Methyldopa - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

METHYLDOPA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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METHYLDOPA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Methyldopa: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00724-X 1. Methyldopa-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on methyldopa. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON METHYLDOPA ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Methyldopa ................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND METHYLDOPA ................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Methyldopa .................................................................................. 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND METHYLDOPA ........................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 General References ....................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 63 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 65 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 69 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 73 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 73 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 73 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 79 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 79 METHYLDOPA DICTIONARY.................................................................................................... 81 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with methyldopa is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about methyldopa, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to methyldopa, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on methyldopa. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to methyldopa, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on methyldopa. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON METHYLDOPA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on methyldopa.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and methyldopa, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “methyldopa” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Controlled Trials of Antihypertensive Drugs in Pregnancy Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 17(2): 149-153. February 1991. Summary: It is taken for granted that severe hypertension in pregnancy should be treated, although the principle has not been formally tested by properly controlled trials. There is less certainty about treating mild to moderate hypertension (140/90 to 169/109 mm Hg). This article discusses the role of antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy and reviews the limited literature in this area. The author concludes that the trials performed thus far do not establish a case for treating mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy; treatment should be reserved for women with severe hypertension. Methyldopa remains the drug of choice, particularly as it is the only agent for which there is a longterm follow-up of children exposed in utero. The ineffectiveness of antihypertensive

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drugs in preventing or ameliorating preeclampsia must be contrasted with the consistent evidence for the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy. 2 tables. 36 references. •

Erythematous Oral Lesions: Which are Benign, Which are More Worrisome? Source: Consultant. 34(10): 1446-1451. October 1994. Summary: This article discusses erythematous oral lesions, with a goal of providing guidelines for determining which of these lesions are benign and which may be more serious. The author's discussion deals with true mucosal lesions, rather than focal areas of hemorrhage from trauma, hematologic disorders, or vascular abnormalities. Lesions discussed include erythroplasia and erythroplakia, stomatitis migrans, candidiasis, allergy, denuded bullous lesions, and psoriasis. Allergic reactions to several types of drugs (e.g., methyldopa, antibiotics, NSAIDs, and beta-blockers) and various dental products can induce a mucosal reaction resembling erythema multiforme or lichen planus. 4 figures. 1 table. 9 references. (AA-M).

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Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs: The Ins and Outs Source: Diabetes Forecast. 45(2): 36-39. February 1992. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article summarizes drug reactions and interactions, focusing on problems commonly encountered by people with diabetes. The authors focus on the major drugs known to affect diabetes control. Three sections discuss over-the-counter and recreational drugs, including alcohol, aspirin, caffeine, cold remedies and diet pills, marijuana, sugary medicines, and tobacco; drugs that increase blood glucose levels, including corticosteroids, diazoxide, diuretics, epinephrine and adrenaline, estrogens, lithium carbonate, nicotinic acid and niacin, phenobarbitol, phenytoin, propanolol, rifampin, and thyroid preparations; and drugs that decrease blood glucose levels, including anabolic steroids, chloramphenicol, coumarin anticoagulants, fenfluramine, methyldopa, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, phenylbutazone, propanolol, and sulfa drugs. The authors conclude by encouraging readers to educate themselves about all drugs and medicines they are taking.

Federally Funded Research on Methyldopa The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to methyldopa. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to methyldopa.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore methyldopa. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for methyldopa: •

Project Title: REVERSAL OF MYOCARDIAL HYPERTROPHY IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sen, Subha; Professor; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1983; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The overall objective of this project is to study the underlying mechanisms in the development and regression of myocardial hypertrophy in hypertension. Our laboratory has shown that the development/regression of cardiovascular hypertrophy does not depend on mechanical load alone but on the interplay of many aspects: cardiac pressure load, the cardioadrenergic system, and various humoral factors. In the past funding period we have shown that several factors can modulate myosin isoform during the regression of hypertrophy. Influential factors are dietary sodium, catecholamines, and many pharmacological agents used as antihypertensive drugs. We have also shown that the shifting of myosin isoforms is independent of blood pressure, myocardial mass and sympathetic activity. These observations generated new questions, and we have designed this renewal proposal to study the structural remodeling of the interstitial matrix during the progressive development of hypertrophy in hypertension. Excess collagen accumulations are known to increase the heart's rigidity, compromising its function and leading to failure. Our preliminary data showed that collagen has various phenotypic forms and that in the development of hypertrophy an important indicator of heart stiffness is the relative abundance of a specific collagen type, in addition to collagen quantity. As to whether regression of hypertrophy is beneficial or harmful, two key concepts in post hypertrophic regression have never been established: the functional consequences of collagen alteration, and the capacity of the newly reduced small heart to handle sudden pressure overload. Results from our study also suggest that each antihypertensive drug has a unique effect on the biochemical composition of the heart, e.g., collagen, and our data showed that functional consequences will vary according to the type of collagen or myosin present. In the next 5 years we will focus on the heart's collagen production, determining whether regression of hypertrophy is beneficial or harmful. We propose to examine the hypothesis that functional and structural remodelling of the heart's interstitial matrix in hypertrophy and heart failure and the heart's re-remodelling after regression are associated with alterations in collagen production, which plays a role in influencing cardiac function. We will study collagen and its phenotypes at cellular and molecular levels, evaluating collagen's functional consequences. Our specific aims are a) to quantify collagen and its phenotypes, identifying changes in the mRNA level and measuring the transcription rate of each phenotype; b) to determine the effect of pharmacologic intervention on the above parameters; c) to elucidate the mechanism for altered collagen production in cultured myocardial fibroblasts and myocytes; d) to evaluate whether regression of hypertrophy by antihypertensive therapy (alpha-methyldopa, captopril, atenolol) is beneficial or harmful. These studies will outline the abnormalities of collagen metabolism in the development/regression of myocardial hypertrophy and elucidate their effect on cardiac function. On identifying the derangement, we will determine if appropriate treatment corrects the changes and if such directed alteration in myocardial collagen formation improves the compromised function of the hypertrophied heart. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “methyldopa” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for methyldopa in the PubMed Central database: •

Effects of Guanethidine, Reserpine, and Methyldopa on Reflex Venous and Arterial Constriction in Man. by Mason DT, Braunwald E.; 1964 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=289621

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Ultrastructural mapping of methyldopa and anti-D IgG erythrocyte antigen receptors. by Masouredis SP, Sudora E.; 1975 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=301814

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with methyldopa, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “methyldopa” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for methyldopa (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparative evaluation of metoprolol and methyldopa in the management of pregnancy induced hypertension. Author(s): Oumachigui A, Verghese M, Balachander J. Source: Indian Heart J. 1992 January-February; 44(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1398694

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A comparative study of metoprolol and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Karachalios GN. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1983 September; 21(9): 476-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6629553

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A comparison of nifedipine with methyldopa in pregnancy induced hypertension. Author(s): Jayawardana J, Lekamge N. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1994 June; 39(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7923458

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A comparison of no medication versus methyldopa or labetalol in chronic hypertension during pregnancy. Author(s): Sibai BM, Mabie WC, Shamsa F, Villar MA, Anderson GD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 April; 162(4): 960-6; Discussion 966-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2183619

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A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of isradipine and methyldopa as monotherapy or in combination with captopril in the treatment of hypertension. The LOMIR-MCT-IH Research Group. Author(s): Yodfat Y, Cristal N. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1993 March; 6(3 Pt 2): 57S-61S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8466728

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A new method for the determination of L-dopa and 3-O-methyldopa in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid using gas chromatography and electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. Author(s): de Jong AP, Kok RM, Cramers CA, Wadman SK, Haan E. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1988 January 15; 171(1): 49-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3127089

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A novel therapeutic approach for reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients treated with alpha-methyldopa or propranolol. Author(s): Fernandez PG, Snedden W, Kim BK, Lee CC. Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1985 April; 63(4): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3159468

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Action of alpha-methyldopa on human umbilical circulation in vitro. Author(s): Franca LC, da Cunha SP, Meirelles RS, Dias CC, Yassin A. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1992; 33(4): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1505808

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Acute overdosage and intoxication with carbidopa/levodopa can be detected in the subacute stage by measurement of 3-o-methyldopa. Author(s): Stuerenburg HJ, Schoser BG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 July; 67(1): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10454873

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Acute reactive hepatitis in pregnancy induced by alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Thomas LA, Cardwell MS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 October; 90(4 Pt 2): 658-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770583

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alpha-Methyldopa and depression: a clinical study and review of the literature. Author(s): DeMuth GW, Ackerman SH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 May; 140(5): 534-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6846579

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Alpha-methyldopa disposition in mothers with hypertension and in their breast-fed infants. Author(s): White WB, Andreoli JW, Cohn RD. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1985 April; 37(4): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3838502

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alpha-Methyldopa for climacteric hot flushes. A double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Author(s): Andersen O, Engebretsen T, Solberg VM, Orbo A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1986; 65(5): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3535358

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Alpha-methyldopa selectively reduces alae nasi activity. Author(s): Lahive KC, Weiss JW, Weinberger SE. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1988 May; 74(5): 547-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3370922

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Alpha-methyldopa-induced systemic vasculitis confused with Wegener's granulomatosis. Author(s): Matteson EL, Palella TD. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1989 March; 32(3): 356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2930607

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Alpha-methyldopa-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by lobenzarit disodium of a mefenamic acid derivative and immunomodulator. Author(s): Andou S, Fujii S, Harada Y, Ooi J, Nomiyama J, Mori K, Ookubo M, Azuno Y, Fujii Y, Kaku K, et al. Source: Blood. 1994 May 15; 83(10): 3097. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8180406

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Alteration of methyldopa absorption, metabolism, and blood pressure control caused by ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate. Author(s): Campbell N, Paddock V, Sundaram R. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1988 April; 43(4): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3356082

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An intra-arterial profile of methyldopa. Author(s): Gould BA, Hornung RS, Kieso HA, Cashman PM, Raftery EB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 April; 33(4): 438-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6831822

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Antihypertensive efficacy of guanfacine and methyldopa in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Wilson MF, Blackshear J, Parsons OA, Lovallo WR, Mathur P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 April; 31(4): 318-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2037703

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Antihypertensive treatment in pregnancy: analysis of different responses to oxprenolol and methyldopa. Author(s): Gallery ED, Ross MR, Gyory AZ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 August 31; 291(6495): 563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3929874

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Barbiturates and methyldopa metabolism. Author(s): Kristensen M, Jorgensen M, Hansen T. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 January 6; 1(5844): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4683647

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Behavior and brain contents of catecholamines in mice during chronic administration of methyldopa. Author(s): Dominic JA, Moore KE. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1971 September; 10(5): 565-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4399541

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Bilateral renal calculi in patients receiving methyldopa. Author(s): Murphy KJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1976 July 3; 2(1): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=979785

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Biliary carcinoma associated with methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Broden G, Bengtsson L. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1980; 500: 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6939199

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Bioavailability tests on various alpha-methyldopa preparations. Author(s): Kovacs I, Fischer J, Szam I, Farago E, Kiss K. Source: Ther Hung. 1982; 30(4): 173-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6926916

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Biochemical and dynamic responses to single and repeated doses of methyldopa and propranolol during dynamic physical activity. Author(s): Rosenthal L, Affrime MB, Lowenthal DT, Falkner B, Saris S, Gould AB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1982 December; 32(6): 701-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6754210

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Biochemistry and pharmacology of methyldopa and some related structures. Author(s): Stone CA, Porter CC. Source: Adv Drug Res. 1967; 4: 71-93. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4902343

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Black cartilage after therapy with levodopa and methyldopa. Author(s): Rausing A, Rosen U. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1994 May; 118(5): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8192560

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Black tongue secondary to methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Brody HJ, Cohen M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 September; 38(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3769555

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Blood group specificity of an autohemagglutinin induced by alpha-methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Itoh Y, Yuasa S. Source: Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1986 February; 40(1): 30-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3095573

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Blood lipid effects of antihypertensive therapy: a double-blind comparison of the effects of methyldopa and propranolol. Author(s): Leon AS, Agre J, McNally C, Bell C, Neibling M, Grimm R Jr, Hunninghake DB. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984 May-June; 24(5-6): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6747018

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Blood lipids and the treatment of essential hypertension with methyldopa and bendrolfuazide. Author(s): Libman LJ, Arrowsmith DE, Dormandy TL, Heal J, Hoffbrand BI. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 November; 50(589): 671-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4467867

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Blood pressure reduction in elderly: a randomised controlled trial of methyldopa. Author(s): Sprackling ME, Mitchell JR, Short AH, Watt G. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 October 31; 283(6300): 11513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6794796

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Brain tissue and plasma assay of L-DOPA and alpha-methyldopa metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Freed CR, Asmus PA. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1979 January; 32(1): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=759567

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Bronchial asthma due to alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Harries MG, Taylor AN, Wooden J, MacAuslan A. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 June 2; 1(6176): 1461. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=466060

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Changes in ventricular septal thickness in systemic hypertension during treatment with methyldopa and prazosin. Author(s): Haugland H, Pedersen OM, Folling M. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1986 September 1; 58(6): 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3529914

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Cholestatic jaundice associated with methyldopa. Author(s): Rao KV. Source: Minn Med. 1986 December; 69(12): 720-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3807865

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Cholestatic liver injury after prolonged exposure to methyldopa. Author(s): Moses A, Zahger D, Amir G. Source: Digestion. 1989; 42(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2744247

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Chronic hepatitis and indolent cirrhosis due to methyldopa: the bottom of the iceberg? Author(s): Lee WM, Denton WT. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1989 February; 85(2): 75-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2918709

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Clinical significance of the relationship between O-methyldopa levels and levodopa intake. Author(s): Cedarbaum JM, Kutt H, McDowell FH. Source: Neurology. 1988 April; 38(4): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3352906

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Combination of a thiazide, a vasodilator and reserpine compared with methyldopa plus hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension in Zimbabwe. Author(s): Stein CM, Neill P, Mwaluko GM, Kusema T. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1990 March 3; 77(5): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2107581

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Commentary: calcium antagonist controversy, does the accusing finger also point to beta-blockers and methyldopa? Author(s): Opie LH. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 April; 11(4): 201-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9185023

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Comparative bioavailability of alpha-methyldopa normal and film tablet formulations after single oral administration in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Rona K, Ary K, Renczes G, Gachalyi B, Grezal GY, Drabant S, Klebovich I. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2001 January-June; 26(1-2): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11554430

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Comparative bioavailability study of two preparations of alpha-methyldopa after single, oral doses. Author(s): Rona K, Gachalyi B, Vereczkey L, Nadas B, Kaldor A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1987 September; 25(9): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3679624

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Comparative evaluation of captopril and methyldopa monotherapy for hypertension: double-blind study in Indians. Author(s): Tahiliani R, Khokhani RC, Damle VB, Dadkar VN, Jaguste VS, Patel K, Raghu CN, Oke VG. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1986; 8(5): 482-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3533264

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Comparative single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-Omethyldopa following a new dual-release and a conventional slow-release formulation of levodopa and benserazide in healthy subjects. Author(s): Gasser UE, Crevoisier C, Ouwerkerk M, Lankhaar G, Dingemanse J. Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics : Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik E.V. 1998 September; 46(2): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9795070

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Comparative single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-Omethyldopa following a new dual-release and a conventional slow-release formulation of levodopa and benserazide in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Crevoisier C, Monreal A, Metzger B, Nilsen T. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 49(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12464717

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Comparison between the effects of urapidil and methyldopa on left ventricular hypertrophy and haemodynamics in humans. Author(s): Feldstein CA, Olivieri AO, Sabaris RP. Source: Drugs. 1988; 35 Suppl 6: 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2969799

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Comparison of antihypertensive efficacy and perinatal safety of labetalol and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Plouin PF, Breart G, Maillard F, Papiernik E, Relier JP. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1988 September; 95(9): 868-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3056503

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Comparison of magnesium and methyldopa for the control of blood pressure in pregnancies complicated with hypertension. Author(s): Rudnicki M, Frolich A, Pilsgaard K, Nyrnberg L, Moller M, Sanchez M, Fischer-Rasmussen W. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2000; 49(4): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10828704

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Comparison of oxprenolol vs methyldopa as second-line antihypertensive agents in the elderly. Author(s): Traub YM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 January; 148(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3276279

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Comparison of the use of reserpine versus alpha-methyldopa for second step treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Author(s): Applegate WB, Carper ER, Kahn SE, Westbrook L, Linton M, Baker MG, Runyan JW Jr. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1985 February; 33(2): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3968365

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Complete atrioventricular block induced by methyldopa. Author(s): Rosen B, Ovsyshcher IA, Zimlichman R. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 1988 November; 11(11 Pt 1): 15558. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2462239

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Concentrations of tyrosine, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, and 3-Omethyldopa in the cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Tohgi H, Abe T, Takahashi S, Nozaki Y, Kikuchi T. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1991 June 24; 127(2): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1908962

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Congestive heart failure and respiratory arrest secondary to methyldopa-induced hemolytic anemia. Author(s): Egbert D, Hendricksen DK. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1988 May; 17(5): 526-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3364834

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Delayed hepatotoxicity from methyldopa. Author(s): Sataline L, Lowell D. Source: Conn Med. 1975 December; 39(12): 775-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1204341

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Dementia induced by methyldopa with haloperidol. Author(s): Thornton WE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 May 27; 294(22): 1222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1264138

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Depression of erythropoiesis with methyldopa. Author(s): Devlin JC. Source: British Medical Journal. 1965 November 13; 5471: 1184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5833627

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Determination of alpha-methyldopa and methyldopate in human breast milk and plasma by ion-exchange chromatography using electrochemical detection. Author(s): Hoskins JA, Holliday SB. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1982 June 11; 230(1): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7202013

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Determination of alpha-methyldopa in human plasma by validated high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Author(s): Rona K, Ary K, Gachalyi B, Klebovich I. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1996 April 12; 730(1-2): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8680584

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Determination of free methyldopa in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Author(s): Kochak GM, Mason WD. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1980 August; 69(8): 897-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7400933

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Determination of methyldopa and metabolites in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Cooper MJ, O'Dea RF, Mirkin BL. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 April 11; 162(4): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=528671

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Determination of methyldopa in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Application to pharmacokinetic/bioavailability studies. Author(s): Dilger C, Salama Z, Jaeger H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1987 December; 37(12): 1399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3449071

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Direct Coombs test and methyldopa. Author(s): Chan CS, Chan TK, Lee SK. Source: Lancet. 1971 October 16; 2(7729): 881. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4106907

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Disappearance of alpha-methyldopa induced red cell autoantibodies despite continuation of the drug. Author(s): Habibi B. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1983 July; 54(3): 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6860591

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Dopa and 3-O-methyldopa in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinsonism patients during treatment with oral L-dopa. Author(s): Sharpless NS, McCann DS. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1971 January; 31(1): 155-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5101382

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Dopa, 3-O-methyldopa, and metabolites in urine during oral L-3-O-methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Sharpless NS, Tyce GM, Muenter MD, Dinapoli RP. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1974 November; 16(5 Part 1): 770-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4426145

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Double blind cross-over study comparing prazosin and methyldopa in the treatment of mild hypertension. Author(s): Verhiest W, Croonenberghs J, Devos P, Fagard R, Amery A. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1974; 29(3): 217-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4601854

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Double blind evaluation of indoramin and methyldopa in thiazide treated hypertensive patients. Author(s): Yajnik VH, Patel SC. Source: Indian Heart J. 1978 January-February; 30(1): 51-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=359454

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Double-blind trial comparing guanfacine and methyldopa in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Bune AJ, Chalmers JP, Graham JR, Howe PR, West MJ, Wing LM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981; 19(5): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7016550

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Drug interaction between haloperidol and methyldopa. Author(s): Nadel I, Wallach M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1979 November; 135: 484. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=540216

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Drug metabolism and liver function after methyldopa withdrawal. Author(s): Ylikallio A, Sotaniemi EA. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 August; 10(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7426273

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Drug-induced autoimmune disease: haemolytic aneamia and lupus cells after treatment with methyldopa. Author(s): Mackay IR, Cowling DC, Hurley TH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1968 December 7; 2(23): 1047-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4178117

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Duration of effect of single daily dose methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Wright JM, Orozco-Gonzalez M, Polak G, Dollery CT. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982 June; 13(6): 847-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7093115

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Effect of alpha-methyldopa administration during pregnancy on the development of a child's sleep. Author(s): Shimohira M, Kohyama J, Kawano Y, Suzuki H, Ogiso M, Iwakawa Y. Source: Brain & Development. 1986; 8(4): 416-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3799911

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Effect of alpha-methyldopa excreted in human milk on the breast-fed infant. Author(s): Hauser GJ, Almog S, Tirosh M, Spirer Z. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1985 April; 40(1): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3843238

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Effect of methyldopa and isradipine on fetal heart rate pattern assessed by computerized cardiotocography in human pregnancy. Author(s): Wide-Swensson D, Montan S, Arulkumaran S, Ingemarsson I, Ratnam SS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 December; 169(6): 1581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8267066

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Effect of methyldopa on menopausal flushes, skin temperature, and luteinizing hormone secretion. Author(s): Tulandi T, Kinch RA, Guyda H, Mazella L, Lal S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 November 15; 150(6): 70912. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6496591

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Effect of methyldopa on prolactin serum concentration. Comparison between normal and sustained-release formulations. Author(s): Baldini M, Cornelli U, Molinari M, Cantalamessa L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988; 34(5): 513-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3203713

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Effect of methyldopa on regional cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Lavy S, Stern S, Tzivoni D, Keren A. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1980 June; 16(6): 456-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7399879

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Effect of the new selective COMT inhibitor CGP 28014 A on the formation of 3-Omethyldopa (3OMD) in plasma of healthy subjects. Author(s): Bieck PR, Nilsson E, Antonin KH. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum. 1990; 32: 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2128511

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Effect of therapeutic levels of magnesium sulphate, methyldopa, hydralazine and phenobarbitone on normal term human trophoblast in vitro. Author(s): Lueck J, Aladjem S. Source: Placenta. 1982 January-March; 3(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7079238

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Effects of labetalol and methyldopa on renal function. Author(s): Cruz F, O'Neill WM Jr, Clifton G, Wallin JD. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1981 July; 30(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7237899

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Effects of methyldopa on psychometric performance. Author(s): Johnson B, Hoch K, Errichetti A, Johnson J. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 December; 30(12): 1102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2273082

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Effects of methyldopa on umbilical and placental artery blood flow velocity waveforms. Author(s): Rey E. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 November; 80(5): 783-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1407916

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Effects of methyldopa on uteroplacental and fetal hemodynamics in pregnancyinduced hypertension. Author(s): Montan S, Anandakumar C, Arulkumaran S, Ingemarsson I, Ratnam SS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 January; 168(1 Pt 1): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8420318

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Effects of pindolol and methyldopa on blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine. Author(s): Winer N, Carter CH, Eddy H. Source: American Heart Journal. 1982 August; 104(2 Pt 2): 425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7048879

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Efficacy of combination of propranolol and hydralazine versus alpha-methyldopa in hypertension. Author(s): Chopra BK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1984 September; 32(9): 811. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6511772

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Evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent ketanserin versus methyldopa in the treatment of essential hypertension in older patients: an international multicenter trial. Author(s): Zin C, Copertari P, Landi E, San Martin C, Lopes M, Feruglio F, Alcocer L. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 10 Suppl 3: S113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2446057

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Evaluation of mutagenic effect of the antihypertensive drug methyldopa (Aldomet) on mammalian systems in vivo and in vitro and on Allium cepa. Author(s): Grisolia CK, Takahashi CS. Source: Mutation Research. 1991 February; 259(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1994243

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Evaluation of reserpine and alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Author(s): Huang CC, Wang RI, Hasegawa A, Alverno L. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1980 July; 16(3): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7403399

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Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of enalapril plus hydrochlorothiazide plus methyldopa vs standard triple therapy in the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension: results from a multicentre study. Author(s): Leonetti G, Cuspidi C, Sampieri L, Ambrosioni E, Malini PL, Pessina A, Semplicini A, Cinotti G, Morabito S, Rappelli A, et al. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1990 February; 4(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2189027

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Evidence for a predominantly central hypotensive effect of alpha-methyldopa in humans. Author(s): Bobik A, Jennings G, Jackman G, Oddie C, Korner P. Source: Hypertension. 1986 January; 8(1): 16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3943883

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Exacerbation of parkinsonism by methyldopa. Author(s): Rosenblum AM, Montgomery EB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 December 19; 244(24): 2727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7441855

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Factor VIII inhibitor and raised platelet IgG levels associated with methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Devereux S, Fisher DM, Roter BL, Hegde UM. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1983 July; 54(3): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407512

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Failure of methyldopa therapy in Bartter's syndrome. Author(s): Strauss RG. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1974 July; 85(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4852010

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Fatal methyldopa-associated granulomatous hepatitis and myocarditis. Author(s): Bezahler GH. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1982 January-February; 283(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7055158

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Fifteen-year survival of patients beginning treatment with methyldopa between 1962 and 1966. Author(s): Dollery CT, Hartley K, Bulpitt PF, Daymond M, Bulpitt CJ. Source: Hypertension. 1984 September-October; 6(5 Pt 2): Ii82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6500684

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Filling and refilling practices with diazepam and methyldopa. Author(s): Scrivens JJ Jr, Weber C Jr, Sather M, Geck W. Source: Hospital Formulary. 1979 September; 14(9): 830-1,834-6,838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10243909

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Fluorodopa positron emission tomography with an inhibitor of catechol-Omethyltransferase: effect of the plasma 3-O-methyldopa fraction on data analysis. Author(s): Ishikawa T, Dhawan V, Chaly T, Robeson W, Belakhlef A, Mandel F, Dahl R, Margouleff C, Eidelberg D. Source: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1996 September; 16(5): 854-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8784230

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Free and conjugated plasma catecholamines, DOPA and 3-O-methyldopa in humans and in various animal species. Author(s): Dousa MK, Tyce GM. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1988 September; 188(4): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3138688

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Fulminant hepatic failure associated with methyldopa. Author(s): Puppala AR, Steinheber FU. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977 December; 68(6): 578-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=77129

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Further studies on the effect of chronic alpha-methyldopa administration upon the central nervous system and sexual function in male rats. Author(s): Melman A, Fersel J, Weinstein P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1984 October; 132(4): 804-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6540816

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Galactorrhea and Parkinson-like syndrome: an adverse effect of alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Vaidya RA, Vaidya AB, Van Woert MH, Kase NG. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1970 December; 19(12): 1068-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4923681

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Generalized choreiform movements as a complication of methyldopa therapy in chronic renal failure. Author(s): Neil EM, Waters AK. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1981 November; 57(673): 732-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7339611

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Growth hormone and cortisol secretion after oral and intravenous administration of methyldopa. Author(s): Syvalahti E, Seppala PO, Iisalo E. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1975 September; 37(3): 257-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1103571

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Guanabenz and methyldopa on hypertension and cardiac performance. Author(s): Walker BR, Shah RS, Ramanathan KB, Vanov SK, Helfant RH. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1977 December; 22(6): 868-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=336257

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Guanabenz versus methyldopa in the therapy of mild-to-moderate hypertension. Author(s): Rosendorff C. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1982 September 18; 62(13): 435-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7051365

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Guanadrel sulfate compared with methyldopa for mild and moderate hypertension. Author(s): Nugent CA, Palmer JD, Ursprung JJ. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1982 November-December; 2(6): 378-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6762533

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Haemodynamic changes in long-term therapy of essential hypertension: a comparative study of diuretics, alpha-methyldopa and clonidine. Author(s): Lung-Johansen P. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl. 1973 August; 45 Suppl 1: 199S-203. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4593565

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Hemodynamic changes in long-term -methyldopa therapy of essential hypertension. Author(s): Lund-Johansen P. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1972 September; 192(3): 221-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5055268

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Hemolytic anemia associated with alpha methyldopa (aldomet) therapy. Author(s): Mehrotra TN, Gupta AK. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1971 August; 25(8): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5132639

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Hemolytic anemia induced by alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Distenfeld A, Florita C, Gelfand ML. Source: N Y State J Med. 1970 February 15; 70(4): 570-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5263208

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Hepatic injury and drug metabolism in patients with alpha-methyldopa-induced liver damage. Author(s): Sotaniemi EA, Hokkanen OT, Ahokas JT, Pelkonen RO, Ahlqvist J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 December 28; 12(6): 429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=598417

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Hepatic injury caused by L-alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Elkington SG, Schreiber WM, Conn HO. Source: Circulation. 1969 October; 40(4): 589-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5823554

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Hepatitis and hemolytic anemia associated with methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Breland BD, Hicks GS Jr. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1982 June; 16(6): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7094845

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Hepatitis induced by methyldopa (aldomet). Report of a case and a review of the literature. Author(s): Tysell JE Jr, Knauer M. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1971 September; 16(9): 848-55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5098212

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Hepatitis, arthritis and lupus cell phenomena caused by methyldopa. Author(s): Eliastam M, Holmes AW. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1971 November; 16(11): 1014-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4108488

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Hepatocellular damage due to methyldopa. Author(s): Wong ML. Source: Med J Malaya. 1971 March; 25(3): 218-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4253251

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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of L-3-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylalanine (alpha-methyldopa) in human urine and plasma. Author(s): Lucarelli C, Betto P, Ricciarello G, Grossi G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 March 22; 541(1-2): 285-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2037651

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Histologic follow-up of alpha-methyldopa-induced liver injury. Author(s): Arranto AJ, Sotaniemi EA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1981; 16(7): 865-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7323716

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HPLC of urinary catecholamines in the presence of labetalol, captopril, and alphamethyldopa. Author(s): Crawford GA, Gyory AZ, Gallery ED, Kelly D. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1990 October; 36(10): 1849. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2208669

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Hydralazine and methyldopa in thiazide-treated hypertensive patients. Author(s): Aoki VS, Wilson WR. Source: American Heart Journal. 1970 June; 79(6): 798-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4911584

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Hyperpyrexia in association with administration of L-alpha methyldopa. A report of two cases. Author(s): Tallgren LG, Servo C. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1969 September; 186(3): 223-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5363499

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Hypertension: the general practitioner's approach to the problem, with special reference to the use of methyldopa (Aldomet). Author(s): Du Toit JK. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1970 August 15; 44(32): 924-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4394147

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Hypertensive response to propranolol in a patient treated with methyldopa--a proposed mechansim. Author(s): Nies AS, Shand DG. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1973 September-October; 14(5): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4729900

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Hypotensive action and side effects of clonidine-chlorthalidone and methyldopachlorthalidone in treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Amery A, Verstraete M, Bossaert H, Verstreken G. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 November 14; 4(732): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4921284

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Hypotensive effect of methyldopa in renal failure associated with hypertension. Author(s): Stenbaek O, Myhre E, Brodwall EK, Hansen T. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1972 April; 191(4): 333-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5032677

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Hypothyroidism and the use of alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Dos Santos AR, Lye M. Source: The Practitioner. 1981 December; 225(1362): 1829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7335617

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Identification of O-methyldopa in the ventricular fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Ikarashi Y, Maruyama Y. Source: Biol Mass Spectrom. 1992 August; 21(8): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1515458

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Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy associated with methyldopa therapy: a case report. Author(s): Weisenburger DD. Source: Cancer. 1978 November; 42(5): 2322-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=719610

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Immunologic findings in patients receiving methyldopa: a prospective study. Author(s): Perry HM Jr, Chaplin H Jr, Carmody S, Haynes C, Frei C. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1971 December; 78(6): 905-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4108813

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Impaired clot retraction in thrombocytopenia due to methyldopa. Author(s): Polk OD, Kletter GG, Smith J, Castro O. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1982 March; 75(3): 374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7063920

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Impaired reticuloendothelial function in patients treated with methyldopa. Author(s): Kelton JG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 September 5; 313(10): 596-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4022046

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Impairment of atrioventricular conduction by methyldopa. Author(s): Cokkinos DV, Vorides EM. Source: Chest. 1978 December; 74(6): 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=738135

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Incidence of positive Coombs' test, LE cells and antinuclear factor in patients on alpha-methyldopa ("Aldomet") therapy. Author(s): Hunter E, Raik E, Gordon S, Taylor KB. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 October 16; 2(16): 810-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4107447

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Increased metabolic heat production following chronic alpha-methyldopa therapy in hypertensives. Author(s): Fernandez PG, Snedden W, Snellen JW, Galway AB, Nath C. Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1986 February; 64(2): 13844. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3697832

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Increases in methyldopa absorption and renal excretion after multiple doses. Author(s): Campbell NR, Patrick W. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992 May; 32(5): 450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1587963

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Indapamide in ambulant treatment of hypertension: a comparative study with alphamethyldopa. Author(s): Meine H. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1981; 57 Suppl 2: 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7322958

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Indoramin in the treatment of pregnancy hypertension. A placebo-controlled trial comparing the efficacy of indoramin with alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Anthony J, Rees AE, Davey DA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1990 October 20; 78(8): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2218781

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Influence of the decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide on the antihypertensive effect and metabolism of alpha-methyldopa in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Planz G, Gierlichs HW, Hawlina A, Planz R, Stephany W, Rahn KH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 December 2; 12(4): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=338308

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Inhibition of decarboxylase and levels of dopa and 3-O-methyldopa: a comparative study of benserazide versus carbidopa in rodents and of Madopar standard versus Madopar HBS in volunteers. Author(s): Da Prada M, Kettler R, Zurcher G, Schaffner R, Haefely WE. Source: European Neurology. 1987; 27 Suppl 1: 9-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3123242

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Inhibition of human glutathione S-transferases by dopamine, alpha-methyldopa and their 5-S-glutathionyl conjugates. Author(s): Ploemen JH, Van Ommen B, De Haan A, Venekamp JC, Van Bladeren PJ. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1994 January; 90(1): 87-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8131222

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Inhibition of uridine incorporation in proerythroblasts patients with alphamethyldopa induced haemolytic anaemia. Author(s): Djaldetti M, Bessler H, Lewinski U, Mandel EM. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1974 August; 27(4): 579-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4418166

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Interaction of alpha-methyldopa with autonomic reflex tachycardia in man. Author(s): McLean AJ, Gelman J, Hargreaves M, Jennings GL. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1983 July-August; 5(4): 638-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6193363

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Interaction of dopamine, methyldopa and reserpine in the sympatho-adrenal system in essential hypertension. Author(s): Abe K, Aoyagi H, Yasujima M, Miyazaki S, Kusaka T, Seino M, Otsuka Y, Irokawa N, Chiba S, Sakurai Y, Saito K, Yoshinaga K. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl. 1976 December; 3: 461S-463S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=799557

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Interaction of lithium and methyldopa. Author(s): Osanloo E, Deglin JH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980 March; 92(3): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7356241

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Intrahepatic cholestasis due to alpha-methyldopa: a case report. Author(s): Torres Gomez JM. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1973 September; 65(9): 212-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4531928

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Is alpha-methyldopa-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia mediated by interferongamma? Author(s): Baier JE, Poehlau D. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1994 November; 69(5): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7948314

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Jaundice and methyldopa. Author(s): Wyburn-Mason R, Anastassiades C. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 March 22; 1(646): 780. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5769875

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Ketanserin compared to nifedipine and methyldopa in patients aged above 50 years: two international multicentre studies. For the International Study Group. Author(s): Janssens M, Symoens J. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1986 December; 4(6): S115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3302148

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Ketanserin in mild to moderate hypertension in the elderly: a double-blind study versus methyldopa. Author(s): Cattin L, Da Col PG. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1989 May-June; 11(3): 363-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2663164

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Ketanserin versus alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy: a preliminary report. Author(s): Voto LS, Zin C, Neira J, Lapidus AM, Margulies M. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 10 Suppl 3: S101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2446054

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Labetalol vs. methyldopa in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Author(s): el-Qarmalawi AM, Morsy AH, al-Fadly A, Obeid A, Hashem M. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1995 May; 49(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7649315

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Less common side effects of methyldopa. Author(s): Chan W. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1977 July 2; 2(1): 14-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=70739

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Levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa in cerebrospinal fluid after levodopa-carbidopa association. Author(s): Benetello P, Furlanut M, Fortunato M, Pea F, Baraldo M. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1997 April; 35(4): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9264047

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Levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa plasma levels in parkinsonian patients with stable and fluctuating motor response. Author(s): Luquin MR, Vaamonde J, Obeso JA. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1989 February; 12(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2713867

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Lichenoid reaction of oral mucosa and skin to methyldopa. Author(s): Brooks SL. Source: J Oral Med. 1982 April-June; 37(2): 42-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6213747

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Lithium-methyldopa interaction. Author(s): Yassa R. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1986 January 15; 134(2): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3080214

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Liver function profile in patients taking methyldopa. Author(s): Haider Z, Bano KA, Uddin F. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1978 August; 28(8): 98-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=100634

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Long term comparative study of guanfacine and alpha-methyldopa in essential hypertension. Author(s): Rengo F, Ricciardelli B, Volpe M, Trimarco B, Sacca L, Condorelli M. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1980 April; 244(2): 281-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6996627

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Long-term comparison of metoprolol and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Lorimer AR, Barbour M, Hillis WS, Lawrie TD, Stoker JB, Sreeharan N, Leanage RU, Linden RJ. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1980; 3(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7379374

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Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. I. Study objectives and design. Author(s): Itskovitz HD, Menduke H. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1981; 3 Suppl 2: S79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172670

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Long-term treatment of Hypertension with methyldopa. II. Therapeutic efficacy. Author(s): Fitz AE, Saunders E. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1981; 3 Suppl 2: S85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172671

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Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. III. Tolerability. Author(s): Caldwell JR, Metts JC Jr. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1981; 3 Suppl 2: S92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172672

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Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. IV. Duration of methyldopa therapy. Author(s): del Greco F, Huang CM, Quintanilla A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1981; 3 Suppl 2: S99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172673

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Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. V. Efficacy of methyldopa in the older patient. Author(s): Blaufox MD. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1981; 3 Suppl 2: S104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172665

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Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. VII. Effectiveness among patients treated for seven or more years. Author(s): Goldner F. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1981; 3 Suppl 2: S114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172667

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Long-term treatment of hypertension with methyldopa. VIII. Overview. Author(s): Itskovitz HD. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1981; 3 Suppl 2: S120-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172668

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Long-term treatment of hypertensive with methyldopa. VI. Patient with target organ disease. Author(s): Brest AN. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1981; 3 Suppl 2: S109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6172666

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Low dose guanfacine and methyldopa in mild essential hypertension. A multiple centre study. Author(s): Viskoper RJ, Laszt A, Paran E, Ben Ari J, Goren Y, Modan M. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1987 August; 31(1-2): 58-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3309693

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Lupus-like syndrome induced by methyldopa. Author(s): Dupont A, Six R. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 September 11; 285(6343): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6809193

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Lymphoma and methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Ahmad S. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995 August; 43(8): 941-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7636111

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Manic syndrome after discontinuation of methyldopa. Author(s): Labbate LA, Holzgang AJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 August; 146(8): 1075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2750982

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Mechanism of L-alpha-methyldopa transport through a monolayer of polarized human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Author(s): Hu M, Borchardt RT. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1990 December; 7(12): 1313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2095572

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Metabolism of L-alpha-methyldopa in cultured human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cell monolayers. Comparison with metabolism in vivo. Author(s): Chikhale PJ, Borchardt RT. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1994 JulyAugust; 22(4): 592-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7956735

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Method for measuring endogenous 3-O-methyldopa in urine and plasma. Author(s): Armando I, Grossman E, Hoffman A, Goldstein DS. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 July 17; 568(1): 45-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1770109

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Methyldopa hepatotoxicity in pregnancy: a case report. Author(s): Smith GN, Piercy WN. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 January; 172(1 Pt 1): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7847544

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Methyldopa hypersensitivity can mimic acute toxic enterocolitis. Author(s): Young BA, Girotti MJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1988 May; 31(3): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3365613

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Methyldopa hypersensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Wolf R, Tamir A, Werbin N, Brenner S. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 August; 71(2): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8346871

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Methyldopa kinetics before and after ingestion of methyldopa for eight weeks. Author(s): Campbell NR, Skerjanec A, Tam Y, Robertson S, Burgess E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 48(5): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8641329

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Methyldopa use should be restricted. Author(s): de Silva HA, Hewavisenthi J, Wijesiriwardena B, Fonseka MM. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1999 December; 44(4): 188-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895278

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Methyldopa versus no drug treatment in the management of mild pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Elhassan EM, Mirghani OA, Habour AB, Adam I. Source: East Afr Med J. 2002 April; 79(4): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625668

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Methyldopa, intravascular haemolysis and renal disease. A case report. Author(s): Woolf DC, Jacobs P. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1990 February 17; 77(4): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2300859

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Methyldopa-induced colitis in a patient with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Itoh H, Nakamura K, Nakashima A, Ohsato K, Tokikuni N, Kitajima C, Konii I, Tohfuku Y. Source: Intern Med. 1992 May; 31(5): 636-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1504427

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Methyldopa-induced diarrhea: a case of iatrogenic diarrhea leading to request for nursing home placement. Author(s): Gloth FM 3rd, Busby MJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 October; 87(4): 480-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2801741

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Methyldopa-induced granulomatous hepatitis. Author(s): Mirada Canals A, Monteagudo Jimenez M, Sole Villa J, Rodriguez Moreno C. Source: Dicp. 1991 November; 25(11): 1269-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1763547

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Methyldopa-induced hemolytic anemia in a 15 year old presenting as near-syncope. Author(s): Naidorf JS, Kennedy JM, Becher JW Jr. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1990 March; 6(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2320485

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Methyldopa-induced reversible immune thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Pai RG, Pai SM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 July; 85(1): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3260451

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Methyldopa-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and bone marrow granulomatosis. Author(s): Varkel Y, Braester A, Nusem D, Shkolnik T. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1988 September; 22(9): 700-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3215114

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Methyldopa-induced systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Nordstrom DM, West SG, Rubin RL. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1989 February; 32(2): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2645875

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Methyldopa-related convergence insufficiency. Author(s): Tassinari J. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1989 April; 60(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2723328

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N-Acetyl, 4-O-methyldopa, a major metabolite of L-4-O-methyldopa in man and rat. Author(s): Mathieu P, Greffe J, Deruaz D, Guilluy R, Gjessing L. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1976 March 1; 25(5): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=942485

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Negative Coombs tests in Chinese on methyldopa. Author(s): Chen BT, Ooi BS. Source: Lancet. 1971 January 9; 1(7689): 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4099260

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Negative Coombs tests in Chinese on methyldopa. Author(s): Burns-Cox CJ. Source: Lancet. 1970 September 26; 2(7674): 673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4195819

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Neonatal effects of methyldopa therapy in pregnancy hypertension. Author(s): Sulyok E, Bodis J, Hartman G, Ertl T. Source: Acta Paediatr Hung. 1991; 31(1): 53-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1867878

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Neonatal nasal obstruction associated with methyldopa treatment during pregnancy. Author(s): Le Gras MD, Seifert B, Casiro O. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1990 February; 144(2): 143-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2301317

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Neutropenia caused by methyldopa. Author(s): Greene R, Spence AW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1967 December 9; 4(579): 618. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6060131

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Neutropenia due to methyldopa antibodies. Author(s): Closs SP, Cummins D, Contreras M, Armitage SE. Source: Lancet. 1984 June 30; 1(8392): 1479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6145927

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New centrally acting antihypertensive drugs related to methyldopa and clonidine. Author(s): Sweet CS. Source: Hypertension. 1984 September-October; 6(5 Pt 2): Ii51-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6094350

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No evidence of association between methyldopa and biliary carcinoma. Author(s): Strom BL, Hibberd PL, Stolley PD. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 March; 14(1): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3988445

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Noneffect of methyldopa on urine glucose tests. Author(s): Bowers CB, Self TH. Source: Diabetes Care. 1978 January-February; 1(1): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=554784

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Oral drug reaction to methyldopa. Report of a case. Author(s): Williams BG. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1983 October; 56(4): 375-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6579477

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Oral enalapril-hydrochlorothiazide-methyldopa as first line treatment for severe hypertension in Nigerians. Author(s): Ofor OO. Source: Trop Doct. 2004 January; 34(1): 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14959973

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Orally administered methyldopa. Hemodynamic effects in the presence and absence of congestive heart failure. Author(s): Kranz PD, Haft JI, Venkatachalapathy D, Shahabadi AE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1974 September; 134(3): 478-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4853485

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Oxprenolol in hypertension: a report on 2,770 patients in general practice originally treated with methyldopa. Author(s): Forrest WA. Source: Scott Med J. 1976 January; 21(1): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1257736

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Oxprenolol plus cyclopenthiazide-KCl versus methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Seedat YK. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1979 January 27; 55(4): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=424946

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Oxprenolol slow-release with cyclopenthiazide-KCl compared with methyldopa in the treatment of essential hypertension. A multicentre general practice trial. Author(s): Levenstein JH. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1978 November 18; 54(21): 860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=371021

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Oxprenolol, methyldopa and lipids in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Benfield GF, Hunter KR. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982 February; 13(2): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7037030

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Paradoxical hypertension experienced during methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Zehnle CG. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981 November; 38(11): 1774-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7304636

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Pharmacodynamic modelling of levodopa, 3-O-methyldopa and their effects: an application of the Dixon equation. Author(s): Wu G, Furlanut M. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1999 March; 39(3): 203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10094845

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Pharmacokinetics and presystemic gut metabolism of methyldopa in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Skerjanec A, Campbell NR, Robertson S, Tam YK. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 March; 35(3): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608316

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Pharmacokinetics of methyldopa in renal failure and bilaterally nephrectomized patients. Author(s): Myhre E, Stenbaek O, Rugstad HE, Arnold E, Hansen T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1982; 16(3): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7163790

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Pharmacokinetics of the pivaloyloxyethyl (POE) ester of methyldopa, a new prodrug of methyldopa. Author(s): Dobrinska MR, Kukovetz W, Beubler E, Leidy HL, Gomez HJ, Demetriades J, Bolognese JA. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 1982 December; 10(6): 587600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7182456

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Photosensitivity to methyldopa. Author(s): Vaillant L, Le Marchand D, Grognard C, Hocine R, Lorette G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 March; 124(3): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3345083

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Pindolol versus methyldopa for hypertension: comparison of adverse reactions. Author(s): Carr AA, Mulligan OF, Sherrill LN. Source: American Heart Journal. 1982 August; 104(2 Pt 2): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7048881

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Placebo substitution for methyldopa in geriatric hypertensive patients. Author(s): Blom MW, Sommers DK. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1993 May; 83(5): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8211428

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Plasma sex hormone concentrations in men with hypertension treated with methyldopa and/or propranolol. Author(s): Taylor RG, Crisp AJ, Hoffbrand BI, Maguire A, Jacobs HS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1981 July; 57(669): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6796950

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Poisoning with anti-hypertensive drugs: methyldopa and clonidine. Author(s): Zarifis J, Lip GY, Ferner RE. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1995 October; 9(10): 787-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8576892

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Possibility of depression as a side effect of methyldopa. Author(s): Tchen P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 January; 147(1): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2293781

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Potassium disposition and neuroendocrine effects of propranolol, methyldopa and clonidine during dynamic exercise. Author(s): Lowenthal DT, Affrime MB, Falkner B, Saris S, Hakki H, Rosenthal L. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1982; 4(9-10): 1895-911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6754155

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Prazosin and methyldopa in hypertension. Author(s): Nanivadekar AS, Kulkarni SS. Source: The Practitioner. 1981 September; 225(1359): 1327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7031634

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Prazosin in hypertension: crossover comparison with methyldopa and long-term efficacy. Author(s): Yajnik VH, Patel SC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1981 July; 29(7): 531-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7328076

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Precipitation by yohimbine of the withdrawal syndromes of clonidine, guanfacine, and methyldopa in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Author(s): Thoolen MJ, Hendriks JC, Timmermans PB, van Zwieten PA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1983 March-April; 5(2): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6188894

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Preeclampsia: haemostatic status and the short-term effects of methyldopa and isradipine therapy. Author(s): Yin KH, Koh SC, Malcus P, SvenMontan S, Biswas A, Arulkumaran S, Ratnam SS. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 1998 June; 24(3): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9714995

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Prolongation of the PR interval induced by methyldopa. Author(s): Sadjadi SA, Leghari RU, Berger AR. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 September 1; 54(6): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6475796

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Prolonged diarrhea secondary to methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Quart BD, Guglielmo BJ. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1983 June; 17(6): 462. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6861636

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Pure red cell aplasia induced by alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Itoh K, Wong P, Asai T, Yoshida S, Fukuda T. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 June; 84(6): 1088-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3132041

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Pustular eruptions following administration of cefazolin: a possible interaction with methyldopa. Author(s): Stough D, Guin JD, Baker GF, Haynie L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 May; 16(5 Pt 1): 1051-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3294940

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Quality of life in normotensives compared to hypertensive men treated with isradipine or methyldopa as monotherapy or in combination with captopril: the LOMIR-MCT-IL study. Author(s): Yodfat Y, Bar-On D, Amir M, Cristal N. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1996 February; 10(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8867566

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Quantification of methyldopa in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry application to a bioequivalence study. Author(s): Oliveira CH, Barrientos-Astigarraga RE, Sucupira M, Graudenz GS, Muscara MN, De NG. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 March 5; 768(2): 341-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888062

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Ramipril and methyldopa compared in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Kundu SC, Bhattacharya A, Vakil HB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1990 September-October; 12(5): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2148504

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Randomised comparison of methyldopa and oxprenolol for treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Author(s): Gallery ED, Saunders DM, Hunyor SN, Gyory AZ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 June 16; 1(6178): 1591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=466138

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Randomised controlled comparative study of methyldopa and oxprenolol in treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Author(s): Fidler J, Smith V, Fayers P, De Swiet M. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 June 18; 286(6382): 1927-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407638

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Randomised controlled trial of methyldopa and isradipine in preeclampsia--effects on uteroplacental and fetal hemodynamics. Author(s): Montan S, Anandakumar C, Arulkumaran S, Ingemarsson I, Ratnam S. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1996; 24(2): 177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8773944

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Rebound hypertension after acute methyldopa withdrawal. Author(s): Burden AC, Alexander CP. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 May 1; 1(6017): 1056-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1268550

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Rebound hypertension after sudden discontinuation of methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Frewin DB, Penhall RK. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1977 April 30; 1(18): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=875822

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Red urine associated with methyldopa TREATMENT. Author(s): Cardwell JB. Source: Lancet. 1969 August 9; 2(7615): 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4184243

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Reduced peripheral vascular symptoms in elderly patients treated with alphamethyldopa--a comparison with propranolol. Author(s): VandenBurg MJ, Cooper WD, Woollard ML, Currie WJ, Bowker CH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984; 26(3): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6734693

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Reduction of menopausal hot flushes by methyldopa. A double blind crossover trial. Author(s): Nesheim BI, Saetre T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981; 20(6): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7026262

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Relation between the hypotensive and renin-suppressing activities of alpha methyldopa in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Leonetti G, Terzoli L, Morganti A, Manfrin M, Bianchini C, Sala C, Zanchetti A. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1977 November; 40(5): 762-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=920613

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Relationship between Meige syndrome and alpha-methyldopa-induced parkinsonism. Author(s): Sechi GP, Demontis G, Rosati G. Source: Neurology. 1985 November; 35(11): 1668-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4058760

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Removal of alpha-methyldopa (aldomet) in man by dialysis. Author(s): Yeh BK, Dayton PG, Waters WC 3rd. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1970 December; 135(3): 840-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5486722

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Renin unresponsiveness and the effects of oxprenolol, methyldopa and spironolactone in pateints with essential hypertension. Author(s): Thomas GW, Ledingham JG, Beilin LJ, Yeates KM. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1976 August; 6(3 Suppl): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=798576

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Replacement of antipsychotic and antiepileptic medication by L-alpha-methyldopa in a woman with velocardiofacial syndrome. Author(s): O'Hanlon JF, Ritchie RC, Smith EA, Patel R. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 117-9. Erratum In: Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 May; 18(3): 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598825

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Reserpine and alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Author(s): Huang CC, Wang RI, Hasegawa A, Alverno L. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1981; 73(4): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6789358

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Reticuloendothelial cell function in alpha-methyldopa-induced hemolytic anemia. Author(s): Branch DR, Gallagher MT, Shulman IA, Mison AP, Sy Siok Hian AL, Petz LD. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1983; 45(4): 278-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6636654

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Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with methyldopa. Lack of association with blood pressure control. Author(s): Fouad FM, Nakashima Y, Tarazi RC, Salcedo EE. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1982 March; 49(4): 795-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6461238

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Reversible malabsorption caused by methyldopa. Author(s): Shneerson JM, Gazzard BG. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 December 3; 2(6100): 1456-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=589265

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Risk of serious morbidity associated with hydralazine versus methyldopa treatment in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Franks PJ, Hartley K, Bulpitt PF, Bulpitt CJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 40(4): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2050166

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Second-degree atrioventricular block and alpha-methyldopa: a probable connection. Author(s): Cregler LL, Mark H. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1987 February; 54(2): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3494933

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Severe hypertension produced by interaction of phenylpropanolamine with methyldopa and oxprenolol. Author(s): McLaren EH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 July 31; 2(6030): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=953565

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Short- and long-term efficacy of a calcium-antagonistic agent (nifedipine) combined with methyldopa in the treatment of severe hypertension. Author(s): Guazzi MD, Fiorentini C, Olivari MT, Bartorelli A, Necchi G, Polese A. Source: Circulation. 1980 May; 61(5): 913-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7363435

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Short-term hemodynamic effects of intravenous methyldopa in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Manolis AS, Varriale P, Nobile J. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1987; 7(6): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3444753

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Simple automated high-performance liquid chromatographic column-switching technique for the measurement of dopa and 3-O-methyldopa in plasma. Author(s): Zurcher G, Da Prada M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1990 September 14; 530(2): 253-62. Erratum In: J Chromatogr 1990 November 16; 532(2): 466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2127780

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Simultaneous determination of L-dopa and 3-O-methyldopa in human platelets and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Blandini F, Martignoni E, Pacchetti C, Desideri S, Rivellini D, Nappi G. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 October 24; 700(1-2): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9390741

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Simultaneous determination of L-dopa and 3-O-methyldopa in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Beers MF, Stern M, Hurtig H, Melvin G, Scarpa A. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1984 December 12; 336(2): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6442301

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Simultaneous determination of levodopa methyl ester, levodopa, 3-O-methyldopa and dopamine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Rondelli I, Acerbi D, Mariotti F, Ventura P. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1994 February 18; 653(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8012555

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Sinus node dysfunction caused by methyldopa and digoxin. Author(s): Davis JC, Reiffel JA, Bigger JT Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 March 27; 245(12): 1241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7206114

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Site of action of methyldopa in lowering the blood pressure in man. Author(s): Kersting F, Reid JL, Dollery CT. Source: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl. 1978; 4: 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=277299

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Sodium and fluid balance during hypotensive response to alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Birkenhager WH, de Leeuw PW, Geerling J, Statius van Eps LW. Source: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl. 1978; 4: 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=354828

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Some side-effects of alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Pillay VK. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1976 April 10; 50(16): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1224274

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Spectrum of methyldopa liver injury. Author(s): Thomas E, Rosenthal WS, Zapiach L, Micci D. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977 August; 68(2): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=920711

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Standardized stress and hypertension: comparison of effect of propranolol and methyldopa. Author(s): Dunn FG, Melville DI, Jones JV, Lorimer AR, Lawrie TD. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1978 March; 5(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=656266

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Sulfate and methyldopa metabolism: metabolite patterns and platelet phenol sulfotransferase activity. Author(s): Campbell NR, Sundaram RS, Werness PG, Van Loon J, Weinshilboum RM. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1985 March; 37(3): 308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3855724

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Sympathetic inhibition with methyldopa in heart failure. Author(s): Kirlin PC, Das S, Grekin R, Juni J, Weiss RJ, Smith CB, Gross M, Pitt B. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1986 September-October; 8(5): 1092100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2429085

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Sympathetic nervous function and renin activity in hypertensives on long term drug treatment with propranolol, methyldopa or bendrofluazide. Author(s): Polak G, Reid JL, Hamilton CA, Jones DH, Dollery CT. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 1978; 1(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=755641

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Synergism of levodopa by alpha methyldopa. Author(s): Fermaglich J, O'Doherty DS. Source: Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1971; 96: 231-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5159089

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Systemic lupus-like syndrome induced by methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Harrington TM, Davis DE. Source: Chest. 1981 June; 79(6): 696-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6971739

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The absorption and conjugation of methyldopa in patients with coeliac and Crohn's diseases during treatment. Author(s): Renwick AG, Higgins V, Powers K, Smith CL, George CF. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 July; 16(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6882626

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The absorption and excretion of methyldopa ingested concomitantly with amino acids or food rich in protein. Author(s): Stenbaek O, Myhre E, Rugstad HE, Arnold E, Hansen T. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1982 March; 50(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7090844

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The antihypertensive effect of guanfacine compared with methyldopa. Author(s): van der Merwe CJ, Kruger SA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1980 March 15; 57(11): 400-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6105713

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The effect of a single daily low dose of methyldopa and K+ sparing diuretic on blood pressure in the elderly. Author(s): Fidel J, Glikberg F. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1988 December; 42(12): 491-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3256343

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The effect of methyldopa and procainamide on suppressor cell activity in relation to red cell autoantibody production. Author(s): Garratty G, Arndt P, Prince HE, Shulman IA. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1993 June; 84(2): 310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8398835

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The effect of methyldopa on retinal artery circulation in pre-eclamptic gravidae. Author(s): Hung JH, Yen MY, Pan YP, Hsu LP. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 June; 15(6): 513-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11005120

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The effect of methyldopa treatment on uterine, umblical and fetal middle cerebral artery blood flows in preeclamptic patients. Author(s): Gunenc O, Cicek N, Gorkemli H, Celik C, Acar A, Akyurek C. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 July; 266(3): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12197552

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The effect of nifedipine and methyldopa on maternal cerebral circulation. Author(s): Serra-Serra V, Kyle PM, Chandran R, Redman CW. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 May; 104(5): 532-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9166192

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The effect of pH and concentration on alpha-methyldopa absorption in man. Author(s): Merfeld AE, Mlodozeniec AR, Cortese MA, Rhodes JB, Dressman JB, Admidon GL. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1986 November; 38(11): 815-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2879011

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The effects of long term methyldopa in patients with hypoxic cor pulmonale. Author(s): Evans TW, Waterhouse J, Finlay M, Suggett AJ, Howard P. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1988 October; 82(4): 405-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3076795

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The interaction of orally administered iron with levodopa and methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Greene RJ, Hall AD, Hider RC. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1990 July; 42(7): 502-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1980293

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The plasma noradrenaline and growth hormone response to alpha-methyldopa and clonidine in hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Struthers AD, Brown MJ, Adams EF, Dollery CT. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985 March; 19(3): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3986086

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The significance of 3-O-methyldopa concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid in the pathogenesis of wearing-off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Tohgi H, Abe T, Kikuchi T, Takahashi S, Nozaki Y. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1991 October 28; 132(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1787913

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The use of methyldopa in the elderly. Author(s): Ramsay LE. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1981 October; 15(4): 23941, 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7320963

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Trasicor versus methyldopa in Pakistani hypertensive patients: a comparative study of efficacy and tolerability. Author(s): Nasir, Burke T. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1981 August; 31(8): 172-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6793746

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Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy with methyldopa: a randomized double blind study. Author(s): Weitz C, Khouzami V, Maxwell K, Johnson JW. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1987 February; 25(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2883043

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Treatment of resistant hypertension: 3 years of follow-up with the combination of verapamil and methyldopa. Author(s): Spritzer N, Spritzer TS, Rodrigues R. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1989; 13 Suppl 4: S65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2475692

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Ulcerative lichenoid eruption from methyldopa. Author(s): Burry JN. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 June; 112(6): 880. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=133638

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Ultrastructural mapping of methyldopa and anti-D IgG erythrocyte antigen receptors. Author(s): Masouredis SP, Sudora E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1975 April; 55(4): 771-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=804492

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Unusual Watson-Schwartz test from methyldopa. Author(s): Pierach CA, Cardinal RA, Petryka ZJ, Watson CJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 March 10; 296(10): 577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=836550

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Update on alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Farsang C. Source: Ther Hung. 1986; 34(3): 139-49. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3126555

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Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cases of hypertension before and after therapy with guanethidine and methyldopa. Author(s): Nath K, Agarwal SN, Mittal HS, Singh KN, Saxena S, Pant H. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1972 April 1; 58(7): 242-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4537955

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Urinary free methyldopa determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Mell LD, Gustafson AB. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1978 January; 24(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=618661

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Urinary incontinence due to interaction of phenoxybenzamine and alphamethyldopa. Author(s): Fernandez PG, Sahni S, Galway BA, Granter S, McDonald J. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1981 January 15; 124(2): 174-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7459779

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Urine test as a potential aid in testing for patient compliance with methyldopa therapy. Author(s): Vlasses PH, Hockensmith JW, Gennaro AR, Amadio P Jr. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979 August; 36(8): 1046, 1050. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=484562

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Use of labetalol and methyldopa in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Author(s): Lamming GD, Symonds EB. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979; 8(Suppl 2): 217S-222S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=526404

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Utilization of hydralazine or alpha-methyldopa for the management of early puerperal hypertension. Author(s): Griffis KR Jr, Martin JN Jr, Palmer SM, Martin RW, Morrison JC. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1989 October; 6(4): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2789542

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Walking capacity of patients with intermittent claudication during chronic antihypertensive treatment with metoprolol and methyldopa. Author(s): Lepantalo M, von Knorring J. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1984 August; 4(4): 275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6380905

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What to watch for with clonidine and methyldopa. Author(s): Rosenberg JM, Kirschenbaum HL. Source: Rn (For Managers). 1982 November; 45(11): 66-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6923496

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND METHYLDOPA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and methyldopa.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Methyldopa The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “methyldopa” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “methyldopa” (or a synonym): •

Ask the doctor. I have used a medication called Aldomet for many years for my high blood pressure. Recently, I had to go to the hospital, and the young intern said that he had never heard of anyone using this drug and that it was something out of the history books. Should I be on another drug? Source: Lee, T H Harv-Heart-Lett. 1999 July; 9(11): 8 1051-5313

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Colorimetric assay of methyldopa bulk drug and tablets as its Fe(III) complex. Author(s): Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Source: Zivanovic L Vasiljevic S Radulovic D Boll-Chim-Farm. 1991 May; 130(5): 162-5 0006-6648

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Double blind comparative trial of Abana and methyldopa for monotherapy of hypertension in Indian patients. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, L.T.M. Medical College, Bombay, Maharashtra, India. Source: Dadkar, V N Tahiliani, R R Jaguste, V S Damle, V B Dhar, H L Jpn-Heart-J. 1990 March; 31(2): 193-9 0021-4868

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Ferrous sulfate reduces methyldopa absorption: methyldopa: iron complex formation as a likely mechanism. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's. Source: Campbell, N R Campbell, R R Hasinoff, B B Clin-Invest-Med. 1990 December; 13(6): 329-32 0147-958X

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Influence of clonidine, methyldopa and propranolol on acute toxicity of fenitrothion in mice. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi. Source: Valecha, N Prabhu, S Mehta, V L Indian-J-Physiol-Pharmacol. 1990 January; 34(1): 39-41 0019-5499

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations of methyldopa in rats with aortic coarctation. A study using microdialysis. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires, Junin 956, Argentina. [email protected] Source: Hocht, C Opezzo, J A Gorzalczany, S B Priano, R M Bramuglia, G F Taira, C A Pharmacol-Res. 2001 November; 44(5): 377-83 1043-6618

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to methyldopa; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Minerals Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

55

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND METHYLDOPA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to methyldopa. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to methyldopa and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “methyldopa” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to methyldopa: •

5-Hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Itskovitz HD, Werber JL, Sheridan AM, Brewer TF, Stier CT Jr. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1989 April; 7(4): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2786023

•

5-Hydroxytryptophan: a review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse effects. Author(s): Byerley WF, Judd LL, Reimherr FW, Grosser BI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987 June; 7(3): 127-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3298325

•

A novel neurodevelopmental syndrome responsive to 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa. Author(s): Ramaekers VT, Senderek J, Hausler M, Haring M, Abeling N, Zerres K, Bergmann C, Heimann G, Blau N.

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Source: Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 2001 June; 73(2): 179-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11386854 •

A reliable and simple method for simultaneous determination of DOPA and 3-Omethyldopa in plasma and brain. Author(s): Fahn S, Prasad AL, Delesie R. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1972 April; 46(2): 557-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4337048

•

Alprenolol in hypertension. Author(s): Johnsson G. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1974; 554: 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4593675

•

Alternatives to estrogen for menopausal symptoms. Author(s): Miller KL. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 December; 35(4): 884-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1451371

•

Analysis of L-dopa in human serum. Author(s): Dizdar N, Arstrand K, Kagedal B. Source: Biotechniques. 2002 November; 33(5): 1000, 1002. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12449374

•

Co-operative clinical trial of alpha-methyldopa. 3. Double-blind control comparison of alpha-methyldopa and chlorothiazide, and chlorothiazide and rauwolfia. Author(s): Smith WM, Bachman B, Galante JG, Hanowell EG, Johnson WP, Koch CE Jr, Korfmacher SD, Thurm RH, Bromer L. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1966 October; 65(4): 657-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5926388

•

Double blind comparative trial of Abana and methyldopa for monotherapy of hypertension in Indian patients. Author(s): Dadkar VN, Tahiliani RR, Jaguste VS, Damle VB, Dhar HL. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1990 March; 31(2): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192099

•

Letter: Meditation or methyldopa? Author(s): Nixon PG, Dighton DH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 August 28; 2(6034): 525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=782653

Alternative Medicine 57

•

Letter: Meditation or methyldopa? Author(s): Short D. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 June 26; 1(6025): 1592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=776345

•

Methyldopa binding to cells in culture. Author(s): Dybing E. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1977 January; 40(1): 161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=189567

•

Methyldopa supplement for resistant essential hypertension: a prospective randomized placebo control crossover study. Author(s): Sermswan A, Archawarak N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 December; 86(12): 1156-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14971524

•

Psychopharmacological studies with neoserp and aldomet. Author(s): St Jean A, Ban TA, Noe W. Source: Int J Neuropsychiatry. 1965 October; 1(5): 491-503. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5858888

•

Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using electrochemical detection for a novel prodrug ester of methyldopa, pivaloyloxyethyl 3-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylalaninate, in plasma and urine. Author(s): Musson DG, Vincek WC, Dobrinska MR, Vickers S, Leidy HL. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1984 June 8; 308: 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6746818

•

Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of carbidopa, levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa in plasma and carbidopa, levodopa and dopamine in urine using electrochemical detection. Author(s): Titus DC, August TF, Yeh KC, Eisenhandler R, Bayne WF, Musson DG. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1990 December 14; 534: 87-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2094725

•

Synthesis of substituted DL-3(5-benzazolyl)alanines as dopa and alpha-methyldopa analogs and their effects on dopamine beta-hydroxylase, tyrosinase and diphenoloxidase. Author(s): Loriga M, Paglietti G, Sparatore F, Pinna G, Sisini A. Source: Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989). 1992 April; 47(4): 439-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1388592

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to methyldopa; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Aldoclor Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aldoril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blood Pressure Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Alternative Medicine 59

Chlorothiazide/Methyldopa Alternative names: Aldoclor Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hydrochlorothiazide/Methyldopa Alternative names: Aldoril Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methyldopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methyldopa Alternative names: Aldomet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine (PS) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,813,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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APPENDICES

63

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “methyldopa” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 6366 49 422 2 31 6870

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “methyldopa” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

67

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on methyldopa can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to methyldopa. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to methyldopa. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “methyldopa”:

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Anemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anemia.html Hemochromatosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemochromatosis.html Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilerheumatoidarthritis.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Pheochromocytoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pheochromocytoma.html Pituitary Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html Polymyalgia Rheumatica http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polymyalgiarheumatica.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to methyldopa. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


Patient Resources

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to methyldopa. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with methyldopa. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about methyldopa. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “methyldopa” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit

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your search to “Organizations” and “methyldopa”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “methyldopa” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “methyldopa” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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METHYLDOPA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid: 5HIAA. A break-down product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found in high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and

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stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuminuria: More than normal amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. Albuminuria may be a sign of kidney disease. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulant: Walking or able to walk. [EU] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH]

Dictionary 83

Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulants: Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU]

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Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Coarctation: Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, caused by deformity of the aortic media. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU]

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Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benserazide: An inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone. [NIH]

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Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up

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of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbidopa: A peripheral inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase. It is given in parkinsonism along

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with levodopa to inhibit the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby reducing the peripheral adverse effects, increasing the amount of levodopa that reaches the central nervous system, and reducing the dose needed. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone. [NIH] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotocography: Monitoring of fetal heart frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum uterine contraction. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU]

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Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Climacteric: Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH]

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Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly

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people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because

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of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cor pulmonale: Heart disease that results from resistance to the passage of blood through the lungs; it often leads to right heart failure. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the

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dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopa Decarboxylase: One of the aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylases, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or

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incomplete movements. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]

Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH]

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Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoiesis: The production of erythrocytes. [EU] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. [NIH]

Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

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Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]

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Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [NIH] Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent. The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. Its adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. [NIH] Haemolysis: Disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane causing release of haemoglobin. Haemolysis may be caused by bacterial haemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by placing red cells in a hyptonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane. [EU] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH]

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Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated

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with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Indoramin: A hypotensive agent with some anti-arrhythmic effects. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural

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response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intermittent Claudication: A symptom complex characterized by leg pain and weakness brought on by walking, with the disappearance of the symptoms following a brief rest. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the

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treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH]

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Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membranoproliferative: A disease that occurs primarily in children and young adults. Over time, inflammation leads to scarring in the glomeruli, causing proteinuria, hematuria, and sometimes chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex. [NIH]

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Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ovum Implantation: Endometrial implantation of the blastocyst. [NIH] Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation

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and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic anatagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH]

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Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU]

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Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Propanolol: Beta blocker. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU]

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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rauwolfia: A genus of the Apocynaceae or dogbane family of tropical trees and shrubs containing alkaloids. These alkaloids have been used as tranquilizers and antihypertensive agents. Reserpine is derived from R. serpentina. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an

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alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the

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elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH]

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Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late

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in appearing. [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH]

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Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH]

Dictionary 115

Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

117

INDEX 5 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 48, 81 A Abdomen, 81, 87, 101, 112 Abscess, 81, 111 Acceptor, 81, 113 Actin, 81, 103 Acute renal, 81, 97 Adenosine, 81, 87, 106 Adrenal Cortex, 81, 92, 107, 110 Adrenal Medulla, 81, 88, 94, 104 Adrenaline, 4, 81 Adrenergic, 81, 82, 84, 85, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112, 114, 115 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 81, 84 Adverse Effect, 22, 55, 81, 88, 106, 110, 111 Affinity, 81, 85, 111 Agonist, 81, 93, 106 Akathisia, 82, 84 Albumin, 82, 102 Albuminuria, 82, 107 Alertness, 82, 87 Algorithms, 82, 86 Alkaline, 82, 87 Alkaloid, 82, 110, 115 Alpha-1, 82, 107 Alprenolol, 56, 82, 102 Alternative medicine, 82 Ambulant, 26, 82 Ameliorating, 4, 82 Amino acid, 45, 82, 83, 86, 93, 97, 98, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114 Amino Acid Sequence, 82, 83 Ampulla, 82, 89 Anabolic, 4, 83 Anabolic Steroids, 4, 83 Anaemia, 27, 83 Analgesic, 83, 100, 102 Analog, 83, 88 Anemia, 9, 15, 23, 28, 33, 41, 70, 83 Anesthetics, 83, 94 Angina, 81, 83, 100, 102, 105, 108 Angina Pectoris, 81, 83, 100, 102, 105, 108 Anginal, 82, 83, 104 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 83, 84 Angiotensinogen, 83, 109 Antagonism, 83, 87

Antibiotic, 83, 87, 88 Antibodies, 35, 83, 85, 97, 101, 106 Antibody, 81, 83, 84, 90, 99, 102, 111 Anticoagulants, 4, 83 Anticonvulsant, 83, 106 Antidiuretic, 33, 84 Antiemetic, 84 Antiepileptic, 41, 84 Antigen, 6, 47, 81, 83, 84, 90, 98, 99, 102 Antihypertensive, 3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 19, 20, 27, 35, 45, 48, 82, 84, 92, 97, 98, 109, 110 Antihypertensive Agents, 14, 84, 109 Anti-inflammatory, 84, 85, 102 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 84, 85 Antipsychotic, 41, 84, 104, 110 Antipyretic, 84, 102 Antiseptic, 84, 88 Anxiety, 81, 82, 84, 105, 108 Aorta, 84, 115 Aortic Coarctation, 52, 84 Aplasia, 39, 84 Arrhythmia, 84, 115 Arterial, 6, 9, 84, 87, 91, 98, 108, 112 Arteries, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 102, 103, 109 Artery, 19, 84, 85, 92, 93, 102, 105, 110 Aspirin, 4, 85 Assay, 11, 52, 57, 85 Astringent, 85, 88 Astrocytes, 85, 102, 103 Atenolol, 5, 85 Atrial, 85, 91, 114 Atrioventricular, 14, 26, 42, 85, 91 Atrium, 85, 91, 114, 115 Autoantibodies, 16, 85 Autoantigens, 85 Autoimmune disease, 17, 85 Autonomic, 27, 84, 85, 96, 104, 106 Autosuggestion, 85, 99 B Bacteria, 83, 84, 85, 91, 102 Bacterium, 85, 91, 97 Basal Ganglia, 84, 85, 89, 99 Benign, 4, 85, 88, 97 Benserazide, 13, 27, 85 Bile, 86, 96, 98, 100, 101, 112 Bile duct, 86 Bile Pigments, 86, 100 Biliary, 10, 35, 86, 87, 89

118

Methyldopa

Biliary Tract, 86, 87 Bioavailability, 10, 13, 16, 86 Biochemical, 5, 10, 34, 86, 111 Biogenic Monoamines, 86, 101 Biotechnology, 6, 65, 86 Bladder, 86, 99, 114 Blastocyst, 86, 105, 114 Blood Coagulation, 86, 87 Blood Flow Velocity, 19, 86 Blood Glucose, 4, 86, 97 Blood Platelets, 86, 111, 113 Blood vessel, 86, 87, 88, 91, 97, 101, 111, 115 Blood-Brain Barrier, 86, 100 Body Fluids, 86, 111 Bone Marrow, 33, 86, 101 Bowel, 87, 94, 112 Broad-spectrum, 87, 88 Bronchi, 87, 94, 113 Buccal, 87, 101, 112 Bullous, 4, 87 C Caffeine, 4, 87 Calcium, 12, 42, 84, 87, 90, 100, 104, 115 Calcium channel blocker, 84, 87, 115 Calcium Channel Blockers, 84, 87 Calculi, 10, 87 Candidiasis, 4, 87 Candidosis, 87 Captopril, 5, 7, 13, 24, 39, 87 Carbidopa, 8, 27, 29, 55, 57, 87 Carcinoid, 81, 88 Carcinoma, 10, 35, 88 Cardiac, 5, 22, 81, 87, 88, 91, 94, 100, 102, 103, 112 Cardioselective, 85, 88, 108 Cardiotocography, 18, 88 Cardiovascular, 5, 19, 27, 28, 30, 31, 38, 44, 47, 88, 111 Carotene, 88, 110 Case report, 25, 28, 32, 33, 88, 89 Case series, 88, 89 Catechol, 21, 88 Catecholamine, 88, 93 Cefazolin, 39, 88 Cell membrane, 87, 88, 97 Central Nervous System, 21, 85, 87, 88, 97, 101, 102, 105, 111 Cerebral, 18, 21, 46, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 102, 112 Cerebral Arteries, 88, 102 Cerebrospinal, 7, 14, 16, 29, 46, 88, 89

Cerebrospinal fluid, 7, 14, 16, 29, 46, 89 Cerebrum, 88, 89 Chemoreceptor, 84, 89 Cholestasis, 28, 89 Cholinergic, 84, 89 Chorea, 84, 89 Chromosome, 89, 91 Chronic, 7, 10, 12, 21, 22, 26, 48, 84, 89, 91, 93, 94, 99, 100, 102, 108, 112 Chronic renal, 22, 89, 102 Cirrhosis, 12, 89, 97 CIS, 89, 110 Climacteric, 8, 89 Clinical study, 8, 89 Clinical trial, 5, 56, 65, 89, 91, 93, 109 Cloning, 86, 89 Clot Retraction, 25, 89 Coenzymes, 89, 104 Colitis, 33, 90 Collagen, 5, 82, 90, 95, 106, 108 Colon, 90 Complement, 90, 97 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 59, 90 Complementary medicine, 55, 90 Computational Biology, 65, 90 Concretion, 87, 90 Conduction, 26, 91 Cones, 91, 110 Congestion, 84, 91, 95 Congestive heart failure, 15, 35, 42, 91 Conjugated, 21, 91 Conjugation, 45, 91 Connective Tissue, 87, 90, 91, 92, 101, 112 Consciousness, 83, 91, 92, 108, 112 Constipation, 84, 91, 97 Contamination, 91, 98 Contraindications, ii, 91 Controlled study, 7, 91 Convulsions, 83, 91, 94, 107 Cor, 46, 91, 92 Cor pulmonale, 46, 92 Coronary, 83, 92, 102, 103 Coronary Thrombosis, 92, 102, 103 Cortex, 88, 92, 102 Cortisol, 22, 82, 92 Coumarin, 4, 92 Curative, 92, 104 Cutaneous, 11, 87, 92, 101 Cyclic, 87, 92 Cyclopenthiazide, 36, 92

119

D Deamination, 92, 103 Decarboxylation, 86, 92, 98 Degenerative, 92, 98 Delirium, 84, 92 Dementia, 15, 84, 92 Depressive Disorder, 92, 101 Dermal, 92, 101 Dermis, 92, 103 Diabetes Insipidus, 93, 98 Diabetes Mellitus, 36, 93, 97 Diagnostic procedure, 93 Diarrhea, 33, 38, 93 Diastolic, 93, 97, 98 Diastolic blood pressure, 93, 97 Digestion, 12, 86, 87, 93, 101, 112 Dimethyl, 93, 100 Direct, iii, 16, 93, 98, 106, 109 Discrete, 93, 101 Disposition, 8, 32, 38, 93 Diuresis, 87, 93 Diuretic, 45, 92, 93, 98 Diuretics, Thiazide, 84, 93 Dopa, 7, 16, 27, 42, 43, 56, 57, 85, 87, 93, 100 Dopa Decarboxylase, 85, 87, 93 Dopamine, 14, 27, 43, 57, 84, 85, 88, 93, 100, 103, 104, 106 Dorsal, 93, 95 Double-blind, 7, 8, 11, 13, 17, 28, 56, 93 Dyskinesia, 20, 41, 84, 93 E Eclampsia, 94, 107 Edema, 94, 98, 105, 107 Efficacy, 9, 14, 19, 20, 26, 30, 38, 42, 47, 55, 94 Elastin, 90, 94 Electrolyte, 92, 94, 107, 111 Electroplating, 88, 94 Embryology, 94, 95 Enalapril, 20, 35, 94 Endocarditis, 87, 94 Endocrine System, 94, 104 Endogenous, 32, 85, 93, 94 Endometrium, 94, 114 End-stage renal, 89, 94, 102 Enterocolitis, 32, 94 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 94 Enzymatic, 82, 86, 87, 88, 90, 94, 98, 110 Enzyme, 89, 93, 94, 102, 103, 109, 113, 115 Epidermal, 94, 101 Epidermis, 92, 94, 101

Epinephrine, 4, 81, 93, 94, 104, 114 Epithelial, 31, 32, 95 Epithelial Cells, 31, 95 Erythema, 4, 95 Erythema Multiforme, 4, 95 Erythrocytes, 83, 86, 95, 109 Erythropoiesis, 15, 95 Estrogen, 56, 95, 108 Exogenous, 87, 94, 95 Extensor, 95, 108 Extracellular, 85, 91, 95, 102, 111 Extracellular Matrix, 91, 95 Extracellular Space, 95, 102 Extrapyramidal, 82, 84, 93, 95 F Family Planning, 65, 95 Fat, 86, 88, 91, 95, 101, 111 Fatigue, 95, 97 Fenfluramine, 4, 95 Fenitrothion, 52, 95 Fetal Heart, 18, 88, 95 Fetus, 95 Fibroblasts, 5, 95 Flatus, 95, 96 Flexor, 95, 101 Fluorescence, 15, 95 Forearm, 86, 95 Fungi, 91, 96, 102, 113, 115 Fungus, 87, 96 G Gallbladder, 86, 96 Ganglionic Blockers, 84, 96 Gas, 7, 95, 96 Gastrin, 96, 98 Gastrointestinal, 88, 94, 96, 111, 112 Gene, 86, 96 General practitioner, 24, 96 Genetics, 56, 91, 96 Genotype, 96, 106 Geriatric, 37, 96 Gestation, 96, 105, 107 Gland, 81, 96, 98, 101, 105, 110, 112, 113 Glomerular, 96, 109 Glomeruli, 96, 102 Glomerulonephritis, 33, 96 Glucose, 4, 35, 86, 93, 96, 97, 109 Glucose Intolerance, 93, 97 Glycine, 82, 97, 104 Governing Board, 97, 107 Guanethidine, 6, 48, 97 Guanfacine, 9, 17, 29, 31, 38, 45, 97

120

Methyldopa

H Haemolysis, 33, 97 Haloperidol, 15, 17, 97 Headache, 87, 97 Heart failure, 5, 44, 83, 92, 97, 105, 107 Hematuria, 97, 102 Hemochromatosis, 70, 97 Hemodynamics, 19, 40, 97 Hemoglobin, 83, 95, 97 Hemolytic, 9, 15, 23, 28, 33, 41, 97 Hemorrhage, 4, 97, 98 Hepatic, 21, 23, 82, 92, 98, 103 Hepatitis, 8, 12, 21, 23, 33, 98 Hepatitis A, 12, 21, 98 Hepatocyte, 89, 98 Hepatotoxicity, 15, 32, 98 Hepatovirus, 98 Histamine, 84, 98 Hormone, 18, 22, 33, 37, 46, 81, 92, 94, 96, 98, 107, 108, 113 Humoral, 5, 98 Humour, 98 Hydralazine, 18, 19, 24, 42, 48, 98 Hydrochlorothiazide, 12, 20, 35, 59, 98 Hydroxylysine, 90, 98 Hydroxyproline, 82, 90, 98 Hyperbilirubinemia, 98, 100 Hyperplasia, 98, 101 Hypersensitivity, 32, 98 Hyperthyroidism, 98, 108 Hypertrophy, 5, 8, 13, 41, 92, 98, 107, 114 Hypokinesia, 98, 105 Hypotension, 84, 91, 96, 99 Hypotensive, 20, 25, 40, 43, 99 Hypoxic, 46, 99 I Iatrogenic, 33, 99 Immune response, 84, 85, 99, 112 Immunomodulator, 9, 99 Impotence, 99, 115 In vitro, 8, 18, 20, 99 In vivo, 20, 32, 99, 102 Incontinence, 48, 99 Indolent, 12, 99 Indoramin, 17, 26, 99 Induction, 84, 96, 99, 108 Infarction, 99 Infection, 87, 92, 99, 101, 113 Infiltration, 96, 99, 107 Inflammation, 82, 84, 85, 90, 94, 98, 99, 102, 103, 107, 112, 115 Ingestion, 32, 99

Inotropic, 85, 93, 99 Interferon, 28, 99, 100 Interferon-alpha, 100 Intermittent, 48, 100 Intermittent Claudication, 48, 100 Interstitial, 5, 95, 100, 109 Intestinal, 31, 32, 88, 94, 100, 101 Intestinal Mucosa, 94, 100 Intestines, 96, 100 Intoxication, 8, 92, 100, 115 Intracellular, 87, 99, 100, 107 Intravascular, 33, 100 Intravenous, 22, 42, 100 Involuntary, 89, 100, 103, 109 Isradipine, 7, 18, 38, 39, 40, 100 J Jaundice, 12, 28, 98, 100 K Kb, 64, 100 Ketanserin, 19, 28, 100 Kinetics, 32, 100 L Lactation, 100, 108 Lesion, 100, 112 Leukocytes, 86, 100 Levo, 93, 100 Levodopa, 8, 10, 12, 13, 29, 36, 43, 44, 46, 57, 85, 88, 93, 100 Lichen Planus, 4, 101 Lipid, 11, 101 Lithium, 4, 27, 29, 84, 101 Lithium Carbonate, 4, 101 Liver, 12, 17, 23, 24, 29, 44, 82, 86, 89, 96, 97, 98, 101, 103, 110 Localized, 81, 99, 101, 103, 105, 106 Lupus, 17, 23, 31, 44, 58, 70, 101, 112 Lutein Cells, 101, 108 Lymph, 25, 98, 101 Lymph node, 101 Lymphadenopathy, 25, 101 Lymphatic, 99, 101, 105 Lymphatic system, 101 Lymphocyte, 84, 101, 102 Lymphoid, 83, 101 M Malabsorption, 42, 101 Manic, 31, 84, 101, 108 Man-made, 88, 101 Mediate, 93, 102 Mediator, 93, 102, 111 MEDLINE, 65, 102 Mefenamic Acid, 9, 102

121

Melanin, 102, 106, 114 Membrane, 85, 88, 90, 95, 97, 102, 103, 106, 110 Membranoproliferative, 33, 102 Meninges, 88, 102 Menopause, 102, 108 Mental, iv, 4, 17, 64, 66, 92, 93, 95, 99, 102, 108, 110, 114 Mesoderm, 102, 114 Mesolimbic, 84, 102 Metabolite, 34, 44, 93, 102, 107 Methyltransferase, 21, 102 Metoprolol, 7, 30, 48, 102 MI, 79, 102 Microbe, 102, 113 Microdialysis, 52, 102 Microglia, 85, 102, 103 Middle Cerebral Artery, 45, 102 Migrans, 4, 103 Modification, 82, 103 Molecular, 5, 56, 65, 67, 86, 90, 103, 108 Molecule, 84, 90, 103, 109 Monoamine, 4, 103, 114 Monoamine Oxidase, 4, 103, 114 Monotherapy, 7, 13, 39, 52, 56, 103 Mucosa, 29, 101, 103, 108, 112 Muscle Fibers, 103 Muscle relaxant, 103, 106 Muscle Spindles, 103, 106 Mutagenic, 20, 103 Mydriatic, 103, 115 Myocardial infarction, 92, 102, 103, 108 Myocarditis, 21, 103 Myocardium, 83, 102, 103 Myosin, 5, 103 N Nasal Cavity, 103 Nasal Obstruction, 34, 103 Nausea, 84, 104, 114 Necrosis, 99, 102, 103, 104 Nerve, 81, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110, 112, 113 Nerve Endings, 97, 104 Nervous System, 83, 85, 88, 102, 104, 106, 112, 114 Neural, 18, 96, 98, 102, 103, 104 Neuroendocrine, 38, 104 Neuroleptic, 82, 84, 104 Neurons, 96, 100, 103, 104 Neurotransmitter, 81, 82, 93, 97, 98, 104, 112, 114 Niacin, 4, 104, 114

Nifedipine, 7, 28, 42, 46, 104 Norepinephrine, 19, 81, 93, 97, 104, 106, 110 Nuclear, 85, 91, 101, 104 Nuclei, 91, 104, 105 O Oedema, 105, 107 Ophthalmic, 105, 110 Ophthalmic Artery, 105, 110 Opsin, 105, 110 Optic Nerve, 105, 110 Orthostatic, 84, 105 Overdosage, 8, 105 Ovum, 96, 105, 107, 108, 114, 115 Ovum Implantation, 105, 114 Oxprenolol, 9, 14, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 105 P Palate, 105, 112 Pancreas, 97, 105 Parkinsonism, 16, 20, 41, 84, 85, 87, 101, 105 Parturition, 105, 108 Pathogenesis, 46, 105 Pathologic, 87, 92, 98, 105, 108, 115 Patient Compliance, 48, 105 Peptide, 82, 105, 107, 108 Perinatal, 14, 40, 105 Peripheral Nervous System, 104, 106, 112 Pharmacodynamic, 36, 52, 106 Pharmacokinetic, 16, 52, 106 Pharmacologic, 5, 106, 113, 114 Phenotype, 5, 106 Phenoxybenzamine, 48, 106 Phenylalanine, 106, 114 Phenylpropanolamine, 42, 106 Phenytoin, 4, 106 Phosphorus, 87, 106 Physiologic, 82, 89, 93, 99, 106, 109, 114 Pigments, 86, 88, 106, 110 Plants, 82, 96, 104, 106, 113, 114 Plasma cells, 83, 106 Platelet Aggregation, 100, 106 Platelets, 43, 106, 107, 113 Pneumonia, 91, 107 Polypeptide, 82, 90, 107, 108 Polysaccharide, 84, 107 Potassium, 38, 93, 98, 107 Practice Guidelines, 66, 107 Prazosin, 12, 16, 38, 107 Precursor, 83, 93, 94, 100, 104, 106, 107, 114 Preeclampsia, 4, 38, 40, 107

122

Methyldopa

Pre-Eclampsia, 32, 107 Pre-eclamptic, 45, 94, 107 Probe, 102, 107 Procainamide, 45, 107 Procaine, 107 Prodrug, 37, 57, 107 Progeny, 91, 107 Progesterone, 107, 108, 112 Progressive, 5, 89, 92, 104, 107, 109 Projection, 104, 105, 108 Prolactin, 18, 108 Proline, 90, 98, 108 Propanolol, 4, 108 Propranolol, 8, 10, 11, 19, 25, 37, 38, 40, 44, 52, 85, 108 Prospective study, 25, 108 Protein S, 86, 108 Proteins, 82, 84, 88, 90, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 113 Proteinuria, 102, 107, 108 Protozoa, 91, 108 Pruritic, 101, 108 Psoriasis, 4, 108 Psychic, 89, 102, 108, 111 Psychoactive, 108, 115 Psychosis, 84, 108 Public Policy, 65, 109 Publishing, 6, 109 Pulmonary, 86, 92, 109, 115 Pulmonary Artery, 86, 109, 115 Pulmonary hypertension, 92, 109 R Race, 93, 109 Racemic, 93, 109 Radiation, 83, 95, 101, 109 Randomized, 7, 8, 14, 47, 57, 94, 109 Rauwolfia, 56, 109, 110 Reabsorption, 98, 109 Receptor, 84, 89, 93, 100, 109, 111 Recombination, 91, 109 Rectum, 90, 95, 96, 99, 109 Red blood cells, 95, 97, 109 Refer, 1, 87, 90, 96, 104, 108, 109 Reflex, 6, 27, 103, 109 Regimen, 94, 105, 109 Renal failure, 25, 36, 92, 109 Renin, 40, 41, 44, 83, 87, 109 Renin-Angiotensin System, 83, 87, 109 Reserpine, 6, 12, 14, 20, 27, 41, 109, 110 Retina, 91, 105, 110 Retinal, 45, 105, 110 Retinal Artery, 45, 110

Retinol, 110 Rhodopsin, 105, 110 Risk factor, 108, 110 Rods, 110 S Schizoid, 110, 115 Schizophrenia, 110, 115 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 110, 115 Screening, 89, 110 Secretion, 18, 22, 33, 98, 100, 102, 110 Seizures, 92, 106, 111 Septal, 12, 111 Serotonin, 81, 84, 95, 100, 103, 104, 110, 111, 114 Serum, 16, 18, 43, 56, 82, 88, 90, 111 Shock, 111, 114 Side effect, 25, 29, 37, 81, 82, 84, 111, 113 Small intestine, 98, 100, 111 Smooth muscle, 87, 98, 100, 110, 111, 112 Sodium, 5, 43, 93, 98, 109, 111 Soft tissue, 86, 111 Somatic, 89, 98, 106, 111 Sound wave, 91, 111 Specialist, 71, 111 Species, 21, 94, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 Specificity, 11, 81, 111 Spinal cord, 85, 88, 89, 102, 104, 106, 109, 112 Stabilization, 106, 112 Steroid, 92, 112 Stimulant, 87, 98, 112 Stimulus, 109, 112, 113 Stomach, 96, 98, 100, 104, 111, 112 Stomatitis, 4, 112 Stool, 90, 99, 112 Stress, 44, 88, 92, 104, 112 Subacute, 8, 99, 112 Subspecies, 111, 112 Substance P, 102, 111, 112 Sympathomimetic, 93, 94, 104, 106, 112, 114 Syncope, 33, 112 Synergistic, 108, 112 Systemic, 9, 12, 34, 44, 58, 84, 86, 87, 92, 94, 97, 99, 105, 112, 114 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 34, 112 Systolic, 97, 98, 112 T Tachycardia, 27, 112 Tardive, 20, 41, 84, 112 Testosterone, 83, 113 Threshold, 98, 113

123

Thrombocytes, 107, 113 Thrombocytopenia, 25, 33, 113 Thrush, 87, 113 Thyroid, 4, 98, 113, 114 Tomography, 21, 113 Tone, 97, 113 Toxaemia, 107, 113 Toxic, iv, 32, 91, 113 Toxicity, 52, 113 Toxicology, 66, 113 Toxins, 84, 99, 113 Trachea, 87, 113 Transfection, 86, 113 Transferases, 27, 113 Translation, 82, 113 Transmitter, 85, 93, 102, 104, 113, 114 Transplantation, 89, 114 Trauma, 4, 92, 97, 104, 114 Trees, 109, 114 Tremor, 105, 114 Tricuspid Atresia, 92, 114 Trigger zone, 84, 114 Trophoblast, 18, 86, 114 Tryptophan, 90, 111, 114 Tuberculosis, 101, 114 Tunica, 103, 114 Tyramine, 103, 114 Tyrosine, 14, 93, 114 U Uremia, 109, 114 Urethra, 114

Urinary, 24, 48, 87, 99, 107, 114 Urinary Retention, 107, 114 Urine, 16, 24, 32, 35, 40, 48, 57, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 93, 97, 99, 108, 114 Uterine Contraction, 88, 114 V Vagina, 87, 114, 115 Vaginitis, 87, 115 Vascular, 4, 40, 86, 87, 92, 97, 99, 100, 105, 115 Vasculitis, 9, 115 Vasoconstriction, 94, 115 Vasodilator, 12, 84, 93, 98, 104, 106, 115 Vein, 100, 104, 115 Ventricle, 85, 91, 109, 112, 114, 115 Ventricular, 8, 12, 13, 25, 41, 91, 114, 115 Verapamil, 47, 115 Vestibule, 103, 115 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 115 Virulence, 113, 115 Vitro, 115 Vivo, 115 W Windpipe, 113, 115 Withdrawal, 17, 38, 40, 92, 115 Y Yeasts, 87, 96, 106, 115 Yohimbine, 38, 115 Z Zygote, 91, 115

124

Methyldopa

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