258-263 (1994); Welch, K. M. A., New Engl J. Med. 329:1476-1483 (1993); Kumar, K. L., J. Gen. Int. Med. 9:339-348 (1994); Saadah, H., Headache 32:95-97 (1992); and Becker, Arzneimittelforshung 42(4):552-555 (1992)). All of these drugs are thought to initially relieve migraine-associated pain by causing vasoconstriction. Unfortunately, this leads to numerous side effects such as chest pain or pressure, flushing, generalized tingling sensations, nausea, vomiting, pain in the legs and arms, asthenia, drowsiness, and dizziness. Acute ergotism is a particularly pernicious side effect of ergot drugs and is characterized by severe central and peripheral vasoconstriction, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, headache, vertigo, paresthesia, and possibly convulsive seizures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Two-component anti-emetic composition Inventor(s): Jannetta, Anthony; (Haverford, PA) Correspondence: Patent Adminstrator; Katten Muchin Zavis; Suite 1600; 525 West Monroe Street; Chicago; IL; 60661; US Patent Application Number: 20020055495 Date filed: September 5, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to an anti-emetic composition containing dexamethasone (DEX) and metoclopramide (MTC). In a particular embodiment, a composition

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containing DEX:MTC in a relative weight ratio of about 1 to less than 1.25 is found to be effective in providing relief from the discomfort caused by symptoms of both vomiting and nausea in all patients receiving the composition. Alternatively, an effective suppository composition may contain DEX:MTC in a relative weight ratio of about 1:112.5. Other effective compositions and methods of their use are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of an earlier-filed provisional application No. 60/229,547 filed Sep. 5, 2000, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to both a therapeutic composition comprising a synergistic combination of antiemetic drugs and to a method for treating emesis, including nausea. Nausea and vomiting can follow the administration of many drugs, particularly anticancer or chemotherapeutic agents. The symptoms also often accompany infectious and non-infectious gastrointestinal disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with metoclopramide, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on metoclopramide. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning metoclopramide. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON METOCLOPRAMIDE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to metoclopramide. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on metoclopramide include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Effects of long term use of oral contraceptives on serum PRL and the response to oral administration of metoclopramide. Author: X.F. Li; Year: 1988

•

Metoclopramide ten years after: a review of the biomedical literature. Author: editor, K. Huibregtse; Year: 1979

7

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Chapters on Metoclopramide In order to find chapters that specifically relate to metoclopramide, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and metoclopramide using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on metoclopramide: •

Prescription Medicines and Surgery Source: in Cheskin, L.J. and Lacy, B.E. Healing Hearburn. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002 p. 96-112. Contact: Available from Johns Hopkins University Press. 2715 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-4363. (410) 516-6900. Fax (410) 516-6968. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.press.jhu.edu. PRICE: $17.95 for paperback; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 801868696. Summary: Heartburn is just one symptom of the disorder known as acid reflux disease, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acid repeatedly washes up into the esophagus or remains in the esophagus too long. This chapter is from a book that offers a comprehensive guide to GERD. In this chapter, the authors explain the last two parts of a 4-step treatment approach: prescription medicines and surgery. The authors describe the various options for prescription medications and then explore what is involved in surgery for treating GERD. Drugs discussed include H2 blockers (cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine), proton-pump inhibitors (lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and esomeprazole); and prokinetic agents (metoclopramide). The authors then discuss maintenance therapy and the indications for surgery, as well as briefly review the surgical techniques currently being used. The authors conclude that surgery is a reasonable option for patients with severe, refractory (resistant to treatment) GERD and for patients with complications of GERD. The chapter includes two brief illustrative case studies. 1 figure.

•

Gastric Motor Disorders Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 247-259. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: Motor disorders of the stomach are common, varied in their clinical presentation, and may present with symptoms suggestive of impaired storage or impaired emptying of chyme. This chapter, from a gastroenterology yearbook, reviews the disorders associated with delayed gastric emptying and the treatment approach in these patients. The authors focus on established prokinetic agents in the treatment of gastric motor disorders. Remarkable technologic advances over the past decade have provided an expanding number of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, which warrant a systematic approach in their use. Therapy is symptomatic and should be directed at the underlying pathologic process whenever possible. In addition to

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addressing nutritional and antiemetic needs, therapy frequently includes use of one or more of an expanding number of prokinetic drugs to enhance and coordinate gastroduodenal motility. Drugs discussed include metoclopramide (Reglan), domperidone (Motilium), cisapride (Propulsid), erythromycin, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and 5-HT4 receptor agonists, opiate receptor antagonists, gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonists, and cholecystokinin receptor antagonists. 3 tables. 68 references. (AA-M). •

Medications Used To Treat Complications of Diabetes Source: in Carlisle, B.A.; Kroon, L.A.; Koda-Kimble, M.A. 101 Medication Tips for People with Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. p. 66-75. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400329. Order number 483301. Summary: This chapter answers questions about the meditations used to treat diabetes complications, including nonprescription analgesics, tricyclic antidepressants, capsaicin cream, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, laxatives, and calcium channel blockers. Nonprescription analgesics, antidepressants, and narcotic analgesics can be used to treat the pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. Capsaicin cream, a chemical found in hot chili peppers, can be applied to the feet to relieve pain. ACE inhibitors can be used to treat microalbuminuria, an early sign of kidney damage. The symptoms of gastroparesis, a condition that affects the nerves of the stomach, can be treated with metoclopramide, cisapride, and erythromycin. These medications increase the stomach's ability to contract and aid in digestion. Constipation can be treated by increasing the amount of fluid and fiber in a person's diet. Laxatives may also be useful in treating constipation. Men who have diabetes and experience impotence can use the medications alprostadil and sildenafil to maintain an erection. People who have diabetes and high blood pressure can be treated with ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and calcium channel blockers. Angiotensin receptor II antagonists and calcium channel blockers can be used to treat kidney disease. People who have diabetes should take any medications their doctor prescribes for other conditions, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, high cholesterol or triglycerides, obesity, and insulin resistance.

•

Antiemetics Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 657-669. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817X. ISSN: 0273320X. Summary: This chapter on antiemetics is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals. The handbook is designed to provide drug information that focuses on what nurses need to know by emphasizing the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetical list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetized list of its brand names. This is then followed by a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration, Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are benzquinamide hydrochloride,

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buclizine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, cyclizine hydrochloride, cyclizine lactate, dimenhydrinate, diphenoid hydrochloride, dronabinol, granisetron hydrochloride, meclizine hydrochloride, metoclopramide hydrochloride, ondansetron hydrochloride, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, promethazine, scopolamine, thiethylperazine maleate, and trimethobenzamide hydrochloride. •

Gastroesophageal Reflux During Infancy and Childhood Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 207-211. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This chapter, from a gastroenterology text, provides a guide to the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infancy and childhood. Topics include the clinical presentation, the diagnostic evaluation, therapy guidelines, pharmacotherapy, and indications for surgery. Drug agents discussed include gastric acid-neutralizing agents, metoclopramide, and cisapride. The majority of infants with GERD become symptomatic during the first few months of life, and usually the overt symptoms resolve by 1 to 2 years of age. The author concludes that most infants with symptoms of GERD benefit from no invasive diagnostic or therapeutic maneuvers. However, infants and older children with profound central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction are likely to have severe GERD, which requires more aggressive or possibly surgical management. 10 references. (AA-M).

•

Diagnosis and Management of Gastric Emptying Disorders Source: in Cameron, J.L., et al., eds. Advances in Surgery. Vol 27. St. Louis, MO: MosbyYear Book, Inc. 1994. p. 233-255. Contact: Available from Mosby Year-Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545. Fax (800) 535-9935. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Contact directly for current price. ISBN: 815114923. ISSN: 00653411. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on surgery, describes the relevant physiology and pathophysiology of gastric emptying. In addition, the authors discuss the diagnosis and management of gastric emptying disorders. Gastric emptying, the final common pathway for gastric secretory and motor events, is the net result of coordinated contraction and relaxation of the stomach, pylorus, and duodenum. Functional changes in the gastroduodenal musculature may result from primary neuromuscular disorders or systemic metabolic diseases, while surgical denervation, bypass, and resection results in structural and mechanical changes in the gastroduodenum. Gastric emptying disorders covered include dumping syndrome and delayed gastric emptying. Dumping symptoms may occur in up to 50 percent of postgastrectomy patients, but most patients are treated satisfactorily by dietary manipulation or, in the rare incapacitated patient, by the long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide. Reconstructive gastric surgery may rarely be indicated to slow gastric emptying and alleviate the dumping syndrome. Pharmacologic therapy of delayed gastric emptying has seen the introduction of several new and promising prokinetic agents, including bethanechol, metoclopramide, cisapride, domperidone, motilin, and erythromycin. In addition, surgical intervention

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for mechanical causes of gastric outlet obstruction is readily justified. 4 figures. 1 table. 106 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS METOCLOPRAMIDE

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover metoclopramide.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on metoclopramide is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to metoclopramide. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “metoclopramide” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for metoclopramide: •

Nasal metoclopramide spray useful in treating diabetic gastroparesis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 07, 2003

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•

Emergency contraception more tolerable with metoclopramide Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 10, 2003

•

Lysine acetylsalicylate plus metoclopramide effective migraine treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 09, 1999

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Repeat Doses Of Asprin/Metoclopramide Effective In Migraine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 11, 1997

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Aspirin And Metoclopramide Combination: Effective Acute Migraine Therapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 1997

•

Metoclopramide Use Increases One's Chances Of Levodopa Treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 14, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “metoclopramide” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to metoclopramide, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “metoclopramide” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on metoclopramide: •

Prokinetic Drugs and Gastrointestinal Motility Source: Lifeline Letter. 16(2): 1-2. March/April 1995. Contact: Available from Oley Foundation, A-23, Hun Memorial, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208. (800) 776-OLEY or (518) 262-5079. Summary: This article, from a newsletter for people living with home parenteral and/or enteral nutrition, explains prokinetic drugs and gastrointestinal motility. The article provides information about the causes of motility disorders; symptoms; and the role of prokinetic drugs, including cisapride, metoclopramide, erythromycin, and bethanechol. The author cautions that sensory, psychological, and social factors (the 'brain-gut connection') may all influence the clinical response to prokinetic drug therapy. 1 figure. (AA-M).

Academic Periodicals covering Metoclopramide Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to metoclopramide. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering metoclopramide that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the

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name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for metoclopramide. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with metoclopramide. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to metoclopramide: Metoclopramide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Octamide; Reglan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202364.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5108 11 268 7 35 5429

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on metoclopramide can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to metoclopramide. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to metoclopramide. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “metoclopramide”:

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Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Gastroesophageal Reflux/Hiatal Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroesophagealrefluxhiatalhernia.html Genetic Brain Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html Medicines http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicines.html Muscular Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musculardystrophy.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on metoclopramide. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Gastroparesis and Diabetes Source: Bethesda, MD: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health. 1999. 5 p. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail: [email protected]. Also available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; single copy free; bulk orders available. Order number: DM-196. Summary: This fact sheet provides information on the symptoms, complications, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of gastroparesis. This disorder, which is often a complication of type 1 diabetes, occurs when nerves to the stomach are damaged or stop working. As a result, the stomach takes too long to empty. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, an early feeling of fullness when eating, weight loss, and abdominal bloating and discomfort. Complications of gastroparesis include the formation of bacterial overgrowth and the development of bezoars. Although diabetes is one cause of

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gastroparesis, medications and other disorders may cause it. The diagnosis of gastroparesis may be confirmed through various tests, including barium x ray, barium beefsteak meal, radioisotope gastric-emptying scan, gastric manometry, blood tests, upper endoscopy, and ultrasound. The primary treatment goal for gastroparesis related to diabetes is to regain control of blood glucose levels through use of insulin; oral medications such as metoclopramide, cisapride, erythromycin, and domperidone; meal and food changes; feeding tubes; or intravenous feeding. The fact sheet concludes with information on the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. •

Gastroparesis Source: Camp Hill, PA: Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 200 Grandview Avenue, Camp Hill, PA 17011-1706. (800) 451-5797 or (717) 761-1170. Fax (717) 761-0216. PRICE: $22.00 per pack of 50 brochures; 3 pack minimum. Summary: This patient education brochure describes gastroparesis, a condition when the rate of the electrical motility wave of the stomach slows and the stomach contracts less frequently. The result is that food just remains in the stomach, relying on acid and digestive enzymes to break down the food and on gravity to empty the stomach. The brochure lists the causes (etiology) of gastroparesis, including diabetes; scars from ulcers and tumors; drug effects; previous stomach surgery; anorexia and buliemia; neurologic or brain disorders; disorders such as lupus, scleroderma, and poor blood supply to the stomach; and idiopathic causes (unknown). The usual symptoms of gastroparesis are a feeling of fullness after only a few bites of food, bloating, excessive belching, and nausea. Medications to reduce or eliminate stomach acid usually do not help much. When gastroparesis is severe, there may be frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach juices into the mouth. The diagnosis includes a medial history, physical exam, upper gastrointestinal (GI) barium x-ray, and upper endoscopy; a gastric or stomach emptying test is the best method of making the diagnosis. An electrogastrogram (EGG) may also be used, but is not available in all areas. Treatment includes identification and treatment of any underlying disorder (such as diabetes), attention to diet and nutrition, and medications including cisapride (Propulsid), domperidome (Motilin), metoclopramide (Reglan), and bethanechol (Urecholine). The brochure concludes that gastroparesis is a fairly frequent medical problem, but by working with the physician, most patients are able to reach a satisfactory treatment program. 2 figures.

•

Heartburn: Hints on Dealing with the Discomfort Source: Kansas City, MO: American Academy of Family Physicians. 1994. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. PRICE: $22.00 for 100 copies for members, $33.00 for 100 copies for nonmembers. Summary: This patient education brochure helps readers understand heartburn and how they can deal with the discomfort it may cause. Heartburn is a burning feeling in the lower chest, along with a sour or bitter taste of food in the throat and mouth. It usually occurs after eating a big meal or while lying down. Heartburn is caused by stomach contents (acid) going back up into the esophagus; this is called reflux. The stomach acid can irritate the esophagus and cause the feeling of burning pain. The brochure describes hiatus hernia, factors that can add to heartburn, complications that can arise because of heartburn, tips on preventing heartburn, the use of antacids, how to know when to consult a health care provider regarding heartburn problems,

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medications that can be used, and the indications for surgery. Most people get fast, short-term relief with antacids. Three kinds of medications might be used to treat heartburn. H2 blockers (Axid, Pepcid, Tagamet, Zantac) lower how much acid the stomach makes. Omeprazole (Prilosec) completely stops the stomach from making acid. Metoclopramide (Reglan) reduces reflux. Surgery is only needed when symptoms are very bad and don't go away after medicine and other measures have been tried. Simple line drawings illustrate the stomach and esophagus. 2 figures. 3 tables. (AA-M). The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “metoclopramide” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

American Gastroenterological Association management of oropharyngeal dysphagia

medical

position

statement

on

Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 July 24 (reviewed 2001); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3067&nbr=2293&a mp;string=metoclopramide •

American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: nausea and vomiting Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 May 21 (reviewed 2001); 2 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3060&nbr=2286&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

ASHP therapeutic guidelines on the pharmacologic management of nausea and vomiting in adult and pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy or undergoing surgery Source: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists - Professional Association; 1999; 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1875&nbr=1101&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Chemotherapy and biotherapy: guidelines and recommendations for practice Source: Oncology Nursing Society - Professional Association; 2001; 226 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3209&nbr=2435&a mp;string=metoclopramide

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Clinical practice guideline for the management of postoperative pain Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001 July (revised 2002 May); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3284&nbr=2510&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Diagnosis and management of headache Source: National Committee on Neuroscience (Singapore) - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 November; 25 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2838&nbr=2064&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children Source: North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition - Professional Association; 2001; 31 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3593&nbr=2819&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Guidelines for surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Source: Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 February (revised 2001 Jun); 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3147&nbr=2373&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Migraine headache Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1998 November (revised 2002 Jul); 74 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3441&nbr=2667&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Palliative treatment of cancer Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 December 27 (revised 2003 May 30); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4374&nbr=3296&a mp;string=metoclopramide

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Pharmacologic management of acute attacks of migraine and prevention of migraine headache Source: American Academy of Family Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 November; 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3592&nbr=2818&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration Source: American Society of Anesthesiologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1854&nbr=1080&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidencebased review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Source: American Academy of Neurology - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 September; 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2820&nbr=2046&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Recommendations for the use of antiemetics: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines Source: American Society of Clinical Oncology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 September; 37 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2149&nbr=1375&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Surgical treatment of reflux esophagitis Source: Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Inc - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 2000); 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2170&nbr=1396&a mp;string=metoclopramide

•

Use of 5-HT Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 March 7 (updated online 2003 Jan); 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3746&nbr=2972&a mp;string=metoclopramide

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VHA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of major depressive disorder in adults Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1997 (updated 2000); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2585&nbr=1811&a mp;string=metoclopramide The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to metoclopramide. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to metoclopramide. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with metoclopramide. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about metoclopramide. For more information,

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see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “metoclopramide” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “metoclopramide”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “metoclopramide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “metoclopramide” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 109

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 111

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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METOCLOPRAMIDE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal fat: Fat (adipose tissue) that is centrally distributed between the thorax and pelvis and that induces greater health risk. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. [NIH]

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Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agalactia: Absence or failure of the secretion of milk; called also agalactosis. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by

Dictionary 117

increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprostadil: A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains.

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There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Ampoule: A small glass or plastic container capable of being sealed so as to preserve its contents in a sterile condition; used principally for containing sterile parenteral solutions (American English: ampule). [EU] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms,

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promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidopaminergic: Preventing or counteracting (the effects of) dopamine. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including

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phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs

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to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Asthenia: Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Atony: Lack of normal tone or strength. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits

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the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavioral Symptoms: Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning. [NIH]

Belching: Noisy release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. Also called burping. [NIH]

Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzamides: Benzoic acid amides. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, cardiac rate changes, and bronchial spasms. [NIH] Bezoars: Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]

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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH]

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Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Spasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH]

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Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief

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constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular

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reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chyme: A thick liquid made of partially digested food and stomach juices. This liquid is made in the stomach and moves into the small intestine for further digestion. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate

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neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Conscious Sedation: An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an

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antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in

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the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cystectomy: Used for excision of the urinary bladder. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytochrome b5: A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. MW 16kDa. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH]

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Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

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Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroergotamine: A derivative of ergotamine prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimenhydrinate: A drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or

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in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dopamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (antipsychotic agents) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as antiemetics, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid

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tumors. [NIH] Dronabinol: A synthetic pill form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active ingredient in marijuana that is used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dumping Syndrome: Gastrointestinal nonfunctioning pylorus. [NIH]

symptoms

resulting

from

an

absent

or

Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (receptors, opioid, kappa) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dystocia: Difficult childbirth or labor. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH]

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Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epirubicin: An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less cardiotoxicity. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Epoprostenol: A prostaglandin that is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue. It is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches. [NIH] Ergotism: Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythropoiesis: The production of erythrocytes. [EU] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase

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of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Necrosis: A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU]

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Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galenical: 1. Usually cap: of or relating to Galen or his medical principles or method. 2. Constituting a galenical. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Outlet Obstruction: The hindering of output from the stomach to the small intestine. The source varies: peptic ulcer, foreign bodies, aging, neoplasms, etc. [NIH]

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Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

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Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH]

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Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically. [NIH] Histamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic

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counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hyperemesis: Excessive vomiting. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in

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the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of epoprostenol, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators

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or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]

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Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU]

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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lassitude: Weakness; exhaustion. [EU] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH]

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Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist: LH-RH agonist. A drug that inhibits the secretion of sex hormones. In men, LH-RH agonist causes testosterone levels to fall. In women, LH-RH agonist causes the levels of estrogen and other sex hormones to fall. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Manometry: Tests that measure muscle pressure and movements in the GI tract. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They

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include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methacrylates: Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mixed Function Oxidases: Catalyse the insertion of one oxygen atom of molecular oxygen into the organ substrate. Require a second substrate to donate electrons for the reduction of the second atom in the oxygen molecule to water. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motilin: A 22-amino acid polypeptide (molecular weight 2700) isolated from the duodenum. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect. [NIH]

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Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscarinic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, muscarinic), thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetycholine or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system. Antagonists that discriminate among the various muscarinic receptor subtypes and might allow better control of peripheral and central actions are under development. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH]

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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. [NIH] Nervousness: Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. [EU] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosurgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU]

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Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH]

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Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oesophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and it has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor

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molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paraoxon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide. [NIH] Parasympathomimetic: 1. Producing effects resembling those of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to a part. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves. Called also cholinergic. [EU] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU]

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Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to

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those of chlorpromazine. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacology, Clinical: The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans. [NIH] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Piloerection: Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH]

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Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Placental tissue: The tissue intervening between fetal blood and maternal blood in the placenta; it acts as a selective membrane regulating the passage of substances from the maternal to the fetal blood. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH]

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Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia. [NIH]

Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare

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the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prokinetic Drugs: Medicines that cause muscles in the GI tract to move food. An example is cisapride (SIS-uh-pryd) (Propulsid). [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]

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Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pylorus: The opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the intestine. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a

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machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radical cystectomy: Surgery to remove the bladder as well as nearby tissues and organs. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiosensitization: The use of a drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Histamine: Cell-surface proteins that bind histamine and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Histamine receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Three types have been recognized and designated H1, H2, and H3. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mode of action. [NIH] Receptors, Muscarinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for muscarine over nicotine. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3.) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology. [NIH] Receptors, Opioid: Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors

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bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Residual Volume: The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retching: Dry vomiting. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal

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combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

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Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH]

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Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Agonists: Agents that have an affinity for serotonin receptors and are able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. These compounds are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine. [NIH]

Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Simvastatin: A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic

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system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions

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of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it

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is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tiapride: Benzamide derivative with dopamine antagonist actions similar to sulpiride. It has been used as an antipsychotic and in the treatment of various movement disorders. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make

Dictionary 171

permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of

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Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic. [NIH]

Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubal ligation: An operation to tie the fallopian tubes closed. This procedure prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. [NIH] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax

Dictionary 173

and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU]

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Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yawning: An involuntary deep inspiration with the mouth open, often accompanied by the act of stretching. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

175

INDEX A Abdominal, 14, 65, 69, 76, 100, 115, 122, 124, 126, 128, 132, 145, 155, 156, 164 Abdominal fat, 69, 115 Acceptor, 115, 147, 154 Acetaminophen, 22, 64, 76, 115 Acetylcholine, 57, 115, 126, 152, 153 Acetylcysteine, 11, 22, 115 Acidity, 70, 71, 115 Acrylonitrile, 66, 115, 164 Actin, 115, 151 Adaptability, 115, 125 Adaptation, 73, 115, 126 Adenine, 115, 161 Adenocarcinoma, 36, 115 Adenoma, 41, 45, 115 Adenosine, 74, 75, 115, 124, 142, 157, 170 Adenosine Diphosphate, 74, 75, 115 Adhesives, 115, 116 Adipose Tissue, 115, 116, 137 Adjustment, 115, 116 Adjuvant, 67, 116, 139 Adrenal Cortex, 116, 129, 136, 141, 159 Adrenal Glands, 116, 118 Adrenal Medulla, 116, 125, 135, 153 Adrenergic, 6, 116, 119, 120, 133, 135, 136, 146, 169 Adverse Effect, 116, 128, 166 Aerosol, 116, 153 Affinity, 6, 116, 121, 127, 166 Agalactia, 69, 116 Age of Onset, 116, 172 Agonist, 4, 64, 75, 116, 122, 124, 127, 133, 136, 147, 151, 169 Agoraphobia, 10, 116, 155 Akathisia, 10, 34, 48, 116, 120 Aldehydes, 116, 174 Aldosterone, 11, 41, 45, 58, 116 Alertness, 7, 117, 124 Algorithms, 117, 122 Alimentary, 50, 104, 117, 122, 135, 155 Alkaline, 117, 122, 124, 169 Alkaloid, 117, 121, 124, 125, 150, 165, 170, 172 Allopurinol, 6, 117 Alopecia, 117, 130 Alpha Particles, 117, 161 Alpha-1, 117, 136

Alprostadil, 81, 117 Alternative medicine, 86, 117 Aluminum, 117, 169 Alveoli, 117, 173 Ambulatory Care, 117 Ameliorating, 68, 117 Amenorrhea, 18, 29, 117, 118, 124 Amine, 117, 141 Amino Acid Sequence, 118, 122 Amnestic, 118, 138, 150 Ampoule, 73, 118 Amyloidosis, 76, 118 Anaesthesia, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, 24, 26, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 118, 144 Anal, 118, 128 Analgesic, 66, 70, 77, 115, 118, 129, 150, 151, 153, 154, 171 Analog, 118, 138, 143, 168 Anatomical, 118, 123, 126, 129, 143 Androgens, 5, 116, 118, 129 Anemia, 46, 118, 174 Anesthesia, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 32, 39, 42, 43, 51, 118, 119, 128, 150, 159 Anesthetics, 118, 135, 140 Angina, 118, 153 Anorexia, 76, 101, 118 Anorexia Nervosa, 76, 118 Antagonism, 45, 118, 124, 127, 170 Anthracycline, 118, 131, 135 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 118, 159 Antibacterial, 71, 119, 167 Antibiotic, 71, 118, 119, 124, 131, 133, 135, 136, 156, 159, 167 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 119, 159 Antibody, 116, 119, 130, 140, 143, 144, 148, 150, 162, 167 Anticholinergic, 64, 119, 157 Anticoagulant, 119, 160 Anticonvulsant, 119, 147 Antidepressant, 119, 124 Antidopaminergic, 23, 119 Antigen, 116, 119, 142, 143, 144, 148 Antihistamine, 64, 119 Antihypertensive, 20, 33, 119, 146 Anti-inflammatory, 5, 115, 119, 121, 129, 131, 139, 143, 146, 151

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Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 119, 121, 129, 146 Antimetabolite, 119, 138, 149 Antineoplastic, 17, 119, 123, 125, 129, 130, 133, 138, 149, 158, 173 Antioxidant, 119, 155 Antipsychotic, 4, 119, 120, 126, 127, 133, 152, 156, 164, 170, 172 Antipsychotic Agents, 120, 133 Antipyretic, 115, 120, 151 Antispasmodic, 120, 140, 154, 160, 165 Antitussive, 120, 132, 154 Antiviral, 115, 120 Anxiety, 116, 118, 120, 129, 138, 147, 153, 155 Anxiolytic, 120, 150, 154 Apathy, 120, 152 Apnea, 28, 120 Aqueous, 70, 120, 122 Arachidonic Acid, 120, 143, 160 Arginine, 22, 27, 30, 45, 120, 153 Aromatic, 120, 168 Arterial, 30, 120, 142, 153, 160, 169 Arteries, 120, 123, 129, 149 Arterioles, 120, 123 Artery, 74, 120, 129, 148, 164 Asphyxia, 120, 153 Aspiration, 104, 120 Aspirin, 64, 76, 86, 120 Asthenia, 77, 121 Astrocytes, 121 Astrocytoma, 36, 121 Atony, 3, 121 Atrophy, 50, 121 Atropine, 24, 121, 122, 165 Atypical, 4, 121, 127, 164 Auditory, 121, 148, 172 Autacoids, 121, 143 Autologous, 44, 121 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 44, 121 Autonomic, 23, 50, 115, 120, 121, 122, 130, 152, 153, 156 Autonomic Nervous System, 23, 121, 122, 152, 156 Axonal, 121, 174 Axons, 121, 154, 164 B Bacteria, 119, 121, 136, 137, 150, 165, 167, 171, 172 Bacterial Physiology, 115, 121 Bacteriostatic, 121, 136

Barium, 14, 101, 122 Basal Ganglia, 120, 122, 127, 142 Base, 70, 71, 115, 122, 131, 146 Behavioral Symptoms, 7, 122 Belching, 101, 122 Belladonna, 121, 122 Benign, 72, 115, 122, 140, 152, 162 Benzamides, 69, 72, 122 Beta-Endorphin, 24, 122 Bethanechol, 82, 87, 101, 122 Bezoars, 76, 100, 122 Bile, 122, 138, 139, 147, 168, 169 Bile Acids, 122, 139, 168 Bioavailability, 13, 14, 23, 122, 143 Biochemical, 66, 119, 122, 157, 166 Biopsy, 122, 156 Biotechnology, 7, 79, 86, 95, 122 Bladder, 123, 130, 143, 151, 162, 172 Bleomycin, 70, 123 Bloating, 76, 100, 101, 123, 139 Blood Coagulation, 123, 124, 170 Blood Glucose, 101, 123, 141, 144 Blood Platelets, 123, 166 Blood pressure, 50, 81, 119, 123, 126, 142, 153, 166 Blood vessel, 5, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 135, 137, 145, 148, 151, 166, 168, 170, 173 Blood Volume, 6, 123 Blood-Brain Barrier, 123, 146, 152, 157 Body Fluids, 123, 124, 166 Body Regions, 123, 128 Bone Marrow, 121, 123, 147, 148, 166, 174 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 123 Bowel, 14, 52, 118, 123, 132, 145, 156 Brachytherapy, 123, 144, 162 Bradykinin, 123, 153 Branch, 52, 111, 123, 148, 156, 157, 167, 170 Breakdown, 123, 132, 138, 154, 166 Breeding, 73, 123 Broad-spectrum, 65, 124 Bromocriptine, 11, 124 Bronchial, 122, 124, 141, 170 Bronchial Spasm, 122, 124 Buccal, 25, 124, 147 Bupivacaine, 45, 124, 146 Bupropion, 39, 124 Bypass, 82, 124 C Caesarean section, 41, 124 Caffeine, 15, 56, 77, 124, 161 Calcium, 15, 81, 124, 155, 169 Calcium channel blocker, 81, 124

Index 177

Calcium Channel Blockers, 81, 124 Calmodulin, 74, 124 Cannabidiol, 124 Cannabinoids, 75, 124 Cannabinol, 124 Capsaicin, 81, 125 Capsules, 73, 125, 133, 139 Carbohydrate, 125, 129, 139, 159 Carboplatin, 9, 21, 37, 38, 125 Carcinogenic, 125, 144, 168 Carcinoma, 13, 125, 130 Cardiac, 5, 12, 13, 14, 122, 124, 125, 135, 137, 146, 150, 151, 163, 168 Cardiac arrest, 12, 13, 14, 125 Cardiac Output, 6, 125 Cardiorespiratory, 125, 150 Cardiotoxicity, 125, 135 Cardiovascular, 6, 44, 50, 125, 166 Carotene, 125, 163 Catecholamine, 125, 133, 157 Catheter, 125, 145 Catheterization, 125, 145 Caudal, 125, 142, 159 Cell Death, 75, 125, 137 Cell Division, 121, 125, 137, 158 Cell membrane, 124, 125, 157, 162 Cellobiose, 125 Cellulose, 66, 125, 138, 158 Central Nervous System Infections, 126, 140 Central retinal artery, 74, 126, 164 Cerebellar, 126, 171 Cerebellar Diseases, 126, 171 Cerebrovascular, 124, 126 Cesarean Section, 13, 15, 126 Chemoreceptor, 120, 126 Chemotherapeutic agent, 65, 70, 78, 126 Chest Pain, 77, 126 Chin, 126, 149 Chlorpromazine, 17, 31, 82, 126, 157 Cholecystectomy, 11, 20, 31, 34, 41, 42, 44, 126 Cholecystokinin, 81, 126 Cholesterol, 81, 122, 126, 147, 166, 168 Cholinergic, 57, 120, 126, 151, 155, 162 Chorea, 120, 126 Choroid, 74, 127, 163 Chromatin, 74, 75, 127, 148 Chromosomal, 127 Chronic, 9, 14, 18, 35, 44, 127, 128, 136, 144, 146, 165, 168 Chyme, 80, 127

Ciliary, 74, 127, 151 Cimetidine, 80, 127 Circulatory system, 127, 145 Cirrhosis, 31, 127 CIS, 68, 127, 163 Clinical study, 127, 129 Clinical trial, 4, 44, 95, 127, 129, 133, 162 Clomiphene, 29, 127 Cloning, 122, 127 Clozapine, 4, 35, 127 Coenzyme, 128, 147, 166 Cofactor, 128, 160, 170 Cognition, 7, 128, 152 Colic, 57, 77, 128 Collagen, 116, 117, 128, 139, 142, 158 Collagen disease, 128, 142 Colon, 20, 128, 146 Colorectal, 20, 128 Colorectal Surgery, 20, 128 Combination chemotherapy, 68, 128 Computational Biology, 95, 128 Conception, 128, 129, 138, 168 Cones, 128, 164 Congestion, 120, 128 Conjugated, 128, 130 Connective Tissue, 123, 128, 131, 138, 139, 147, 165 Conscious Sedation, 9, 128 Consciousness, 118, 119, 129, 131, 133, 161, 163, 168 Constipation, 81, 120, 129 Constriction, 129, 145, 173 Constriction, Pathologic, 129, 173 Contraception, 12, 86, 129 Contraindications, ii, 81, 129 Controlled clinical trial, 52, 56, 129 Controlled study, 30, 129 Convulsions, 119, 129, 142 Convulsive, 77, 129 Coronary, 129, 149, 153 Coronary Thrombosis, 129, 149 Corpus, 129, 147, 159, 174 Corpus Luteum, 129, 147, 159 Cortex, 129 Cortical, 129, 165 Corticosteroid, 56, 129, 159 Cortisol, 18, 20, 24, 129 Cortisone, 129, 131 Cranial, 130, 140, 145, 152, 154, 156, 172 Cranial Nerves, 130, 152 Craniocerebral Trauma, 130, 140 Curative, 130, 170

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Metoclopramide

Cutaneous, 130, 147, 155 Cyanide, 130, 149 Cyclic, 124, 130, 140, 153, 159, 170 Cyclophosphamide, 21, 27, 71, 130 Cyproterone, 130, 138 Cystectomy, 130 Cytochrome, 34, 51, 127, 130 Cytochrome b, 34, 130 Cytochrome b5, 34, 130 Cytokines, 5, 130 Cytostatic, 74, 131 Cytotoxic, 74, 75, 125, 131, 154, 162 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 131, 154 Cytotoxicity, 34, 36, 70, 75, 127, 131 D Dantrolene, 26, 131 Daunorubicin, 131, 133 Decarboxylation, 131, 141 Dehydration, 65, 131 Delirium, 120, 131 Delusions, 32, 131, 161 Dementia, 120, 131 Depressive Disorder, 105, 131, 147 Dermis, 131, 171 Deuterium, 131, 142 Dexamethasone, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, 32, 37, 39, 40, 43, 47, 56, 64, 77, 131 Diabetes Mellitus, 76, 131, 139, 141 Diagnostic procedure, 63, 86, 131 Diaphragm, 65, 132, 141 Diarrhea, 77, 132 Diastolic, 132, 142 Didanosine, 6, 132 Dideoxyadenosine, 132 Digestion, 22, 69, 81, 117, 122, 123, 127, 132, 134, 139, 145, 147, 156, 168 Digestive system, 132, 139 Digestive tract, 76, 132, 166, 167 Dihydroergotamine, 16, 19, 132 Dihydrotestosterone, 5, 132, 163 Dilatation, 132, 159, 173 Dilator, 132, 153 Dimenhydrinate, 19, 82, 132 Diphenhydramine, 17, 64, 65, 132 Direct, iii, 5, 89, 132, 133, 142, 163, 169 Dissection, 22, 132 Dissociation, 116, 132, 145 Distal, 121, 133, 139, 156 Diuresis, 124, 133, 170 Dizziness, 77, 133, 155, 173 Domperidone, 8, 20, 23, 31, 53, 68, 69, 81, 82, 101, 133

Dopa, 133, 146 Dopamine Antagonists, 72, 133 Dorsal, 133, 159 Dosage Forms, 77, 133 Dose-dependent, 133, 174 Double-blind, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 21, 31, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 53, 56, 57, 68, 133 Double-blinded, 10, 133 Doxorubicin, 13, 27, 71, 133, 135 Dronabinol, 82, 134, 170 Drug Interactions, 3, 90, 134 Drug Tolerance, 134, 170 Dumping Syndrome, 82, 134 Duodenal Ulcer, 134, 153 Duodenum, 65, 82, 122, 134, 135, 138, 139, 145, 150, 155, 156, 168 Dynorphins, 134, 162 Dyskinesia, 25, 49, 120, 134 Dysmenorrhea, 134, 151 Dyspepsia, 9, 22, 32, 50, 134 Dysphagia, 14, 102, 134 Dysphoric, 131, 134 Dystocia, 69, 134 Dystonia, 10, 27, 47, 120, 134 E Effector, 115, 134 Efficacy, 8, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 27, 46, 48, 51, 56, 64, 76, 134 Elective, 20, 134 Electrolyte, 39, 116, 129, 131, 134, 150, 159, 166 Embryo, 134, 143 Emetic, 11, 19, 35, 39, 42, 64, 65, 73, 77, 134 Encapsulated, 134, 147 Endogenous, 122, 133, 134, 135, 151, 162, 171 Endometrium, 135, 149 Endorphins, 135, 152, 162 Endoscopic, 103, 135, 150 Endoscopy, 101, 135 Endothelium, 135, 153 Endothelium-derived, 135, 153 Enhancers, 67, 135 Enkephalin, 122, 135 Enteral Nutrition, 15, 47, 87, 135 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 135 Enzymatic, 117, 124, 125, 132, 135, 141, 149, 163 Epidermis, 131, 135, 161 Epidermoid carcinoma, 135, 167 Epidural, 15, 32, 135 Epigastric, 76, 135, 155

Index 179

Epinephrine, 116, 133, 135, 152, 153, 172 Epirubicin, 21, 34, 135 Epithelial, 115, 135, 141 Epithelial Cells, 135, 141 Epoprostenol, 136, 143 Erectile, 136 Erection, 81, 136, 157 Ergot, 77, 124, 136, 164 Ergotamine, 15, 56, 77, 132, 136 Ergotism, 77, 136 Erythrocyte Volume, 123, 136 Erythrocytes, 118, 123, 136 Erythromycin, 26, 47, 71, 81, 82, 87, 101, 136 Erythropoiesis, 46, 136 Esophageal, 31, 136 Esophagitis, 31, 104, 136, 169 Esophagus, 65, 80, 101, 132, 136, 139, 140, 147, 154, 156, 157, 163, 168 Esotropia, 136, 168 Estradiol, 5, 136 Estrogen, 127, 130, 136, 147, 160 Estrogen receptor, 127, 136 Ethanol, 136, 138 Etoposide, 71, 136 Evacuation, 129, 137, 138 Excipient, 65, 66, 137, 140 Excitability, 137, 151, 152 Excitation, 126, 131, 137, 152 Exhaustion, 118, 137, 146 Exocrine, 126, 137, 155 Exogenous, 31, 46, 133, 134, 137, 151, 172 Exotropia, 137, 168 Expiration, 137, 163 External-beam radiation, 137, 162 Extracellular, 121, 128, 137, 150, 166, 169 Extracellular Space, 137, 150 Extrapyramidal, 116, 120, 133, 137 Exudate, 137, 140, 154 F Fallopian tube, 137, 172 Family Planning, 95, 137 Famotidine, 80, 137 Fat, 69, 115, 116, 120, 123, 125, 129, 137, 147, 149 Fat Necrosis, 69, 137 Fatigue, 4, 65, 137 Fatty acids, 137, 160 Feces, 129, 137 Fermentation, 76, 138 Fetal Blood, 138, 158 Fetus, 126, 138, 158, 172

Fistula, 138, 139 Fluorouracil, 27, 71, 138 Flushing, 77, 138 Flutamide, 5, 138 Fluvoxamine, 10, 138 Forearm, 123, 138 Fungus, 136, 138, 164 G Galenical, 66, 67, 138 Gallbladder, 115, 126, 132, 138, 139 Gamma Rays, 138, 161, 162 Ganglia, 115, 138, 152, 156 Gangrenous, 69, 138 Gas, 122, 138, 142, 144, 153, 173 Gas exchange, 138, 173 Gastric Emptying, 3, 15, 26, 35, 52, 80, 82, 138, 139 Gastric Outlet Obstruction, 83, 138 Gastrin, 127, 139, 141 Gastritis, 139, 169 Gastroduodenal, 81, 82, 139 Gastroenterology, 8, 20, 24, 27, 35, 37, 46, 48, 80, 82, 103, 139 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 3, 21, 37, 51, 76, 80, 82, 100, 103, 139 Gastrointestinal tract, 68, 136, 139, 140, 166, 167 Gastroparesis, 3, 8, 14, 20, 26, 35, 48, 53, 76, 81, 85, 100, 101, 139 Gastrostomy, 135, 139 Gelatin, 139, 169 Gene, 5, 74, 79, 122, 139 Gene Expression, 5, 139 Germ Cells, 139, 154, 169 Gestation, 69, 139, 158 Gland, 116, 129, 139, 147, 155, 158, 165, 170 Glucocorticoid, 131, 139, 141, 159 Glucose, 31, 34, 123, 125, 131, 139, 141, 142, 144, 165 Glucose Intolerance, 131, 139 Glycerol, 137, 139, 157 Glycopyrrolate, 57, 140 Goiter, 43, 140 Gonadal, 140, 168 Gonadotropin, 81, 140 Gout, 140, 151 Governing Board, 140, 159 Granisetron, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, 26, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 52, 82, 140 Gravidity, 140, 156 Gravis, 140, 152

180

Metoclopramide

Growth, 26, 118, 119, 121, 125, 131, 140, 148, 152, 158, 167, 170, 172, 173 Guanylate Cyclase, 140, 153 Gum Arabic, 66, 140 Gynaecological, 16, 35, 38, 42, 140 H Haematemesis, 134, 140 Half-Life, 140, 143 Haptens, 116, 140 Headache, 16, 19, 30, 31, 44, 45, 46, 48, 56, 66, 70, 72, 77, 103, 104, 124, 140, 142 Headache Disorders, 140 Heartburn, 80, 101, 140 Heme, 130, 140, 159 Hemoglobin, 118, 136, 140, 141, 146, 159 Hemorrhage, 5, 130, 140, 141, 161, 168 Hemostasis, 141, 166 Hepatic, 31, 61, 131, 141, 159, 166 Hepatocellular, 5, 141 Hepatocytes, 6, 141 Hepatotoxicity, 71, 141 Heredity, 139, 141 Hernia, 100, 101, 141 Heterogeneity, 116, 141 Heterotropia, 141, 168 Hiccup, 126, 133, 141 Histamine, 36, 57, 119, 120, 127, 132, 137, 141, 148, 153, 160, 162 Histamine Agonists, 141 Histamine Antagonists, 57, 141 Histidine, 141 Hormonal, 121, 129, 141 Hydrocortisone, 24, 141 Hydrogen, 37, 115, 117, 122, 125, 131, 132, 142, 147, 150, 153, 154, 161, 174 Hydrogenation, 132, 142 Hydrolysis, 125, 127, 142, 161 Hydrophilic, 12, 72, 142 Hyperemesis, 10, 27, 142 Hypersensitivity, 132, 142, 164 Hypertension, 18, 124, 136, 140, 142 Hypnotic, 132, 142, 147, 150 Hypoglycaemia, 30, 131, 142 Hypoglycemia, 22, 45, 142 Hypokinesia, 142, 156 Hypotension, 46, 120, 122, 129, 142 Hypotensive, 46, 142 Hypothalamic, 18, 21, 29, 142 Hypothalamus, 121, 135, 142, 158, 167 Hypothermia, 142 Hypothyroidism, 76, 142 Hypoxanthine, 142, 174

Hysterectomy, 40, 143 Hysterotomy, 126, 143 I Id, 59, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 143 Idiopathic, 101, 143 Ileum, 143, 145 Ileus, 20, 24, 143 Illusion, 143, 173 Iloprost, 41, 143 Imidazole, 141, 143, 162 Immune response, 116, 119, 129, 130, 140, 143, 169, 173 Immunodeficiency, 28, 143 Immunologic, 143, 162, 174 Immunology, 116, 143 Immunosuppressant, 138, 143, 149 Immunosuppressive, 130, 139, 143 Impairment, 74, 131, 134, 143, 149, 161 Implant radiation, 143, 144, 162 Impotence, 81, 136, 143 In vitro, 6, 28, 143, 168 In vivo, 6, 28, 132, 143, 150 Incision, 124, 143, 145, 146 Incompetence, 139, 143 Incontinence, 143, 160, 165 Indicative, 143, 156, 173 Indinavir, 6, 143 Indomethacin, 67, 143 Induction, 29, 43, 118, 120, 143, 160, 166 Infancy, 21, 82, 144 Infarction, 120, 129, 144, 149 Infection, 28, 127, 131, 143, 144, 147, 148, 152, 156, 164, 168 Infertility, 124, 144 Inflammation, 117, 119, 120, 127, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 154, 158, 164 Infusion, 20, 52, 144 Ingestion, 25, 144, 158, 169 Inhalation, 116, 141, 144, 158 Initiation, 144, 171 Inorganic, 127, 144 Inotropic, 133, 144 Insufflation, 24, 144 Insulin, 20, 30, 45, 81, 101, 144, 172 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 144 Intermittent, 10, 144 Internal Medicine, 10, 27, 56, 139, 144 Internal radiation, 144, 162 Intestinal, 3, 23, 25, 37, 58, 125, 126, 144 Intestinal Mucosa, 126, 144 Intestine, 71, 76, 123, 145, 146, 156, 161 Intoxication, 131, 145, 174

Index 181

Intracellular, 5, 74, 124, 144, 145, 148, 153, 159, 162, 163 Intracranial Pressure, 35, 145 Intramuscular, 16, 30, 145, 155 Intraocular, 74, 145 Intraocular pressure, 74, 145 Intravenous, 3, 7, 13, 14, 16, 24, 26, 31, 43, 44, 47, 50, 56, 70, 101, 144, 145, 155 Intrinsic, 116, 145 Intubation, 3, 125, 145 Invasive, 82, 145 Involuntary, 126, 145, 151, 157, 167, 174 Ion Exchange, 126, 145 Ionization, 145 Ionizing, 36, 37, 117, 145, 162 Ions, 115, 122, 124, 132, 134, 142, 145, 150 Iontophoresis, 24, 145 Iris, 145, 151 Ischemia, 121, 145 J Jejunostomy, 135, 145 Jejunum, 65, 145 K Kb, 94, 146 Ketorolac, 31, 45, 146 Kidney Disease, 81, 94, 100, 146 Kinetic, 145, 146 L Labetalol, 14, 20, 33, 146 Lactation, 6, 23, 146, 160 Laparoscopy, 9, 10, 35, 146 Laparotomy, 24, 146 Large Intestine, 132, 145, 146, 163, 166 Larynx, 146, 171, 172 Lassitude, 4, 146 Lethal, 75, 130, 146 Lethargy, 142, 146 Leucine, 122, 146, 156 Leukemia, 133, 135, 146 Leukocytes, 123, 130, 143, 146 Leukopenia, 146, 174 Levodopa, 29, 86, 133, 146 Libido, 118, 146 Library Services, 110, 146 Lidocaine, 8, 32, 146 Ligands, 146, 162 Ligation, 147 Linkages, 132, 141, 147, 156, 174 Lipid, 6, 139, 144, 147, 150, 155 Lipid Peroxidation, 147, 155 Liposomal, 7, 147 Lithium, 120, 147

Liver, 6, 67, 115, 118, 120, 122, 127, 130, 132, 137, 138, 139, 141, 147, 172 Localization, 41, 147 Localized, 118, 134, 144, 147, 158, 165, 172 Loop, 141, 147 Lorazepam, 17, 27, 32, 39, 65, 147 Lovastatin, 147, 166 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 3, 46, 139, 147 Lupus, 101, 128, 147 Lutein Cells, 147, 160 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, 6, 147 Lymph, 7, 22, 127, 135, 147, 148 Lymph node, 22, 147, 148 Lymphatic, 135, 144, 147, 148, 166, 167 Lymphatic system, 147, 148, 167 Lymphocytes, 119, 146, 147, 148, 167 Lymphoid, 148 Lymphoma, 15, 56, 148 Lysine, 45, 51, 86, 148 M Maintenance therapy, 80, 148 Malignant, 18, 26, 28, 36, 56, 68, 115, 119, 148, 152, 162, 165 Malnutrition, 76, 121, 148 Manic, 120, 147, 148, 161 Manic-depressive psychosis, 148, 161 Manifest, 7, 121, 148, 168 Manometry, 101, 148 Meatus, 148, 172 Meclizine, 82, 148 Medial, 101, 137, 148, 154 Mediate, 133, 148, 162 Mediator, 126, 133, 148, 166 Medical Staff, 133, 148 Medicament, 66, 67, 70, 148 MEDLINE, 95, 148 Membrane, 121, 125, 127, 137, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 174 Membrane Proteins, 148, 161 Memory, 118, 131, 149 Meninges, 126, 130, 149 Menstrual Cycle, 19, 149, 160 Menstruation, 42, 117, 134, 149 Mental, iv, 4, 7, 94, 96, 126, 128, 131, 132, 137, 142, 143, 149, 152, 161, 165, 172 Mental Disorders, 7, 142, 149, 161 Mesolimbic, 120, 149 Metabolic disorder, 76, 140, 149 Metabolite, 49, 132, 147, 149

182

Metoclopramide

Metastasis, 149 Metastatic, 22, 149 Methacrylates, 66, 149 Methionine, 122, 149 Methotrexate, 71, 149 Methylene Blue, 34, 149 Methylmalonic Acid, 47, 149 Methylprednisolone, 12, 40, 49, 50, 149 MI, 113, 149 Microbe, 150, 171 Microbiology, 115, 121, 150 Microdialysis, 7, 150 Microorganism, 128, 150, 174 Microspheres, 49, 56, 150 Midazolam, 30, 150 Migration, 33, 150 Mineralocorticoids, 116, 129, 150 Mitotic, 136, 150, 173 Mixed Function Oxidases, 130, 150 Modeling, 7, 150 Modification, 56, 117, 132, 150, 161, 174 Molecular, 5, 6, 95, 97, 122, 124, 128, 130, 150, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 171, 172 Molecular Structure, 150, 172 Molecule, 71, 119, 122, 128, 132, 134, 135, 137, 142, 150, 154, 162, 171 Monoclonal, 150, 162 Morphine, 13, 16, 20, 32, 51, 58, 150, 151, 154 Motilin, 82, 101, 150 Motility, 3, 6, 31, 33, 81, 87, 101, 143, 151, 166 Motion Sickness, 16, 65, 132, 148, 151, 152, 160, 165 Motor Activity, 129, 150, 151 Movement Disorders, 25, 49, 120, 151, 170 Mucolytic, 115, 151 Mucosa, 147, 151, 160, 169 Muscarinic Antagonists, 58, 151 Muscle Fibers, 151 Muscle relaxant, 119, 131, 151, 152 Musculature, 82, 142, 151 Mutate, 4, 151 Myasthenia, 151, 152 Mydriatic, 151, 165 Myocardium, 149, 151 Myosin, 5, 151 N Naloxone, 122, 151 Naproxen, 7, 56, 151 Narcosis, 151 Narcotic, 81, 150, 151, 153, 171

Nasogastric, 22, 135, 151 NCI, 1, 93, 127, 152 Need, 3, 80, 81, 87, 106, 152, 170 Neonatal, 23, 152 Neoplasm, 152, 165 Neoplastic, 142, 148, 152 Neostigmine, 58, 152 Nephropathy, 146, 152 Nerve, 23, 76, 116, 118, 121, 126, 139, 148, 152, 154, 155, 156, 159, 164, 171, 172 Nervous System, 7, 15, 29, 76, 82, 115, 121, 124, 126, 127, 134, 138, 146, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 162, 165, 166, 169, 170, 173 Nervous System Diseases, 76, 152 Nervousness, 69, 152 Neuroleptic, 18, 26, 28, 36, 116, 119, 128, 152, 154 Neurologic, 101, 119, 152 Neuromuscular, 22, 36, 82, 115, 131, 152, 160, 172 Neuromuscular Junction, 115, 152 Neurons, 138, 146, 151, 152, 169 Neuropathy, 81, 152, 156 Neurosurgical Procedures, 8, 152 Neurotransmitter, 115, 118, 123, 133, 141, 152, 153, 167, 168 Neutrons, 117, 153, 161 Nitric Oxide, 23, 153 Nitrogen, 6, 117, 118, 130, 153, 172 Nitroglycerin, 24, 153 Nitrous Oxide, 24, 153 Nizatidine, 80, 153 Norepinephrine, 47, 116, 133, 152, 153 Normotensive, 50, 153 Nuclei, 117, 153, 154, 161 Nucleic acid, 132, 143, 153, 161, 174 Nucleus, 121, 127, 130, 131, 138, 148, 153, 161, 168 Nulliparous, 19, 153 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 138, 153 Ocular, 46, 74, 136, 137, 154 Oesophagitis, 37, 154 Ointments, 133, 154 Omeprazole, 37, 80, 102, 154 Ophthalmic, 11, 154, 164 Opiate, 81, 122, 135, 150, 151, 154 Opium, 150, 154 Opsin, 154, 164 Optic Chiasm, 142, 154 Optic Nerve, 74, 154, 163, 164, 165

Index 183

Orthostatic, 46, 120, 154 Outpatient, 154 Ovaries, 154, 166, 172 Ovary, 129, 136, 154 Overdose, 19, 22, 67, 154 Ovulation, 29, 127, 154 Ovum, 129, 139, 154, 160 Oxidation, 31, 115, 119, 130, 147, 154, 155 Oxidative Stress, 74, 155 P Paediatric, 24, 43, 44, 52, 57, 155 Palliative, 32, 103, 130, 155, 170 Pancreas, 115, 132, 139, 144, 155, 167 Pancreatic, 126, 135, 139, 155 Pancreatic cancer, 135, 155 Pancreatic Juice, 139, 155 Panic, 10, 138, 155 Panic Disorder, 138, 155 Paraoxon, 28, 34, 155 Parasympathomimetic, 29, 155 Parathyroid, 40, 155, 169 Parathyroid Glands, 155 Parenteral, 65, 73, 87, 118, 155 Paresthesia, 77, 155 Parietal, 154, 155, 156 Parity, 23, 156 Parkinsonism, 27, 120, 146, 156 Parturition, 156, 160 Patch, 156, 171 Pathologic, 80, 122, 129, 142, 156, 173 Pathophysiology, 82, 156 Patient Education, 100, 101, 108, 110, 113, 156 Pelvis, 115, 154, 156, 172 Penicillin, 71, 118, 156 Pepsin, 127, 156 Pepsin A, 127, 156 Peptic, 138, 156, 169 Peptic Ulcer, 138, 156 Peptide, 30, 117, 122, 126, 156, 160, 170 Percutaneous, 67, 156, 157 Peripheral blood, 117, 156 Peripheral Nervous System, 152, 156, 167, 168 Peripheral Neuropathy, 156, 174 Peristalsis, 31, 65, 133, 156 Peritoneum, 156, 164 Pernicious, 77, 156 Perphenazine, 42, 82, 156 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 126, 136, 139, 157 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 133, 157

Pharmacodynamics, 48, 61, 157 Pharmacokinetic, 46, 157 Pharmacologic, 77, 82, 102, 104, 118, 121, 140, 157, 171, 172 Pharmacology, Clinical, 3, 157 Pharmacotherapy, 9, 10, 14, 24, 35, 36, 45, 46, 47, 82, 157 Pharynx, 139, 157, 172 Phonophoresis, 145, 157 Phospholipids, 137, 157 Phosphorus, 124, 155, 157 Phosphorylation, 5, 157 Physiologic, 6, 70, 116, 133, 140, 142, 149, 157, 162, 166, 171 Physiology, 57, 82, 139, 157 Physostigmine, 57, 152, 157 Pigments, 125, 157, 163 Piloerection, 142, 157 Pilot study, 52, 157 Pituitary Gland, 129, 158 Placenta, 136, 138, 158, 159 Placental tissue, 69, 158 Plants, 117, 121, 122, 123, 139, 153, 157, 158, 165, 171, 173 Plasma, 18, 19, 20, 28, 29, 45, 123, 125, 139, 141, 150, 158 Platelet Aggregation, 117, 136, 143, 153, 158 Platelets, 153, 158 Platinum, 68, 127, 147, 158 Pneumonia, 33, 129, 158 Podophyllotoxin, 136, 158 Poisoning, 65, 131, 136, 145, 149, 152, 158 Polyethylene, 158, 169 Polyethylene Glycols, 158, 169 Polymers, 158, 160, 168 Polysaccharide, 119, 125, 159 Porphyria, 10, 32, 159 Porphyrins, 159 Posterior, 74, 118, 127, 133, 145, 155, 159, 165 Postoperative, 3, 9, 16, 20, 24, 26, 29, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 51, 103, 159 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting, 9, 26, 29, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48, 159 Potassium, 117, 150, 159 Potentiates, 66, 70, 159 Practice Guidelines, 96, 102, 104, 159 Precursor, 120, 130, 133, 134, 135, 146, 153, 159, 172 Prednisolone, 149, 159 Premedication, 35, 159, 165

184

Metoclopramide

Preoperative, 41, 104, 159 Probe, 37, 150, 159 Procaine, 146, 159 Progesterone, 69, 159, 160, 168 Progressive, 127, 131, 134, 140, 160 Projection, 153, 154, 160 Prokinetic Drugs, 81, 87, 160 Prolactin, 6, 12, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 37, 46, 47, 69, 73, 124, 133, 160 Promethazine, 65, 82, 160 Propantheline, 6, 37, 61, 160 Prophylaxis, 9, 12, 15, 19, 34, 35, 43, 49, 160 Propofol, 30, 40, 42, 48, 160 Prospective study, 39, 160 Prostaglandins, 120, 143, 160 Prostaglandins A, 143, 160 Protease, 143, 160, 164 Protective Agents, 124, 160 Protein C, 4, 6, 118, 160, 172 Protein S, 79, 122, 136, 160 Proton Pump, 154, 161 Protons, 117, 142, 145, 161 Pruritus, 120, 132, 160, 161 Psychiatry, 7, 32, 39, 47, 161, 168, 173 Psychic, 146, 149, 161, 165 Psychoactive, 161, 163, 170, 174 Psychomotor, 131, 152, 161 Psychosis, 35, 119, 120, 161 Public Policy, 95, 161 Pulmonary, 104, 123, 136, 161, 173 Pulmonary Artery, 123, 161, 173 Purines, 161, 174 Purpura, 46, 161 Pylorus, 65, 82, 134, 161 Q Quality of Life, 18, 161 Quaternary, 161, 165 R Race, 133, 150, 161 Radiation, 36, 37, 65, 70, 74, 75, 102, 137, 138, 144, 145, 148, 161, 162, 174 Radiation therapy, 102, 137, 144, 161, 162 Radical cystectomy, 22, 162 Radioactive, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 162 Radioimmunotherapy, 162 Radioisotope, 101, 136, 162 Radiolabeled, 162 Radiological, 156, 162 Radiosensitization, 28, 162 Radiotherapy, 13, 35, 123, 162

Randomized, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 31, 33, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 56, 134, 162 Ranitidine, 22, 23, 37, 57, 80, 162 Reality Testing, 161, 162 Receptors, Histamine, 66, 162 Receptors, Muscarinic, 151, 162 Receptors, Opioid, 66, 134, 162 Receptors, Serotonin, 163, 166 Rectal, 163, 169 Rectum, 20, 128, 132, 138, 143, 146, 163 Reductase, 34, 147, 149, 163, 166 Refer, 1, 124, 133, 135, 147, 152, 153, 161, 162, 163, 171 Reflux, 31, 65, 80, 101, 104, 139, 163, 169 Refraction, 163, 167 Refractory, 80, 163 Regimen, 14, 21, 27, 44, 56, 68, 134, 157, 163 Regurgitation, 101, 139, 140, 163 Remission, 148, 163 Resection, 82, 163 Residual Volume, 26, 163 Respiration, 120, 126, 163 Respiratory Physiology, 163, 173 Restoration, 46, 163 Resuscitation, 5, 163 Retching, 70, 163 Retina, 74, 126, 127, 128, 154, 163, 164, 174 Retinal, 74, 154, 163, 164 Retinal Artery, 164 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 154, 164 Retinol, 163, 164 Retroperitoneal, 22, 116, 164 Retrospective, 14, 164 Rheumatoid, 128, 151, 164 Rheumatoid arthritis, 128, 151, 164 Rhinitis, 160, 164 Rhodopsin, 154, 164 Ribose, 115, 164 Rigidity, 145, 156, 158, 164 Risk factor, 160, 164 Risk patient, 40, 164 Risperidone, 4, 164 Ritonavir, 6, 164 Rubber, 115, 164 Rye, 136, 164 S Saliva, 165 Salivary, 132, 151, 155, 165 Salivation, 69, 140, 165 Saponins, 165, 168

Index 185

Sarcoma, 36, 165 Schizoid, 165, 174 Schizophrenia, 120, 164, 165, 174 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 165, 174 Sclera, 127, 165 Scleroderma, 14, 76, 101, 165 Scopolamine, 45, 56, 64, 82, 122, 165 Screening, 127, 165 Secretory, 82, 154, 165 Sedative, 132, 147, 150, 160, 165 Seizures, 77, 131, 165, 168 Semisynthetic, 124, 136, 165 Sensibility, 118, 165 Sepsis, 6, 165 Serotonin, 47, 77, 120, 127, 138, 140, 152, 154, 157, 163, 164, 166, 169, 172 Serotonin Agonists, 77, 166 Sertraline, 7, 166 Serum, 12, 41, 46, 47, 50, 69, 71, 73, 79, 140, 150, 166 Sex Characteristics, 118, 166, 169 Shock, 5, 142, 166, 171 Side effect, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 89, 116, 120, 130, 132, 147, 166, 171, 174 Simvastatin, 7, 166 Skeletal, 118, 131, 166, 167 Skull, 130, 145, 166 Small intestine, 76, 127, 134, 138, 141, 143, 145, 151, 166 Smoking Cessation, 124, 166 Smooth muscle, 6, 76, 121, 122, 124, 141, 150, 153, 166, 167, 169 Social Environment, 161, 166 Sodium, 56, 70, 73, 117, 136, 140, 150, 151, 166, 169 Solid tumor, 123, 134, 166 Solvent, 67, 136, 139, 157, 167 Somatic, 130, 156, 167, 172 Somatostatin, 82, 167 Spasm, 120, 129, 141, 167, 170 Spasticity, 131, 167 Spatial disorientation, 133, 167 Specialist, 106, 167 Species, 122, 125, 135, 138, 140, 150, 161, 167, 173 Specificity, 56, 116, 167 Spectrum, 65, 71, 167 Sperm, 46, 118, 167 Spinal cord, 121, 126, 135, 149, 152, 156, 167 Spleen, 118, 147, 148, 167 Squamous, 21, 135, 167

Squamous cell carcinoma, 21, 135, 167 Squamous cells, 167 Stasis, 64, 76, 168 Status Epilepticus, 47, 168 Stavudine, 6, 168 Sterile, 73, 118, 155, 168 Sterility, 19, 130, 144, 168 Sterilization, 45, 168 Steroid, 5, 129, 165, 166, 168 Stimulant, 124, 141, 168 Strabismus, 24, 43, 51, 52, 168 Strand, 75, 168 Stress, 12, 121, 125, 129, 138, 152, 155, 164, 168 Stroke, 94, 125, 168 Stupor, 146, 151, 168 Styrene, 66, 164, 168 Subacute, 144, 168 Subarachnoid, 140, 168 Subclinical, 144, 165, 168 Subcutaneous, 27, 48, 138, 155, 168 Substance P, 136, 149, 165, 168 Substrate, 51, 75, 130, 150, 169 Sucralfate, 57, 169 Sumatriptan, 48, 51, 64, 76, 169 Supplementation, 53, 65, 169 Suppository, 78, 158, 169 Suppression, 129, 169, 174 Sweat, 131, 142, 169 Sympathomimetic, 133, 135, 153, 169 Symptomatic, 16, 37, 46, 48, 80, 82, 119, 169 Synapse, 116, 152, 169, 171 Synergistic, 6, 78, 160, 169 Systemic, 67, 82, 90, 118, 123, 128, 131, 135, 144, 159, 162, 165, 169 Systolic, 12, 142, 169 T Talc, 66, 169 Tardive, 49, 120, 169 Terminator, 132, 169, 174 Testicular, 22, 169 Testis, 136, 169 Testosterone, 5, 147, 163, 169 Tetany, 155, 169 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 124, 134, 170 Theophylline, 132, 161, 170 Therapeutics, 8, 12, 15, 33, 46, 48, 50, 51, 57, 65, 90, 170 Thoracic, 132, 170, 174 Thorax, 115, 170, 172 Threshold, 137, 142, 170

186

Metoclopramide

Thrombin, 158, 160, 170 Thrombomodulin, 160, 170 Thrombosis, 160, 168, 170 Thyroid, 31, 40, 140, 142, 155, 170, 172 Thyroid Gland, 140, 155, 170 Thyroid Hormones, 170, 172 Thyrotropin, 24, 142, 170 Thyroxine, 43, 170 Tiapride, 72, 170 Tin, 77, 155, 156, 158, 170 Tolerance, 15, 73, 115, 139, 170 Tone, 65, 121, 122, 151, 153, 167, 170 Tonicity, 134, 171 Tonus, 170, 171 Tooth Preparation, 115, 171 Topical, 67, 74, 136, 171 Toxic, iv, 7, 65, 71, 121, 130, 131, 152, 158, 164, 168, 171, 174 Toxicity, 7, 28, 68, 125, 134, 153, 157, 169, 171 Toxicology, 19, 22, 28, 34, 96, 171 Toxin, 68, 170, 171 Trace element, 170, 171 Trachea, 146, 157, 170, 171 Tramadol, 32, 33, 171 Transcriptase, 132, 168, 171, 174 Transcription Factors, 5, 171 Transdermal, 24, 41, 56, 171 Transfection, 122, 171 Translation, 117, 136, 171 Translocation, 136, 171 Transmitter, 115, 121, 133, 148, 153, 171 Trauma, 5, 131, 136, 171 Tremor, 49, 156, 171 Tricyclic, 81, 172 Triflupromazine, 68, 172 Trigger zone, 120, 172 Tryptophan, 128, 166, 172 Tubal ligation, 51, 172 Tubocurarine, 152, 172 Type 2 diabetes, 76, 172 Tyrosine, 133, 172 U Ulcer, 134, 169, 172 Unconscious, 118, 143, 172 Urea, 169, 172 Uremia, 16, 172 Urethra, 172 Uric, 117, 140, 161, 172

Urinary, 22, 28, 52, 122, 130, 143, 151, 160, 165, 172, 174 Urinary Retention, 122, 172 Urine, 49, 123, 133, 143, 172 Uterus, 129, 135, 143, 149, 154, 160, 172 V Vaccine, 116, 172 Vagina, 143, 149, 172 Vaginal, 169, 172 Vagus Nerve, 76, 172 Vascular, 6, 12, 74, 124, 127, 131, 135, 136, 140, 144, 153, 158, 170, 173 Vasoconstriction, 77, 135, 173 Vasodilation, 143, 173 Vasodilator, 117, 123, 133, 141, 173 Vegetative, 73, 173 Vein, 145, 173 Venous, 41, 153, 160, 173 Ventilation, 46, 173 Ventricle, 142, 161, 169, 173 Ventricular, 6, 173 Venules, 123, 173 Vertigo, 77, 132, 148, 173 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 95, 173 Vinblastine, 70, 173 Vinca Alkaloids, 173 Vincristine, 70, 173 Viral, 115, 132, 173, 174 Virulence, 171, 173 Virus, 28, 36, 126, 135, 173 Visceral, 3, 121, 130, 156, 172, 173, 174 Visceral Afferents, 121, 172, 174 Viscosity, 115, 174 Vitreous, 163, 174 Vitreous Body, 163, 174 Vitro, 174 Vivo, 6, 174 W Weight Gain, 32, 69, 174 Windpipe, 157, 170, 174 Withdrawal, 10, 53, 131, 174 X Xanthine, 6, 117, 174 Xanthine Oxidase, 6, 117, 174 X-ray, 101, 138, 161, 162, 174 Y Yawning, 57, 174 Z Zalcitabine, 6, 174 Zidovudine, 6, 174 Zymogen, 160, 174

Index 187

188

Metoclopramide