Meningioma - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MENINGIOMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Meningioma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00713-4 1. Meningioma-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on meningioma. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MENINGIOMA ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Meningioma .................................................................................. 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MENINGIOMA ................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Meningioma................................................................................. 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 60 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MENINGIOMA ........................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 General References ....................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON MENINGIOMA ............................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Dissertations on Meningioma...................................................................................................... 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON MENINGIOMA ........................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Meningioma ............................................................................................................... 71 Patent Applications on Meningioma ........................................................................................... 74 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON MENINGIOMA ........................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 77 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 77 Chapters on Meningioma............................................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MENINGIOMA.............................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 81 Academic Periodicals covering Meningioma ............................................................................... 83 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 87 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 89 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 93 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 97 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 97 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 97 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 103 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 103

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MENINGIOMA DICTIONARY.................................................................................................. 105 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with meningioma is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about meningioma, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to meningioma, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on meningioma. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to meningioma, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on meningioma. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MENINGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on meningioma.

Federally Funded Research on Meningioma The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to meningioma. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to meningioma. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore meningioma. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for meningioma: •

Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION BASED CLASSIFICATION OF GLIAL TUMORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, Stanley F.; Research Scientist; Pediatrics; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (Applicant's Description) Astrocytic brain tumors are among the most lethal and morbid tumors of adults, often occurring during the prime of life. The current system of diagnosis and classification of brain tumors is partially predictive of outcomes, and remains based primarily upon morphologic criteria. Although recent work has shown a number of genetic differences which are critical in the oncogenesis and progression of astrocytic tumors, there is insufficient data to develop a molecular classification system. The availability of cDNA clones, large amounts of sequence, data and the technology for cDNA arrays provides a platform for the large scale analysis of gene expression in astrocytoma. We propose to identify a set of genes that will allow the molecular characterization of brain tumors by using cDNA microarray technology. Using a flexible microarray format will enable us to easily alter the arrayed genes whose expression patterns are most informative allowing us to create cost-effective glial tumorrelated reagents. It is our central hypothesis that a much more detailed analysis of the genes that are expressed in astrocytomas will provide a more precise prognostic ability, subgroup patients for optimal treatment, and help identify appropriate therapeutic targets, subgroups patients for optimal treatment 1)To determine the optimal means of sampling low grade astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastoma multiformes, to determine the degree of molecular heterogeneity within astrocytic tumors, to determine whether the heterogeneity is greater between tumors than within an individual tumor at each gene, and to determine the level of variance of each gene on the microarray. 2)To determine the gene expression profiles of 120 excisional glioma and meningioma brain tumor biopsies to develop a reclassification of the tumors based on gene expression profiles. 3)To develop a set of genes with prognostic importance in low grade astrocytomas. 4)To validate the importance of the genes from specific aims 2 and 3 in the prognosis of low grade astrocytomas. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC INSTABILITY AND DNA HELICASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Loeb, Lawrence A.; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Werner syndrome (WS) is an inherited recessive disease characterized by genetic instability and a high frequency of specific types of cancer. The recent identification and cloning of the WS gene presents the opportunity to determine how it functions and how mutations in the gene are associated with genetic instability and cancer. On the basis of sequence homology, the WS gene was predicted to encode a DNA helicase. The applicants have overexpressed the WS protein in baculovirus-infected insect cells and purified it to hear homogeneity. The recombinant protein unwinds double-stranded DNA, translocating in the 3' to 5' direction. The production of active WS protein should allow them to define its function by using in vitro model systems and to further analyze its role in the generation of genetic instability. In order to further characterize the WS helicase activity, the investigators will purify the wild-type and mutant WS proteins to homogeneity. In vitro studies that (1) define substrate specificity, processivity, and stoichiometry, (2) identify interacting proteins and (3) assess involvement in DNA repair, replication, and mutagenesis should provide significant clues to the function of WS protein in cells. In addition, they will search amongst the general population for mutations in the WS gene in particular cancers that are associated with WS. These studies will provide the biochemical foundation for the proposed program project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETICALLY ENGINEERED VIRUSES FOR BRAIN TUMOR THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Martuza, Robert L.; Chief of Neurosurgery; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: We have proposed the development of genetically engineered viral vectors that can selectively and efficiently infect and kill brain tumor cells in situ without harming surrounding brain cells and without causing systemic disease and have focused on conditionally-replicating mutants of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) which we have genetically engineered to be attenuated for neurovirulence. We developed the vector, G207, a multimutated HSV-1 that conditionally replicates in glioblastoma, malignant meningioma, and other tumors but is non-neuropathogenic in HSV-sensitive mice and subhuman primates. Safety and efficacy studies have been done to allow G207 to be considered for human trial. We have also demonstrated that G207 can induce a specific cell-mediate immune response to tumor cell surface antigens and that this can be boosted with the introduction of cytokines such as IL-12 into a defective vector grown with G207 as a helper virus. We now plan studies to optimize this treatment. We will study factors with possible adverse effects on the clinical use of HSV for brain tumor therapy such as the effects of co- treatment with steroids and the consequences of prior exposure to HSV on the efficacy of HSV-tumor therapy. Tumor models in mice will be used to test. The effects of exposure to steroids or of prior exposure and seropositivity to HSV. In order to improve the specificity of targeted tumor cell destruction, we also construct and test transcriptionally targeted HSV vectors for selective destruction of cells expressing nestin or midkine. In order to improve the treatment of cells at a distance from virus inoculation, we will also explore the use of HSV vectors expressing cytokines, immune co-stimulatory molecules such as B7-1 and/or a suicide gene, or a combination of these in order to modulate the host immune system to optimize brain tumor therapy with HSV. Through our first grant, we have developed the first HSV vector that can be safely used for brain tumor therapy. Through these studies we expect to create the next generation of HSV vector with improved efficacy and selectivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GROWTH FACTOR-INDUCED PERIPHERAL GLIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pizzo, Donald P.; Veterans Medical Research Fdn/San Diego Foundation of San Diego San Diego, Ca 92161 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Type 2 (NF1 and NF2) are phenotypically related yet genotypically distinct cancers of the nervous system which share the proliferation of Schwann cells adjacent to the spinal cord. Thus, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and associated nerve root are an active locus of Schwann cell proliferation in both NF1 and NF2 and provides an ideal location to study mechanisms shared by the Neurofibromatoses. Administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) results in abnormal proliferation of Schwann and satellite cells within and adjacent to the DRG. Long-term infusion in rats leads to Schwann cell hyperplasia that invades the central nervous system similar to hamartomas in NF. Infusion of NGF for 2 weeks results in a massive increase in Schwann cells detected by using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. Quantitative assessment of proliferation with BrdU immunohistochemistry using unbiased stereology indicates a

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greater than 2-fold increase in Schwann cells in the trigeminal ganglia and DRG. This proliferation models one aspect of both NF1 and NF2 and thus may serve as a novel method to quantitatively assess the role of different growth factors receptor signaling cascades in tumor progression. The underlying theme of this proposal is that growth factor induced proliferation of peripheral glia cells offers a model of Schwann cell tumors found in NF1 and NF2. Using quantitative immunohistochemical methods, the signaling cascades, which regulate glia proliferation, can be investigated in an in vivo model. To study growth factor-induced Schwann cell proliferation as a quantitative model of the neurofibromatoses, three aims are proposed: 1) identify which receptor system of the growth factors is critical for Schwann cell proliferation by comparing infusions of different neurotrophins (NT) and secondly by infusing the optimal NT in NT receptor knockout mice, 2) determine the molecules involved in tumor development and the CNS invasion of these cells by combining infusions of NT and meningeal cell mitogens, and in parallel profiling molecules involved in breach of the CNS, and 3) investigate second messenger systems wherein neurotrophin receptors signals impinge upon either merlin or neurofibromin by infusing NT into NF1 or NF2 transgenic mice, and secondly by administering inhibitors of the growth factor cascades. These studies will elucidate the mechanisms and signaling pathways through which growth factors play a role in Schwann cell proliferation and impinge upon the proteins mutated in NF1 and NF2. Furthermore, the development of a quantitative tumor model allows for the assessment of small molecule therapeutics in a pre-clinical setting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTRATHECAL CANCER THERAPY USING I131 NAI Principal Investigator & Institution: Wong, Franklin C.; Associate Professor, Nuclear Medicine An; Nuclear Medicine; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a difficult management problem of patients with various types of cancers. If left untreated, it is invariably fatal. There is essentially no effective treatment. Serious untoward effects are associated with current therapies including neural-axis irradiation and/or intrathecal chemotherapy. The former is limited by radiotoxicity to the underlying nervous tissues while the latter, by intrathecal breakdown and poor penetration of the meninges to reach the tumors. On the other hand, the locoregional use of radiopharmaceuticals such as beta-emitters with millimeter ranges may overcome such hurdles. Beta emission from iodine-131 has a limited range of 2-3 mm that is not impeded by diffusion. It will deliver large radiation to the tumors in the CSF and meninges while sparing the cerebral cortices and the spinal cord. Others using tumor-specific I-131 labeled anti-tenascin monoclonal antibodies have found partial therapeutic success but encountered hematotoxicity. Since hematotoxicity from I-131 compounds has been correlated with total body exposure and labeled antibodies are known to be retained in the body for days, exclusion of the antibody moiety may enhance excretion of unnecessary radiopharmaceuticals and decrease hematotoxicity to allow higher initial dosage for better efficacy. This study aims to determine the regional distribution, dosimetry, potential toxicity and efficacy of intrathecal I-131 sodium iodide (NaI). It is a widely available radiopharmaceutical for effective thyroid cancer therapy. Our preliminary modeling results have found sufficient dosimetry to treat tumor cells in the CSF and meninges, while sparing the underlying brain and spinal cord. This Phase I study will measure the whole-body, organ and regional dosimetry of intrathecally injected I- 131 NaI to correlate with

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potential efficacy and side effects including thyrotoxicity, hematotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Five to six groups of 3 patients will be studied according to the IRBapproved protocol ID98- 331. In brief, study patients will undergo intrathecal injection of I-131 NaI, followed by blood and urine collection and scintigraphic imaging at determined intervals for pharmacokinetics and dosimetry. Eradication of tumor cells in the CSF will be the primary indicator of efficacy. The CSF cytology, MRI, thyroid, hematology and neuropsychology profiles and neurological status will be followed up to 6 months and contrasted with dosages and dosimetry to determine a reliable set of parameters for further studies. At the end of the study period, our team shall have generated a sufficient set of data to determine whether it is worthwhile to pursue a phase II clinical trial of intrathecal I-131 NaI for the treatment of LM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF PROTEIN 4.1B TUMOR SUPPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hildebrandt, Victoria A.; Neurology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The development of cancer involves the inactivation of specific genes involved in growth regulation. Recent work from our laboratory and others have identified two tumor suppressor genes that belong to the Protein 4.1 family of molecules (the NF2 gene product, merlin, and Protein 4.1B) and are deleted in brain, breast, and lung cancers. In specific brain tumors (meningiomas), Protein 4.1B expression is lost early in tumor development and may represent an initiating event in brain tumorigenesis. We have previously shown that (a) Protein 4.1B suppresses meningioma cell growth in vitro, (b) Protein 4.1B associates with both CD44 and 14-3-3, and (c) the minimal growth suppressor domain of Protein 4.1 B maps to a region that mediates binding to both CD44 and 14-3-3. In this proposal, I plan to test the hypothesis that the ability of Protein 4.1B to suppress meningioma cell growth requires regulated interactions with both CD44 and 14-3-3. Specifically, I wish to (1) identify and characterize the minimal domain of Protein 4.1B required for growth suppression, (2) define the molecular determinants within the Protein 4.1B growth suppressor domain that mediate interactions with CD44 and 14-3-3, and (3) determine whether the binding of Protein 4.1B to CD44 and 14-3-3 is critical for Protein 4.1B growth suppression. These studies are focused on elucidating the mechanism(s) underlying tumor suppression of one of the critical growth regulators important in brain tumor formation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: METABOLIC GENES AND THE RISK AND OUTCOME OF PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Faith B.; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this case-control study is to assess the contributions of the glutathione S-transferase (GST; genes and the cytochrome P-450 (CUP) genes to the genetic susceptibility of brain tumors and to study the effect of these genetic polymorphisms on the treatment outcome and toxicity of brain tumors. Studies to date suggest a moderate to large effect for GSTTl in selected tumor subtypes. We are targeting obtaining data on approximately 1000 cases and controls, with an adequate number of glioblastomas (n=430), astrocytomas (n=300), oligodendrogliomas (n=100) and meningiomas (n=l50) to evaluate this hypothesis with reasonable power for relative

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risks previously reported in the literature for GSTTl. All study subjects will be asked to complete a computer assisted self-administered questionnaire and to provide blood and/or buccal cell samples for DNA analysis. An estimated 770 recently diagnosed cases (within three months of initial diagnosis) will be recruited by research nurses from Duke University Cancer Center and 220 cases in Evanston Hospital in Evanston, IL over a four year period. An equal number of friend controls will be identified by asking each case for the name of five friends of approximately the same age (+1- 5 years), gender and race. These controls will be recruited by the research nurse and given the option of completing the protocol during an appointment at the respective clinic or using a distance based protocol. Medical records will be reviewed to obtain the clinical and treatment information for the survival and toxicity portions of the study. Linkage with the National Death Index in Year four will be completed to obtain vital statistics information and provide up to three years of follow-up time in which to assess outcomes. Study coordination and survey data management will be completed at the University of Illinois at Chicago; molecular analysis will be conducted in the laboratory of Dr. Ali-Osman at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. The Duke Cancer Center will facilitate the neuropathology review, provide some local data collection and management support and store the remaining specimens in their central repository. Data analysis files will be compiled at UIC and statistical analysis will be completed using conditional logistic regression models as appropriate to each specific aim. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF INHERITED NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Breakefield, Xandra O.; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-JAN-1987; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The goals of this Neurogenetics Center are to elucidate the molecular etiology and to ameliorate the course of hereditary tumors of the nervous system, in particular in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and tuberous sclerosis (TSC) This research will provide insight into the etiology of spontaneous neural tumors and mechanisms of growth regulation in the developing nervous system. The focus of the proposed studies is on understanding the genetic basis of functional changes in merlin (NF2), hamartin (TSC1) and tuberin (TSC2) and their role in formation and progression of meningiomas and other brain tumors. Elucidation of the cellular function of these proteins will be facilitated through identification and characterization of interacting proteins. Further, transgenic mouse models of these diseases will be used to understand physiologic changes associated with loss of these tumor suppressor genes and to provide a platform for therapeutic strategies. Project 10 (Gusella)-Molecular genetics of meningioma and NF-related disorders: elucidate cellular functions of merlin in growth and adhesion; determine the role of this and other genes in the ontogeny and progression of meningiomas; and identify genes involved in related, hereditary neural tumor syndromes; Project 11 (Ramesh, Ito)-Characterization of TSC proteins hamartin and tuberin: determine whether cortical lesions in TSC patients have loss of heterozygosity at the cellular level; and characterize the role of tuberin in control of cell cycle via elucidation of interacting proteins in mammalian cells and Drosophila; Project 12 (Kwiatkowski)-Murine models of TSC1: mechanisms and therapies: generate and characterize knock-out and conditional transgenic mice for TSC1 in the homozygous and heterozygous states and in different genetic backgrounds; characterize the phenotypic consequences of missense mutations in TSC1; and attempt to arrest cell

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growth in lesions using vectors. Project 13 (Breakefield, Brown)-Gene therapy for hereditary tumors in experimental models of TSC: evaluate gene delivery in mouse models of liver hemangioma, cortical harmartomas and renal cell carcinoma (TSC2+/-); generate brain lesions in TSC1 conditional knock-out animals by injection of Cre-bearing vectors; and test gene therapy models in vivo with herpes hybrid amplicon vectors and endothelial cell vehicles bearing genes for anti-angiogenic and apoptotic factors. These projects will be supported by Cores for Clinical Services (Sims, MacCollin) and Neuropathology and Tumor Banking (Louis and Stemmer-Rachamimov). Collectively these studies provide a concerted effort towards understanding the neurologic functions of NF2 and TSC genes and treating disease manifestations associated with these diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF MENINGIOMA AND NF-RELATED DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gusella, James F.; Director of Neurogenetics Laboratory; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Meningiomas are tumors arising from the arachnoidal cells of the meninges that may occur sporadically, or in association with the inherited disorder, neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). They account for about 25% of brain tumors and cause significant morbidity. The familial tumors of NF2 are caused by inactivation of a 22q12 tumor suppressor gene while sporadic meningiomas can be divided into two groups: those that are mutated at the NF2 locus (-60%) and those that are not. As part of this Program Project grant, in 1993, we successfully isolated the NF2 gene, dubbing its novel tumor suppressor ?merlin?, due to a striking similarity to moesin, ezrin and radixin (ERM proteins) cytoskeleton-membrane linker proteins of the protein 4.1 family. Over the past grant period, we developed the reagents necessary to analyze merlin function and performed a basic characterization of merlin?s structure and expression. As virtually all germline and somatic NF2 mutations involve elimination of intact merlin protein, we now have a direct assay to classify primary meningioma specimens and to examine the activity of merlin in arachnoidal cells and their tumors. Consequently, over the next grant period, we intend to use molecular genetic strategies to further define the genetic causes of meningioma initiation and progression and to relate these to the function and regulation of merlin in arachnoidal cells and meningioma cells. Our underlying hypotheses are that merlin?s involvement with membrane remodeling is required for establishment of appropriate adhesion and cell contacts of arachnoidal cells and that meningiomas without NF2 mutation are due to inactivation of another gene that is also required for these functions. Meninigiomas and other NF2-related tumors offer a window on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that produce benign tumors with significant medical impact. In this project we also aim to expand this window by using genetic linkage and tumor studies to discover genes that cause other inherited disorders phenotypically related to neurofibromatosis which also involve the formation of benign tumors. Overall, our studies should improve our understanding of the molecular biology behind slowgrowing, benign tumors affecting the nervous system and provide clues for development of novel therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEW CONSORTIUM

APPROACHES

TO

BRAIN

TUMOR

THERAPY

CNS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Grossman, Stuart A.; Professor of Oncology, Medicine and Neur; Oncology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-MAR-1994; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The primary long-term objective of this proposal is to improve the therapeutic outcome for adults with primary brain tumors. This will be accomplished by fostering Phase I and II clinical evaluations of promising new agents, biologic approaches, routes of administration, and trial design in the treatment of primary malignancies of the central nervous system through the continued efforts the New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy (NABTT) CNS Consortium." This consortium is specifically designed to combine and focus the experience, resources, and capabilities of thirteen outstanding medical institutions (Brown University, Columbia University, Emory University, Henry Ford Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Moffitt Cancer Center, Northwestern University [Chicago], the University of Alabama, the University of Texas at San Antonio, the University of Pennsylvania, Wake Forest University, and Washington University) to bear on primary brain tumors. The participating institutions have (1) a large number of adult patients with primary brain tumors, (2) expert multidisciplinary clinical teams caring for these patients, (3) extensive clinical and laboratory resources, (4) a striking number of ongoing high quality, clinically relevant, peer-reviewed and NIH funded clinical and laboratory brain tumor research projects, (5) nationally recognized expertise in oncology, pharmacology, new drug development, Phase I and II clinical trials, neurosurgery, and neuropathology, (6) extensive expertise in biostatistics, data management, and the coordination of multi-institutional studies, and (7) exceptional reputations for excellence in clinical care and research. The consortium adds to these strengths with a well-defined and smoothly functioning structure, an emphasis on clinical trial design, protocol development, quality control, study monitoring, and data management and analysis. The secondary long-term objective of this proposal is to utilize this consortium to share human brain tumor specimens as well as other clinical and laboratory data to conduct additional research pertaining to (1) the basic biology of primary brain tumors, (2) the neuro-pharmacology of new therapies for primary brain tumors, and (3) improving the care and quality of life of adults with primary brain tumors. This objective will be reached using the strengths of the participating institutions and the NABTT Correlative Biology Research Center, The NABTT Pharmacology Center, and The NABTT Working and Scientific Committees. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTEIN PATHOGENESIS

4.1

TUMOR

SUPPRESSORS

IN

MENINGIOMA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gutmann, David H.; Associate Professor; Neurology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Meningiomas are among the most common nervous system tumors and are prevalent in older adults, particularly women. The genetic events important in the molecular pathogenesis and malignant progression of sporadic meningiomas are only partially characterized. To date, the most frequently detected genetic alterations are loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 22q and

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inactivation of the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor gene, occurring in 40-60 percent of sporadic meningiomas. The NF2 gene product, merlin, is a member of the Protein 4.1 family of membrane-associated proteins. Recently, we identified another Protein 4.1 tumor suppressor gene, DAL- 1 (Differentially expressed in Adenocarcinoma of the Lung), that is lost in approximately 60 percent of meningiomas. We propose that the Protein 4.1 tumor suppressors, DAL-1 and merlin, are leptomeningeal cell growth regulators critical to the development and progression of meningiomas. In this grant, we hypothesize that DAL-1 operates as an independent and functionally distinct Protein 4.1 tumor suppressor in meningioma pathogenesis. We plan to test this by (1) determining DAL-l developmental expression and subcellular localization, (2) characterizing DAL- 1 effector protein interactions. and (3) analyzing the ability of DAL1 to impair cell growth and motility. These studies are collectively designed to define the role of this novel family of growth regulators in meningioma tumorigenesis and progression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: QUANTITATIVE PERFUSION MRI

ASSESSMENT

OF

ANGIOGENESIS

BY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Glyn; Associate Professor of Radiology; Radiology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Broad long-term objectives: To develop methods of assessing angiogenesis in brain tumors using dynamic, contrast enhanced perfusion MRI (pMRI). Health-relatedness: The project will apply pMRI to the evaluation of brain tumors undergoing antioangiogenic and other chemotherapeutic treatments. However, the developed methods will also be useful in evaluating neoplastic lesions outside the brain and non-neoplastic lesions within it. Specific aims: 1) To investigate the hypothesis that pMRI measurements of cerebral blood volume (CBV) and vascular permeability correlate with histological assessments of vascularity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown respectively. 2) To determine whether pMRI can be used to grade brain tumors. 3) To investigate the hypothesis that pMRI can be used to monitor the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments. Research design: 1) Murine gliomas will be imaged with pMRI on a 7T animal imager. MRI measurements of CBV and vascular permeability will be correlated with histological assessments of vascular density and Evan's blue extravasation respectively. 2) CBV and vascular permeability will be measured in patients with histologically confirmed brain tumors of different grades to determine whether these measurements differentiate between them. 3) Serial pMRI measurements will be made on glioma patients enrolled in trials of new chemotherapeutic agents: thalidomide combined with carboplatin and the alkylating agents temodar and CPT-11. MRI measurements will be correlated with tumor size and clinical outcome to determine whether pMRI indications of angiogenesis predict tumor recurrence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Meningioma

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for meningioma in the PubMed Central database: •

Analysis of genomic alterations in benign, atypical, and anaplastic meningiomas: Toward a genetic model of meningioma progression. by Weber RG, Bostrom J, Wolter M, Baudis M, Collins VP, Reifenberger G, Lichter P.; 1997 Dec 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25103

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Implications of a RAD54L polymorphism (2290C/T) in human meningiomas as a risk factor and/or a genetic marker. by Leone PE, Mendiola M, Alonso J, Paz-y-Mino C, Pestana A.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152652

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Nf2 gene inactivation in arachnoidal cells is rate-limiting for meningioma development in the mouse. by Kalamarides M, Niwa-Kawakita M, Leblois H, Abramowski V, Perricaudet M, Janin A, Thomas G, Gutmann DH, Giovannini M.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=186259

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Post-radiation dedifferentiation of meningioma into osteosarcoma. by Osipov V, Ho KC, Krouwer HG, Meyer G, Shidham VB.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138810

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Simian virus 40-related antigens in three human meningiomas with defined chromosome loss. by Weiss AF, Portmann R, Fischer H, Simon J, Zang KD.; 1975 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=432363

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with meningioma, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for meningioma (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of basilar impression complicated with left frontal meningioma. Author(s): Asamoto S, Nestler U, Shulz C, Boker DK. Source: No Shinkei Geka. 2003 September; 31(9): 1003-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513784

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A case of pineal region meningioma without dural attachment, presented with bilateral hearing impairment. Author(s): Haque M, Ohata K, Tsuyuguchi N, Sakamoto S, Hara M. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2002 February; 144(2): 209-11; Discussion 211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862524

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A large planum sphenoidale meningioma with sinonasal extension in a child. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Mohit A, Grant G, Stevenson K, Girotto J, Gruss J, Manning S, Ellenbogen RG. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 39(5): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512692

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A long-term visual outcome comparison in patients with optic nerve sheath meningioma managed with observation, surgery, radiotherapy, or surgery and radiotherapy. Author(s): Turbin RE, Thompson CR, Kennerdell JS, Cockerham KP, Kupersmith MJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 May; 109(5): 890-9; Discussion 899-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11986093

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A new germline mutation of the PTCH gene in a Japanese patient with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome associated with meningioma. Author(s): Tate G, Li M, Suzuki T, Mitsuya T. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 January; 33(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604725

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A patient with a large intra- and extracranial tumor, most probably a primary extradural meningioma, described in 1730. Author(s): Kompanje EJ. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2004 March-April; 67(1-2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15072457

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A rare case of lumbosacral meningioma: nondural attachment and possible enlargement by orally administered sex steroid. Author(s): Mizutani J, Fukuoka M, Tsubouchi S, Otsuka T, Tono Y, Shimizu S, Matsui N. Source: Spine. 2002 August 15; 27(16): E377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195080

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A sphenoidal wing meningioma presenting as a subacute subdural haematoma. Author(s): De Silva DJ, Selway R. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 February; 18(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15040719

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A spindled-cell CD34+ dermal proliferation--a possible meningioma-like tumor of the skin. Author(s): Barr RJ. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2002 December; 24(6): 523; Author Reply 523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454608

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A sudden bleeding meningioma. Author(s): Dallocchio C, Borutti G, Frascaroli G, Camana C, Magrotti E. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 February; 23(6): 327-8; Discussion 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12647761

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A suprasellar meningioma simulating atypical retrobulbar optic neuritis. Author(s): Lin MC, Bee YS, Sheu SJ. Source: J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 November; 66(11): 689-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768857

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Abnormal flash but normal pattern VEP in a cavernous sinus meningioma. Author(s): McBain VA, Holder GE. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 107(2): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14661911

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Alterations of INK4a(p16-p14ARF)/INK4b(p15) expression and telomerase activation in meningioma progression. Author(s): Simon M, Park TW, Koster G, Mahlberg R, Hackenbroch M, Bostrom J, Loning T, Schramm J. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2001 December; 55(3): 149-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11859969

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An anterior ethmoidal artery aneurysm associated with an olfactory groove meningioma. Case illustration. Author(s): Tachikawa T, Adachi J, Nishikawa R, Matsutani M. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 97(6): 1479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507153

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An unusual presentation of medial sphenoid wing meningioma. Author(s): Chatterjee PR, Chatterjee D, Chakraborty KS, Chattopadhyay S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2004 February; 102(2): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15200208

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Angiomatous meningioma: a clinicopathologic study of 38 cases. Author(s): Hasselblatt M, Nolte KW, Paulus W. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2004 March; 28(3): 390-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104303

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Association of loss of 1p and alterations of chromosome 14 in meningioma progression. Author(s): Lopez-Gines C, Cerda-Nicolas M, Gil-Benso R, Callaghan R, Collado M, Roldan P, Llombart-Bosch A. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2004 January 15; 148(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14734222

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Atypical meningioma and extensive calvarium defects in neurofibromatosis type 1. Author(s): Simsek E, Yavuz C, Ustundag N. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 August; 33(8): 551-3. Epub 2003 April 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719945

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Atypical tentorial meningioma 30 years after radiotherapy for a pituitary adenoma. Author(s): Santoro A, Minniti G, Paolini S, Passacantilli E, Missori P, Frati A, Cantore GP. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 March; 22(6): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11976979

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Benign meningioma metastasizing through CSF pathways: a case report and review of literature. Author(s): Ramakrishnamurthy TV, Murty AV, Purohit AK, Sundaram C. Source: Neurology India. 2002 September; 50(3): 326-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391463

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Benign meningioma with a short latency period following irradiation. Author(s): Rusyniak WG, Marchese MJ, Nelson CN. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1992 October; 38(4): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1440212

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Benign meningioma: partially resected, biopsied, and recurrent intracranial tumors treated with combined proton and photon radiotherapy. Author(s): Wenkel E, Thornton AF, Finkelstein D, Adams J, Lyons S, De La Monte S, Ojeman RG, Munzenrider JE. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2000 December 1; 48(5): 1363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11121635

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Benign metastasizing meningioma. Author(s): Pramesh CS, Saklani AP, Pantvaidya GH, Heroor AA, Naresh KN, Sharma S, Deshpande RK. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 February; 33(2): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629059

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Benign metastasizing meningioma. Author(s): Ng TH, Wong MP, Chan KW. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1990; 92(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2163798

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Best cases from the AFIP: Involuted sclerotic meningioma. Author(s): Shaman MA, Zak IT, Kupsky WJ. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2003 May-June; 23(3): 785-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740476

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Bifrontal epidural haematomas following surgery for occipital falcine meningioma: an unusual complication of surgery in the prone position. Author(s): Chandra PS, Jaiswal A, Mahapatra AK. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 September; 9(5): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383421

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Bilateral chronic subdural hematoma associated with meningioma. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Bruno MC, Santangelo M, Panagiotopoulos K, Piscopo GA, Narciso N, Del Basso De Caro MI, Briganti F, Cerillo A. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 2003 December; 47(4): 215-27; Discussion 227. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14978476

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Biochemical properties of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase in human meningioma. Author(s): Saez-Valero J, Vidal CJ. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1996 December 16; 1317(3): 210-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8988237

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Biphasic malignant meningioma: a comparative genomic hybridization study. Author(s): Heimberger AB, Wiltshire RN, Bronec R, McLendon RE, Cummings TJ. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 2002 November-December; 21(6): 258-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12489674

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Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia associated with a left cerebellopontine angle meningioma. Author(s): Persing JA, Muir A, Becker DG, Jankovic JJ, Anderson RL, Edlich RF. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1990 September-October; 8(5): 571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2254604

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Brachial plexus meningioma, report of a case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination. Author(s): Coons SW, Johnson PC. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1989; 77(4): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2711832

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Brachytherapy for intracranial meningioma using a permanently implanted iodine125 seed. Author(s): Obasi PC, Barnett GH, Suh JH. Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2002; 79(1): 33-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12677103

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Brain oedema in patients with intracranial meningioma. Correlation between clinical, radiological, and histological factors and the presence and intensity of oedema. Author(s): Lobato RD, Alday R, Gomez PA, Rivas JJ, Dominguez J, Cabrera A, Madero S, Ayerbe J. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1996; 138(5): 485-93; Discussion 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8800322

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Brain-invasive meningioma in a 16-month-old boy. Author(s): Symons P, Tobias V, Pereira J, Vonau M. Source: Pathology. 2001 May; 33(2): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358066

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Breast carcinoma metastatic to a meningioma. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Zon LI, Johns WD, Stomper PC, Kaplan WD, Connolly JL, Morris JH, Harris JR, Henderson IC, Skarin AT. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 April; 149(4): 959-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2650648

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Burns of the skull with underlying intracranial meningioma. Author(s): Law EJ, Spurrier DR, Madison SA, Still JM Jr. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1992 October; 18(5): 426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1445636

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Case report: microcystic meningioma in a 58-year-old man with multicystic meningioangiomatosis. Author(s): Kuchelmeister K, Richter HP, Kepes JJ, Schachenmayr W. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2003 April; 29(2): 170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12662324

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Characterization of necrotic meningioma using diffusion MRI, perfusion MRI, and MR spectroscopy: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Harting I, Hartmann M, Bonsanto MM, Sommer C, Sartor K. Source: Neuroradiology. 2004 March; 46(3): 189-93. Epub 2004 February 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15034700

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Chordoid meningioma masquerading as chordoma. Author(s): Murali R, Ng T. Source: Pathology. 2004 April; 36(2): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15203760

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Chordoid meningioma: a case report. Author(s): Yeon JY, Lee JI, Kim JH, Suh YL. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2003 October; 18(5): 768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555838

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Chordoid meningioma: a report of two cases. Author(s): Varma DR, Rao BR, Parameswaran S, Gupta AK, Joseph S, Radhakrishnan VV. Source: Neurology India. 2003 December; 51(4): 522-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742937

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Chordoid meningioma: report of two cases. Author(s): de Tella OI Jr, Herculano MA, Prandini MN, Stavile JN, Bonatelli Ade P. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2003 March; 61(1): 91-4. Epub 2003 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12715027

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Choroid plexus papilloma and meningioma: coincidental posterior fossa tumors: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): McIver JI, Link MJ, Giannini C, Cohen-Gadol AA, Driscoll C. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 October; 60(4): 360-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14505866

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Clear cell meningioma in a 22-month-old male: update after five years. Author(s): Carra S, Drigo P, Gardiman M, Perilongo G, Rigobello L. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 March; 38(3): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601242

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Clear cell meningioma of the fourth ventricle. Author(s): Carlotti CG Jr, Neder L, Colli BO, dos Santos MB, Garcia AS, Elias J Jr, Chimelli LC. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2003 January; 27(1): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12502936

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Clear-cell meningioma: CT and MR imaging findings in two cases involving the spinal canal and cerebellopontine angle. Author(s): Yu KB, Lim MK, Kim HJ, Suh CH, Park HC, Kim EY, Han HS. Source: Korean Journal of Radiology : Official Journal of the Korean Radiological Society. 2002 April-June; 3(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087202

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Coccidioidomycosis of the brain, mimicking en plaque meningioma. Author(s): Komotar RJ, Clatterbuck RE, Komotar JR. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 June; 74(6): 806. Erratum In: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 August; 74(8): 1165. Komotar J R [corrected to Komotar R J]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12754359

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Cohort studies of association between self-reported allergic conditions, immunerelated diagnoses and glioma and meningioma risk. Author(s): Schwartzbaum J, Jonsson F, Ahlbom A, Preston-Martin S, Lonn S, Soderberg KC, Feychting M. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 September 1; 106(3): 423-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845684

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Comparison of tc-99m depreotide and in-111 octreotide in recurrent meningioma. Author(s): Hellwig D, Samnick S, Reif J, Romeike BF, Reith W, Moringlane JR, Kirsch CM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 November; 27(11): 781-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394124

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Convexity meningioma presenting as postpartum eclampsia. Author(s): Shehu BB, Ismail NJ. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 January; 33(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568528

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Correlation of clinical and biological parameters with peritumoral edema in meningioma. Author(s): Paek SH, Kim CY, Kim YY, Park IA, Kim MS, Kim DG, Jung HW. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2002 December; 60(3): 235-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12510775

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Cutaneous meningioma. Author(s): Gagey V, Causeret AS, Roth B, Zimmerman R, Faisant M, Faure M, Claudy A. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625327

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Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in human meningioma as a function of tumor grade. Author(s): Lin CC, Kenyon L, Hyslop T, Hammond E, Andrews DW, Curran WJ Jr, Dicker AP. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 2003 August; 26(4): S98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12902865

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Cystic papillary meningioma. Author(s): Vaquero J, Zurita M, Coca S. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2002 October; 28(5): 418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12366823

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Cytologic features of chordoid meningioma. A case report. Author(s): Inagawa H, Ishizawa K, Shimada S, Shimada T, Nishikawa R, Matsutani M, Hirose T. Source: Acta Cytol. 2004 May-June; 48(3): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15192958

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December 2003: a 70-year-old woman with a recurrent meningeal mass. Recurrent meningioma with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. Author(s): Jacques TS, Valentine A, Bradford R, McLaughlin JE. Source: Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland). 2004 April; 14(2): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15193039

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Deep sylvian fissure meningioma without dural attachment in an adult: case report. Author(s): Chiocca EA, Boviatsis EJ, Westmark RM, Short MP, Richardson EP, Zervas NT. Source: Neurosurgery. 1994 November; 35(5): 944-6; Discussion 946. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7838346

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Deep sylvian meningioma in a child. Author(s): Cho BK, Wang KC, Chang KH, Chi JG. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1990 June; 6(4): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2383879

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Deletion of the NF2 region in both meningioma and juxtaposed meningioangiomatosis: case report supporting a neoplastic relationship. Author(s): Sinkre P, Perry A, Cai D, Raghavan R, Watson M, Wilson K, Barton Rogers B. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 2001 November-December; 4(6): 568-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11826364

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Dental X-rays and the risk of intracranial meningioma: a population-based casecontrol study. Author(s): Longstreth WT Jr, Phillips LE, Drangsholt M, Koepsell TD, Custer BS, Gehrels JA, van Belle G. Source: Cancer. 2004 March 1; 100(5): 1026-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14983499

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Meningioma

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Detection of chromosome 1p deletion using FISH on meningioma touch imprints suggest a region outside chromosome 22 as important in tumor recurrence. Author(s): Tamiolakis D, Papadopoulos N, Lambropoulou M, Kotini A, Simopoulos C. Source: Minerva Med. 2003 February; 94(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719702

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Development of a meningioma in a patient with acromegaly during octreotide treatment: are there any causal relationships? Author(s): De Menis E, Tulipano G, Villa S, Billeci D, Bonfanti C, Pollara P, Pauletto P, Giustina A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 April; 26(4): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841545

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Dietary carcinogens and the risk for glioma and meningioma in Germany. Author(s): Boeing H, Schlehofer B, Blettner M, Wahrendorf J. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1993 February 20; 53(4): 561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8436429

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Diffuse calvarial meningioma: a case report. Author(s): Muzumdar DP, Vengsarkar US, Bhatjiwale MG, Goel A. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 April-June; 47(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11832603

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Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in a patient with spinal meningioma. Author(s): Eastwood JD, Turner DA, McLendon RE, Provenzale JM. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2001 December; 177(6): 1479-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11717111

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Dorsal meningioma developed between two sheets of the spinal dura mater. Case report. Author(s): Pagni CA, Regolo P. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1986 July-September; 30(3): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3783271

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Doxil-induced regression of pleuro-pulmonary metastases in a patient with malignant meningioma. Author(s): Travitzky M, Libson E, Nemirovsky I, Hadas I, Gabizon A. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2003 March; 14(3): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12634620

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Dumbbell type jugular foramen meningioma extending both into the posterior cranial fossa and into the parapharyngeal space: report of 2 cases with vascular reconstruction. Author(s): Kawahara N, Sasaki T, Nibu K, Sugasawa M, Ichimura K, Nakatsuka T, Yamada A, Kirino T. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1998; 140(4): 323-30; Discussion 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689323

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Dumbbell-shaped meningioma with cystic degeneration in the thoracic spine: a case report. Author(s): Suzuki A, Nakamura H, Konishi S, Yamano Y. Source: Spine. 2002 April 1; 27(7): E193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923677

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Dumbbell-type intracranial meningioma presenting as an aural polyp and a neck mass. Author(s): Netto AA, Redtfeldt RA, Jackson CG, Netterville JL, Hampf CR. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 October; 129(4): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14574308

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Dural arteriovenous fistula associated with meningioma: spontaneous disappearance after tumor removal. Author(s): Ahn JY, Lee BH, Cho YJ, Joo JY, Lee KS. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 June; 43(6): 308-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870551

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Dural arteriovenous fistula of the transverse sinus with concomitant ipsilateral meningioma. Author(s): Horinaka N, Nonaka Y, Nakayama T, Mori K, Wada R, Maeda M. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 June; 145(6): 501-4; Discussion 504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12836076

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Dural cavernous angioma mimicking a meningioma and causing facial pain. Author(s): Shen WC, Chenn CA, Hsue CT, Lin TY. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2000 July; 10(3): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10918748

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Dural congestion accompanying meningioma invasion into vessels: the dural tail sign. Author(s): Kawahara Y, Niiro M, Yokoyama S, Kuratsu J. Source: Neuroradiology. 2001 June; 43(6): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465757

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Meningioma

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Dural metastasis mimicking falx meningioma. Case report. Author(s): Richiello A, Sparano L, Del Basso De Caro ML, Russo G. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 2003 September; 47(3): 167-71; Discussion 171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14618130

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Early recurrence of benign meningioma correlates with expression of minichromosome maintenance-2 protein. Author(s): Hunt DP, Freeman A, Morris LS, Burnet NG, Bird K, Davies TW, Laskey RA, Coleman N. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 February; 16(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928726

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Ectopic (extradural) meningioma of the orbit: a report of two cases in children. Author(s): Johnson TE, Weatherhead RG, Nasr AM, Siqueira EB. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1993 January-February; 30(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8455126

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Ectopic extra-cranial meningioma presenting as an aural polyp. Author(s): Uppal HS, Kabbani M, Reddy V, Kaur S. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 July;260(6):322-4. Epub 2003 February 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12883957

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Ectopic meningioma: a case report. Author(s): Marthandapillai A, Alappat JP. Source: Neurology India. 2000 March; 48(1): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10751830

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Effects of progesterone on the response to epidermal growth factor and other growth factors in cultured human meningioma cells. Author(s): Koper JW, Foekens JA, Braakman R, Lamberts SW. Source: Cancer Research. 1990 May 1; 50(9): 2604-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2183929

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Effects of surgery on cognitive functioning of elderly patients with intracranial meningioma. Author(s): Tucha O, Smely C, Lange KW. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 April; 15(2): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360390

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Elastosis in meningioma. A case report and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Akagi S, Mizobuchi K, Taguchi K, Nishimoto A. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1988 August; 38(8): 1019-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3188910

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Electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with a cerebellar meningioma. Author(s): McKinney PA, Beale MD, Kellner CH. Source: The Journal of Ect. 1998 March; 14(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661094

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Elevated summating potential in a case of posterior fossa meningioma was normalized by tumor removal. Author(s): Kakigi A, Sawada S, Takeda T, Takeuchi S, Higashiyama K, Azuma H. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2002 July; 29(3): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167453

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Embolization with temporary balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery and in vivo proton spectroscopy improves radical removal of petrous-tentorial meningioma. Author(s): Tymianski M, Willinsky RA, Tator CH, Mikulis D, TerBrugge KG, Markson L. Source: Neurosurgery. 1994 November; 35(5): 974-7; Discussion 977. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7838353

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Entirely intracanalicular meningioma: contrast-enhanced MR findings in a rare entity. Author(s): Haught K, Hogg JP, Killeffer JA, Voelker JL, Schochet SS Jr. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998 November-December; 19(10): 1831-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9874531

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Epidermal growth factor receptor activity and clinical outcome in glioblastoma and meningioma. Author(s): Dorward NL, Hawkins RA, Whittle IR. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1993; 7(2): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8388222

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Evidence for mitogen-associated protein kinase activation and transduction of mitogenic signals by platelet-derived growth factor in human meningioma cells. Author(s): Johnson MD, Woodard A, Kim P, Frexes-Steed M. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 February; 94(2): 293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11213968

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Evidence for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-p7S6K pathway activation and transduction of mitogenic signals by platelet-derived growth factor in meningioma cells. Author(s): Johnson MD, Okedli E, Woodard A, Toms SA, Allen GS. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 September; 97(3): 668-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12296652

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Evidence of recurrent atypical meningioma with rhabdoid transformation and expression of pyrogenic cytokines in a child presenting with a marked acute-phase response: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Rittierodt M, Tschernig T, Samii M, Walter GF, Stan AC. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2001 November 1; 120(1-2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694327

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Evolution of central necrosis in a meningioma: CT and MR features. Author(s): Terasaki KK, Zee CS. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1990 May-June; 14(3): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2335618

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Evolution to malignancy in a recurrent meningioma: morphological and cytogenetic findings. Author(s): Cerda-Nicolas M, Lopez-Gines C, Barcia-Salorio J, Llombart-Bosch A. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 1998 July-August; 17(4): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9707336

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Expression of MMP-2 and -9 in short-term cultures of meningioma: influence of histological subtype. Author(s): Rooprai HK, van Meter TE, Robinson SD, King A, Rucklidge GJ, Pilkington GJ. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2003 December; 12(6): 977-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14612977

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Extradural multiple spinal meningioma. Literature review a case report. Author(s): Tsuji N, Nishiura I, Koyama T. Source: Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1986 July; 29(4): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3748265

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Extraosseous endolymphatic sac low-grade adenocarcinoma mimicking posterior fossa meningioma. Author(s): Al-Anazi AR, Holliday W, Sheikh B, Gentili F. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 November; 95(5): 893-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11702883

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Facial nerve paralysis and meningioma of the internal auditory canal. Author(s): Hilton MP, Kaplan DM, Ang L, Chen JM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 February; 116(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11827589

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Falcotentorial meningioma accompanied by temporal lobe hematoma. Author(s): Ohba S, Kurisu K, Arita K, Sugiyama K, Inoue T, Satoh H, Hibino S. Source: Hiroshima J Med Sci. 2001 September; 50(3): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720166

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False positive-false negative CT scan in late epileptic seizure: a meningiomaglioblastoma association. Author(s): Bouchez B, Assaker R, Hautefeuille P, Combelles G, Arnott G. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1986 August; 233(4): 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3018179

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Fenestrated oculomotor nerve caused by meningioma around the cavernous sinus: a surgical pitfall in tumor removal: case report. Author(s): Tsutsumi K, Ohno H, Okada Y, Fujimaki T, Kirino T. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 February; 44(2): 395-6; Discussion 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932894

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Fibrous dysplasia of the skull complicated with meningioma: report of 2 cases. Author(s): Gao H, Zhang JL, Qi ST. Source: Di Yi June Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2002 July; 22(7): 664. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376311

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Fibrous meningeal tumours with extensive non-calcifying collagenous whorls and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression: the whorling-sclerosing variant of meningioma. Author(s): Haberler C, Jarius C, Lang S, Rossler K, Gruber A, Hainfellner JA, Budka H. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2002 February; 28(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11849562

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Fibrous meningioma in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease: a genetic analysis. Author(s): Governale LS, Vortmeyer AO, Zhuang Z, Oldfield EH. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 December; 95(6): 1045-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11765821

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Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of primary cutaneous meningioma: report of two cases. Author(s): Kalfa M, Daskalopoulou D, Markidou S. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 1999 February; 10(1): 54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10068888

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Fine needle aspiration biopsy of orbital meningioma. Report of a case. Author(s): Cristallini EG, Bolis GB, Ottaviano P. Source: Acta Cytol. 1990 March-April; 34(2): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2321457

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Fine needle aspiration cytology of a meningioma with extracranial extension after irradiation for medulloblastoma. Author(s): Ghosal N, Kapila K, Sharma MC, Verma K. Source: Acta Cytol. 2001 November-December; 45(6): 1092-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11726114

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Fine needle aspiration cytology of primary pulmonary meningioma associated with minute meningotheliallike nodules. Report of a case with histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Author(s): Gomez-Aracil V, Mayayo E, Alvira R, Arraiza A, Ramon y Cajal S. Source: Acta Cytol. 2002 September-October; 46(5): 899-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12365227

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Fine-needle aspiration cytology of a primary ectopic meningioma. Author(s): Hameed A, Gokden M, Hanna EY. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002 May; 26(5): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11992371

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FLAIR-positive MRI in an unenhancing meningioma of the third ventricle. Author(s): Tekkok IH, Cagavi F, Gungen Y. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 16(4): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389895

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Focal bony outgrowth of the cranium: difficulties in diagnosis of extracranial meningioma. Author(s): Trotter MI, Beale DJ, Choksey MS. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 August; 15(4): 366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599457

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Foramen magnum meningioma presenting as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Sawaya RA. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 1998; 21(4): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10068190

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Foramen magnum meningioma: transoral resection with a bone baffle to prevent CSF leakage. Case report. Author(s): Bonkowski JA, Gibson RD, Snape L. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1990 March; 72(3): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2303883

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Fossil record of meningioma. Author(s): Czarnetzki A, Schwaderer E, Pusch CM. Source: Lancet. 2003 August 2; 362(9381): 408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12907030

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Fourth ventricular meningioma in an adult--case report. Author(s): Akimoto J, Sato Y, Tsutsumi M, Haraoka J. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001 August; 41(8): 402-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561352

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Free-lying ectopic meningioma within the orbit. Author(s): Arai H, Sato K, Matsumoto T. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997 December; 11(6): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11013629

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Frequency and risk factors for meningioma in clinically healthy 75-year-old patients: results of the Transdanube Ageing Study (VITA). Author(s): Krampla W, Newrkla S, Pfisterer W, Jungwirth S, Fischer P, Leitha T, Hruby W, Tragl KH. Source: Cancer. 2004 March 15; 100(6): 1208-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15022288

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Gains of chromosome 22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the context of an hyperdiploid karyotype are associated with aggressive clinical features in meningioma patients. Author(s): Maillo A, Diaz P, Sayagues JM, Blanco A, Tabernero MD, Ciudad J, Lopez A, Goncalves JM, Orfao A. Source: Cancer. 2001 July 15; 92(2): 377-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11466693

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Gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of a meningioma in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis: a case report. Author(s): Matsuo H, Nakamura K, Hayashi J, Nakura T, Saruki K, Andoh Y, Shibazaki T, Kubo K. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1994; 106(12): 378-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8073768

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Gamma knife radiosurgery of imaging-diagnosed intracranial meningioma. Author(s): Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Maitz AH, Lunsford LD. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2003 July 1; 56(3): 801-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788188

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Ganglioglioma presenting as a meningioma: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Siddique K, Zagardo M, Gujrati M, Olivero W. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 May; 50(5): 1133-5; Discussion 1135-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950418

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Gene expression of insulin-like growth factor II in human intracranial meningioma. Author(s): Hultberg BM, Haselbacher G, Nielsen FC, Wulff BS, Gammeltoft S. Source: Cancer. 1993 December 1; 72(11): 3282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8242555

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Gene therapy for meningioma: improved gene delivery with targeted adenoviruses. Author(s): Dirven CM, Grill J, Lamfers ML, Van der Valk P, Leonhart AM, Van Beusechem VW, Haisma HJ, Pinedo HM, Curiel DT, Vandertop WP, Gerritsen WR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 97(2): 441-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186474

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Geniculate ganglion meningioma. Author(s): Chung CJ, Mukherji S, Fordham L, Boydston W, Hudgins R. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1997 November; 27(11): 847-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361041

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Genomic annotation of the meningioma tumor suppressor locus on chromosome 1p34. Author(s): Sulman EP, White PS, Brodeur GM. Source: Oncogene. 2004 January 29; 23(4): 1014-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749765

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Geriatrics photo quiz. Meningioma. Author(s): Shua-Haim JR, Ross JS. Source: Geriatrics. 1998 June; 53(6): 32, 96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9634104

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Germline deletion in a neurofibromatosis type 2 kindred inactivates the NF2 gene and a candidate meningioma locus. Author(s): Sanson M, Marineau C, Desmaze C, Lutchman M, Ruttledge M, Baron C, Narod S, Delattre O, Lenoir G, Thomas G, et al. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 1993 August; 2(8): 1215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8401504

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Giant intracranial meningioma without hemianopic visual field loss. Author(s): Gutteridge IF, Wallace D. Source: Clinical & Experimental Optometry : Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association. 2002 March; 85(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952406

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Giant lumbar meningioma: a common tumour in an unusual location. Author(s): Tolias CM, Beale DJ, Sakas DE. Source: Neuroradiology. 1997 April; 39(4): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144676

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Giant meningioma of the cranial vertex--case report. Author(s): Nadkarni T, Desai K, Goel A. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 March; 42(3): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936055

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Giant meningioma of the III ventricle in a child: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Martinez-Lage JF, Poza M, Alcaraz J, Molina E. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1993 August; 9(5): 306-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8252526

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Giant occipital intracranial and extracranial meningioma. Author(s): Allan RS, Spittaler PJ, Rowe LJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 October 20; 179(8): 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14655683

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Giant sacrolumbar meningioma. Case report. Author(s): Feldenzer JA, McGillicuddy JE, Hopkins JW. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1990 June; 72(6): 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2338579

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Glioblastoma induction after radiosurgery for meningioma. Author(s): Yu JS, Yong WH, Wilson D, Black KL. Source: Lancet. 2000 November 4; 356(9241): 1576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11075777

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Glioblastoma occurring after radiation therapy for meningioma: case report and review of literature. Author(s): Zuccarello M, Sawaya R, deCourten-Meyers G. Source: Neurosurgery. 1986 July; 19(1): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3018623

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Growth of a meningioma induced by implantation of a foreign body into an arachnoid cyst. Author(s): Sommer F, Kolodziejczyk D. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2000; 142(12): 1427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11214640

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Growth rate of intracranial meningioma: tumor doubling time and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining index. Author(s): Ide M, Jimbo M, Yamamoto M, Umebara Y, Hagiwara S, Kubo O. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1995 May; 35(5): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7623949

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Haemangiopericytoma and meningioma presenting clinically with intracranial haemorrhage: report of three cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Cervoni L, Artico M, Salvati M, Bristot R, Wierzbicki V, Gagliardi FM. Source: Zentralblatt Fur Neurochirurgie. 1993; 54(1): 20-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8493835

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Haemangiopericytoma diagnosed from a metastasis 11years after surgery for "atypical meningioma". Author(s): Prakasha B, Jacob R, Dawson A, Joannides T. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2001 September; 74(885): 856-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11560836

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Hearing restoration from deafness after resection of a large cerebellopontine angle meningioma--case report. Author(s): Katsuta T, Inoue T, Uda K, Masuda A. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001 July; 41(7): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488000

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Helium charged particle radiotherapy for meningioma: experience at UCLBL. University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Author(s): Kaplan ID, Castro JR, Phillips TL. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1994 January 1; 28(1): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8270449

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Hemangioblastoma mimicking tentorial meningioma: preoperative embolization of the meningeal arterial blood supply--case report. Author(s): Tsugu H, Fukushima T, Ikeda K, Utsunomiya H, Tomonaga M. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1999 January; 39(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10093461

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Hemangiopericytoma arising at the site of a dural graft 13 years after total removal of a benign meningioma--case report. Author(s): Hirose Y, Sagoh M, Hayashi T, Murakami H. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998 November; 38(11): 733-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9919906

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Hemangiopericytomatous meningioma metastasized to the liver: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Kaneko T, Harada A, Isshiki K, Murakami H, Nakao A, Nonami T, Yano M, Kakumu S, Takagi H. Source: Surgery Today. 1993; 23(7): 644-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8369618

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Hepatocyte growth factor is associated with poor prognosis of malignant gliomas and is a predictor for recurrence of meningioma. Author(s): Arrieta O, Garcia E, Guevara P, Garcia-Navarrete R, Ondarza R, Rembao D, Sotelo J. Source: Cancer. 2002 June 15; 94(12): 3210-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12115353

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High incidence of meningioma among Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors. Author(s): Shintani T, Hayakawa N, Hoshi M, Sumida M, Kurisu K, Oki S, Kodama Y, Kajikawa H, Inai K, Kamada N. Source: Journal of Radiation Research. 1999 March; 40(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10408177

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High sensitivity of the in vivo detection of somatostatin receptors by 111indium (DTPA-octreotide)-scintigraphy in meningioma patients. Author(s): Hildebrandt G, Scheidhauer K, Luyken C, Schicha H, Klug N, Dahms P, Krisch B. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1994; 126(2-4): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8042557

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High-resolution analysis of chromosome arm 1p alterations in meningioma. Author(s): Bello MJ, de Campos JM, Vaquero J, Kusak ME, Sarasa JL, Rey JA. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2000 July 1; 120(1): 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10913674

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Histochemical and immunohistochemical features of a case showing association of meningioma and prolactinoma containing amyloid. Author(s): Canda T, Sengiz S, Canda MS, Acar UD, Erbayraktar RS, Yilmaz HS. Source: Brain Tumor Pathol. 2002; 19(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12455881

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Histologically benign metastatic meningioma: morphological and cytogenetic study. Case report. Author(s): Cerda-Nicolas M, Lopez-Gines C, Perez-Bacete M, Roldan P, Talamantes F, Barbera J. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 98(1): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546373

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Histopathology and MIB-1 labeling index predicted recurrence of meningiomas: a proposal of diagnostic criteria for patients with atypical meningioma. Author(s): Ho DM, Hsu CY, Ting LT, Chiang H. Source: Cancer. 2002 March 1; 94(5): 1538-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11920512

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History of head trauma and risk of intracranial meningioma: population-based casecontrol study. Author(s): Phillips LE, Koepsell TD, van Belle G, Kukull WA, Gehrels JA, Longstreth WT Jr. Source: Neurology. 2002 June 25; 58(12): 1849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084890

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Hormonotherapy of meningiomas with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on growth fractions of meningioma cells using the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Author(s): Markwalder TM, Gerber HA, Waelti E, Schaffner T, Markwalder RV. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1988 August; 30(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2969629

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Human KRAS oncogene expression in meningioma. Author(s): Carstens C, Messe E, Zang KD, Blin N. Source: Cancer Letters. 1988 December 1; 43(1-2): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2462463

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Hydroxyurea chemotherapy for unresectable or residual meningioma. Author(s): Newton HB, Slivka MA, Stevens C. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2000 September; 49(2): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11206012

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Hyperostosis associated with meningioma of the cranial base: secondary changes or tumor invasion. Author(s): Pieper DR, Al-Mefty O, Hanada Y, Buechner D. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 April; 44(4): 742-6; Discussion 746-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10201298

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Identification of a third Protein 4.1 tumor suppressor, Protein 4.1R, in meningioma pathogenesis. Author(s): Robb VA, Li W, Gascard P, Perry A, Mohandas N, Gutmann DH. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 2003 August; 13(3): 191-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901833

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Immunohistochemical study of anaplastic meningioma with special reference to the phenotypic change of intermediate filament protein. Author(s): Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T. Source: Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 2003 August; 7(4): 214-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913843

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Incidence of numerical chromosome aberrations in meningioma tumors as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using 10 chromosome-specific probes. Author(s): Sayagues JM, Tabernero MD, Maillo A, Diaz P, Rasillo A, Bortoluci A, Gomez-Moreta J, Santos-Briz A, Morales F, Orfao A. Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 2002 June 15; 50(3): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12116338

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Incidental detection of a falx meningioma on post-therapy radioiodide whole-body imaging. Author(s): Sinha P, Conrad GR, Holzhauer M. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 December; 27(12): 916-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12607886

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Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for meningioma. Author(s): Uy NW, Woo SY, Teh BS, Mai WY, Carpenter LS, Chiu JK, Lu HH, Gildenberg P, Trask T, Grant WH, Butler EB. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2002 August 1; 53(5): 1265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12128128

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Intensity-modulated stereotactic radiotherapy vs. stereotactic conformal radiotherapy for the treatment of meningioma located predominantly in the skull base. Author(s): Baumert BG, Norton IA, Davis JB. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2003 October 1; 57(2): 580-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12957272

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Intracanalicular meningioma mimicking vestibular schwannoma. Author(s): Asaoka K, Barrs DM, Sampson JH, McElveen JT Jr, Tucci DL, Fukushima T. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 October; 23(9): 1493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12372737

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Intracanalicular optic nerve meningioma: a serious diagnostic pitfall. Author(s): Jackson A, Patankar T, Laitt RD. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 June-July; 24(6): 1167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812948

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Intracranial epidermoid mimicking meningioma. Author(s): Hasegawa H, Bitoh S, Nakata M, Fujiwara M, Yasuda H. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1981 May; 15(5): 372-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9760977

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Intracranial metastasis or meningioma? An uncommon clinical diagnostic dilemma. Author(s): Tagle P, Villanueva P, Torrealba G, Huete I. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 September-October; 58(3-4): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12480230

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Intralabyrinthine meningioma. Author(s): Aho TR, Daspit CP, Dean BL, Wallace RC. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 September; 24(8): 1642-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13679286

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Intrameatal tumours presenting as a hearing disturbance: case reports of meningioma and lymphoma. Author(s): Kawamura S, Yamada M, Nonoyama Y, Yasui N, Yoshida Y, Ishikawa K. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1998; 140(7): 675-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9781281

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Intraoperative cytologic diagnosis of chordoid meningioma. A case report. Author(s): Salinero E, Beltran L, Costa JR. Source: Acta Cytol. 2004 March-April; 48(2): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15085764

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Intraparenchymal clear cell meningioma of the brainstem in a 2-year-old child. Case report and literature review. Author(s): Teo JG, Goh KY, Rosenblum MK, Muszynski CA, Epstein FJ. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1998 January; 28(1): 27-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9693326

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Intra-suprasellar meningioma mimicking pituitary apoplexy. Author(s): Orakdogeny M, Karadereler S, Berkman Z, Ersahin M, Ozdogan C, Aker F. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2004 May; 146(5): 511-5. Epub 2004 March 22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15118889

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Intratumoral bleeding in meningioma after gamma knife radiosurgery. Author(s): Kwon Y, Ahn JS, Jeon SR, Kim JH, Kim CJ, Lee JK, Kwun BD, Lee do H, Kim SY. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 97(5 Suppl): 657-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507115

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Intraventricular hemorrhage caused by lateral ventricular meningioma: a case report. Author(s): Lee EJ, Choi KH, Kang SW, Lee IW. Source: Korean Journal of Radiology : Official Journal of the Korean Radiological Society. 2001 April-June; 2(2): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752978

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Involution of retinochoroidal shunt vessel after radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma. Author(s): Mashayekhi A, Shields JA, Shields CL. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2004 January-February; 14(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005588

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Is surgery useful in very old patients with intracranial meningioma? Author(s): Pompili A, Callovini G, Delfini R, Domenicucci M, Occhipinti E. Source: Lancet. 1998 January 31; 351(9099): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9652617

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Isolated meningeal chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma) in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia mimicking a falx meningioma. Author(s): Ahn JY, Choi EW, Kang SH, Kim YR. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 April; 18(3-4): 153-6. Epub 2002 February 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981624

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Judicious resection and/or radiosurgery for parasagittal meningiomas: outcomes from a multicenter review. Gamma Knife Meningioma Study Group. Author(s): Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Perez B. Source: Neurosurgery. 1998 September; 43(3): 405-13; Discussion 413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733295

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Jugular foramen meningioma. Author(s): Inagawa T, Kamiya K, Hosoda I, Yano T. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1989 April; 31(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2928924

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Jugular foramen meningioma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Tekkok IH, Ozcan OE, Turan E, Onol B. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1997 September; 41(3): 283-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444582

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Kartagener's syndrome in a woman with a normal ciliary structure and an intracranial meningioma. Author(s): Gallelli A, Donato G, Borelli DA, Tripepi S, Brunelli E, Pelaia G, Signorelli CD, Marsico SA. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1996 February; 51(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8901317

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Karyotypic evolution of human meningioma. Progression through malignancy. Author(s): Casartelli C, Rogatto SR, Barbieri Neto J. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1989 July 1; 40(1): 33-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2758399

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Lack of efficacy of megestrol acetate in the treatment of unresectable meningioma. Author(s): Grunberg SM, Weiss MH. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 1990 February; 8(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2319292

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Large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels in human meningioma cells. Author(s): Kraft R, Benndorf K, Patt S. Source: The Journal of Membrane Biology. 2000 May 1; 175(1): 25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10811965

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Large meningioma complicating pregnancy. Author(s): Otton GR, Giles W, Walters WA. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1997 November; 37(4): 466-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9429716

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Lateral ventricular meningioma encapsulated by the dura-like membrane. Author(s): Yoshida K, Onozuka S, Kawase T, Ikeda E. Source: Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology. 2000 March; 20(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10935438

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Lipidized or lipomatous meningioma, which is more appropriate? A case report. Author(s): Bolat F, Kayaselcuk F, Aydin MV, Erdogan B, Ulusan S, Zorludemir S. Source: Neurological Research. 2003 October; 25(7): 764-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14579797

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Lipoblastic meningioma. Case report. Author(s): Carlotti Junior CG, Colli BO, Chimelli L, Dos Santos AC, Elias Junior J. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 1998 September; 56(3B): 661-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9850767

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Lipomatous meningioma: a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases with special reference to the issue of metaplasia. Author(s): Roncaroli F, Scheithauer BW, Laeng RH, Cenacchi G, Abell-Aleff P, Moschopulos M. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2001 June; 25(6): 769-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11395554

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Lipomatous secretory meningioma: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Liebig T, Hoffmann T, Hosten N, Sander B, van Landeghem F, StoltenburgDidinger G, Lanksch WR. Source: Neuroradiology. 1998 October; 40(10): 656-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9833895

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Local control and overall survival in atypical meningioma: a retrospective study. Author(s): Goyal LK, Suh JH, Mohan DS, Prayson RA, Lee J, Barnett GH. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2000 January 1; 46(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10656373

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Long-lasting improvement of arterial hypertension after surgical treatment of a foramen magnum meningioma: case report. Author(s): Worner BA, Rahim T, Lange M, Fink U, Oeckler R. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 September-October; 58(3-4): 189-92; Discussion 193. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12480212

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Long-term follow up of progesterone receptor status in benign meningioma: a prognostic indicator of recurrence? Author(s): Fewings PE, Battersby RD, Timperley WR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 March; 92(3): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10701525

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Long-term outcomes after meningioma radiosurgery: physician and patient perspectives. Author(s): Kondziolka D, Levy EI, Niranjan A, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 July; 91(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10389879

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Long-term results in a case of meningioma treated by embolization alone--case report. Author(s): Koike T, Sasaki O, Tanaka R, Arai H. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1990 March; 30(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1697044

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Loss of material from chromosome arm 1p during malignant progression of meningioma revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Author(s): Ishino S, Hashimoto N, Fushiki S, Date K, Mori T, Fujimoto M, Nakagawa Y, Ueda S, Abe T, Inazawa J. Source: Cancer. 1998 July 15; 83(2): 360-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9669820

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Lovastatin is a potent inhibitor of meningioma cell proliferation: evidence for inhibition of a mitogen associated protein kinase. Author(s): Johnson MD, Woodard A, Okediji EJ, Toms SA, Allen GS. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2002 January; 56(2): 133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11995814

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Lung carcinoma presenting as metastasis to intracranial meningioma: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Bhargava P, McGrail KM, Manz HJ, Baidas S. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1999 April; 22(2): 199-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10199462

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Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone increases proliferation of meningioma cells in vitro. Author(s): Durmaz R, Deliorman S, Isiksoy S, Uyar R, Tel E. Source: Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 1999 October; 107(4): 286-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10779825

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Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists and meningioma: a treatment dilemma. Author(s): Lee KL, Terris MK. Source: Urology. 2003 August; 62(2): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893358

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Lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma with clinical resemblance to inflammatory pseudotumor. Report of two cases. Author(s): Yamaki T, Ikeda T, Sakamoto Y, Ohtaki M, Hashi K. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997 May; 86(5): 898-904. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126910

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Lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma: a case report with histological and immunohistochemical studies. Author(s): Mizushima M, Tanaka Y, Kawakami S, Hori T, Ohama E. Source: Brain Tumor Pathol. 1997; 14(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9384804

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Magnetic resonance imaging of intramedullary meningioma of the spinal cord: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Covert S, Gandhi D, Goyal M, Woulfe J, Belanger E, Miller W, Modha A. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 2003 June; 54(3): 177-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866245

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Malignant progression in meningioma: documentation of a series and analysis of cytogenetic findings. Author(s): Al-Mefty O, Kadri PA, Pravdenkova S, Sawyer JR, Stangeby C, Husain M. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 August; 101(2): 210-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15309910

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Melanocytic colonization of a meningothelial meningioma: histopathological and ultrastructural findings with immunohistochemical and genetic correlation: case report. Author(s): Nestor SL, Perry A, Kurtkaya O, Abell-Aleff P, Rosemblat AM, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 53(1): 211-4; Discussion 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823892

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Meningioma and hormonal influences. Author(s): Wahab M, Al-Azzawi F. Source: Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society. 2003 December; 6(4): 285-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006250

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Meningioma arising from the trigeminal nerve: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Fujimoto Y, Kato A, Taniguchi M, Maruno M, Yoshimine T. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2004 June; 68(2): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15218956

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Meningioma associated with intraosseous lipoma. Author(s): Hayashi Y, Kimura M, Kinoshita A, Hasegawa M, Yamashita J. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 105(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860519

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Meningioma in a woman receiving hormone therapy. Author(s): Murata Y, Takeuchi S, Yoshida S, Miyoshi I. Source: Intern Med. 2003 December; 42(12): 1267. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14714974

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Meningioma of the internal auditory canal: case report. Author(s): Amato MC, Colli BO, Carlotti Junior CG, dos Santos AC, Feres MC, Neder L. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2003 September; 61(3A): 659-62. Epub 2003 September 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513176

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Meningioma of the jugular foramen: glomus jugulare mimic and surgical challenge. Author(s): Gilbert ME, Shelton C, McDonald A, Salzman KL, Harnsberger HR, Sharma PK, Jensen RL. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 January; 114(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709990

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Meningioma of the optic nerve sheath: treatment with hydroxyurea. Author(s): Paus S, Klockgether T, Urbach H, Schlegel U. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 September; 74(9): 1348-50. Erratum In: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 October; 74(10): 1447. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933956

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Meningioma pathology, genetics, and biology. Author(s): Lamszus K. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2004 April; 63(4): 27586. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15099018

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Meningioma presenting as bilateral parkinsonism. Author(s): Adhiyaman V, Meara J. Source: Age and Ageing. 2003 July; 32(4): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12851195

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Meningioma presenting with only urinary symptoms which is diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging followed by urodynamic study. Author(s): Ozkurkcugil C, Ilbay K, Evliyaoglu C, Gokalp A. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2004 March; 58(3): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15117104

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Meningioma with pneumosinus dilatans. Author(s): Mai A, Karis J, Sivakumar K. Source: Neurology. 2003 June 10; 60(11): 1861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12796553

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Meningioma: is there an association with human leukocyte antigens? Author(s): Machulla HK, Steinborn F, Tschigrjai M, Langner J, Rainov NG. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 December; 12(12): 1438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693734

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Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the dura mimicking petroclival meningioma--case report. Author(s): Ohba S, Kurokawa R, Yoshida K, Kawase T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004 June; 44(6): 317-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15253548

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Molecular heterogeneity of meningioma with INI1 mutation. Author(s): Rieske P, Zakrzewska M, Piaskowski S, Jaskolski D, Sikorska B, Papierz W, Zakrzewski K, Liberski PP. Source: Molecular Pathology : Mp. 2003 October; 56(5): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14514925

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Nasoethmoidal meningioma with cytogenetic features of tumor aggressiveness in a 16-year-old child. Author(s): Ketter R, Henn W, Feiden W, Prowald A, Sittel C, Steudel WI, Strowitzki M. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 October; 39(4): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944699

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Necrotizing neurosarcoidosis masquerading as a left optic nerve meningioma: case report. Author(s): Jennings JW, Rojiani AM, Brem SS, Murtagh FR. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 April; 23(4): 660-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950662

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Necrotizing neurosarcoidosis of the cranial base resembling an en plaque sphenoid wing meningioma: case report. Author(s): Tobias S, Prayson RA, Lee JH. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 November; 51(5): 1290-4; Discussion 1294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383376

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Nerve sheath versus meningioma. Author(s): Battifora H. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1990 April; 14(4): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2321704

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Neurofibromatosis type 2: growth stimulation of mixed acoustic schwannoma by concurrent adjacent meningioma: possible role of growth factors. Case report. Author(s): Pallini R, Tancredi A, Casalbore P, Mercanti D, Larocca LM, Consales A, Lauretti L, Fernandez E. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 July; 89(1): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9647188

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Neurofibromatosis with intracranial meningioma. Author(s): Gurunathan J, Kumar MM, Jawahar G, Kailairajan D. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1994 November; 92(11): 392. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7890961

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Neurosarcoidosis mimicking a cerebellopontine angle meningioma. Author(s): Lipper MH, Goldstein JM. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1998 July; 171(1): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9648818

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Neurosarcoidosis resembling meningioma: MRI characteristics and pathologic correlation. Author(s): Krejchi D, Caldemeyer KS, Vakili ST, Pritz MB. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1998 July; 8(3): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9664858

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New classification scheme for the prognostic stratification of meningioma on the basis of chromosome 14 abnormalities, patient age, and tumor histopathology. Author(s): Maillo A, Orfao A, Sayagues JM, Diaz P, Gomez-Moreta JA, Caballero M, Santamarta D, Santos-Briz A, Morales F, Tabernero MD. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 September 1; 21(17): 3285-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12947064

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Non-surgical treatment of meningioma: a case report and review. Author(s): Sharif S, Brennan P, Rawluk D. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 August; 12(4): 369-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10070434

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Occupation and risk of meningioma and acoustic neuroma in the United States. Author(s): Rajaraman P, De Roos AJ, Stewart PA, Linet MS, Fine HA, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, Black PM, Inskip PD. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2004 May; 45(5): 395-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15095422

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Occurrence, regulation, and significance of progesterone receptors in human meningioma. Author(s): Blankenstein MA, Verheijen FM, Jacobs JM, Donker TH, van Duijnhoven MW, Thijssen JH. Source: Steroids. 2000 October-November; 65(10-11): 795-800. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11108890

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Olfactory function in patients with olfactory groove meningioma. Author(s): Welge-Luessen A, Temmel A, Quint C, Moll B, Wolf S, Hummel T. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 February; 70(2): 21821. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11160471

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Olfactory groove meningioma: surgical techniques and pitfalls. Author(s): El Gindi S. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2000 December; 54(6): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11240167

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Oncocytic meningioma: a case report. Author(s): Caldarella A, Buccoliero AM, Marini M, Taddei A, Mennonna P, Taddei GL. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2002; 198(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928863

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Oncodiagnosis panel: 2002. Optic nerve glioma or optic nerve meningioma. Author(s): Brown PD, Wald JT, McDermott MW, Baumann GS, Cloughesy TF; Oncodiagosis panel, 2002 RSNA Scientific Assembly. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2003 November-December; 23(6): 1591-611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635617

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Optic nerve breast metastasis mimicking meningioma. Author(s): Backhouse O, Simmons I, Frank A, Cassels-Brown A. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 26(3): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9717758

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Optociliary veins in optic nerve sheath meningioma. Indocyanine green videoangiography findings. Author(s): Muci-Mendoza R, Arevalo JF, Ramella M, Fuenmayor-Rivera D, Karam E, Cardenas PL, Recio MV. Source: Ophthalmology. 1999 February; 106(2): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951483

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Ossified thoracic spinal meningioma in childhood: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Naderi S, Yilmaz M, Canda T, Acar U. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2001 December; 103(4): 247-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11714573

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Osteoma mimicking a partly calcified meningioma. Author(s): Chitkara N, Sharma NK, Goyal N. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571039

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Parasagittal meningioma en plaque with extracranial extension presenting diffuse massive hyperostosis of the skull. Author(s): Akutsu H, Sugita K, Sonobe M, Matsumura A. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 February; 61(2): 165-9; Discussion 169. Erratum In: Surg Neurol. 2004 May; 61(5): 503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751632

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Pathologic quiz case: a 3-year-old girl with proptosis and rapid visual loss. Primary optic nerve meningioma. Author(s): Oliveri CV, Wylen EL, Brown MS, Horenstein MG. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 December; 127(12): E434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632554

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Postembolization hemorrhage of a large and necrotic meningioma. Author(s): Yu SC, Boet R, Wong GK, Lam WW, Poon WS. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2004 March; 25(3): 506-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037482

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Posterior fossa meningioma presenting as hypnic headache. Author(s): Peatfield RC, Mendoza ND. Source: Headache. 2003 October; 43(9): 1007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511280

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Post-traumatic cutaneous meningioma. Author(s): Borggreven PA, de Graaf FH, van der Valk P, Leemans CR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2004 March; 118(3): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15068523

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Preoperative neuroimaging findings as a predictor of the surgical plane of cleavage: prospective study of 100 consecutive cases of intracranial meningioma. Author(s): Alvernia JE, Sindou MP. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 March; 100(3): 422-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15035277

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Primary extracranial meningioma in the vicinity of the temporal bone: a benign lesion which is rarely recognized clinically. Author(s): Ferlito A, Devaney KO, Rinaldo A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2004 January; 124(1): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977069

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Primary jugular foramen meningioma: imaging appearance and differentiating features. Author(s): Macdonald AJ, Salzman KL, Harnsberger HR, Gilbert E, Shelton C. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 February; 182(2): 373-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14736665

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Probable destructive meningioma in an archaeological adult male skull from Alaska. Author(s): Jonsdottir B, Ortner DJ, Frohlich B. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2003 November; 122(3): 232-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533181

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Problems in diagnosing cranial base meningioma in patients with multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Mitosek-Szewczyk K, Stelmasiak Z. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 November; 24(4): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14658055

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Quality of life in patients after meningioma resection. Author(s): Hori A. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2001 October; 143(10): 1080-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758495

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Quality of life in patients after meningioma resection. Author(s): Mohsenipour I, Deusch E, Gabl M, Hofer M, Twerdy K. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2001; 143(6): 547-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11534671

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Radiation retinopathy after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma. Author(s): Subramanian PS, Bressler NM, Miller NR. Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 March; 111(3): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15019337

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Radiation-induced atypical meningioma with rapid growth in a 13-year-old girl. Case report. Author(s): Ware ML, Cha S, Gupta N, Perry VL. Source: J Neurosurg Spine. 2004 May; 100(5): 488-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15287460

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Radiology quiz case 1. Meningioma of the internal auditory canal. Author(s): Bahmad FM Jr, Cavalcante IC, Sobrinho PG, Oliveira CA. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2004 February; 130(2): 243, 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14967761

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Radiotherapy after surgery for benign cerebral meningioma. Author(s): Soyuer S, Chang EL, Selek U, Shi W, Maor MH, DeMonte F. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2004 April; 71(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15066300

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Rapid regrowth of intracranial clear cell meningioma after craniotomy and gamma knife radiosurgery--case report. Author(s): Ide M, Yamamoto M, Hagiwara S, Tanaka N, Kawamura H. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004 June; 44(6): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15253549

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Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the choroid mimicking intraventricular meningioma. Author(s): Quinones-Hinojosa A, Chang EF, Khan SA, Lawton MT, McDermott MW. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 2004 February; 31(1): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038482

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Rhabdoid meningioma: cytopathologic findings in cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Parwani AV, Mikolaenko I, Eberhart CG, Burger PC, Rosenthal DL, Ali SZ. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2003 November; 29(5): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595800

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Rhabdoid meningioma: intraoperative diagnosis using smear preparation. Author(s): Kirby PA. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2003 November; 29(5): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595799

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Rhabdoid transformation of recurrent meningioma in the cervical cord: a case report. Author(s): Endo K, Tanaka S, Komagata M, Ikegami H, Kosaka T, Imakiire A, Serizawa H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2004; 9(3): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15168192

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Ring-enhanced malignant meningioma mimicking a brain metastasis from a renal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Yashi M, Sasaki M, Ono T. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(1): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635645

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Sclerosing meningioma: clinicopathological study of four cases. Author(s): Im SH, Chung CK, Cho BK, Kim MK, Chi JG. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2004 June; 68(2): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15218954

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Sclerosing meningioma: immunohistochemical analysis of five cases. Author(s): Kim NR, Im SH, Chung CK, Suh YL, Choe G, Chi JG. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2004 April; 30(2): 126-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043710

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Sex steroid hormone exposures and risk for meningioma. Author(s): Jhawar BS, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 99(5): 848-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609164

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Solitary intracranial metastasis of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland clinically mimicking a meningioma. Author(s): Ehrmann J, Duskova M, Machac J, Benysek V, Hobza J, Kolar Z. Source: Cesk Patol. 2004 April; 40(2): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15233020

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Subacute cerebellar infarct mimicking meningioma. Author(s): Danchaivijitr N, Wakeham NR, Patel MC, McEvoy AW, Van Dellen J, Waldman AD. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2004 June; 59(6): 531-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15145724

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Subdural hemorrhage associated with falcine meningioma. Author(s): Goyal A, Singh AK, Kumar S, Gupta V, Singh D. Source: Neurology India. 2003 September; 51(3): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652463

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Surgical management of tuberculum sellae meningioma in a patient with a twin pregnancy: case report. Author(s): Idowu OE, Shokunbi MT, Amanor-Boadu SD, Roberts OA, Eyo C. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 July; 62(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15226074

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Surgical resection and permanent brachytherapy for recurrent atypical and malignant meningioma. Author(s): Ware ML, Larson DA, Sneed PK, Wara WW, McDermott MW. Source: Neurosurgery. 2004 January; 54(1): 55-63; Discussion 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14683541

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Symptomatic subdural hygroma after petroclival meningioma surgery. Case report of a intractable complication. Author(s): Zingale A, Fagone S, Albanese V. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 2002 December; 46(3-4): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690334

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Synchronous basal cell carcinoma and meningioma following cranial irradiation for a pilocytic astrocytoma. Author(s): Jenkinson MD, Javadpour M, du Plessis D, Shaw MD. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 17(2): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820764

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Telomeric fusion as a mechanism for the loss of 1p in meningioma. Author(s): Sawyer JR, Husain M, Lukacs JL, Stangeby C, Binz RL, Al-Mefty O. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2003 August; 145(1): 38-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12885461

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Temozolomide for treatment-resistant recurrent meningioma. Author(s): Chamberlain MC, Tsao-Wei DD, Groshen S. Source: Neurology. 2004 April 13; 62(7): 1210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15079029

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The CT triad of malignancy in meningioma--redefinition, with a report of three new cases. Author(s): Grover SB, Aggarwal A, Uppal PS, Tandon R. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 November; 45(11): 799-803. Epub 2003 September 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955368

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The expression of tissue factor correlates with proliferative ability in meningioma. Author(s): Ishimaru K, Hirano H, Yamahata H, Takeshima H, Niiro M, Kuratsu J. Source: Oncol Rep. 2003 September-October; 10(5): 1133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12883669

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The role of somatostatin in vasogenic meningioma associated brain edema. Author(s): Pistolesi S, Fontanini G, Boldrini L, Camacci T, De Ieso K, Lupi G, Caniglia M, Mariani G, Boni G, Suriano S, Padolecchia R, Pingitore R, Parenti G. Source: Tumori. 2003 March-April; 89(2): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841659

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The value of routine electroencephalographic recordings in predicting postoperative seizures associated with meningioma surgery. Author(s): Rothoerl RD, Bernreuther D, Woertgen C, Brawanski A. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2003 May; 26(2): 108-12. Epub 2002 October 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962296

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Transforming growth factor-beta effects on meningioma cell proliferation and signal transduction pathways. Author(s): Johnson MD, Okediji E, Woodard A. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2004 January; 66(1-2): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15015765

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Treatment of meningioma: an update. Author(s): D'Ambrosio AL, Bruce JN. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2003 May; 3(3): 206-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691625

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Tuberculum sellae meningioma: a report on management on the basis of a surgical experience with 70 patients. Author(s): Goel A, Muzumdar D, Desai KI. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 51(6): 1358-63; Discussion 1363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445340

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Two cases of nondura-based clear cell meningioma of the cauda equina. Author(s): Payano M, Kondo Y, Kashima K, Daa T, Yatsuka T, Kida H, Nakayama I, Yokoyama S. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2004 February; 112(2): 141-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15056231

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Ultrastructural examination is essential for diagnosis of papillary meningioma. Author(s): Al-Sarraj S, King A, Martin AJ, Jarosz J, Lantos PL. Source: Histopathology. 2001 April; 38(4): 318-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11318897

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Undefined complications of parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia (primary hyperparathyroidism), thyroid follicular adenoma, thyroid papillary carcinoma, temporal astrocytoma, cerebellar meningioma, and hemangioma of external auditory meatus and oral papilloma. Author(s): Yamakita N, Ikeda T, Shimizu Y, Hirata T, Murai T, Kawamura S, Komaki T, Kitada M. Source: Intern Med. 2000 October; 39(10): 814-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11030206

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Unique radiological appearance of a microcystic meningioma. Author(s): Shimoji K, Yasuma Y, Mori K, Eguchi M, Maeda M. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1999; 141(10): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10550660

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Unmasking the secrets of meningioma: a slow but rewarding journey. Author(s): Perry A. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 February; 61(2): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751635

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Unsuspected primary pulmonary meningioma. Author(s): Cesario A, Galetta D, Margaritora S, Granone P. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 March; 21(3): 553-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888783

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Unusual appearance of an en plaque meningioma of the cervical spinal canal. A case report and literature review. Author(s): Gamache FW Jr, Wang JC, Deck M, Heise C. Source: Spine. 2001 March 1; 26(5): E87-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11320982

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Unusual growth within a meningioma (leukemic infiltrate). Author(s): Sonet A, Hustin J, De Coene B, Gilliard C, Gustin T, Doyen C, Vandenbossche L, Jost E, Robin V, Chatelain B, Bosly A. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2001 January; 25(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11145247

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Unusual lytic intraosseous meningioma. Author(s): Levin M, Wertheim SE, Klein E, Lowry J. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1995 October; 5(4): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7579756

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Unusual mode of spread and presentation of meningioma: a case report. Author(s): Goel A, Mehta A, Gupta S. Source: Neurology India. 1999 December; 47(4): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10625906

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Usefulness of turbo-fluid-attenuated inversion-reovery (tFLAIR) sequence in diagnosing meningioma. Author(s): Shimizu T, Miki H, Takeguchi T, Kikuchi K, Mochizuki T, Ikezoe J. Source: Radiat Med. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816351

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Vacuolated meningioma with secretory features: a case report. Author(s): Nakamura N, Nojima T, Inoue K, Terasaka S, Aida T, Abe H. Source: Noshuyo Byori. 1993; 10(2): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8220796

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Value of AgNOR method in predicting recurrence of meningioma. Author(s): Boon AP, Sharif H. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1989 September; 42(9): 1002-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2477395

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Vascular endothelial growth factor and malignant transformation of a meningioma: case report. Author(s): Shono T, Inamura T, Torisu M, Suzuki SO, Fukui M. Source: Neurological Research. 2000 March; 22(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10763508

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Vascular headache due to intracranial meningioma: a curable form of headache. Author(s): Talacchi A, Lombardo C, Bricolo A. Source: Lancet. 1997 October 4; 350(9083): 1004-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9329522

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Visual field deficit caused by vascular compression from a suprasellar meningioma: case report. Author(s): Bejjani GK, Cockerham KP, Kennerdell JS, Maroon JC. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 May; 50(5): 1129-31; Discussion 1131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950417

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Visual improvement during octreotide therapy in a case of episellar meningioma. Author(s): Jaffrain-Rea ML, Minniti G, Santoro A, Bastianello S, Tamburrano G, Gulino A, Cantore G. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1998 March; 100(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9637203

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Waterjet dissection in the brain: review of the experimental and clinical data with special reference to meningioma surgery. Author(s): Oertel J, Gaab MR, Warzok R, Piek J. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2003 July; 26(3): 168-74. Epub 2002 December 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845544

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Wild type and alternatively spliced estrogen receptor messenger RNA in human meningioma tissue and MCF7 breast cancer cells. Author(s): Koehorst SG, Jacobs HM, Thijssen JH, Blankenstein MA. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1993 April; 45(4): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8499331

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Worsening neurological status in late pregnancy: consider meningioma. Author(s): Narayansingh GV, Ramsewak S, Cross JN, Adam RU, Kissoon W. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 June; 68(800): 486. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1437939

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Xanthomatous posterior pyramid meningioma in a 2-year-old girl. Author(s): Germano A, Galatioto S, La Rosa G, Caffo M, Cardia E. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1997 July; 13(7): 406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9298277

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MENINGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and meningioma.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Meningioma The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “meningioma” (or a synonym): •

Accumulation of inositol phosphates in low-passage human meningioma cells following treatment with epidermal growth factor. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo. Source: Todo, T Fahlbusch, R J-Neurosurg. 1994 May; 80(5): 890-6 0022-3085

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Cerebellar cystic meningioma in a dog. Source: Bagley, R.S. Silver, G.M. Gavin, P.R. J-Am-Anim-Hosp-Assoc. Lakewood, Colo. : The American Animal Hospital Association. Sept/October 2000. volume 36 (5) page 413415. 0587-2871

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Cytotoxic action of acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) on meningioma cells. Author(s): Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Source: Park, Yong Seok Lee, Joung H Bondar, Judy Harwalkar, Jyoti A Safayhi, Hasan Golubic, Mladen Planta-Med. 2002 May; 68(5): 397-401 0032-0943

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Diaphragma sellae meningioma associated only with signs of hypopituitarism--case report. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Senboku National Hospital, Osaka, Japan. Source: Okuno, S Hisanaga, M Tsunoda, S Sakaki, T Neurol-Med-Chir-(Tokyo). 1992 September; 32(10): 765-8 0470-8105

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Effect of suramin on 125I-insulin-like growth factor-I binding to human meningiomas and on proliferation of meningioma cells. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Tsutsumi, K Kitagawa, N Niwa, M Himeno, A Taniyama, K Shibata, S JNeurosurg. 1994 March; 80(3): 502-9 0022-3085

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Gliomas and meningiomas in men in Los Angeles County: investigation of exposures to N-nitroso compounds. Author(s): Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles. Source: Preston Martin, S Mack, W IARC-Sci-Publ. 1991; (105): 197-203 0300-5038

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Growth of cultured human cerebral meningiomas is inhibited by dopaminergic agents. Presence of high affinity dopamine-D1 receptors. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Numberg, FRG. Source: Schrell, U M Fahlbusch, R Adams, E F Nomikos, P Reif, M J-Clin-EndocrinolMetab. 1990 December; 71(6): 1669-71 0021-972X

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Human meningiomas possess muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover by carbachol. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany. Source: Adams, E F Huttner, A Lei, T Rafferty, B Schrell, U Fahlbusch, R J-Neurooncol. 1997 March; 32(1): 1-6 0167-594X

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Inhibition of angiogenesis and growth of human non-malignant and malignant meningiomas by TNP-470. Author(s): Georgetown Brain Tumor Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Source: Yazaki, T Takamiya, Y Costello, P C Mineta, T Menon, A G Rabkin, S D Martuza, R L J-Neurooncol. 1995; 23(1): 23-9 0167-594X

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Inhibition of proliferation of human cerebral meningioma cells by suramin: effects on cell growth, cell cycle phases, extracellular growth factors, and PDGF-BB autocrine growth loop. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany. Source: Schrell, U M Gauer, S Kiesewetter, F Bickel, A Hren, J Adams, E F Fahlbusch, R J-Neurosurg. 1995 April; 82(4): 600-7 0022-3085

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Intracranial meningioma with positive progesterone receptors. A case report. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Good Samaritan Hospital, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Source: Pliskow, S Herbst, S J Saiontz, H A Cove, H Ackerman, R T J-Reprod-Med. 1995 February; 40(2): 154-6 0024-7758

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Involvement of protein kinase C in growth regulation of human meningioma cells. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo. Source: Todo, T Fahlbusch, R Acta-Neurochir-(Wien). 1994; 131(3-4): 282-8 0001-6268

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Necrosis in a meningioma following systemic chemotherapy. Case report. Author(s): Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada. Source: Bernstein, M Villamil, A Davidson, G Erlichman, C J-Neurosurg. 1994 August; 81(2): 284-7 0022-3085

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Relationship between cAMP induced inhibition of human meningioma cell proliferation and autocrine secretion of interleukin-6. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Kopfklinikum, University of ErlangenNurnberg, Germany. Source: Huttner, A Lei, T Fahlbusch, R Schrell, W Adams, E F Life-Sci. 1996; 58(16): 13239 0024-3205

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Retinoic acid stimulates meningioma cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and inhibits invasion. Author(s): Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Endocrinology, Munich, Germany. Source: Pereda, M P Hopfner, U Pagotto, U Renner, U Uhl, E Arzt, E Missale, C Stalla, G K Br-J-Cancer. 1999 October; 81(3): 381-6 0007-0920

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Risk factors for gliomas and meningiomas in males in Los Angeles County. Author(s): Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033. Source: Preston Martin, S Mack, W Henderson, B E Cancer-Res. 1989 November 1; 49(21): 6137-43 0008-5472

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Should meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus be totally resected? Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Suzuki, M Mizoi, K Yoshimoto, T Surg-Neurol. 1995 July; 44(1): 3-10; discussion 10-3 0090-3019

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Somatostatin inhibits the activity of adenylate cyclase in cultured human meningioma cells and stimulates their growth. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Koper, J W Markstein, R Kohler, C Kwekkeboom, D J Avezaat, C J Lamberts, S W Reubi, J C J-Clin-Endocrinol-Metab. 1992 Mar; 74(3): 543-7 0021-972X

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Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: report of a patient who subsequently developed a meningioma and whose skin lesions were treated with isotretinoin. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA. Source: Richardson, T T Cohen, P R Cutis. 2000 September; 66(3): 183-8 0011-4162

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Subcellular distribution and photocytotoxicity of aluminium phthalocyanines and haematoporphyrin derivative in cultured human meningioma cells. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland Hospital, New Zealand. Source: Malham, G M Thomsen, R J Finlay, G J Baguley, B C Br-J-Neurosurg. 1996 February; 10(1): 51-7 0268-8697

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Synergistic inhibitory effects of interferon-alpha and 5-fluorouracil in meningioma cells in vitro. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University Hospital Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Zhang, Z J Wang, J L Muhr, C Smits, A Cancer-Lett. 1996 February 27; 100(1-2): 99-105 0304-3835

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Nutrition

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MENINGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to meningioma. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to meningioma and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to meningioma: •

67 Ga-citrate scintigraphy of brain tumors. Author(s): Jones AE, Koslow M, Johnston GS, Ommaya AK. Source: Radiology. 1972 December; 105(3): 693-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4344054

•

A case of extradural spinal meningioma. Author(s): Hallpike JF, Stanley P. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1968 April; 31(2): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5696300

•

Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) is cytotoxic for meningioma cells and inhibits phosphorylation of the extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1 and 2. Author(s): Park YS, Lee JH, Harwalkar JA, Bondar J, Safayhi H, Golubic M.

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Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 507: 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664615 •

Acupuncture analgesia in brain and neck surgery. Author(s): Kaada B. Source: Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening. 1974 March 10; 94(7): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4820031

•

Altered membrane lipid composition in a human meningosarcoma. Author(s): Berra B, Bordoni A, Rapelli S, Biagi PL, Pezzotta S, Malgrassi L, Montorfano G, Hrelia S. Source: International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research. 1994; 24(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8180424

•

An introduction to the neurology of ageing. Author(s): Hurwitz LJ, Swallow M. Source: Gerontol Clin (Basel). 1971; 13(3): 97-113. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5550567

•

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and blink reflexes in patients with pontocerebellar angle tumors. Author(s): Nurlu G, Bavbek M, Colak A, Sarjbas O, Ozgen T. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 1994; 17(4): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7753412

•

Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in supratentorial brain tumors. Author(s): Jandolo B, Pietrangeli A, Pace A, Carapella CM, Finocchiaro R, Morace E. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1992 June; 32(6): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1623847

•

Calcification in psammoma bodies of the human meningioma. Author(s): Bennington JL, Smith JV, Lagunoff D. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1970 March; 22(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4191068

•

Cerebral scintiphotos with 113mIn. Author(s): Constantinovici A. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1972; 13(0): 652-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4365996

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•

Correlation between confirmed sites of neurological lesions and abnormalities of farfield auditory brainstem responses. Author(s): Starr A, Hamilton AE. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1976 December; 41(6): 595-608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=62654

•

Cytotoxic action of acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) on meningioma cells. Author(s): Park YS, Lee JH, Bondar J, Harwalkar JA, Safayhi H, Golubic M. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 May; 68(5): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058313

•

Development of secondary anaplastic oligoastrocytoma after matched unrelated bone marrow transplantation in a child with acute myeloid leukemia. Author(s): Panigrahi S, Das M, Stagler D, Konstantini S, Gmori M, Slavin S, Nagler A. Source: Acta Haematologica. 2003; 109(4): 196-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12853693

•

Did St Birgitta suffer from epilepsy? A neuropathography. Author(s): Landtblom AM. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 2004 April; 13(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15010053

•

Dormant foramen magnum meningioma 'activated' by chiropractic manipulation. Author(s): Weintraub MI. Source: N Y State J Med. 1983 July-September; 83(8-10): 1039-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6579397

•

Effect of vinblastine on tissue cultures of human brain tumours. Author(s): Afra D, Gazso L. Source: Ther Hung. 1970; 18(4): 150-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4328221

•

Elevated levels of M(r) 92,000 type IV collagenase in human brain tumors. Author(s): Rao JS, Steck PA, Mohanam S, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Liotta LA, Sawaya R. Source: Cancer Research. 1993 May 15; 53(10 Suppl): 2208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485704

•

Hearing improvement after resection of cerebellopontine angle meningioma: case study of the preoperative role of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Author(s): Kileny PR, Edwards BM, Disher MJ, Telian SA.

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Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1998 August; 9(4): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733233 •

Intraoperative haemorrhage associated with the use of extract of Saw Palmetto herb: a case report and review of literature. Author(s): Cheema P, El-Mefty O, Jazieh AR. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001 August; 250(2): 167-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11489067

•

Meningioma-like cerebral relapse of Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Montillo M, Scarpelli M, Discepoli G, Catarini M, Rychlicki F, Leoni P. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994 June; 14(1-2): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7920227

•

Nucleolar organizer regions in meningiomas. Author(s): Radhakrishnan VV, Radhakrishnan NS, Rout D, Misna BK. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1993; 7(4): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8216907

•

Osteosarcoma following radiation treatment for meningioma: report of a case and effective treatment with chemotherapy. Author(s): Carpentier AF, Chantelard JV, Henin D, Poisson M. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 1994; 21(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7535347

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Progesterone-receptor index in meningiomas: correlation with clinico-pathological parameters and review of the literature. Author(s): Wolfsberger S, Doostkam S, Boecher-Schwarz HG, Roessler K, Van Trotsenburg M, Hainfellner JA, Knosp E. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2004 May 27 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15168138

•

Type II estrogen binding sites and antiproliferative activity of quercetin in human meningiomas. Author(s): Piantelli M, Rinelli A, Macri E, Maggiano N, Larocca LM, Scerrati M, Roselli R, Iacoangeli M, Scambia G, Capelli A, et al. Source: Cancer. 1993 January 1; 71(1): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8416715

•

Vimentin intermediate filaments in cultures of human meningiomas. Author(s): Lolait SJ, Underwood JR, Mu FT, Alderuccio F, Dow CA, Pedersen JS, Chalmers PJ, Toh BH.

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Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 1984 September-October; 10(5): 321-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6395033

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to meningioma; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html.

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This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON MENINGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to meningioma. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “meningioma” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on meningioma, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Meningioma ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to meningioma. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Identification, characterization, and annotation of the meningioma tumor suppressor locus on chromosome 1p34 by Sulman, Erik Philip, PhD from Temple University, 2003, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3097863

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON MENINGIOMA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “meningioma” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on meningioma, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Meningioma By performing a patent search focusing on meningioma, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on meningioma: •

hNT-neuron human neuronal cells to replace ganglion cells Inventor(s): Snable; Gary L. (Atherton, CA) Assignee(s): Layton Bioscience, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA) Patent Number: 6,162,428 Date filed: February 12, 1997 Abstract: Disclosed herein is the treatment of vision loss in a mammal by transplanting an effective amount of hNT-Neuron cells. The treatment can be accomplished by injecting the cells into the retinal area of the eye. Additionally, the cells can be injected into the visual cortex of the brain. Conditions to be treated are vision loss due to optic nerve damage, including glaucoma, optic nerve sheath meningioma and glioma, Graves' ophthalmopathy, benign or malignant orbital tumors, metastatic lesions, tumors arising from the adjacent paranasal sinuses or middle cranial fossa, giant pituitary adenomas, brain tumors or abscesses, cerebral trauma or hemorrhage, meningitis, arachnoidal adhesions, pseudotumor cerebri, cavernous sinus thrombosis, dural sinus thrombosis, encephalitis, space-occupying brain lesions, severe hypertensive disease or pulmonary emphysema. Excerpt(s): The present invention is in the field of human transplantation and more particularly in the field of intraocular and intracranial transplantation of specially treated human cells which reestablish neuronal connections between the retina and the ocular cortex, which neurons having been damaged by glaucoma or other compressioncausing injuries and diseases. Glaucoma is the occurrence of elevated intraocular pressure which causes progressive blindness in the form of gradual loss of peripheral fields of vision. It is an important cause of blindness and occurs in 1-2% of individuals over the age of 60. Often the disease is asymptomatic, as the patient painlessly and gradually loses vision. Before a diagnosis is made, the patient may have lost half of the one million optic nerve fibers in one eye. Today, intervention is focused on early detection, which depends on a routine eye examination which includes intraocular pressure measurement (tonometry), funduscropy with attention to the optic disc appearance, and visual field testing. In the normal eye, the optic cups are symmetric and the neural rim is pink. In glaucoma, either localized notching or generalized enlargement of the optic cup can be seen. The rim, although thinned, remains pink until late in the disease. The central optic cup diameter can be compared with the diameter of the disc. The ratio of the horizontal and vertical dimensions can be recorded. The normal cup-disc ratio is less than 0.2 to 0.3. Vertical disparity in one or both eyes is an early sign of glaucoma. Glaucoma is often asymmetric. The finding of asymmetry of the cup-disc ratio implies glaucoma. Early in the disease, visual field loss may include nonspecific constriction and small paracentral scotomas. Eventually, the arcuate nerve fiber bundle defects develop with a characteristic nasal step: The arcuate bundle defect extends to the nasal horizontal raphe to form a step-like configuration on kinetic visual field testing. The papillomacular bundle and vision are spared until late in the disease (HARRISON'S PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, 13.sup.th ed. Ed. By Isselbacher, Braunwald, Wilson, Martin, Fauci and Kasper. McGraw-Hill, New York City, 1996. Pp. 104-6). Intraocular pressure reflects the balance between the production and outflow of aqueous humor. The normal range for measurements by applanation tonometry (the

Patents 73

tonometer applanates the corneal surface) is 2.09.+-.2.5 mmHg. Another method of measuring intraocular pressure is briefly indenting the cornea with a Schiotz tonometer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06162428__ •

Method of diagnosing and treating gliomas Inventor(s): Sontheimer; Harald W. (Birmingham, AL), Ullrich; Nicole (Fairfield, CT) Assignee(s): UAB Research Foundation (Birmingham, AL) Patent Number: 5,905,027 Date filed: December 26, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides a recombinant toxin and monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to glial-derived or meningioma-derived tumor cells. Also provided are various methods of screening for malignant gliomas and meningiomas. Further provided are methods of treating malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme and astrocytomas. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of cell physiology, neurology and neuro-oncology. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel method of diagnosing and treating gliomas and meningiomas. Glial cells comprise a large proportion of the total cell population in the CNS. Unlike neurons, glial cells retain the ability to proliferate postnatally, and some glial cells still proliferate in the adult or aged brain. Uncontrolled glial proliferation can lead to aggressive primary intracranial tumors, the vast majority of which are astrocytomas, and therefore, of glial origin. Tumors of astrocytic origin vary widely in morphology and behavior, and, according to the 1993 WHO classification schema, can be separated into three subsets. Astrocytomas, the lowest grade tumors, are generally well-differentiated and tend to grow slowly. Anaplastic astrocytomas are characterized by increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and increased mitotic activity. They are intermediate grade tumors and show a tendency to progress to a more aggressive grade. Glioblastomas are considered the most aggressive, with poorly differentiated cells, vascular proliferation, and necrosis. Due to the common morphological heterogeneity of cells within a single tumor, such classification is not clear-cut and is somewhat unsatisfactory. The term "astrocyte-derived tumors" as used herein refers to astrocytomas. Meningiomas are tumor originating in the meninges. Significant progress has been made in identifying physiologically important growth factors, receptors, and signal transduction pathways that control normal and malignant cell proliferation. It is now commonly accepted that growth factor binding leads to activation of oncogenes such as the ras/raf pathway, and ras in turn regulates gene expression through at least two mitogen-activated protein kinases. Interestingly, the ras/raf pathway is in crosstalk with the cAMP signaling cascade which is activated by numerous hormones and neurotransmitters. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05905027__

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Patent Applications on Meningioma As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to meningioma: •

GPCR diagnostic for brain cancer Inventor(s): Au-Young, Janice; (Brisbane, CA), Cheng, Muzong; (Oakland, CA), Guegler, Karl J.; (Menlo Park, CA) Correspondence: Incyte Corporation (formerly Known AS Incyte; Genomics, INC.); 3160 Porter Drive; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20030165989 Date filed: March 18, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a chemokine receptor-like protein, a cDNA encoding the protein and an antibody which specifically binds the protein. It also provides for the use of the cDNA, protein, and antibodies in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and evaluation of therapies for infection, inflammation and cancer, particularly meningioma of the brain. The invention further provides vectors and host cells for the production of the protein and transgenic model systems. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/848,889, filed 3 May 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/392,076, filed 8 Sep. 1999, which was a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,303, issued 21 Sep. 1999, which matured from U.S. Ser. No. 08/812,871, filed 6 Mar. 1997. This invention relates to a human chemokine receptor-like protein, encoding cDNA, an antibody which specifically binds the protein, and to the use of these molecules in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and evaluation of therapies for infection, inflammation, and cancer. Phylogenetic relationships among organisms have been demonstrated many times, and studies from a diversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms suggest a more or less gradual evolution of molecules, biochemical and physiological mechanisms, and metabolic pathways. Despite different evolutionary pressures, the proteins of nematode, fly, rat, and man have common chemical and structural features and generally perform the same cellular function. Comparisons of the nucleic acid and protein sequences from organisms where structure and/or function are known accelerate the investigation of human sequences and allow the development of model systems for testing diagnostic and therapeutic agents for human conditions, diseases, and disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method For Radical Removal of Parasagittal Meningioma Inventor(s): Svadovskiy , Aleksandr Igorevich; ( Moscow, RU) Correspondence: None Reported Patent Application Number: 20030105507 Date filed: November 25, 2002

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: The present invention relates to medicine and more particularly to neurosurgery, and can be used in the operative treatment of patients with parasagittal meningiomas. The present invention is directed to the provision of radical removal of a parasagittal meningioma, restoring and securing natural blood flow, obviating recurrent parasagittal meningioma. The object is accomplished by that semicircular incisions of the dura mater circumscribing the tumor contour are made toward the base of the upper sagittal sinus, the tumor is removed as a single block together with a segment of the upper sagittal sinus and a portion of the falx cerebri, whereafter the removed segment of the upper sagittal sinus is replaced with an implant prosthesis ensuring physiological blood flow. The prosthesis is a cynlindrical tubular member in which the end parts are provided with smooth, curvilinear, gently sloping bevels made on its internal generating surface or on both internal and external surfaces thereof. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation application claiming the benefit of prior filed Russian application, serial number RU 2001/132542, filed December 3, 2001. The present invention relates to medicine and more particularly to neurosurgery, and can be used in the operative treatment of patients with parasagittal meningiomas. Parasagittal meningiomas (PSM) are a kind of meningioma whose initial growth point is, as a rule, a side wall of the upper sagittal sinus (USS), less frequently the tumor is anatomically connected with the falx cerebri. PSMs constitute about one half of all meningiomas. Usually PSM grows with the node outwards from the wall of the sinus, crushing the adjacent brain but not growing through it. Another direction of the PSM growth is the USS lumen till the latter becomes completely obturated and the tumor extends to the opposite side. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel method of diagnosing and treating gliomas Inventor(s): Sontheimer, Harald W.; (Birmingham, AL), Ullrich, Nicole; (Fairfield, CT) Correspondence: Morgan Lewis & Bockius Llp; 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020065216 Date filed: October 4, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a recombinant toxin and monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to glial-derived or meningioma-derived tumor cells. Also provided are various methods of screening for malignant gliomas and meningiomas. Further provided are methods of treating malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme and astrocytomas. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of cell physiology, neurology and neuro-oncology. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel method of diagnosing and treating gliomas and meningiomas. Glial cells comprise a large proportion of the total cell population in the CNS. Unlike neurons, glial cells retain the ability to proliferate postnatally, and some glial cells still proliferate in the adult or aged brain. Uncontrolled glial proliferation can lead to aggressive primary intracranial tumors, the vast majority of which are astrocytomas, and therefore, of glial origin. Tumors of astrocytic origin vary widely in morphology and behavior, and, according to the 1993 WHO classification schema, can be separated into three subsets. Astrocytomas, the lowest grade tumors, are generally well-differentiated and tend to grow slowly. Anaplastic astrocytomas are characterized by increased cellularity, nuclear

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pleomorphism, and increased mitotic activity. They are intermediate grade tumors and show a tendency to progress to a more aggressive grade. Glioblastomas are considered the most aggressive, with poorly differentiated cells, vascular proliferation, and necrosis. Due to the common morphological heterogeneity of cells within a single tumor, such classification is not clear-cut and is somewhat unsatisfactory. The term "astrocyte-derived tumors" as used herein refers to astrocytomas. Meningiomas are tumor originating in the meninges. Significant progress has been made in identifying physiologically important growth factors, receptors, and signal transduction pathways that control normal and malignant cell proliferation. It is now commonly accepted that growth factor binding leads to activation of oncogenes such as the ras/raf pathway, and ras in turn regulates gene expression through at least two mitogen-activated. protein kinases. Interestingly, the ras/raf pathway is in crosstalk with the cAMP signaling cascade which is activated by numerous hormones and neurotransmitters. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with meningioma, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on meningioma. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning meningioma. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON MENINGIOMA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to meningioma. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on meningioma include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “meningioma” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “meningioma” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “meningioma” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Modern Neurosurgery of Meningiomas and Pituitary Adenomas (Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplementum, 65) by Rudolf Fahlbusch; ISBN: 321182779X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/321182779X/icongroupinterna

•

Operative Atlas of Meningiomas (Books) by Ossama, Md. Al-Mefty; ISBN: 078170152X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078170152X/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”

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From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Choroid plexus meningiomas of the lateral ventricle. Author: Ladenheim, Jules C. (Jules Calvin), 1923-; Year: 1963

Chapters on Meningioma In order to find chapters that specifically relate to meningioma, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and meningioma using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on meningioma: •

Neurofibromatosis Type II Source: in Martini, A.; Read, A.; Stephens, D., eds. Genetics and Hearing Impairment. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1996. p. 172-179. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $54.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937929. Summary: Neurofibromatosis type II (NF2) is a dominantly inherited disorder which predisposes affected individuals to the development of vestibular Schwannomas (usually bilateral), Schwannomas of the other cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves, meningiomas both intracranial (including on the optic nerve) and intraspinal, and some low grade central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. This chapter on neurofibromatosis type II (NF2) is from a book that offers an overview of genetic hearing loss for audiologists, otolaryngologists, and clinical geneticists. Topics include epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, hearing loss, genetics, modifying factors, and future possibility. The majority of cases of NF2 present with symptoms attributable to vestibular Schwannoma, such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ears) and imbalance or vertigo (spinning sensation). Surgical intervention is still the mainstay of management for patients with NF2. Patient classification may play an important role in treatment choices, as some patients experience relative benign disease courses, with hearing preserved until late in life. The great majority of patients with NF2 will become totally deaf, however. The author encourages patients to investigate other means of communicating (speechreading, sign language), preferably before hearing loss happens. 2 figures. 2 tables.

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

•

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Disorders of Hearing in Adults Source: in Wall, L.G., ed. Hearing for the Speech-Language Pathologist and Health Care Professional. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1995. p. 71-102. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, P.O. Box 4500, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (617) 928-2500; Fax (617) 933-6333. PRICE: $45.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0750695269. Summary: This chapter on adult hearing disorders acquaints speech-language pathologists, educators, and health care professionals with hearing disorders and health problems that place adults at risk for hearing loss. Each disorder is described and the suggested management options are discussed; the location of the disorder within the auditory system is defined; and the type of hearing loss, conductive or sensorineural, associated with the disorder is discussed. Disorders covered include outer ear disorders, including atresia, stenosis, cerumen occlusion, ceruminoma, perforation of the tympanic membrane, tympanosclerosis, and otitis externa; middle ear disorders, including otitis media, glomus tumor, otic barotrauma, and otosclerosis; and cochlear and retrocochlear disorders, including vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma), meningiomas, traumatic fractures, and concussion. Other topics covered include the audiologic test results to expect with fractures, concussion, Meniere's disease, multiple sclerosis, noiseinduced hearing loss, ototoxicity, presbycusis, sudden hearing loss, and sickle cell anemia. 61 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MENINGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover meningioma.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on meningioma is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to meningioma. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “meningioma” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for meningioma: •

Israeli epidemic of benign meningioma linked to head irradiation for tinea Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 11, 2000

•

Association between meningioma and colorectal cancer detected Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 05, 2000

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•

Recurrent Meningiomas May Respond To Interferon Therapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 1997

•

Cavernous Sinus Meningiomas Respond Well To Resection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 25, 1996

•

Cranial Base Meningiomas Have High Rate Of Recurrence Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 28, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “meningioma” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to meningioma, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “meningioma” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Meningioma Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to meningioma. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering meningioma that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 12969 65 48 2 32 13116

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “meningioma” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on meningioma can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to meningioma. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to meningioma. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “meningioma”:

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Acoustic Neuroma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acousticneuroma.html Benign Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/benigntumors.html Brain Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braincancer.html Brain Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html Head and Brain Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbraininjuries.html Meningitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/meningitis.html Neurofibromatosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurofibromatosis.html Spinal Cord Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcorddiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to meningioma. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on meningioma can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to meningioma. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with meningioma. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about meningioma. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “meningioma” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “meningioma”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “meningioma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “meningioma” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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MENINGIOMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a

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synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH]

Dictionary 107

Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplastic: A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angioma: A tumor composed of lymphatic or blood vessels. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.

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Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to

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strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory nerve: The eight cranial nerve; also called vestibulocochlear nerve or acoustic nerve. [NIH] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Balloon Occlusion: Use of a balloon catheter to block the flow of blood through an artery or vein. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Barotrauma: Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of

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fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Conduction: Sound transmission through the bones of the skull to the inner ear. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or

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animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Butyrylcholinesterase: An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU]

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Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellopontine: Going from the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement) to the pons (part of the central nervous system located near the base of the brain.) [NIH] Cerebellopontine Angle: Junction between the cerebellum and the pons. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH]

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Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerumen: The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chordoma: A type of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spinal column. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with

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hearing. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH]

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Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]

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Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Irradiation: The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU]

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Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy;

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superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections;

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Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endolymphatic Duct: Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous labyrinth. [NIH] Endolymphatic Sac: The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ependymomas: Brain tumors that usually begin in the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymomas may also develop in the cells lining the ventricles of the brain, which produce and store the special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and spinal cord. Also called ependymal tumors. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local

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anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain.

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Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Falx: Name applied to any structure comparable to a sickle in shape. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]

Gamma knife: Radiation therapy in which high-energy rays are aimed at a tumor from many angles in a single treatment session. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]

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Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genes, Neurofibromatosis 2: Tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 22. Mutation or loss of these genes causes neurofibromatosis 2. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glioblastoma multiforme: A type of brain tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain. It grows very quickly and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Also called grade IV astrocytoma. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the

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stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Hearing Loss, Conductive: Hearing loss due to interference with the acoustic transmission of sound to the cochlea. The interference is in the outer or middle ear. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the

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prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH]

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Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hyperostosis: Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU]

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In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol Phosphates: Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is phytic acid. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood

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glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intracranial tumors: Tumors that occur in the brain. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intrathecal chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that are injected into the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques.

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[EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iodine-131: Radioactive isotope of iodine. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU]

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Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locoregional: The characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, .) [EU] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH]

Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]

Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Medulloblastoma: A malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the brain and can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET). [NIH] Megestrol: 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer. [NIH] Megestrol Acetate: A drug that belongs to the group of hormones called progestins, used as hormone therapy to block estrogen and to suppress the effects of estrogen and androgens. [NIH]

Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH]

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Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microfilaments: The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinases. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily. EC 2.7.10.- [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of protein-serine-threonine kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP kinase kinase kinases). Families of these mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) (also known as c-jun terminal kinases (JNKs)), and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases. EC 2,7,1.- [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]

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Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH]

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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurofibromatosis 2: An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (genes, neurofibromatosis 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH]

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Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU]

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Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteogenic sarcoma: A malignant tumor of the bone. Also called osteosarcoma. [NIH]

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Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Outer ear: The pinna and external meatus of the ear. [NIH] Overall survival: The percentage of subjects in a study who have survived for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Often called the survival rate. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease.

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[NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and

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teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilocytic: Made up of cells that look like fibers when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH]

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Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of

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health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presbycusis: Progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged. Syn: senile deafness. [NIH] Primitive neuroectodermal tumors: PNET. A type of bone cancer that forms in the middle (shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prolactinoma: A pituitary adenoma which secretes prolactin, leading to hyperprolactinemia. Clinical manifestations include amenorrhea; galactorrhea; impotence; headache; visual disturbances; and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. [NIH] Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol

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esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.10. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psammoma bodies: Structures found in some benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor cells that look like hardened concentric rings when viewed under a microscope. Can be a sign of chronic inflammation. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Emphysema: Condition of the lungs characterized by increase beyond normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

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Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyrogenic: Inducing fever. [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and

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causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Resected: Surgical removal of part of an organ. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner

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plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrocochlear: Hearing loss in which the air conduction threshold and the bone conduction threshold have risen almost equally with no gap between them. In such cases the defect is usually either in the cochlea of the inner ear or in the central pathways. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rhombencephalon: That part of the brain stem constituting the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) and pons (metencephalon). [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main

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body of the chromosome. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotic: Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye; the sclera; hard, indurated or sclerosed. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Sellae: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the

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one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Iodide: Sodium iodide (NaI). A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function determinants. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In

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taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side. [NIH] Sphenoidal: Relating or belonging to the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and

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peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supratentorial: Located in the upper part of the brain. [NIH] Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the

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skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make

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permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonometer: For testing the intra-ocular tension. [NIH] Tonometry: The standard to determine the fluid pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure). [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH]

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Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unresectable: Unable to be surgically removed. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

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Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasogenic: Acute peripheral circulatory failure due to loss of capillary tone associated with a reduced circulating blood volume. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the

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tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vital Statistics: Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]

155

INDEX A Ablation, 105, 125 Accommodation, 105, 134 Acetylcholine, 58, 105, 113, 133 Acidity, 105, 137 Acne, 105, 128 Acne Vulgaris, 105, 128 Acoustic, 45, 79, 94, 105, 109, 123, 133, 152 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 38, 105 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 105 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 105 Acute myeloid leukemia, 65, 105 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 105 Adenocarcinoma, 11, 26, 44, 105 Adenoma, 15, 53, 105, 138, 140 Adenylate Cyclase, 59, 105 Adhesions, 72, 105 Adrenal Cortex, 105, 140 Adrenergic, 105, 117, 119, 148 Adverse Effect, 5, 106, 128, 145 Afferent, 106, 135, 138 Affinity, 58, 106, 108, 146 Agar, 106, 138 Ageing, 29, 43, 64, 106 Aggressiveness, 44, 106 Agonist, 106, 111, 117 Algorithms, 106, 110 Alkylating Agents, 11, 106 Alleles, 106, 129 Alpha Particles, 106, 142 Alternative medicine, 82, 106 Alveoli, 106, 141 Amenorrhea, 106, 140 Amino acid, 107, 122, 137, 139, 141, 145, 147, 151 Amino Acid Sequence, 107, 122 Amyloid, 34, 107 Anaesthesia, 107, 126 Analog, 107, 121, 134 Anaplastic, 4, 12, 35, 65, 73, 75, 107 Anatomical, 107, 108, 125, 145 Androgens, 105, 107, 130 Anemia, 79, 107 Aneurysm, 15, 107 Angiogenesis, 11, 58, 107 Angioma, 23, 107 Antibodies, 6, 74, 107, 123, 124, 125, 132, 139, 142

Antibody, 6, 35, 73, 74, 75, 106, 107, 114, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 132, 142, 147, 153 Antigen, 106, 107, 114, 124, 125, 126, 140 Anti-infective, 108, 128 Antimetabolite, 108, 111, 121 Antineoplastic, 106, 108, 111, 121, 125, 148, 152 Antineoplastic Agents, 106, 108, 152 Antiproliferative, 66, 108 Antiviral, 108, 111, 127 Anus, 108, 114 Aorta, 108, 152 Aponeurosis, 108, 121 Aqueous, 72, 108, 113, 116, 128 Aqueous humor, 72, 108, 113 Arterial, 33, 40, 108, 115, 125, 141, 148 Arteries, 108, 109, 110, 115, 131 Arteriovenous, 23, 108 Arteriovenous Fistula, 23, 108 Artery, 15, 25, 107, 108, 109, 115, 118, 141, 144 Ascites, 108, 134 Aspiration, 28, 108 Assay, 9, 108 Astrocytes, 108 Astrocytoma, 4, 51, 53, 108, 122 Asymptomatic, 72, 108 Atresia, 79, 108, 115 Atrium, 108, 115, 152 Attenuated, 5, 54, 108, 151 Atypical, 12, 14, 15, 26, 32, 34, 40, 49, 51, 108 Auditory, 27, 43, 49, 53, 64, 65, 79, 109, 120, 123, 130, 151 Auditory nerve, 109, 130 Aural, 23, 24, 109 Autoimmune disease, 109, 132 Autonomic, 105, 109, 122, 134, 137, 148 Axons, 109, 135, 137, 143 B Bacteria, 107, 109, 118, 131, 150, 151 Bacteriophage, 109, 138, 150 Balloon Occlusion, 25, 109 Barbiturate, 109, 149 Barotrauma, 79, 109 Basal cell carcinoma, 13, 51, 109 Basal cells, 109 Basal Ganglia, 109, 121, 122, 125

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Basement Membrane, 109, 120 Basilar Artery, 109, 130 Benign tumor, 9, 109, 129 Beta-pleated, 107, 109 Bilateral, 13, 17, 43, 78, 109, 133, 140 Bile, 109, 129, 147 Binding Sites, 66, 110 Biochemical, 4, 9, 17, 74, 106, 108, 110 Biological therapy, 110, 123 Biological Transport, 110, 117 Biopsy, 28, 110, 120 Biotechnology, 12, 78, 82, 89, 110 Biotransformation, 110 Bladder, 110, 132, 151 Blood pressure, 110, 125, 132, 146 Blood vessel, 107, 110, 115, 119, 123, 130, 137, 146, 149, 151, 152 Blood Volume, 11, 110, 152 Blood-Brain Barrier, 11, 110 Body Fluids, 110, 118, 146 Bone Conduction, 110, 144 Bone Marrow, 65, 105, 110, 122, 129, 132, 146 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 65, 110 Bowel, 111, 127, 134 Brachytherapy, 17, 51, 111, 127, 128, 142, 153 Brain Stem, 111, 112, 144, 151 Bromodeoxyuridine, 5, 111 Bronchioles, 106, 111, 141 Buccal, 8, 111, 129 Butyrylcholinesterase, 17, 111 C Capillary, 111, 144, 152 Carbachol, 58, 111 Carboplatin, 11, 111 Carcinogenic, 106, 111, 126, 147 Carcinogens, 22, 111, 135 Carcinoma, 18, 41, 50, 53, 111 Cardiac, 111, 115, 119, 132, 147 Carotene, 111, 143 Catecholamine, 111, 117 Catheter, 109, 111 Cauda Equina, 53, 111 Caudal, 111, 125, 139 Causal, 22, 111 Cavernous Sinus, 14, 27, 59, 72, 82, 112 Cell Adhesion, 59, 112 Cell Cycle, 8, 59, 112, 140 Cell Death, 112, 132 Cell Division, 109, 112, 116, 123, 131, 138 Cell Physiology, 73, 75, 112

Cell proliferation, 5, 41, 52, 59, 73, 76, 112 Cell Survival, 112, 123 Central Nervous System, 5, 10, 78, 105, 112, 120, 121, 122, 123, 132, 135, 139 Central Nervous System Infections, 112, 123 Cerebellar, 25, 51, 53, 58, 112, 150 Cerebellopontine, 17, 19, 33, 45, 65, 112 Cerebellopontine Angle, 17, 19, 33, 45, 65, 112 Cerebellum, 112, 116, 121, 139 Cerebral Aqueduct, 112, 121 Cerebral Cortex, 112, 121 Cerebral hemispheres, 109, 111, 112, 113, 122 Cerebrospinal, 49, 112, 119, 140, 145 Cerebrospinal fluid, 49, 112, 119, 140, 145 Cerebrum, 112, 113, 116, 151 Cerumen, 79, 113 Cervical, 50, 54, 113 Cervix, 113 Chemotherapeutic agent, 11, 113 Chemotherapy, 35, 59, 66, 113 Chiropractic, 65, 113 Cholesterol, 109, 113, 147 Cholinergic, 111, 113 Chordoma, 18, 113 Choroid, 19, 49, 78, 113, 143 Chromosomal, 113, 144 Chromosome, 10, 12, 15, 22, 24, 29, 30, 34, 35, 41, 45, 69, 113, 122, 128, 129, 133, 145, 150 Chromosome Aberrations, 35, 113 Chronic, 17, 105, 113, 126, 141, 147 Ciliary, 38, 108, 113, 134 Ciliary processes, 108, 113 CIS, 113, 143 Clinical trial, 3, 7, 10, 89, 113, 141, 142 Cloning, 4, 110, 113 Cochlea, 113, 123, 126, 144 Cochlear, 79, 113, 149, 152 Cochlear Diseases, 113, 149 Cofactor, 114, 141 Colon, 114, 128 Colorectal, 81, 114 Colorectal Cancer, 81, 114 Complement, 114, 122, 128 Complementary and alternative medicine, 63, 67, 114 Complementary medicine, 63, 114 Computational Biology, 89, 114 Concentric, 114, 141

157

Concomitant, 23, 115 Conduction, 115, 144 Cones, 115, 138, 143 Congestion, 23, 115 Conjugated, 115, 116 Conjunctiva, 115, 151 Connective Tissue, 110, 115, 121, 129, 130, 137, 144, 149 Constriction, 72, 115, 134, 141, 144 Contraceptive, 115, 130 Contraindications, ii, 115 Contrast Sensitivity, 115, 135 Convulsions, 109, 115, 118 Coordination, 8, 10, 112, 115, 132 Cor, 115, 125 Cornea, 73, 108, 115, 145 Coronary, 115, 131 Coronary Thrombosis, 115, 131 Corpus, 116, 140, 153 Corpus Luteum, 116, 140 Cortex, 72, 116, 120 Cortical, 8, 116, 145 Cortices, 6, 116, 123 Cranial, 23, 24, 31, 35, 44, 48, 51, 72, 78, 82, 109, 112, 116, 122, 123, 127, 130, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 147, 151, 152 Cranial Irradiation, 51, 116 Craniocerebral Trauma, 116, 123, 149 Curative, 116, 149 Cutaneous, 20, 28, 47, 59, 116, 129 Cyclic, 105, 116, 138, 145 Cyst, 32, 116 Cytochrome, 7, 116 Cytogenetics, 15, 34, 39, 51, 116, 144 Cytokine, 116, 149 Cytoplasm, 116, 119, 132 Cytoskeleton, 9, 116, 131 Cytotoxic, 58, 63, 65, 116, 142 D Data Collection, 8, 116 Degenerative, 116, 144 Deletion, 21, 22, 31, 117, 129 Dendrites, 117, 133 Density, 11, 117, 135 Dermal, 14, 117 Diabetes Mellitus, 117, 124, 134 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 82, 117 Dialyzer, 117, 124 Diastolic, 117, 125 Diethylcarbamazine, 117, 148 Diffusion, 6, 18, 22, 110, 117 Digestion, 109, 111, 117, 127, 129, 147

Direct, iii, 9, 117, 137, 143, 148 Disparity, 72, 117 Dissection, 55, 117 Dissociation, 106, 117 Distal, 117, 141 Dizziness, 117, 152 Dopamine, 58, 117, 133 Dorsal, 5, 22, 117, 139, 147 Dorsum, 117, 118, 121 Dosimetry, 6, 118 Drug Interactions, 118 Duct, 118, 119, 147, 148 Dura mater, 22, 75, 112, 118, 130, 136 Dyes, 107, 118 Dysplasia, 27, 118 E Eclampsia, 20, 118 Edema, 20, 52, 118, 127, 134 Effector, 11, 105, 114, 118 Effector cell, 118 Efficacy, 5, 6, 11, 39, 118, 150 Electrolyte, 118, 146 Electrons, 118, 128, 136, 142 Emboli, 25, 33, 40, 118 Embolization, 25, 33, 40, 118 Embryo, 118, 126, 139 Encapsulated, 39, 118 Encephalitis, 72, 118 Encephalitis, Viral, 118 Endemic, 119, 147 Endogenous, 117, 119 Endolymphatic Duct, 119 Endolymphatic Sac, 26, 119 Endothelial cell, 9, 110, 119 Endotoxins, 114, 119, 128 Environmental Exposure, 119, 135 Environmental Health, 88, 90, 119 Enzymatic, 107, 111, 114, 119, 143 Enzyme, 105, 118, 119, 122, 140, 144, 148, 150, 153 Ependymomas, 119, 133 Epidemic, 81, 119, 147 Epidermal, 24, 25, 58, 119 Epidermal Growth Factor, 24, 58, 119 Epidermis, 109, 119, 142 Epidural, 16, 119, 127 Epinephrine, 105, 117, 119, 133, 134, 151 Epithelial, 105, 110, 119, 120, 136 Epithelial Cells, 119, 120 Erythrocyte Volume, 110, 120 Erythrocytes, 107, 110, 120 Esophagus, 108, 120, 147

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Estrogen, 55, 66, 120, 130, 140 Estrogen receptor, 55, 120 Eukaryotic Cells, 120, 126 Eustachian tube, 109, 120 Evoked Potentials, 64, 120 Excisional, 4, 120 Exogenous, 110, 119, 120 Exophthalmos, 120, 140 Expectorant, 120, 146 External-beam radiation, 120, 128, 142, 153 Extracellular, 59, 63, 107, 108, 115, 120, 121, 131, 146, 149 Extracellular Matrix, 59, 115, 120, 121 Extracellular Space, 120 Extrapyramidal, 117, 120 Extravasation, 11, 120, 123 F Facial, 23, 27, 120, 130 Facial Pain, 23, 120 Falx, 24, 36, 38, 75, 121 Family Planning, 89, 121 Fat, 110, 111, 115, 118, 121, 129, 132, 146 Fibroblasts, 121, 127 Fibrosis, 121, 145 Fissure, 21, 121 Fistula, 121, 134 Fluorescence, 29, 35, 121 Fluorouracil, 60, 121 Fold, 6, 121 Foramen, 23, 29, 38, 40, 43, 48, 65, 121, 130, 137 Fossa, 19, 23, 25, 26, 47, 72, 112, 121 Fourth Ventricle, 19, 112, 121 G Gamma knife, 30, 37, 49, 121 Gamma Rays, 121, 142 Ganglia, 6, 105, 121, 133, 137, 148 Ganglion, 5, 30, 72, 121, 134, 143, 151, 152 Gas, 117, 121, 124 Gastric, 119, 121 Gastrin, 122, 124 Gastrointestinal, 119, 122, 146, 148 Gastrointestinal tract, 122, 146 Gene, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 30, 31, 73, 76, 78, 106, 110, 122, 133, 135, 146 Gene Expression, 4, 73, 76, 122, 146 Gene Therapy, 9, 122 Genes, Neurofibromatosis 2, 122, 133 Genetic Code, 122, 134 Genetic Engineering, 110, 113, 122

Genetics, 8, 15, 31, 34, 39, 43, 51, 78, 116, 122 Gestures, 122, 146 Gland, 105, 120, 122, 129, 136, 138, 145, 147, 148, 149 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, 27, 122 Glioblastoma, 4, 5, 25, 27, 32, 73, 75, 122 Glioblastoma multiforme, 4, 73, 75, 122 Glioma, 4, 11, 20, 22, 46, 72, 122 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 121, 122 Glucose, 117, 123, 124, 126, 127, 144 Gonadal, 123, 147 Governing Board, 123, 139 Grade, 4, 11, 20, 26, 73, 75, 78, 122, 123 Graft, 33, 123 Grafting, 123, 125 Growth factors, 6, 24, 45, 59, 73, 76, 123 H Haematoma, 14, 123 Haemorrhage, 32, 66, 123 Haptens, 106, 123 Headache, 47, 55, 123, 138, 140 Headache Disorders, 123 Hearing Disorders, 79, 123 Hearing Loss, Conductive, 79, 123 Heart failure, 123, 134 Hematology, 7, 123 Hematoma, 17, 27, 123 Heme, 116, 123 Hemodialysis, 30, 117, 124 Hemoglobin, 107, 120, 123, 124 Hemoglobinopathies, 122, 124 Hemorrhage, 37, 47, 51, 72, 116, 123, 124, 138, 142 Hereditary, 8, 124 Heredity, 105, 122, 124 Herpes, 5, 9, 124 Herpes Zoster, 124 Heterogeneity, 4, 44, 73, 76, 106, 124 Homologous, 106, 122, 124, 150 Hormonal, 42, 124 Hormone, 41, 42, 50, 119, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 145, 146, 149 Hormone therapy, 42, 124, 130 Hybrid, 9, 124 Hybridomas, 124, 127 Hydrogen, 105, 124, 132, 134, 136, 137, 141 Hydroxyurea, 35, 43, 125 Hyperostosis, 35, 47, 125 Hyperplasia, 5, 53, 125 Hypertension, 40, 115, 125, 127, 134, 140

159

Hypertrophy, 115, 125 Hypnotic, 109, 125, 149 Hypokinesia, 125, 136 Hypopituitarism, 58, 125 Hypothalamus, 125, 138, 146 I Illusion, 125, 152 Immune response, 5, 107, 109, 123, 125, 148, 152, 153 Immune system, 5, 110, 118, 125, 132, 153 Immunoglobulin, 107, 125, 132 Immunohistochemistry, 5, 125 Immunologic, 125, 142 Immunology, 106, 125 Immunosuppressant, 106, 121, 125 Impairment, 13, 78, 125 Implant radiation, 125, 127, 128, 142, 153 Implantation, 32, 125 Impotence, 125, 140 In situ, 5, 29, 35, 41, 125 In Situ Hybridization, 29, 35, 41, 126 In vitro, 4, 7, 41, 60, 122, 126, 149 In vivo, 6, 9, 25, 34, 122, 126 Incision, 126, 127 Induction, 32, 107, 126, 140, 142 Infarction, 115, 125, 126, 131 Infection, 74, 110, 113, 118, 126, 129, 147, 151, 153 Inflammation, 74, 105, 113, 118, 121, 124, 126, 130, 133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144 Infusion, 5, 126 Initiation, 9, 126 Inner ear, 110, 113, 126, 144 Inositol, 58, 126, 145 Inositol Phosphates, 58, 126 Inotropic, 117, 126 Insight, 8, 126 Insulator, 126, 132 Insulin, 30, 58, 126, 127 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 126 Insulin-like, 30, 58, 127 Interferon, 60, 82, 127, 129 Interferon-alpha, 60, 127 Interleukin-6, 59, 127 Intermediate Filaments, 66, 127 Internal radiation, 127, 128, 142, 153 Interstitial, 111, 120, 127, 128, 153 Intestine, 111, 114, 127, 128 Intracellular, 126, 127, 145 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 127, 138 Intracranial Hypertension, 123, 127, 138, 149

Intracranial Pressure, 127, 141 Intracranial tumors, 16, 73, 75, 127, 133 Intraocular, 72, 127, 150 Intraocular pressure, 72, 127, 150 Intrathecal, 6, 127 Intrathecal chemotherapy, 6, 127 Intravenous, 126, 127 Intrinsic, 106, 109, 127 Invasive, 18, 127, 129 Iodine, 6, 17, 128, 146 Iodine-131, 6, 128 Ion Channels, 108, 128 Ionizing, 106, 119, 128, 142 Ipsilateral, 23, 128 Iris, 115, 128, 142 Irradiation, 6, 16, 28, 81, 128, 153 Isotretinoin, 59, 128 K Karyotype, 29, 128 Kb, 88, 128 Keto, 58, 63, 65, 128 Kinetic, 72, 128 L Labyrinth, 113, 119, 126, 128, 136, 152 Large Intestine, 114, 127, 128, 143, 146 Latency, 16, 128 Lens, 108, 128, 153 Lesion, 48, 128, 129 Lethal, 4, 128 Leukemia, 66, 122, 129 Leukocytes, 110, 127, 129, 132, 151 Linkage, 8, 9, 129 Lipid, 64, 126, 128, 129, 132 Lipoma, 42, 129 Liver, 9, 33, 109, 129 Localization, 11, 125, 129 Localized, 72, 118, 123, 126, 129, 134, 138 Locoregional, 6, 129 Loop, 59, 129 Loss of Heterozygosity, 8, 10, 129 Lumbar, 31, 111, 129 Lupus, 59, 129 Lymph, 113, 119, 129, 147 Lymph node, 113, 129 Lymphatic, 107, 126, 129, 130, 134, 139, 146 Lymphoblasts, 105, 129 Lymphoid, 107, 129 Lymphoma, 37, 66, 129 Lytic, 54, 129 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 43, 129

160

Meningioma

Malignancy, 26, 39, 52, 120, 129 Malignant meningioma, 5, 17, 22, 50, 51, 58 Mastication, 130, 151 Maxillary, 130, 151 Maxillary Nerve, 130, 151 Meatus, 53, 130, 136, 147, 151 Medial, 15, 130, 135, 144, 147 Mediate, 5, 7, 117, 130 Medical Records, 130, 144 MEDLINE, 89, 130 Medroxyprogesterone, 35, 130 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 35, 130 Medulloblastoma, 28, 130 Megestrol, 39, 130 Megestrol Acetate, 39, 130 Meningeal, 6, 21, 27, 33, 38, 130, 138 Meninges, 6, 9, 73, 76, 112, 116, 118, 130 Meningitis, 72, 94, 130, 138 Mesenchymal, 119, 130 Metaplasia, 40, 130 Metastasis, 6, 24, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 131 Metastatic, 18, 34, 44, 49, 72, 125, 131, 145 MI, 17, 28, 65, 103, 131 Microbe, 131, 150 Microbiology, 108, 131 Microfilaments, 127, 131 Microorganism, 114, 131, 153 Microtubules, 127, 131 Millimeter, 6, 131 Mitochondrial Swelling, 131, 132 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, 131 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, 73, 131 Mitosis, 131, 146 Mitotic, 73, 76, 131, 152 Modeling, 6, 131 Modification, 107, 122, 131, 142 Molecular, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 26, 31, 44, 55, 89, 91, 110, 114, 116, 131, 140, 150, 151 Molecule, 6, 107, 110, 114, 117, 118, 124, 132, 136, 142, 148, 150, 152 Monitor, 11, 132, 134 Monoclonal, 6, 35, 73, 75, 124, 128, 132, 142, 153 Monoclonal antibodies, 6, 132 Monocytes, 127, 129, 132, 149 Morphological, 26, 34, 73, 76, 106, 118, 132 Morphology, 73, 75, 123, 132 Motility, 11, 132 Motor nerve, 132, 134

Mucinous, 121, 132 Mucosa, 129, 132, 140 Multiple sclerosis, 48, 79, 132, 135 Mutagenesis, 4, 132 Mutagenic, 106, 132 Mutagens, 132 Myelin, 132 Myocardium, 131, 132 N Nausea, 132, 141 Necrosis, 26, 59, 73, 76, 122, 126, 131, 132, 138 Neoplasia, 132, 133 Neoplasm, 133, 136, 144, 151 Neoplastic, 11, 21, 121, 124, 129, 133 Nerve, 5, 27, 44, 46, 72, 105, 109, 111, 113, 117, 121, 122, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151, 152 Nerve Growth Factor, 5, 133 Nervous System, 5, 8, 9, 10, 21, 31, 38, 56, 106, 112, 133, 137, 148 Neural, 6, 8, 72, 106, 107, 133 Neuritis, 133, 135, 152 Neurofibromatosis 2, 9, 11, 122, 133 Neurologic, 9, 122, 133 Neuroma, 45, 79, 94, 133 Neuromuscular, 105, 133 Neuromuscular Junction, 105, 133 Neuronal, 72, 133, 137 Neurons, 72, 73, 75, 117, 121, 133, 148, 152 Neuropsychology, 7, 133 Neurotoxicity, 7, 133 Neurotransmitter, 105, 107, 117, 128, 133, 134, 145, 146, 147 Neurotrophins, 6, 133 Neutrons, 106, 128, 134, 142 Norepinephrine, 105, 117, 133, 134 Nuclear, 6, 20, 36, 73, 75, 109, 118, 120, 121, 122, 132, 134, 140, 142, 143 Nuclei, 106, 118, 122, 129, 131, 134, 135, 141, 152 Nucleic acid, 74, 122, 126, 132, 134 Nucleus, 116, 120, 121, 127, 132, 134, 141, 151, 152 O Occipital Lobe, 134, 153 Octreotide, 20, 22, 34, 55, 134 Ocular, 72, 134, 150 Oculomotor, 27, 134 Oculomotor Nerve, 27, 134 Odds Ratio, 134, 143 Oedema, 17, 134, 140

161

Oncogene, 30, 35, 135 Oncology, 10, 13, 14, 16, 20, 30, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49, 50, 52, 66, 73, 75, 135 Opacity, 117, 135 Ophthalmic, 135, 151 Opsin, 135, 143, 144 Optic Chiasm, 125, 135, 138 Optic cup, 72, 135 Optic disc, 72, 135 Optic Nerve, 13, 36, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 72, 78, 135, 136, 141, 143, 145 Optic Nerve Diseases, 135, 141 Optic Neuritis, 14, 135 Orbit, 24, 29, 135 Orbital, 28, 72, 135 Organ Culture, 135, 149 Orofacial, 120, 135 Orthostatic, 134, 135 Ossicles, 135, 136 Osteogenic sarcoma, 135, 136 Osteosarcoma, 12, 66, 135, 136 Otitis, 79, 136 Otitis Media, 79, 136 Otosclerosis, 79, 136 Outer ear, 79, 136 Overall survival, 40, 136 Ovulation, 130, 136 Ovum, 116, 136, 140 Oxidation, 110, 116, 136 P Pachymeningitis, 130, 136 Palliative, 130, 136, 149 Palsies, 136, 138 Pancreas, 126, 136, 146 Papilla, 136 Papillary, 20, 53, 136 Papilledema, 136, 141 Papilloma, 19, 53, 136 Paralysis, 27, 120, 136 Parathyroid, 53, 136, 149 Parathyroid Glands, 136 Parkinsonism, 43, 136 Particle, 33, 136, 150 Pathogenesis, 10, 35, 136 Pathologic, 45, 47, 110, 115, 137 Pelvis, 129, 137, 151 Peptide, 107, 137, 139, 141, 146 Perception, 123, 137 Perforation, 79, 121, 137 Perfusion, 11, 18, 137 Peripheral blood, 127, 137

Peripheral Nerves, 78, 137, 147 Peripheral Nervous System, 133, 136, 137, 145, 146, 148 Peripheral vision, 137, 153 Peritoneal, 108, 134, 137 Peritoneal Cavity, 108, 134, 137 Petechiae, 123, 137 PH, 16, 137 Pharmacokinetic, 137 Pharmacologic, 137, 150 Phospholipids, 121, 126, 137, 140 Phosphorus, 136, 137, 138 Phosphorylation, 63, 131, 138, 141 Phototransduction, 138, 145 Physiologic, 8, 106, 125, 138, 143, 150 Physiology, 41, 123, 138 Phytic Acid, 126, 138 Pigments, 111, 138, 143 Pilocytic, 51, 138 Pituitary Apoplexy, 37, 125, 138 Pituitary Gland, 125, 138, 145 Pituitary Neoplasms, 125, 138 Placenta, 138, 140 Plants, 123, 132, 134, 138, 139, 144, 150 Plaque, 19, 44, 47, 54, 138 Plasma, 107, 110, 124, 138, 139 Plasma cells, 107, 139 Plasma Volume, 110, 139 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 25, 26, 139 Platelets, 139 Platinum, 129, 139 Pleural, 134, 139 Pleural cavity, 134, 139 Plexus, 17, 19, 78, 139 Pneumonia, 115, 139 Pollen, 139, 142 Polymorphism, 12, 139 Polyp, 23, 24, 139 Polypeptide, 107, 119, 139, 140, 146 Polyposis, 114, 139 Pons, 109, 111, 112, 121, 139, 144 Posterior, 19, 23, 25, 26, 47, 56, 109, 112, 113, 117, 118, 123, 128, 134, 135, 136, 139, 145, 147 Postoperative, 52, 139 Practicability, 139, 150 Practice Guidelines, 90, 139 Precursor, 117, 118, 119, 134, 140, 151 Pre-eclamptic, 118, 140 Preoperative, 33, 48, 65, 140 Presbycusis, 79, 140

162

Meningioma

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 130, 140 Progesterone, 24, 40, 46, 59, 66, 130, 140, 147 Progression, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 39, 41, 42, 140 Progressive, 72, 132, 140, 151 Projection, 134, 135, 140 Prolactin, 140 Prolactinoma, 34, 140 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, 32, 140 Prone, 16, 140 Prone Position, 16, 140 Proptosis, 47, 140 Prospective study, 48, 140 Prosthesis, 75, 140 Protein Kinase C, 131, 140 Protein Kinases, 76, 131, 141 Protein S, 4, 74, 78, 110, 122, 141 Proteins, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 74, 107, 114, 127, 132, 137, 138, 140, 141, 151, 152 Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, 131, 141 Protocol, 7, 8, 10, 141 Protons, 106, 124, 128, 141, 142 Psammoma bodies, 64, 141 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 72, 127, 141 Psychic, 141, 145 Psychology, 117, 133, 141 Psychophysiology, 133, 141 Public Policy, 89, 141 Publishing, 12, 78, 94, 141 Pulmonary, 22, 28, 53, 72, 110, 115, 141, 152 Pulmonary Artery, 110, 141, 152 Pulmonary Emphysema, 72, 141 Pulse, 132, 141 Pupil, 115, 135, 142 Purpura, 123, 142 Pyrogenic, 26, 142 Q Quality of Life, 10, 142 Quercetin, 66, 142 R Race, 8, 128, 142 Radiation, 6, 12, 16, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 40, 49, 66, 119, 120, 121, 125, 127, 128, 142, 153 Radiation therapy, 32, 36, 120, 121, 127, 128, 142, 153

Radioactive, 124, 125, 127, 128, 132, 134, 142, 146, 153 Radioactivity, 116, 142 Radioimmunotherapy, 142 Radiolabeled, 128, 142, 153 Radiological, 16, 17, 19, 37, 46, 53, 142 Radiology, 11, 15, 19, 30, 32, 37, 49, 51, 63, 142 Radiopharmaceutical, 6, 142 Radiotherapy, 13, 15, 16, 33, 36, 38, 49, 111, 128, 142, 147, 153 Randomized, 118, 142 Receptor, 6, 25, 40, 74, 107, 117, 120, 140, 142 Recombinant, 4, 73, 75, 143, 152 Recombination, 122, 143 Rectum, 108, 114, 121, 128, 143 Recurrence, 11, 22, 24, 33, 34, 40, 54, 82, 143 Refer, 1, 111, 114, 117, 124, 129, 134, 142, 143, 150, 152 Regimen, 118, 143 Relapse, 66, 143 Relative risk, 8, 143 Remission, 143 Renal cell carcinoma, 9, 49, 50, 143 Resected, 16, 59, 143 Resection, 29, 33, 38, 48, 51, 65, 82, 143 Respiration, 132, 143 Retina, 72, 113, 115, 128, 135, 138, 143, 144, 153 Retinal, 72, 117, 135, 138, 143, 144 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 135, 143 Retinol, 143, 144 Retinopathy, 49, 144 Retrobulbar, 14, 135, 144 Retrocochlear, 79, 144 Retrospective, 40, 144 Retrospective study, 40, 144 Retroviral vector, 122, 144 Rhinorrhea, 140, 144 Rhodopsin, 135, 143, 144 Rhombencephalon, 121, 144 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 125, 144 Risk factor, 12, 29, 59, 140, 143, 144 Rods, 138, 143, 144 Rutin, 142, 144 S Sagittal, 75, 144 Saponins, 144, 147 Sarcoma, 38, 140, 144

163

Satellite, 5, 144 Schwannoma, 36, 45, 78, 79, 145 Sclera, 113, 115, 145 Sclerosis, 29, 132, 145 Sclerotic, 16, 145 Screening, 73, 75, 113, 145 Second Messenger Systems, 6, 145 Secondary tumor, 131, 145 Secretion, 59, 105, 119, 125, 127, 134, 145 Secretory, 40, 54, 125, 145, 148 Seizures, 52, 122, 145 Sella Turcica, 118, 138, 145 Sellae, 51, 53, 58, 145 Senile, 140, 145 Sequence Homology, 4, 145 Shock, 145, 150 Shunt, 38, 145 Side effect, 7, 106, 110, 145, 150 Sign Language, 78, 146 Signs and Symptoms, 143, 146 Skeleton, 146 Skull, 18, 27, 36, 47, 48, 110, 116, 127, 135, 146, 149 Skull Base, 36, 146 Small intestine, 124, 127, 146 Social Environment, 142, 146 Sodium, 6, 138, 146, 148 Sodium Iodide, 6, 146 Soft tissue, 110, 146 Solid tumor, 107, 146 Soma, 146 Somatic, 9, 122, 131, 137, 146, 148 Somatostatin, 34, 52, 59, 134, 146 Somatotropin, 125, 146 Specialist, 95, 146 Species, 119, 124, 128, 131, 132, 142, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152 Specificity, 5, 106, 147 Sperm, 107, 113, 139, 147 Sphenoid, 15, 44, 112, 145, 147 Sphenoid Sinus, 147 Sphenoidal, 14, 147 Spinal cord, 5, 6, 42, 108, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 121, 127, 130, 133, 136, 137, 147, 148 Spinal Nerves, 137, 147 Sporadic, 9, 10, 147 Stenosis, 79, 147 Stereotactic, 17, 36, 49, 147 Sterile, 136, 147 Steroid, 14, 50, 55, 144, 147 Stimulus, 109, 118, 120, 128, 147, 149

Stomach, 109, 120, 121, 122, 124, 132, 137, 146, 147 Stress, 111, 131, 132, 147 Stricture, 147 Subacute, 14, 51, 59, 126, 147 Subarachnoid, 121, 123, 127, 147 Subclinical, 126, 145, 147 Subcutaneous, 118, 134, 147 Submaxillary, 119, 147 Substance P, 145, 147 Substrate, 4, 148 Substrate Specificity, 4, 148 Suppression, 7, 148 Supratentorial, 64, 148 Suramin, 58, 59, 148 Survival Rate, 136, 148 Sweat, 113, 148 Sweat Glands, 113, 148 Sympathetic Nervous System, 133, 148 Sympathomimetic, 117, 119, 134, 148 Synapses, 148 Systemic, 5, 59, 108, 110, 119, 126, 127, 128, 134, 142, 148, 153 Systemic disease, 5, 148 Systolic, 125, 148 T Telomerase, 14, 148 Temporal, 27, 48, 53, 123, 130, 148, 149 Temporal Lobe, 27, 149 Tendon, 121, 149 Teratogenic, 106, 128, 149 Tetany, 136, 149 Thalidomide, 11, 149 Therapeutics, 6, 149 Thoracic, 23, 47, 53, 149, 153 Thorax, 129, 149 Threshold, 125, 144, 149 Thrombosis, 72, 141, 149 Thymidine, 111, 149 Thyroid, 6, 50, 53, 128, 136, 146, 149, 151 Thyroid Gland, 50, 136, 149 Thyroid Hormones, 149, 151 Tinnitus, 78, 136, 141, 149, 152 Tissue, 52, 55, 65, 107, 109, 110, 111, 115, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, 143, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151 Tissue Culture, 65, 149 Tone, 149, 152 Tonometer, 73, 150 Tonometry, 72, 150 Topical, 128, 150

164

Meningioma

Toxic, iv, 106, 119, 150 Toxicity, 6, 7, 118, 150 Toxicokinetics, 150 Toxicology, 90, 150 Toxin, 73, 75, 150 Trachea, 120, 149, 150 Transcriptase, 148, 150 Transduction, 25, 26, 52, 73, 76, 126, 150 Transfection, 110, 122, 150 Translocating, 4, 150 Transmitter, 105, 108, 117, 128, 134, 148, 150 Transplantation, 72, 150 Trauma, 34, 72, 132, 150 Treatment Outcome, 7, 150 Tremor, 136, 150 Triad, 52, 151 Trigeminal, 6, 42, 121, 130, 151 Trigeminal Nerve, 42, 151 Trypanosomiasis, 148, 151 Tuberculosis, 129, 151 Tuberous Sclerosis, 8, 151 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 149, 151 Tumor suppressor gene, 7, 8, 9, 11, 122, 129, 151 Tumour, 31, 121, 151 Tympanic membrane, 79, 135, 151 Tyrosine, 117, 151 U Unresectable, 35, 39, 151 Urethra, 151 Urinary, 43, 151 Urine, 7, 110, 119, 151 Urodynamic, 43, 151 Uterus, 113, 116, 140, 151 V Vaccines, 151, 153 Vascular, 11, 23, 55, 73, 76, 113, 123, 126, 134, 138, 149, 151

Vasodilator, 117, 152 Vasogenic, 52, 152 Vector, 5, 150, 152 Vein, 107, 108, 109, 127, 134, 144, 152 Venous, 108, 112, 134, 141, 152 Ventral, 125, 134, 139, 147, 152 Ventricle, 28, 31, 78, 115, 125, 141, 148, 152 Ventricular, 29, 37, 39, 115, 152 Vertebrae, 147, 152 Vertigo, 78, 136, 152 Vestibular, 36, 78, 79, 152 Vestibule, 113, 126, 152 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 109, 149, 152 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 149, 152 Veterinary Medicine, 89, 152 Vinblastine, 65, 152 Vinca Alkaloids, 152 Viral, 5, 118, 150, 152 Viral vector, 5, 152 Virulence, 108, 150, 152 Virus, 5, 12, 109, 112, 122, 127, 138, 144, 150, 152, 153 Viscera, 146, 153 Visual Cortex, 72, 153 Visual field, 31, 55, 72, 135, 141, 153 Vital Statistics, 8, 153 Vitamin A, 126, 144, 153 Vitreous, 128, 143, 153 Vitreous Body, 143, 153 Vitro, 4, 153 Vivo, 153 W White blood cell, 105, 107, 129, 139, 153 Windpipe, 149, 153 X X-ray, 21, 121, 128, 134, 142, 147, 153 X-ray therapy, 128, 153