A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Malic Acid: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00699-5 1. Malic Acid-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on malic acid. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MALIC ACID ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Malic Acid..................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MALIC ACID...................................................................................... 7 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 7 Finding Nutrition Studies on Malic Acid ..................................................................................... 7 Federal Resources on Nutrition ..................................................................................................... 8 Additional Web Resources ............................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MALIC ACID ............................................................. 11 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 11 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 11 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 General References ....................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MALIC ACID .......................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Patents on Malic Acid.................................................................................................................. 21 Patent Applications on Malic Acid.............................................................................................. 32 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 42 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 45 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 47 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 51 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 55 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 55 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 61 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 61 MALIC ACID DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 63 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 93
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with malic acid is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about malic acid, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to malic acid, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on malic acid. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to malic acid, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on malic acid. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MALIC ACID Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on malic acid.
Federally Funded Research on Malic Acid The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to malic acid. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to malic acid. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore malic acid.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “malic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for malic acid in the PubMed Central database: •
A Malic Acid Permease in Isolated Vacuoles of a Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant. by Buser-Suter C, Wiemken A, Matile P.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=426229
•
Aluminum Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (II. Aluminum-Stimulated Excretion of Malic Acid from Root Apices). by Delhaize E, Ryan PR, Randall PJ.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159038
•
Effects of Light Quantity and Quality on the Decarboxylation of Malic Acid in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Photosynthesis. by Barrow SR, Cockburn W.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=426255
•
Identification of Malic Acid from Yeast. by Bhattacharjee JK, Maragoudakis ME, Strassman M.; 1968 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252045
•
Inverse Diauxy in the Yeast Hansenula anomala: Mutants Derepressed for Malic Acid Utilization in the Presence of Glucose. by Corte-Real M, Leao C, Van Uden N.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184960
•
Nocturnal Accumulation of Malic Acid Occurs in Mesophyll Tissue without Proton Transport to Epidermal Tissue in the Inducible Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum: EVIDENCE AGAINST A PREVIOUS HYPOTHESIS. by Winter K, Edwards GE, Holtum JA.; 1981 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=427490
•
Pathway of Malic Acid Synthesis in Response to Ion Uptake in Wheat and Lupin Roots: Evidence from Fixation of 13C and 14C. by Popp M, Osmond CB, Summons RE.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=426403
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Transport of malic acid and other dicarboxylic acids in the yeast Hansenula anomala. by Corte-Real M, Leao C.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184350
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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
Studies
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with malic acid, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “malic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for malic acid (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
Atopic dermatitis associated with citric and malic acid intolerance. Author(s): Walsh WE. Source: Minn Med. 1979 September; 62(9): 637-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=502995
•
Clinical assessment of chelating agents and lactones as calculus solvents. A study on the role of (A) malic acid, (B) cysteine hydrochloride, and (C) gluconic acid lactone. Author(s): Rao SS. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969 February; 57(2): 391-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5771699
•
Comparative studies on: intestinal disaccharidase activities, isoenzymes of lactic acid, malic acid dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase and unspecific esterase in ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Kojecky Z, Matlocha Z. Source: Am J Proctol. 1968 June; 19(3): 204-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5659140
•
Effect of saliva stimulants (Hybrin and malic acid) on cervical root surfaces in vitro. Author(s): Anneroth G, Nordenram G, Bengtsson S. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1980 June; 88(3): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6932087
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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•
Effect of temperature on threshold values for citric acid, malic acid and quinine sulphate--energy of activation and extreme-value determination. Author(s): Powers JJ, Howell AJ, Lillard DA, Vacinek SJ. Source: J Sci Food Agric. 1971 October; 22(10): 543-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5158800
•
Polymers of malic acid and 3-alkylmalic acid as synthetic PHAs in the design of biocompatible hydrolyzable devices. Author(s): Cammas S, Bear MM, Moine L, Escalup R, Ponchel G, Kataoka K, Guerin P. Source: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 1999 June-July; 25(1-3): 27382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416675
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MALIC ACID Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and malic acid.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Malic Acid The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “malic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “malic acid” (or a synonym): •
Antibacterial property of the malic acid from the leaves of Katakataka (Kalanchoe pinnata, Lam., Fam. Crassulaceae). Author(s): Centro Escolar Univ., Manila (Philippines). Graduate School Source: Jazul, R.A. Graduate-and-Faculty-Studies (Philippines). (1995). volume 39 page 5. Issued October 1998.
•
Effect of malic acid on growth and metabolism of Megasphaera elsdenii - a rumen bacterium [cattle]. Author(s): Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza (Italy). Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione Source: Rossi, F. Piva, G. Proceeding-of-the-ASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-AnimalProduction-Science (Italy). (1999). volume 1 page 342-344.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Anthocyanins acylated with malic acid in Dianthus caryophyllus and Dianthus deltoides. Source: Terahara, N. Yamaguchi, M.A. Takeda, K. Harborne, J.B. Self, R. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1986. volume 25 (7) page 1715-1717. 00319422
•
Estimation of malic acid metabolism by measuring pH of hot water extracts of Phalaenopsis leaves. Source: Kubota, S. Hisamatsu, T. Koshioka, M. Sci-hortic. Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. December 1997. volume 71 (3/4) page 251-255. 0304-4238
•
Final report on the safety assessment of Malic Acid and Sodium Malate. Author(s): Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Source: Fiume, Z Int-J-Toxicol. 2001; 20 Suppl 1: 47-55 1091-5818
•
Paclitaxel esters of malic acid as prodrugs with improved water solubility. Author(s): Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, The Netherlands. Source: Damen, E W Wiegerinck, P H Braamer, L Sperling, D de Vos, D Scheeren, H W Bioorg-Med-Chem. 2000 February; 8(2): 427-32 0968-0896
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Role of malic acid in solubilizing excess berberine accumulating in vacuoles of Coptis japonica. Source: Sato, H. Taguchi, G. Fukui, H. Tabata, M. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. October 1992. volume 31 (10) page 3451-3454. 0031-9422
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
Nutrition
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•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to malic acid; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html
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Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MALIC ACID Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to malic acid. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to malic acid and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “malic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to malic acid: •
A cytotoxic principle of Tamarindus indica, di-n-butyl malate and the structureactivity relationship of its analogues. Author(s): Kobayashi A, Adenan MI, Kajiyama S, Kanzaki H, Kawazu K. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1996 March-April; 51(3-4): 233-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8639230
•
Acetoacetate and malate effects on succinate and energy production by O2-deprived liver mitochondria supplied with 2-oxoglutarate. Author(s): Guidoux R. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1991 June; 287(2): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1898011
•
Aminooxyacetic acid striatal lesions attenuated by 1,3-butanediol and coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Brouillet E, Henshaw DR, Schulz JB, Beal MF.
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Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1994 August 15; 177(1-2): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7824183 •
Analysis of reactive oxygen species generating systems in rat epididymal spermatozoa. Author(s): Vernet P, Fulton N, Wallace C, Aitken RJ. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 October; 65(4): 1102-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11566731
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Anodic oxidation with doped diamond electrodes: a new advanced oxidation process. Author(s): Kraft A, Stadelmann M, Blaschke M. Source: Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2003 October 31; 103(3): 247-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14573343
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Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of unripe papaya. Author(s): Osato JA, Santiago LA, Remo GM, Cuadra MS, Mori A. Source: Life Sciences. 1993; 53(17): 1383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8412504
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Antioxidant activity of Sempervivum tectorum and its components. Author(s): Sentjurc M, Nemec M, Connor HD, Abram V. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 April 23; 51(9): 2766-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12696970
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Assay of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I in human lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. Author(s): Chretien D, Benit P, Chol M, Lebon S, Rotig A, Munnich A, Rustin P. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 January 31; 301(1): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12535666
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AZT side effect on mitochondria does not depend on either inhibition of electron flow or mitochondrial uncoupling. Author(s): Atlante A, Passarella S. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 1998 March; 1(3): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9852271
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Bacillus subtilis YxkJ is a secondary transporter of the 2-hydroxycarboxylate transporter family that transports L-malate and citrate. Author(s): Krom BP, Aardema R, Lolkema JS.
Alternative Medicine 13
Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2001 October; 183(20): 5862-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11566984 •
Biosynthesis of amino acids from sucrose and Krebs cycle metabolites by Rhizobium lupini bacteroids. Author(s): Kretovich WL, Kariakina TI, Kazakova OV, Sidelnikova LI, Kaloshina GS, Shaposhnikov GL. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1983; 51(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6855750
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Changes in activities of enzymes related to malate-aspartate shuttle in leukocytes from dogs given a herb supplement. Author(s): Arai T, Takahashi M, Kamata S, Sako T. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 2001 June; 63(6): 695-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11459021
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Changes in the electron transport chain of pea leaf mitochondria metabolizing malate. Author(s): Walker GH, Oliver DJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1983 September; 225(2): 847-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6625611
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Complex I impairment, respiratory compensations, and photosynthetic decrease in nuclear and mitochondrial male sterile mutants of Nicotiana sylvestris. Author(s): Sabar M, De Paepe R, de Kouchkovsky Y. Source: Plant Physiology. 2000 November; 124(3): 1239-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11080300
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Control of oxidative phosphorylation in AS-30D hepatoma mitochondria. Author(s): Lopez-Gomez FJ, Torres-Marquez ME, Moreno-Sanchez R. Source: Int J Biochem. 1993 March; 25(3): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8096469
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Control of oxidative phosphorylation in rat muscle mitochondria: implications for mitochondrial myopathies. Author(s): Letellier T, Malgat M, Mazat JP. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1993 February 8; 1141(1): 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8382080
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Degradation pathway of kinins in tumor ascites and inhibition by kininase inhibitors: analysis by HPLC. Author(s): Matsumura Y, Maeda H, Kato H.
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Source: Agents Actions. 1990 March; 29(3-4): 172-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2160186 •
Development of an in vitro assay for the screening of substances capable of dissolving calcium oxalate crystals. Author(s): Saso L, Valentini G, Leone MG, Grippa E, Silvestrini B. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1998; 61(4): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10364751
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Differential effects of endurance training and creatine depletion on regional mitochondrial adaptations in rat skeletal muscle. Author(s): Roussel D, Lhenry F, Ecochard L, Sempore B, Rouanet JL, Favier R. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2000 September 1; 350 Pt 2: 547-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10947970
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Effect of gallic acid and catechin on Lactobacillus hilgardii 5w growth and metabolism of organic compounds. Author(s): Alberto MR, Farias ME, Manca De Nadra MC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 September; 49(9): 4359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11559138
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Effect of methyl methacrylate on mitochondrial function and structure. Author(s): Bereznowski Z. Source: Int J Biochem. 1994 September; 26(9): 1119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7988736
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Effect of thyroid hormones and their analogues on the mitochondrial calcium transport activity. Author(s): De Giovanni R, Asta L, Covello C, Marotta M, Mazzulla S, Parrilla R, Pitrelli G, Spena A, Martino G. Source: Physiol Chem Phys Med Nmr. 1992; 24(4): 271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1296209
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Effects of dentin surface treatments on the shear bond strength of Vitrabond. Author(s): Prati C, Montanari G, Biagini G, Fava F, Pashley DH. Source: Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials. 1992 January; 8(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1521680
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Effects of EDTA and low molecular weight organic acids on soil solution properties of a heavy metal polluted soil. Author(s): Wu LH, Luo YM, Christie P, Wong MH.
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Source: Chemosphere. 2003 February; 50(6): 819-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12688497 •
Enantioselective synthesis of (-)-wikstromol using a new approach via malic acid. Author(s): Sefkow M. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2001 April 6; 66(7): 2343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11281774
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External alternative NADH dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a potential source of superoxide. Author(s): Fang J, Beattie DS. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2003 February 15; 34(4): 478-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566073
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Ex-vivo in-vitro inhibition of lipopolysaccharide stimulated tumor necrosis factoralpha and interleukin-1 beta secretion in human whole blood by extractum urticae dioicae foliorum. Author(s): Obertreis B, Ruttkowski T, Teucher T, Behnke B, Schmitz H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1996 April; 46(4): 389-94. Erratum In: Arzneimittelforschung 1996 September; 46(9): 936. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740085
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Factorial analysis of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates for optimization of zeaxanthin production from Flavobacterium multivorum. Author(s): Bhosale P, Larson AJ, Bernstein PS. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2004; 96(3): 623-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962143
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Final report on the safety assessment of Malic Acid and Sodium Malate. Author(s): Fiume Z. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2001; 20 Suppl 1: 47-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358110
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Homeopathic pathogenetic trials and the constitutional type questionnaire. Author(s): Colin P. Source: Homeopathy. 2002 April; 91(2): 125; Author Reply 125-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371457
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Homeopathic pathogenetic trials of Acidum malicum and Acidum ascorbicum. Author(s): Fisher P, Dantas F.
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Source: Br Homeopath J. 2001 July; 90(3): 118-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11479778 •
Hydrophilic carboxylic acids and iridoid glycosides in the juice of American and European cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos), lingonberries (V. vitis-idaea), and blueberries (V. myrtillus). Author(s): Jensen HD, Krogfelt KA, Cornett C, Hansen SH, Christensen SB. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 November 6; 50(23): 6871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12405790
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In vivo phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in guard cells of Vicia faba L. is enhanced by fusicoccin and suppressed by abscisic acid. Author(s): Du Z, Aghoram K, Outlaw WH Jr. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1997 January 15; 337(2): 345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9016832
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Influence of hydroxycarboxylic acids on the water solubility of various bismuth compounds. Author(s): Heinemann A, Strugala G, Elsenhans B. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1995 January; 45(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7893269
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Influence of phenolic compounds on the physiology of Oenococcus oeni from wine. Author(s): Reguant C, Bordons A, Arola L, Rozes N. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 June; 88(6): 1065-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10849183
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Isolation of poly(beta-L-malic acid)-degrading bacteria and purification and characterization of the PMA hydrolase from Comamonas acidovorans strain 7789. Author(s): Godde C, Liebergesell M, Steinbuchel A. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1999 April 15; 173(2): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10227166
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Kinetic characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase extracted from wholeleaf and from guard-cell protoplasts of Vicia faba L. (C3 plant) with respect to tissue pre-illumination. Author(s): Wang XC, Outlaw WH Jr, De Bedout JA, Du Z. Source: The Histochemical Journal. 1994 February; 26(2): 152-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8150661
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Lessened malate inhibition of guard-cell phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase velocity during stomatal opening. Author(s): Zhang SQ, Outlaw WH Jr, Chollet R.
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Source: Febs Letters. 1994 September 19; 352(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7925940 •
Malate-induced feedback regulation of plasma membrane anion channels could provide a CO2 sensor to guard cells. Author(s): Hedrich R, Marten I. Source: The Embo Journal. 1993 March; 12(3): 897-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7681395
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Metabolism of L-amino acids in a marine bacterium isolated from mackerel intestines in relation to eicosapentaenoic acid biosynthesis. Author(s): Akimoto M, Yamagaki K, Ohtaguchi K, Koide K. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1992 October; 56(10): 1640-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1369063
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Neurosedative and antioxidant activities of phenylpropanoids from ballota nigra. Author(s): Daels-Rakotoarison DA, Seidel V, Gressier B, Brunet C, Tillequin F, Bailleul F, Luyckx M, Dine T, Cazin M, Cazin JC. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2000 January; 50(1): 16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10683711
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Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Author(s): Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes HP, Giardino I, Brownlee M. Source: Nature. 2000 April 13; 404(6779): 787-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10783895
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Paclitaxel esters of malic acid as prodrugs with improved water solubility. Author(s): Damen EW, Wiegerinck PH, Braamer L, Sperling D, de Vos D, Scheeren HW. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2000 February; 8(2): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10722165
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The effect of illumination of the malic acid content and anion/cation balance of mustard leaves (Sinapis alba). Author(s): Palmer MJ, Bacon JS. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1967 January; 102(1): 304-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6030291
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to malic acid; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fumaric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Malic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Dioica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MALIC ACID Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “malic acid” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on malic acid, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Malic Acid By performing a patent search focusing on malic acid, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on malic acid: •
Aspartic and malic acid inhibition of ss-glucuronidase Inventor(s): Gourley; Glenn R. (Madison, WI), Kreamer; Bill L. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,416,783 Date filed: August 18, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed herein are infant dietary supplements containing L-aspartic and/or L-malic acid. The supplements are designed to inhibit.beta.-glucuronidase activity in breast feeding babies, and thereby suppress serum bilirubin levels and the incidence of neonate jaundice. In one form L-aspartic acid is mixed with human breast milk and fed to the neonate on the same schedule that breast feeding would otherwise normally occur. In another form the L-aspartic acid is delivered in an aqueous solution supplemented with sodium and potassium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to formulations and methods useful in reducing serum bilirubin, and thus the incidence of infant jaundice, in breast feeding babies. More particularly, it relates to the use of L-aspartic acid and/or L-malic acid in formulas and supplements used in addition to breast milk. Bilirubin is the red bile pigment formed during the catabolism of certain compounds such as hemoglobin. Human infants produce more bilirubin per unit of body weight than do adults because of greater red blood cell mass and shorter red blood cell life span. Bilirubin is poorly soluble in water and requires conjugation for excretion from the body. Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid within the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocyte. Bilirubin conjugates in the intestine can act as a substrate for either bacterial or endogenous tissue.beta.-glucuronidase. This enzyme hydrolyzes glucuronic acid from bilirubin glucuronide. The resulting unconjugated bilirubin produced is more rapidly absorbed from the intestine. This intestinal absorption of free bilirubin results in increased serum bilirubin levels in some neonates, which has been associated with infant jaundice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416783__
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Calcium fortification of oleaginous foods Inventor(s): Ashmead; Stephen D. (Clinton, UT), Christiansen; Earl C. (South Ogden, UT), Ericson; Clayton (Ogden, UT) Assignee(s): Albion International, Inc. (Clearfield, UT) Patent Number: 6,294,207 Date filed: November 1, 1999 Abstract: A calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complex for fortification of oleagnious foods which is stable, bioavailable, and palatable is disclosed. Further, oleaginous foods fortified with the calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complexes of the present invention are also disclosed. The calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complex is prepared by reacting a calcium source, an amino acid ligand, and malic acid in an aqueous environment.
Patents 23
Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a composition for calcium fortification of oleaginous or highly lipid foods such as margarine, butter, lards, vegetable oil spreads, and vegetable oils. Particularly, this invention relates to 1) calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complexes and 2) calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complex fortified oleaginous foods that are stable, palatable and have a high calcium content. It has been widely accepted that calcium is an essential element for formation of bone and teeth in animals, including humans. In fact, though calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, approximately 99% of the body's calcium is found in the bones and teeth providing an exchangeable pool of calcium. The remaining one percent is widely distributed in cells and body fluids and is responsible for the regulation of a number of metabolic functions such as nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, hormone secretion, blood coagulation, normal heart beat, activation of enzymes, and maintenance of cell membranes. Additionally, calcium is receiving much attention on the front line of medical science because it has recently been discovered that calcium is one of the most important elements for supporting many life activities. For example, recent observations indicate that calcium deficiency not only induces osteoporosis, but also contributes to such diseases as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, arthritis, diabetes, immunological diseases, colon cancer, and obesity. Therefore, the presence of sufficient amounts of calcium within the body is essential for proper health. One of the problems associated with calcium supplementation is that all sources of calcium are not equally soluble or bioavailable. In addition, some calcium sources are not as pure as others. For example, calcium carbonate derived from bone meal, oyster shell, or other biological origin contains trace amounts of lead and other minerals. Some calcium carbonates also contain silica. Therefore, it is necessary to take additional amounts of these materials to achieve the same bioavailable calcium level as those taken from synthetic sources of essentially pure calcium. In fact, foods fortified with calcium and calcium supplements are being used more often by U.S. consumers and are generally considered by some researchers to offer the same net effect as calcium found naturally in food. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294207__ •
Cosmetic compositions containing film forming polymers plasticized with esters and malic acid Inventor(s): Calello; Joseph Frank (Bridgewater, NJ), Patil; Anjali Abhimanyu (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Revlon Consumer Products Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,342,209 Date filed: May 4, 2000 Abstract: A cosmetic composition for application to keratinous surfaces containing at least one film forming polymer; and a plasticizer for the film forming polymer which is a C.sub.1-20 ester of malic acid; and a method for plasticizing a film forming polymer contained in a cosmetic product which is applied to keratinous surfaces; comprising adding a plasticizing effective amount of a C.sub.1-20 ester of malic acid to the cosmetic product composition. Excerpt(s): The invention is in the field of cosmetic compositions for application to skin, nails or hair, which contain one or more film forming polymers. The application of cosmetic and personal care products to the skin almost always involves the formation of a film on the skin. For example, application of a foundation to the face involves formation of a colored film on the skin. The same is true of products such as lipstick,
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eyeshadow, blush, and nail enamel. The product is applied to the appropriate keratinous surface and allowed to dry. A film is formed which adheres to the skin for the appropriate period of time before being removed by chemical processes, or washed off with water. Most film forming cosmetic and personal care products contain a polymeric material as the primary film former. The term "film former" means a material which, upon drying, produces a continuous film on keratinous substrates such as skin, hair, or nails. The term "skin" when used in accordance with the invention means both face and body skin or lips. The term "film forming polymer" means that the film former is in the polymeric form. A variety of polymers have film forming properties: they can be natural polymers, synthetic polymers, or polymers that have both natural and synthetic portions. While the polymers available today have a myriad of properties, most cosmetics and personal care products contain other ingredients to further modify the properties of the composition and improve aesthetics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342209__ •
Denture cleansing composition Inventor(s): Knollmann; Rainer (Herford, DE), Van de Loecht-Blasberg; Monika (Weinheim, DE) Assignee(s): Kukident GmbH (Weinheim, DE) Patent Number: 6,300,295 Date filed: November 18, 1999 Abstract: A denture cleansing composition for dissolution in water to form a cleansing bath with a initial pH of not more than 4.5. The composition contains at least one bleaching agent, at least one tartar removal agent, and at least one carbonate or bicarbonate. A combination of citric acid and malic acid as tartar removal agents results in increased tartar removal compared to citric acid or malic acid alone. The bleaching agent is an alkali metal or alkaline earth persulfate, perborate, percarbonate, or perphosphate. Preferably, the active agents are present as visually discrete particles.The composition is more stable than compositions having bisulfate as a tartar removal agent and avoids the unpleasant taste due to bisulfate. Potassium monopersulfate is an effective bleaching agent. Sodium bicarbonate and carbonate act as pH regulators and as effervescence agents to avoid gradient formation in the bath and to help remove particles from the dentures. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a denture cleansing composition, preferably for dissolution in water to form a denture cleansing bath having an initial pH of about 4.5 or less and to a denture cleansing tablet made therefrom. Various compositions are known in the art of the cleansing and care of dental prosthesis, such as dentures and braces, which compositions are typically dissolved in water in order to form a cleansing bath. Known denture cleansing compositions may be one or two phase compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06300295__
Patents 25
•
Dimetalhydroxy malates Inventor(s): Ashmead; Stephen D. (Clinton, UT), Hartle; Jennifer (Harrisville, UT), Kreitlow; Robert (Roy, UT) Assignee(s): Albion International, Inc. (Clearfield, UT) Patent Number: 6,706,904 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: Dimetalhydroxy malate compositions as well as methods of administering and making such bioavailable compositions are provided. The metal used can be any nutritionally relevant divalent metal such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron. The composition can be prepared by reacting malic acid with a divalent metal oxide or hydroxide at a 1:2 molar ratio. The composition can be administered to a warm-blooded animal by any of a number of known delivery routes, including oral delivery. Excerpt(s): The present invention is drawn to compositions, and methods of making and administering compositions, that can be used for mineral supplementation. More specifically, the present invention is drawn to dimetalhydroxy malates. Magnesium is a mineral that is needed in humans and other warm-blooded animals for bone, protein, and fatty acid formation. Magnesium is also involved in the formation of new cells, activating certain vitamins, relaxing muscles, clotting blood, and forming ATP. People with diabetes often have magnesium levels that are lower than normal compared with those who have normal glucose tolerance. Supplementation of magnesium can help maintain health in some of these areas, as well as help in overcoming some of these problems. Typically, many people do not consume enough magnesium in their diets. Calcium, on the other hand, is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Of the calcium contained in the average body, about 99% is located in the bones, including the teeth. Calcium is needed to form bones and teeth and is also required for blood clotting, transmission of signals in nerve cells, and muscle contraction. Calcium supplementation is believed to reduce the incidence of osteoporosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06706904__
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High bulk cellulosic fibers crosslinked with malic acid and process for making the same Inventor(s): Jewell; Richard A. (Tacoma, WA), Neogi; Amar N. (Kenmore, WA) Assignee(s): Weyerhaeuser Company (Federal Way, WA) Patent Number: 6,582,553 Date filed: June 21, 2001 Abstract: A multi-ply paperboard comprising at least one ply of conventional cellulose fibers and from about 0.1 to about 6 weight percent of a water-borne binding agent; and at least one ply of chemically intrafiber crosslinked cellulosic high-bulk fibers and from about 0.1 to about 6 weight percent of a water-borne binding agent. The water-borne binding agent may be a starch, a modified starch, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyvinyl acetate, a polyethylene/acrylic acid copolymer, an acrylic acid polymer, a polyacrylate, a polyacrylamide, a polyamine, guar gum, an oxidized polyethylene, a polyvinyl chloride, a polyvinyl chloride/acrylic acid copolymer, an
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acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymer or polyacrylonitrile. A method for making the paperboard is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns multi-ply cellulosic products and a method for making such products using a composition comprising chemically crosslinked cellulosic fibers and water-borne binding agents. Products made from cellulosic fibers are an attractive alternative because they are biodegradable, are made from a renewable resource, and can be recycled. The main drawback is that the typical cellulosic product has a relatively high density or low bulk. Bulk is the reciprocal of density and is the volume occupied by a specific weight of material and is designated in cm.sup.3 /gm. The amount of cellulosic material required to provide the requisite strength creates a heavy product. It has poor heat insulating qualities. A 1990 brochure from Weyerhaeuser Company described a chemically crosslinked cellulosic fiber known as High Bulk Additive or HBA and uses of HBA in filter paper, saturation papers, tissue and toweling, paperboard, paper, and absorbent products. The brochure indicated the HBA fibers may be incorporated into paperboard at levels of 5% and 15%. The brochure also indicates that HBA can be used in the center ply of a three-ply paperboard. The board was compared with a conventional three-ply board. The basis weight was reduced 25%; the Taber stiffness remained constant; but the breaking load was reduced from 25 kN/m to 16 kN/m in the machine direction and from 9 kN/m to 6 kN/m in the cross direction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582553__ •
Insecticidal composition Inventor(s): Lojek; John S. (Elmira, CA), Lojek; Margaret Anne (Elmira, CA) Assignee(s): Ecoval INC (Elmira, CA) Patent Number: 6,586,470 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: An aqueous insecticide composition consisting essentially of acetic acid and at least one additional acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, malic acid and ascorbic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to aqueous compositions of acetic acid, and especially to aqueous compositions of acetic acid and at least one of citric acid, malic acid and ascorbic acid, that may be used as insecticides. The compositions may additionally contain minor amounts of surfactant, soap and/or propylene glycol. Synergistic combinations of acetic and citric acids are known for use as a herbicide, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,573,997 and 5,705,455. Such compositions consist essentially of acetic acid and citric acid in weight ratios in the range of about 10:1 to about 0.5:1, and with concentrations of acetic acid that are up to about 10 wt. %. The herbicidal compositions can be formulated to effectively and rapidly kill all vegetative growth, including normally hard-to-kill weeds as well as grasses. Alternatively, the herbicidal compositions may be formulated as a selective herbicide, for example, to kill common lawn weeds, leaving the grass unaffected. The herbicidal compositions may also be used as defoliants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586470__
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Method of manufacturing cigarettes containing gold or silver particles Inventor(s): An; Jung-O (105, Sinseong B/D, #283, 6-ga, Dangsan-dong, Yeongdeungpogu, Seoul 150-046, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,766,803 Date filed: September 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to cigarettes containing gold or silver particles and manufacturing methods of cigarette filters. The tobacco leaves, added with ion particles of gold, are prepared through blending them with peach leaves or bellflower leaves, which contains tartaric acid and malic acid as major components; the cigarette pouches comprise 20% of peach leaves or bellflower leaves and the gold or silver particles prepared in 0.005.about.0.015 micron m of their size; and the filters are prepared by soaking them in a liquid mixture of pulverized peach leaves, bellflower leaves, and charcoals in more than 800 meshes. Therefore, in smoking, the cigarettes and their filters in this invention produce beneficial effects such as detoxification, bloodrefining, and cell-cleaning with their major components such as gold particles, tartaric acid, and malic acid being absorbed into one's lung. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for making cigarettes containing gold or silver particles, and more particularly, to a method for manufacturing cigarettes, wherein the tobacco leaves, added with ion particles of gold or silver, are prepared through blending them with peach leaves or bellflower leaves, which contains tartaric acid and malic acid as major components; the cigarette pouches comprise 20% of peach leaves or bellflower leaves and the gold or silver particles having purity of 99.9% prepared in 0.005-0.015 micron of their size; and the filters are prepared by soaking them in a liquid mixture of pulverized peach leaves, bellflower leaves, and charcoals in more than 800 meshes. Generally, according to an investigation result, the relation of a smoking cigarette per day with a lung cancer is as follows: in case of 35-84 year-old men, the number of lung-cancer patients who have habitually smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day is 6 times more than that of those who are not smoking, and in case of more than 40 cigarettes per day, 12.6 times more. Also, one who is smoking since 15 year olds or before has a lung cancer 5 times more than one who is smoking since 20 year olds or before. That is, when one is young, when his/her lung is not completely matured, he/she is apt to have a lung cancer. Also, if smoking, the artery which circulates blood to a muscle of heart becomes narrow and the nutritious oxygen fails to be supplied to the muscle of heart, and thus a myocardial (cardiac) infraction or heart attack is likely to occur in the condition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06766803__
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Oxidatively stable long-chain ethyl ester emollients Inventor(s): Arquette; Demetrios James G. (Tempe, AZ), Kleiman; Robert (Mesa, AZ), Koritala; Sambasivarao (Tempe, AZ) Assignee(s): International Flora Technologies, Ltd () Patent Number: 6,287,579 Date filed: June 11, 1999
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Abstract: Compositions or fluids comprising esters of long-chain organic molecules derived from natural oils, particularly plant, bean, seed and nut oils can be provided with increased oxygen stability by their combination with mixtures of particular classes of antioxidants, particularly combinations of at least one tocopherol and a supplemental ingredient selected from the class consisting of kojic acid, malic acid and ascorbic acid. The stabilization combination is particularly effective in combination with esters of longchain organic molecules having less than 20% methylene interrupted polyunsaturation. An emollient composition is described that comprises a long-chain ethyl ester in combination with an oxidation stabilizing systems comprising at least one tocopherol and at least one supplemental additive selected from the group consisting of kojic acid, malic acid, and ascorbic acid. The long-chain ethyl ester may comprise an ethyl ester of a natural oil. The long-chain ethyl ester may have a percent methylene interrupted unsaturation of less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. The emollient composition may have the at least one supplemental additive present in an amount of from 0.01 to 2% or more by weight of said long-chain ethyl ester and the tocopherol is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 5% by weight of said long-chain ethyl ester. The emollient composition preferably has the long-chain ethyl ester selected from the class consisting of ethyl ester of macadamia oil, ethyl ester of hybrid sunflower, ethyl ester of babassu oil and meadowfoam having a percentage methylene interrupted unsaturation of less than 5. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to emollients, particularly emollients used in conjunction with cosmetic products (also referred to as cosmeceuticals) and pharmaceutical products that are externally applied to patients. The present invention particularly relates to the provision of oxidatively stable emollients derived from natural ingredients that provide a dry feel to the skin. Emollients are materials that are applied to the skin of subjects to produce softness or smoothness. They have been used for centuries in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. The original emollients were extracts or directly concentrated materials from plants or animals, while modern emollients also include partially synthetic (derivatives of natural products) or completely synthetic materials. The natural emollients, for the most part, have tended to provide a wet or oily feel and appearance to the skin of humans. The synthetic and partially synthetic emollients have been tailored to provide the specific type of appearance and feel desired in an end product. Even with this tailoring, there are only a few synthetic emollients that provide a highly satisfactory dry feel. Silicone emollients are the most successful dry-feel emollient. In recent years there has been an increasing attempt in many commercial fields to use natural products from renewable sources or at least naturally derived products to both conserve resources and to reduce the pollution of the environment by materials that are not biodegradable. Silicones tend to be a class of synthetic material that are not easily degraded by the environment. The trend towards the use of natural products in cosmetics also provides motivation for manufacturers and compounders to seek alternatives to even the more successful synthetic components of their products, including silicone emollients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06287579__
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Paint stripper compositions Inventor(s): Vitomir; Sergio (New Westminster, CA) Assignee(s): Napier International Technologies, Inc. (Loughley, CA) Patent Number: 6,200,940 Date filed: July 19, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed to apaint stripping composition comprising (a) from about 0.5 to about 50% by weight of an aromatic alcohol, such as benzyl alcohol; (b) from about 0.5 to about 20% by weight of malic acid; and (c) from about 15 to about 60% by weight of water. The pH of the composition broadly ranges from about 2 to about 3. The stripping composition of the present invention is free of chlorinated solvents, environmentally safe, and user-friendly. It is non-corrosive or only slightly corrosive to substrates, non-flammable, non-toxic, low odor, and fully biodegradable. A method of preparing the paint stripping composition is also provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to paint stripper compositions containing malic acid and methods of preparing the same. For decades, strong acids and halocarbon solventbased compositions were employed in stripping various protective coatings from metal and other substrates. Increased awareness of the detrimental impact of such paint strippers on health and environment, in recent years, resulted in government legislative bodies all over the world restricting and/or prohibiting the use of these materials. Furthermore, these paint strippers often damaged the substrates to which they were applied. Wilkins et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,215,675 provides an aqueous stripping composition based on a soluble ester such as ethyl lactate and a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06200940__
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PCR primers for the rapid and specific detection of Salmonella typhimurium Inventor(s): Lin; Jer-Sheng (Taichung, TW), Tsen; Hau-Yang (Taichung, TW) Assignee(s): National Science Council of Republic of China (Taipei, TW) Patent Number: 6,251,607 Date filed: December 9, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a set of two PCR primers designed based on a DNA sequence of a gene encoding malic acid dehydrogenase and a specific DNA of Salmonella typhimurium. The invention provides also a DNA probe specific for the above-mentioned PCR primers. Finally, a PCR method using above-mentioned primers is provided for the rapid and specific detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food and clinical specimens such as human fecal specimens. Said PCR method comprises further a Southern hybridization assay for detecting PCR products. The whole process could be shortened from 5-7 days for BAM method to 1-2 days. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to PCR primers designed based on a DNA sequence of a gene encoding malic acid dehydrogenase and a specific DNA of Salmonella typhimurium, to a probe used in PCR, and to a PCR method for the rapid and specific detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food and clinical specimens. Among Salmonellae causing food poisoning and Salmonellosis infection, important Salmonellae include S. typhimurium, S. typhi, and S. enteritidis, which play a significant role in main food pathogenic bacteria around the world. Traditionally, the method for detecting S.
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typhimurium comprises steps of pre-culturing, culturing on a selective medium, streak culturing and differentiating on a selective agar medium, biochemical identification of suspected colonies, and serological test, which need a time period of at least 5-7 days that might be too late to be of use for understanding of pathogen in a crisis of food poisoning and salmonellosis infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251607__ •
Pharmaceutical formulation Inventor(s): Carter; Paul Laurence (Worthing, GB), Doughty; David George (Epsom, GB), Merrifield; David Roy (Worthing, GB) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham PLC (Brentford, GB) Patent Number: 6,051,254 Date filed: September 16, 1998 Abstract: A pharmaceutical formulation comprising an amoxycillin hydrate and an effervescent couple, for example citric acid plus sodium bicarbonate or sodium glycine carbonate, or tartaric acid or malic acid plus sodium carbonate. Potassium equivalents of these sodium salts may be used. The formulations may be free flowing powders or granules, or tablets. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration in the treatment of bacterial Infections. In some clinical situations, to improve patient compliance, it is desirable to administer medicaments orally in liquid form as suspensions or solutions. Solutions are favoured over suspensions for oral administration, since drugs in solution are more rapidly absorbed. Solutions are also often more acceptable to patients, in terms of patatability. It has been proposed to prepare dry effervescent formulations of medicaments in which, on addition to water, a medicament is dispersed in the water by the effervescing action and dissolves either as a result of the agitation or by interaction with components of the formulation. For example, GB-A-1287475 (Aspro-Nicholas) describes an effervescent formulation of aspirin. In order to obtain effective contact of the aspirin with the solubilising compounds during effervescence, the aspirin particles are pre-coated with a special readily wettable coating. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06051254__
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Process for the preparation of butane triols Inventor(s): Bailey; Mark (West Lothian, GB), Monteith; Michael John (Rochdale, GB), Schofield; David (Middleton, GB) Assignee(s): Avecia Limited (Manchester, GB) Patent Number: 6,479,714 Date filed: February 26, 1999 Abstract: A process for the preparation of butane triols is provided. In the process, a malic acid diester is reduced with sodium borohydride in the presence of an ether and an alcohol. Preferably, the malic acid diester is an ethyl or methyl ester, the ether is tetrahydrofuran or bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether (diglyme), and the alcohol comprises ethanol. Advantageously, the reaction is carried out at ambient temperature.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for making butane triols and to butane triols made by the process. Butane triols are valuable chemical intermediates for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. For example butane triols are used in the preparation of antiviral compounds (U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,071) and platelet activating factors (Tet. Lett, vol 26, No. 42, pp 5195-5198, 1985). There is a need for commercially viable processes for the manufacture of butane triols which give a high yield of good quality product, are practical on large scale plant and do not produce foul odours. A paper in Chemistry Letters, 1984, pp 1389-1392, published by The Chemical Society of Japan, described an attempted reduction of (S)-(-)-malic acid dimethyl ester in tetrahydrofuran using sodium borohydride but the resultant product consisted of multiple components which refused to be separated for structural diagnosis. Attempts using the pyrophoric and foul smelling borane-dimethyl sulphide complex gave the corresponding mono-ester in 88% yield and none of the triol was detected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479714__ •
Solid formulation Inventor(s): Okada; Kenya (Takarazuka, JP), Sembo; Satoshi (Nishinomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,566,392 Date filed: September 12, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a solid formulation comprising (a) 10-40% by weight of 1-methyl-2-nitro-3-[(3-tetrahydrofuryl)methyl]guanidine, (b) 5-30% by weight of at least one carbonate selected from sodium hydrogencarbonate, sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, (c) 5-30% by weight of at least one solid acid selected from citric acid and malic acid and (d) 10-80% by weight of a feed and/or attractant for flies, that is light and easy-handling in view of possibility of quickly dissolving it at the application place. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new formulation of 1-methyl-2-nitro-3-[(3tetrahydrofuryl)methyl]guanidine, which is a solid formulation for preparing aqueous bait for controlling flies. 1-Methyl-2-nitro-3-[(3-tetrahydrofuryl)methyl]guanidine is an excellent insecticidal compound described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,365. Further, it is provided to try this compound to use as an active ingredient for baits in JPHei-10-139604A. However, the controlling effects for pests are unsatisfactory when said compound is utilized for usual solid baits. Furthermore, aqueous baits containing said compound as an insecticidal ingredient are suggested in JP-2000-53505A. However, the weight of the aqueous bait composition is large as the content of water in the composition is large. Therefore, the composition is bulky and heavy, and the increase of the distributive cost for transportation or storage is worried. The object of the present invention is to provide a portable solid formulation for preparing an aqueous baits containing 1-methyl-2-nitro-3-[(3-tetrahydrofuryl)methyl]guanidine (hereinafter, referred to as dinotefuran) as an insecticidal ingredient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06566392__
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Stable drug composition Inventor(s): Fujioka; Hiroshi (Ibaraki, JP), Ogasawara; Kazuyoshi (Nara-ken, JP), Ohashi; Mamoru (Amagasaki, JP), Shirai; Yoshimi (Suita, JP) Assignee(s): Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka-fu, JP) Patent Number: 6,297,244 Date filed: April 19, 2000 Abstract: A stabilized pharmaceutical composition comprising (R)-2-(4-bromo-2fluorobenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-4- spiro-3'-pyrrolidine-1,2',3,5'tetrone (hereinafter, referred to as "AS-3201") and as a stabilizer at least one acidic substance having an acidity more potent than that of AS-3201, such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, malic acid or phosphoric acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stabilized pharmaceutical composition of (R)-2-(4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-4spiro-3'pyrrolidine-1,2',3,5'-tetrone (hereinafter, referred to as "AS-3201") having a potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Example 28 of Japanese Patent No. 2516147 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,382) describes a method for preparing specific tablets of AS-3201. That is, it is described therein that AS-3201 (1 g), corn starch (25 g), lactose (58 g), crystalline cellulose (11 g), hydroxypropylcellulose (3 g), light anhydrous silicic acid (1 g) and magnesium stearate (1 g) are blended, granulated and made into 1,000 tablets each weighing 100 mg by a conventional method. During the studies on methods for preparing AS-3201-containing pharmaceutical compositions having a good stability on store, the present inventors have found that AS-3201 drug substance per se is stable against heat and humidity, but when AS-3201 is mixed with pharmaceutical excipients or carriers, AS-3201 shows a tendency of increasing its degradation product at a higher temperature under higher humidity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06297244__
Patent Applications on Malic Acid As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to malic acid: •
Adhesive composition for denture base relining material and dental curable composition Inventor(s): Hashiguchi, Masanao; (Okuyami-shi, JP), Kawaguchi, Toshio; (Tokuyamishi, JP), Yamashita, Mitsuhiro; (Tokuyami-shi, JP) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20040048948 Date filed: June 4, 2003
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: An adhesive composition for a denture base relining material which comprises an organic solvent containing no halogen atoms such as ethyl acetate, ethyl formate or acetone, a polymer such as a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate, and a radical polymerizable monomer such as tetramethylolmethane tetramethacrylate; and a curable composition which comprises a radical polymerizable monomer, an organic peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide, a tertiary amine compound such as diethylp-toluidine or dipropyl-p-toluidine, and a hydroxycarboxylic acid such as malic acid or citric acid.The adhesive composition for a denture base relining material does not contain a halogen-atom-containing organic solvent whose harmful effect has been pointed out. Further, the composition has satisfactory adhesive properties and good operability and causes no degradation in the appearance of a denture base even if it sticks to an area on the surface of the denture base other than a contact area. The dental curable composition is widely used as dental materials having little surface unpolymerized layer and good curability, e.g., dental cement, a composite resin, a resin for crown and a denture base relining material. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an adhesive for a denture base relining material which is used to bond a denture base and a denture base relining material together; and a dental curable composition which can be suitably used as a dental material such as a denture base relining material. When one wears a denture for a long time, the denture becomes unfitted to an oral membrane due to bone resorption and/or deformation of the surface of the membrane. For this reason, means for restoring an optimum fit of the denture by relining the surface of the unfitted denture base with a denture base relining material is clinically employed. Illustrative examples of a material used in the denture base include an acrylic resin, a polycarbonate resin, and a polysulfone resin. Of these, the acrylic resin is the most commonly used. Meanwhile, as a material used as the relining material, a mixture of monomers and polymers of (meth)acrylic resins is predominantly used. To bond the relining material to the denture base effectively, a method of applying an organic solvent such as methylene chloride which contains halogen atoms to the surface of the denture base is generally employed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Cigarettes containing gold or silver particles and manufacturing methods of the cigarette filter Inventor(s): An, Jung-O; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Greenblum & Bernstein, P.L.C.; 1941 Roland Clarke Place; Reston; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20030037791 Date filed: September 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to cigarettes containing gold or silver particles and manufacturing methods of cigarette filters. The tobacco leaves, added with ion particles of gold, are prepared through blending them with peach leaves or bellflower leaves, which contains tartaric acid and malic acid as major components; the cigarette pouches comprise 20% of peach leaves or bellflower leaves and the gold or silver particles prepared in 0.005.about.0.015 micron m of their size; and the filters are prepared by soaking them in a liquid mixture of pulverized peach leaves, bellflower leaves, and charcoals in more than 800 meshes. Therefore, in smoking, the cigarettes and their filters in this invention produce beneficial effects such as detoxification, blood-
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refining, and cell-cleaning with their major components such as gold particles, tartaric acid, and malic acid being absorbed into one's lung. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/KR01/00288, having an international filing date of Feb. 26, 2001, designating the United States of America, and published under PCT Article 21(2) in the English language, the contents of which are expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to a method for making cigarettes containing gold or silver particles, and more particularly, to a method for manufacturing cigarettes, wherein the tobacco leaves, added with ion particles of gold or silver, are prepared through blending them with peach leaves or bellflower leaves, which contains tartaric acid and malic acid as major components; the cigarette pouches comprise 20% of peach leaves or bellflower leaves and the gold or silver particles having purity of 99.9% prepared in 0.005-0.015 micron of their size; and the filters are prepared by soaking them in a liquid mixture of pulverized peach leaves, bellflower leaves, and charcoals in more than 800 meshes. according to an investigation result, the relation of a smoking cigarette per day with a lung cancer is as follows: in case of 35-84 year-old men, the number of lung-cancer patients who have habitually smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day is 6 times more than that of those who are not smoking, and in case of more than 40 cigarettes per day, 12.6 times more. Also, one who is smoking since 15 year olds or before has a lung cancer 5 times more than one who is smoking since 20 year olds or before. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Crystals including a malic acid salt of a 3-pyrrole substituted 2-indolinone, and compositions thereof Inventor(s): Fleck, Thomas J.; (Scotts, MI), Hawley, Michael; (Kalamazoo, MI), Maloney, Mark T.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Prescott, Stephen P.; (Schoolcraft, MI) Correspondence: Mueting, Raasch & Gebhardt, P.A.; P.O. Box 581415; Minneapolis; MN; 55458; US Patent Application Number: 20030069298 Date filed: August 13, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides crystals, and compositions thereof, wherein the crystals include a malic acid salt of N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-[(5- -fluoro-1,2dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrro- le-3-carboxamide. Methods of preparing such crystals are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/312,353, filed Aug. 15, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to crystals, and compositions thereof, wherein the crystals include a malic acid salt of N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-[(5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide. The present invention also relates to methods of preparing such crystals. PKs are enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of hydroxy groups on tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues of proteins. The consequences of this seemingly simple activity are staggering: cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation, i.e., virtually all aspects of cell life in one way or another, depend on PK activity. Furthermore, abnormal PK activity has been related to a host of disorders, ranging from relatively non-life threatening diseases such as psoriasis to extremely virulent diseases such as glioblastoma (brain cancer). The PKs
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can be conveniently broken down into two classes, the protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and the serine-threonine kinases (STKs). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Epoxy resin and polyglycoside based polymers and process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Drzal, Lawrence T.; (Okemos, MI), Han, Seong Ok; (Kyungki-do, KR) Correspondence: Mcleod & Moyne; 2190 Commons Parkway; Okemos; MI; 48864 Patent Application Number: 20030109603 Date filed: August 19, 2002 Abstract: Epoxy resin polyglycoside-based cured polymers and process for the preparation are described. A particular epoxy resin precursor is the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. A particular glucose based polymer is a glucose malic acid ester-vinyl copolymer. The polymers have a degree of biodegradability because of the polyglycoside as well as elevated temperature stability and are useful in transportation vehicle settings. Natural source fillers, such as cellulose fibers, which are treated or untreated, exfoliated clays or exfoliated graphite can be used. Excerpt(s): This application is based for priority upon provisional application Serial No. 60/314,879, filed Aug. 24, 2001. The present invention relates to cured epoxy resin and polyglycoside-based cured polymers and to a process and compositions for the preparation of these polymers. In particular, the present invention relates to the curing of epoxy resin precursors with a polyglycoside based polymer. The polymers can contain fillers of various known types, preferably those which are natural. The polyglycoside moiety provides a degree of biogradability to the resulting polymer not usually available in epoxy resin based polymers. The polymers are stable to elevated temperatures up to 300.degree. C., and thus are useful in vehicle engine compartments for sound deadening and the like. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of biocomposites of natural fibers, particularly cellulosic fibers, especially in the automobile industry. These composites are reported to offer advantages of.about.20% reduction in processing temperature and.about.25% reduction in cycle time in addition to a weight reduction of about.about.30% over conventional glass fiber composites (Saheb, D. N., et al., Advances in Polymer Technology 18 4 351 (1999)). For automotive applications biocomposites have to meet several demanding requirements such as temperature resistance and wet environmental resistance (Reussmann, T., et al., Advanced Engineering Materials 1, 2, 140 (1999)). The incorporation of biobased polymer with natural fibers would be the best combination for development of environmentally friendly composites if the developed biocomposites meet the demanding requirements. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Juice based beverage compositions Inventor(s): Yang, Baokang; (Grand Rapids, MI) Correspondence: Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough Llp; Keenan Building, Third Floor; 1330 Lady Street; Columbia; SC; 29201; US Patent Application Number: 20030099753 Date filed: March 4, 2002 Abstract: A palatable fruit juice based beverage composition containing a protein selected from the group consisting of whey protein isolate and a combination of whey protein isolate and whey protein hydrolysate; a carbohydrate selected from the group consisting of sucrose, fructose, HFCS 42, HFCS 55, combination of sucrose, fructose, HCFS 42, and HFCS 55, and combinations of maltodextrin with another carbohydrate selected from the group consisting of sucrose, fructose, HFCS 42, and HFCS 55; an edible acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, phosphoric acid, combinations of citric acid and phosphoric acid, and combinations of malic acid with another edible acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid and phosphoric acid; a fruit juice or combinations of fruit juices; various vitamins, and mineral; and optional fibers and flavors and a process for making such composition. The composition containing the above ingredients is clear, has a pH of about 4.0 or less, and has a viscosity of less than about 40 centipoises. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/335,867 filed Nov. 20, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference thereto. This invention relates generally to juice based beverage compositions and particularly to palatable juice based beverage compositions containing proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. The development of fruit juice based beverages containing proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals is very difficult. The interaction of the ingredients, particularly the protein with the minerals and other ingredients, often cause the protein to precipitate and frequently cause the entire composition to become very viscous or to gel. Similarly, these interactions may change the physical or chemical properties of the composition in a way that adversely affects the taste, color, odor, mouth-feel and other physical properties of the composition. These adverse changes may occur at any time but are particularly likely when the composition is heated during processing or when the composition sits on the shelf for extended periods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Malic acid addition salts of terbinafine Inventor(s): Giron, Danielle; (Mulhouse, FR), Hirsch, Stefan; (Lorrach, DE), Reber, JeanLouis; (Kembs, FR) Correspondence: Novartis; Corporate Intellectual Property; One Health Plaza 430/2; East Hanover; NJ; 07936-1080; US Patent Application Number: 20040147603 Date filed: February 18, 2004 Abstract: The invention concerns salts of the compound of formula I 1with malic acid, their preparation, corresponding pharmaceutical compositions and their use as antimycotics.
Patents 37
Excerpt(s): The invention relates to acid addition salts of allylaniine antirnycotics. with malic acid, i.e. (E)-N-methyl-6,6-dimethyl-N-(1-naphthylnethyl- )hept-2-en-4-inyl-1amine in malic acid addition salt form, hereinafter briefly named "the compounds of the invention". The compounds of the invention are novel and improved pharmaceutical salts of the known compound of formula I. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Malic acid and oxalacetic acid derivatives Inventor(s): Ishii, Yasutaka; (Osaka, JP), Nakano, Tatsuya; (Himeji-shi, JP) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20010056120 Date filed: March 9, 2001 Abstract: A malic acid or oxalacetic acid derivative is represented by the following formula (1): 1wherein ring Z is an alicyclic carbon ring; each of R.sup.a and R.sup.b is independently a hydrogen atom, a metal atom, or an organic group; and Y is a hydroxyl group or an oxygen atom, where ring Z is a bridged carbon ring or a monocyclic carbon ring having eight or more members when Y is an oxygen atom. The alicyclic carbon ring includes, for example, cyclooctane ring and adamantane ring. This compound is a novel malic acid derivative having an alicyclic group bonded to a carbon atom at the 3position, or a novel oxalacetic acid derivative having a specific alicyclic group bonded to a carbon atom at the 3-position. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to malic acid and oxalacetic acid derivatives which are useful as materials for pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and other fine chemicals and functional materials, and as optical resolution agents. Specifically, the invention relates to novel malic acid and oxalacetic acid derivatives having an alicyclic group bonded to a carbon atom at the 3-position. A compound having an alicyclic carbon ring such as adamantane ring particularly becomes a focus of attention in recent years, since it has completely distinguishable physical characteristics such as low toxicity and high transparency from those of a compound having an aromatic carbon ring such as benzene ring, although both have a ring. Separately, malic acid and oxalacetic acid derivatives having a variety of substituents on a carbon atom at the 3position, where a carbon atom to which a hydroxyl group or oxo group is bound is defined as the 2-position, are synthetically prepared and are used as fine chemicals and functional materials, or raw materials therefor. However, neither malic acid derivative having an alicyclic group bond to a carbon atom at the 3-position nor oxalacetic acid derivative having a bridged cyclic ring or a monocyclic alicyclic ring having eight or more members at the 3-position has been known. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Malic Acid
Malic acid diester surfactants Inventor(s): Lassila, Kevin Rodney; (Macungie, PA), Slone, Caroline Sassano; (Quakertown, PA) Correspondence: Air Products And Chemicals, INC.; Patent Department; 7201 Hamilton Boulevard; Allentown; PA; 181951501 Patent Application Number: 20020103280 Date filed: January 9, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides water-based compositions, particularly coating, ink, fountain solution, adhesive and agricultural compositions, manifesting reduced equilibrium and dynamic surface tension by the incorporation of a surface tension reducing amount of certain malate diester compounds of the structure 1where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are C3 to C6 alkyl groups. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of malic acid diesters to reduce the surface tension in water-based systems. The ability to reduce the surface tension of water is of great importance in waterborne coatings, inks, adhesives, fountain solutions and agricultural formulations because decreased surface tension translates to enhanced substrate wetting in actual formulations. Surface tension reduction in water-based systems is generally achieved through the addition of surfactants. Performance attributes resulting from the addition of surfactants include enhanced surface coverage, fewer defects, and more uniform distribution. Equilibrium surface tension performance is important when the system is at rest. However, the ability to reduce surface tension under dynamic conditions is of great importance in applications where high surface creation rates are utilized. Such applications include spraying, rolling and brushing of coatings or spraying of agricultural formulations, or high speed gravure or ink-jet printing. Dynamic surface tension is a fundamental quantity which provides a measure of the ability of a surfactant to reduce surface tension and provide wetting under such high speed application conditions. Traditional nonionic surfactants such as alkylphenol or alcohol ethoxylates, and ethylene oxide (EO)/propylene oxide (PO) copolymers have excellent equilibrium surface tension performance but are generally characterized as having poor dynamic surface tension reduction. In contrast, certain anionic surfactants such as sodium dialkyl sulfosuccinates can provide good dynamic results, but these are very foamy and impart water sensitivity to the finished coating. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Method of utilization of zygosaccharomyces rouxii Inventor(s): Ok, Taing; (Jagoshima, JP) Correspondence: Malin Haley And Dimaggio, PA; 1936 S Andrews Avenue; Fort Lauderdale; FL; 33316; US Patent Application Number: 20030219456 Date filed: May 21, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides commercial utilization of a novel yeast strain Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and its fermented metabolites as probiotic, as an antioxidant and as an antimicrobial agent in foods and cosmetics. The fermented broth and metabolite substance (s) produced by this invention have a wide spectrum antibacterial activity, strong antioxidant activity, cytochalasin-like activity that inhibits cell cleavage,
Patents 39
and is expected to be effective in the treatment of allergy, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and various skin diseases, second degree burns, high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, AIDS and as an anti-aging agent. Moreover, this invention is expected to lead to industrial utilization of Z.rouxii for manufacturing succinic acid and malic acid from a yeast. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the composition and utilization of yeast strain Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, hereinafter (Z.R. or Z. Rouxii) and its fermented metabolites in the field of human health and, specifically, as a composition for and use as an antioxidant and, independently, as an antimicrobial agent in foods and cosmetics. Yeast Z.rouxii is primarily regarded as a contaminant in high-sugar foods such as fruit and jam. On the other hand, it is a natural inhabitant in honey, wine and Japanese soy paste (miso), traditional foods since ancient times that are recognized for good health and long life. Out of 500 plus species of yeast identified so far, only Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been employed commercially. There is little industry that utilizes Z.rouxii. A patent related to Z.rouxii is concerned only with the aroma of soy sauce (U.S. Pat. No. 5,210,034, issued May 11, 1993). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Powdered beverage mix with rapidly dissolving calcium Inventor(s): Calapini, Sarah A.; (Mandaluyong City, PH), Dee, Kennie U.; (Quezon City, PH), Valencia, Donna L.; (Pasig City, PH) Correspondence: Brown & Michaels, PC; 400 M & T Bank Building; 118 North Tioga ST; Ithaca; NY; 14850; US Patent Application Number: 20040009280 Date filed: July 8, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a powdered beverage mix, comprising i) flavor(s), ii) calcium hydroxide, iii) citric and/or malic acid and, iv) a sugar selected from sucrose, fructose, glucose, and combinations thereof, wherein the ratios of acid/sugar and sugar/calcium are selected such that the calcium in the powdered beverage mix dissolves rapidly with very minimal calcium sedimentation when stirred by hand for less than about 60 seconds. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to the field of beverage formulations. More particularly, the invention pertains to formulations of powdered beverage mix containing rapidly dissolving calcium. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is a major constituent of bone and teeth. Calcium is also involved in several physiological systems such as blood clotting, increasing cell membrane permeability, activating a number of enzymes, and acting as component in neural transmission and muscular contraction. Calcium deficiency may be a factor in the development of osteoporosis in elderly people. Since the body does not produce calcium, it is totally dependent on external supply of calcium, which is nutritional or supplementary. Calcium may be obtained from various dietary sources, of which the primary sources are dairy products, in particular milk. Milk, however, is not generally consumed in sufficient quantities by the general population to obtain needed levels of calcium. One reason is that milk may be unattractive as a drink for social occasions. Also, a significant number of individuals are lactose intolerant, resulting in gastrointestinal problems if milk is consumed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for producing fat Inventor(s): Asama, Koji; (Izumisano-shi, JP), Matsui, Masayuki; (Tsukuba-gun, JP), Morinaga, Satoru; (Tsukuba-gun, JP), Okochi, Masako; (Tsukuba-gun, JP), Ueyama, Koreta; (Izumisano-shi, JP), Ushioda, Toshio; (Tsukuba-gun, JP), Yamaguchi, Kotaro; (Tsukuba-gun, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040109929 Date filed: June 9, 2003 Abstract: A fat for producing confectionery having an improved fatty taste, which is produced by adding an aqueous solution of at least one organic acid selected from the group consisting of ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and malic acid to a fat for confectionery production, followed by drying, a process for producing the fat for confectionery production, and a product, such as chocolate and/or cream, using the fat for confectionery production. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to oil and fat (hereinafter, merely referred to as "fat") for producing confectionery, a process for producing the fat for confectionery production, and a product using the same, and more particularly, it relates to a fat for confectionery production improved in fatty taste and a product using the same. The recent chocolate confectioneries are not limited to chocolate consumed solely but include various products, such as a combination confectionery combined with a baked cake, a whipped chocolate and a low melting point chocolate, which is supplied in the winter season. There are increasing occasions where the properties of chocolate are improved by using hard butter for producing such new chocolate confectioneries. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Process for the preparation of ultrafiltration membranes of polyacrylonitrile, using malic acid as an additive Inventor(s): Kulkarni, S.S.; (Pune, IN), Musale, D.A.; (Pune, IN), Shinde, M.H.; (Pune, IN) Correspondence: Schiff Hardin & Waite; 6600 Sears Tower; 233 S Wacker DR; Chicago; IL; 60606-6473; US Patent Application Number: 20030102259 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: The present Application relates to a process for the preparation of ultrafiltration membranes from polyacrylonitrile using malic acid as additives, with said membrane of molecular weight ranging between 80 to 180K, showing high purification and water permeating ability. Excerpt(s): The present non-provisional application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/316,943 filed Aug. 30, 2001. The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of ultrafiltration membranes based on polyacrylonitrile polymer based on acrylonitrile and other monomers. The membranes made by the process of this invention have much improved separation properties giving very high water permeating ability while retaining its good separation properties. Polymeric ultrafiltration membranes are commonly prepared by the phase inversion method (R. E.
Patents 41
Kesting, 1971, Synthetic Polymeric Membranes, McGraw-Hill) in which a thin film of a polymer solution is solidified by immersion in a bath containing a nonsolvent. Poly(acrylonitrile) can be dissolved in polar organic solvents such as Dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl acetaraide (DMAc), or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for purposes of membrane preparation (U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,439). By virtue of relatively low cost, solvent power and safety in handling, dimethyl formamide is a preferred solvent for preparing the polyacrylonitrile containing solution. For similar reasons, water is a preferred non-solvent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for the production of beer-like carbonated alcoholic beverage Inventor(s): Hozumi, Tadahiko; (Tokyo, JP), Sasaki, Takashi; (Otaru-shi, JP), Shimamura, Kimihiro; (Otaru-shi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20010043965 Date filed: July 19, 2001 Abstract: A beer-like carbonated alcoholic beverage rich in the characteristic flavor of an organic acid such as malic acid or citric acid is obtained by conducting with a Rhizopus or white-Aspergillus mold the saccharification of malt in beer brewing. The formation of the organic acid during the production process makes it possible to allow the fermentation to proceed stably. Furthermore, the beverage obtained according to the present invention has a high alcohol content and has hence been improved in storage stability. When moto is used as a yeast, a beer-like carbonated alcoholic beverage added with sake flavor can be obtained. When a must of fruit wine is employed, a beer-like carbonated alcoholic beverage added with the flavor of a fruit wine can be obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the production of a beer-like carbonated alcoholic beverage which is rich in a flavor of an organic acid such citric acid and malic acid. As a general trend of these days, alcoholic beverages having a high alcohol content and called "hard liquors" are not favored and as typified by the popularity of beer, people incline toward carbonated refreshing alcoholic beverages having a low alcohol content. In many cases, spirits including vodka and "shochu" (a Japanese low-class distilled spirit) are, after being added with a fruit juice and carbonated water (plain soda), taken as mixed refreshing beverages of a low alcohol content. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Stabilized pharmaceutical composition Inventor(s): Burman, Arnand C.; (Uttar Pradesh, IN), Khattar, Dhiraj; (Uttar Pradesh, IN), Kumar, Mukesh; (Uttar Pradesh, IN), Mukherjee, Rama; (Uttar Pradesh, IN) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20040171560 Date filed: December 19, 2003
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Abstract: A stabilized pharmaceutical composition of anticancer drug and a solvent like dehydrated alcohol is disclosed. A method is disclosed that includes the addition of a stabilizing agent Malic acid having a unique triple action property of being an antioxidant, a chelating agent and an acidifying agent. Compositions prepared using this pre-treated dehydrated alcohol enhance the stability of paclitaxel in alcohol. A method of removing ionic, metallic and oxidizing impurities from alcohol using ion exchange and clay treatment is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stabilized pharmaceutical composition in a solvent like dehydrated alcohol. More particularly, the present invention relates to stabilized nanoparticle formulation of anti cancer drugs presented in a kit form suitable for bedside reconstitution. Administration of pharmaceutical compounds, particularly by injection, usually requires a suitable solvent or delivery system to enable the composition to be administered to a patient. it must be capable of solubilizing therapeutically effective amount of the active agent to produce an effective composition. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with malic acid, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “malic acid” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on malic acid. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning malic acid. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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APPENDICES
45
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “malic acid” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1274 0 543 1 12 1830
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “malic acid” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on malic acid can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to malic acid. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to malic acid. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “malic acid”:
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Metabolic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to malic acid. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to malic acid. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with malic acid.
Patient Resources
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about malic acid. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “malic acid” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “malic acid”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “malic acid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “malic acid” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
55
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
57
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
59
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
61
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
63
MALIC ACID DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.
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[NIH]
Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]
Dictionary 65
Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulants: Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH]
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Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH]
Dictionary 67
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Berberine: An alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the
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heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU]
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Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Membrane Permeability: A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]
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Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH]
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Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU]
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Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]
Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical
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compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Materials: Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for
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topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and
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distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH]
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Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified
Dictionary 77
amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level
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may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]
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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoenzymes: One of various structurally related forms of an enzyme, each having the same mechanism but with differing chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile
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pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Mitochondria: Yellow discoloration of the liver due to fatty degeneration of liver parenchymal cells; the cause may be chemical poisoning. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale
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blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration,
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pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by
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slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxaloacetate: An anionic form of oxaloacetic acid. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral
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sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase: An enzyme with high affinity for carbon dioxide. It catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. This fixation of carbon dioxide in several bacteria and some plants is the first step in the biosynthesis of glucose. EC 4.1.1.31. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia,
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neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Polyvinyl Chloride: A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH]
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Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and
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has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH]
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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicic: A mixture of gelatinous substances obtained by treating silicates with acids. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic
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and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions
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of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH]
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Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]
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Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zygosaccharomyces: A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 63, 84, 91 Abdominal Pain, 63, 91 Abscisic Acid, 16, 63 Acceptor, 63, 83 Acetone, 33, 63, 80 Acidity, 32, 63 Acne, 63, 67 Acrylonitrile, 26, 40, 63, 87 Actin, 63, 82 Adamantane, 37, 63 Adhesives, 38, 63 Adverse Effect, 63, 88 Aerobic, 63, 81 Aerosol, 63, 90 Affinity, 63, 84, 88 Agar, 30, 63, 72, 78 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 32, 64 Algorithms, 64, 67 Alkaline, 5, 24, 64, 68 Alkaline Phosphatase, 5, 64 Alkaloid, 64, 67, 86 Allo, 64, 77 Allylamine, 64 Alternative medicine, 64 Amine, 33, 37, 64 Amino acid, 13, 17, 22, 23, 64, 66, 69, 72, 73, 77, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91 Ammonia, 64 Analgesic, 64, 86 Anatomical, 64, 74, 78, 87 Anhydrous, 32, 64 Anionic, 38, 64, 83 Antibacterial, 8, 38, 64, 89 Antibiotic, 65, 89 Antibody, 63, 65, 71, 78, 79 Anticoagulants, 65, 70 Antigen, 63, 65, 71, 78, 79 Anti-infective, 65, 78 Anti-inflammatory, 65, 66 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 65, 66 Antimicrobial, 12, 38, 39, 65 Antioxidant, 12, 17, 38, 39, 42, 65, 66 Antipyretic, 65, 86 Antiseptic, 63, 65 Antiviral, 31, 65 Anus, 65, 71 Aqueous, 22, 26, 29, 31, 40, 65, 73, 74, 78
Arterial, 64, 65, 78, 86, 90 Arteries, 65, 68, 72, 81 Arterioles, 65, 68 Arteriolosclerosis, 65 Arteriosclerosis, 23, 65 Artery, 27, 65, 72 Ascites, 13, 66 Ascorbic Acid, 26, 28, 32, 40, 66, 78, 83 Aspartate, 13, 66 Aspartic, 22, 66 Aspartic Acid, 22, 66 Aspirin, 30, 66 Assay, 12, 14, 29, 66, 91 Astrocytoma, 66, 76 Atopic, 5, 39, 66 Attenuated, 11, 66 B Babesiosis, 66, 87 Bacteria, 16, 29, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72, 81, 84, 87, 89 Bactericidal, 66, 75 Bacteriophage, 66, 91 Bacterium, 8, 17, 66, 72 Basal Ganglia, 66, 76 Basophils, 66, 80, 84 Beer, 41, 66 Benzene, 37, 66 Benzoyl Peroxide, 33, 67 Benzyl Alcohol, 29, 67 Berberine, 8, 67 Bile, 22, 67, 77, 79, 80 Bile Acids, 67 Bile Acids and Salts, 67 Bile Pigments, 67, 80 Bilirubin, 22, 67, 77, 78 Binding agent, 25, 26, 67 Bioavailable, 22, 23, 25, 67 Biochemical, 12, 14, 17, 30, 67 Biosynthesis, 13, 17, 67, 84, 88 Biotechnology, 3, 5, 17, 47, 67 Bismuth, 16, 67 Blood Coagulation, 23, 67, 68 Blood Coagulation Factors, 67 Blood Glucose, 67, 77 Blood pressure, 39, 67, 78, 82, 88 Blood vessel, 67, 68, 88, 90, 91 Body Fluids, 23, 68, 88 Bone Marrow, 66, 68, 80, 82
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Malic Acid
Bone Resorption, 33, 68 Bowel, 68, 79, 80, 89, 91 Breast Feeding, 22, 68 Bronchoconstriction, 68, 85 Burns, 39, 67, 68 Burns, Electric, 68 C Calcification, 65, 68 Calcium, 14, 22, 23, 25, 39, 68, 70, 71, 90 Calcium Carbonate, 23, 68 Calcium Hydroxide, 39, 68 Calcium Oxalate, 14, 68 Calculi, 68 Capillary, 68, 69 Capillary Fragility, 69 Carbohydrate, 36, 69, 76, 85 Carbon Dioxide, 69, 75, 84 Carboxy, 69 Carboxylic Acids, 16, 69 Carcinogenic, 66, 69 Cardiac, 27, 64, 69, 70, 74, 77, 80, 82 Catabolism, 22, 69 Catechin, 14, 69 Cell Cycle, 69, 86, 91 Cell Division, 66, 69, 84 Cell membrane, 23, 39, 69, 84 Cell Membrane Permeability, 39, 69 Cell proliferation, 65, 69 Cell Respiration, 69, 81 Cellobiose, 69 Cellulose, 25, 32, 35, 69, 84 Central Nervous System, 66, 69, 76 Cerebral, 66, 69, 70, 74, 76 Cerebral hemispheres, 66, 70, 76 Cervical, 5, 70 Cervix, 70 Chelating Agents, 5, 70 Chemotherapy, 70 Chlorophyll, 70 Cholesterol, 67, 70 Chromatin, 70, 74, 80, 83, 89 Chromosome, 70, 72, 77, 80 Chronic, 70, 79, 86, 89, 91 Cinchona, 70, 86 Citric Acid, 6, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40, 41, 70 Clinical Medicine, 70, 85 Clinical trial, 3, 47, 70 Cloning, 67, 70 Coenzyme, 11, 66, 70 Cofactor, 70, 86 Colitis, 70
Collagen, 63, 64, 69, 71, 75, 76 Colloidal, 71, 90 Colon, 23, 70, 71, 80, 91 Complement, 71 Complementary and alternative medicine, 11, 19, 71 Complementary medicine, 11, 71 Computational Biology, 47, 71 Conduction, 23, 71 Congenita, 72, 87 Conjugated, 22, 67, 72, 73 Conjugation, 22, 72 Connective Tissue, 66, 68, 71, 72, 76, 80 Constitutional, 15, 72, 82 Contraindications, ii, 72 Coordination, 70, 72 Coronary, 72, 81 Coronary Thrombosis, 72, 81 Creatine, 14, 72 Creatinine, 72 Crowns, 72, 73 Cryopreservation, 72, 74 Culture Media, 63, 72 Cyclic, 37, 72 Cysteine, 5, 73 Cystine, 73 Cytochrome, 73, 83 Cytoplasm, 66, 69, 73, 74, 80, 82, 83 Cytotoxic, 11, 73 D Dairy Products, 39, 73 Density, 26, 73, 83, 85, 89 Dental Abutments, 73 Dental Materials, 14, 33, 73 Dentures, 24, 73, 90 Dermatitis, 5, 39, 73 Detoxification, 27, 33, 73, 77 Deuterium, 73, 78 Diabetes Mellitus, 73, 77, 79 Diagnostic procedure, 21, 73 Diastolic, 73, 78 Diffusion, 73, 78, 91 Digestion, 67, 68, 73, 79, 80, 89, 91 Dimethyl, 31, 34, 37, 41, 73 Dimethyl Sulfoxide, 41, 73 Diploid, 74, 84 Direct, iii, 70, 74, 87 Discrete, 24, 74 Disease Vectors, 74, 79 Disinfectant, 74, 75 Duodenum, 67, 74, 89
95
E Elastic, 74, 89, 90 Elasticity, 65, 74 Electrolyte, 74, 77, 85, 88 Electrons, 65, 74, 79, 83 Emollient, 28, 74 Emulsions, 63, 74 Enamel, 24, 74 Endogenous, 22, 67, 74, 77 Environmental Health, 46, 48, 74 Enzymatic, 64, 68, 71, 74 Enzyme, 22, 64, 70, 74, 75, 79, 84, 87, 90, 92 Eosinophils, 74, 80 Epinephrine, 74, 82, 91 Ethanol, 30, 74, 75 Ether, 30, 35, 75 Excipients, 32, 75 Exogenous, 74, 75, 77 Extensor, 75, 86 Extracellular, 72, 75, 88 Extracellular Matrix, 72, 75 F Family Planning, 47, 75 Fat, 40, 67, 68, 75, 80, 90 Fermentation, 41, 66, 75 Fibroblasts, 12, 75 Fixation, 4, 75, 84 Forearm, 68, 75 Frameshift, 75, 91 Frameshift Mutation, 75, 91 Free Radicals, 65, 76 Fungi, 72, 76, 77, 81, 92 G Gallic Acid, 14, 76 Gas, 64, 69, 73, 76, 78, 83, 90 Gasoline, 66, 76 Gastrin, 76, 78 Gastrointestinal, 39, 74, 76, 90 Gastrointestinal tract, 74, 76 Gelatin, 72, 76, 77, 90 Gene, 29, 67, 76 Genetics, 72, 76 Germ Cells, 76, 89 Gland, 76, 80, 88, 89, 90 Glioblastoma, 34, 76 Glucose, 4, 25, 35, 39, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 76, 77, 79, 84, 88 Glucose tolerance, 25, 76 Glucose Tolerance Test, 76 Glucuronic Acid, 22, 77 Glucuronides, 77 Glycine, 30, 64, 67, 77, 82, 88
Glycoprotein, 77, 91 Goats, 73, 77 Governing Board, 77, 85 Graphite, 35, 77 Grasses, 26, 77 Guanidine, 31, 77 H Haploid, 77, 84 Heart attack, 27, 77 Heme, 67, 73, 77 Hemodiafiltration, 77, 91 Hemodialysis, 68, 77, 91 Hemofiltration, 77, 91 Hemoglobin, 22, 70, 77, 78 Hemoglobin A, 70, 78 Hepatic, 76, 78 Hepatocyte, 22, 78 Hepatoma, 13, 78 Herbicide, 26, 78 Heredity, 76, 78 Hormone, 23, 64, 74, 76, 78, 79, 90 Hybrid, 28, 78 Hydrogen, 29, 37, 63, 64, 69, 73, 78, 81, 83, 86 Hydrogen Peroxide, 29, 78 Hydrolysis, 66, 69, 78, 85 Hydroxyproline, 64, 71, 78 Hyperbilirubinemia, 78, 79 Hypertension, 23, 65, 78 Hypotension, 78, 84 I Immersion, 41, 78 Immune response, 65, 78, 90, 91 Immunodiffusion, 63, 78 Immunoelectrophoresis, 63, 78 Impairment, 13, 78 In vitro, 5, 14, 79 In vivo, 16, 79 Infarction, 72, 79, 81 Infection, 29, 79, 80, 82, 87, 89 Inflammation, 63, 65, 66, 70, 73, 74, 79, 85, 87, 91 Ingestion, 76, 79, 85 Inhalation, 63, 79, 81, 85 Insecticides, 26, 79 Insulin, 76, 79, 80 Interleukin-1, 15, 79 Interleukin-2, 79 Intestinal, 5, 22, 76, 79 Intestine, 22, 67, 68, 79, 80 Intracellular, 79, 85 Ion Exchange, 42, 69, 79
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Ions, 63, 70, 74, 77, 78, 79 Isoenzymes, 5, 79 J Jaundice, 22, 78, 79 K Kb, 46, 80 Ketoacidosis, 63, 80 Ketone Bodies, 63, 80 L Large Intestine, 79, 80, 87, 88 Laxative, 63, 80, 89 Leukocytes, 13, 66, 68, 74, 80, 82, 91 Lidocaine, 67, 80 Linkages, 77, 80 Lipid, 23, 65, 74, 79, 80 Lipopolysaccharide, 15, 80 Liver, 11, 63, 67, 76, 77, 78, 80 Liver Mitochondria, 11, 80 Localized, 75, 79, 80, 84 Locomotion, 80, 84 Lymph, 70, 80 Lymph node, 70, 80 Lymphatic, 79, 80 Lymphocytes, 12, 65, 79, 80, 81 Lymphoid, 80, 81 Lytic, 81, 91 M Macrophage, 79, 81 Malignant, 65, 76, 81 Medial, 65, 81 Medicament, 30, 81 MEDLINE, 47, 81 Melanin, 81, 84, 91 Membrane, 17, 33, 40, 41, 69, 71, 75, 81, 84, 87 Metabolite, 38, 73, 81, 85 Methacrylate, 14, 33, 81 Methionine, 73, 81 Methylene Chloride, 33, 81 MI, 11, 34, 35, 36, 61, 81 Microbe, 81, 90 Microorganism, 70, 81, 83, 92 Microtubules, 81, 83 Mineralization, 68, 81 Mitochondria, 12, 13, 81 Modification, 64, 81 Molecular, 8, 12, 13, 14, 40, 47, 49, 67, 71, 77, 81, 87, 90, 91 Molecule, 65, 70, 71, 78, 81, 83 Monitor, 72, 81, 83 Monocytes, 79, 80, 82, 84 Mononuclear, 82, 91
Mucins, 82, 87 Mucus, 82, 91 Muscle Contraction, 25, 82 Myasthenia, 77, 82 Myocardium, 81, 82 Myosin, 82 Myotonia, 82, 87 N Narcotic, 81, 82 Necrosis, 76, 79, 81, 82 Nerve, 23, 25, 64, 82, 87, 89 Nervous System, 69, 82, 83, 91 Neural, 39, 82 Neurologic, 76, 82 Neuropathy, 64, 82 Neurotransmitter, 64, 66, 77, 82, 89 Neutropenia, 82, 85 Neutrophils, 80, 82, 84 Nitrogen, 64, 75, 83 Nuclear, 13, 66, 72, 74, 76, 82, 83 Nuclei, 72, 74, 83, 86 Nucleus, 66, 70, 73, 74, 80, 82, 83, 86 O Opacity, 73, 83 Ophthalmic, 83, 85 Osteoporosis, 23, 25, 39, 83 Oxalic Acid, 68, 83 Oxaloacetate, 83, 84 Oxidation, 12, 28, 63, 65, 73, 83 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 13, 83 P Paclitaxel, 8, 17, 42, 83 Parasitic, 67, 83 Pathogen, 30, 83 Pathologic, 72, 78, 83, 86 Patient Compliance, 30, 83 Peptide, 64, 83, 85, 86 Peripheral Nervous System, 82, 83, 89 Peritoneal, 66, 84 Peritoneal Cavity, 66, 84 Peroxide, 29, 33, 67, 84 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 69, 75, 76, 84, 86 Pharmacologic, 84, 90 Phenylalanine, 84, 91 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase, 16, 84 Phospholipids, 75, 84 Phosphorus, 68, 84 Phosphorylated, 70, 84 Phosphorylation, 16, 34, 84 Physiologic, 67, 84 Physiology, 13, 16, 84
97
Pigment, 22, 67, 84 Plants, 28, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 76, 78, 83, 84, 90, 91 Plasma, 17, 69, 76, 77, 84, 87 Platelet Activating Factor, 31, 84 Platelets, 84, 85, 90 Pneumonia, 72, 85 Poisoning, 29, 70, 80, 85 Polyethylene, 25, 85 Polymers, 6, 23, 33, 35, 85, 86, 89 Polypeptide, 64, 71, 85 Polysaccharide, 65, 69, 85 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 25, 85 Polyvinyl Chloride, 25, 85 Postmenopausal, 83, 85 Potassium, 22, 24, 30, 31, 85 Potentiates, 79, 85 Practice Guidelines, 48, 85 Precursor, 35, 74, 84, 85, 91 Probe, 29, 77, 85 Prodrug, 85 Progeny, 72, 86 Propylene Glycol, 26, 86 Prosthesis, 24, 73, 86 Protein S, 36, 67, 86 Proteins, 34, 36, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90 Protons, 78, 86 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 83, 86 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 83, 86 Protozoa, 72, 81, 86 Psoriasis, 34, 39, 86 Public Policy, 47, 86 Publishing, 4, 86 Pulmonary, 67, 77, 86, 90 Pulmonary Artery, 67, 86 Purines, 86, 88 Pyrimidines, 86, 88 Q Quinine, 6, 70, 86 R Radioactive, 78, 83, 87 Reactive Oxygen Species, 12, 87 Reagent, 76, 83, 87 Recombination, 72, 87 Reconstitution, 42, 87 Rectum, 65, 71, 76, 80, 87 Reductase, 64, 87 Refer, 1, 71, 75, 76, 80, 87 Refraction, 87, 89 Regeneration, 87 Regimen, 83, 87
Retinopathy, 64, 87 Reversion, 87, 91 Rod, 66, 87 Rubber, 63, 85, 87 S Saliva, 5, 87 Salivary, 87 Salivary glands, 87 Salmonellosis, 29, 87 Sclerosis, 65, 87 Screening, 14, 70, 88 Secretion, 15, 23, 82, 88, 91 Sediment, 88 Sedimentation, 39, 88 Seizures, 76, 88 Seminiferous tubule, 88, 89 Senile, 83, 88 Sensor, 17, 88 Serine, 34, 86, 88 Serum, 22, 71, 87, 88, 91 Side effect, 12, 63, 88, 90 Silicic, 32, 88 Skeletal, 14, 88 Skeleton, 63, 88 Small intestine, 74, 78, 79, 88 Smooth muscle, 64, 88, 90 Sodium, 8, 15, 22, 24, 30, 31, 38, 87, 88 Sodium Bicarbonate, 30, 88 Solvent, 29, 33, 41, 42, 63, 66, 73, 75, 81, 86, 88 Sorbitol, 64, 88 Sound wave, 71, 89 Specialist, 53, 89 Species, 39, 74, 78, 83, 87, 89, 91 Spectrum, 38, 89 Spermatozoa, 12, 89 Stabilization, 28, 89 Stabilizer, 32, 89 Sterile, 13, 89 Stimulants, 5, 89 Stimulus, 89, 90 Stomach, 63, 76, 78, 84, 88, 89 Stool, 71, 80, 89 Structure-Activity Relationship, 11, 89 Styrene, 26, 87, 89 Subacute, 79, 89 Subclinical, 79, 88, 89 Subspecies, 89 Substance P, 32, 81, 87, 88, 89 Substrate, 22, 38, 90 Superoxide, 15, 17, 90 Supplementation, 23, 25, 90
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Malic Acid
Surfactant, 26, 38, 90 Suspensions, 30, 90 Systemic, 68, 74, 79, 84, 88, 90 Systolic, 78, 90 T Tartar, 24, 90 Threonine, 34, 86, 88, 90 Threshold, 6, 78, 90 Thrombocytopenia, 84, 90 Thrombosis, 86, 90 Thyroid, 14, 90, 91 Thyroid Gland, 90 Thyroid Hormones, 14, 90, 91 Tissue, 4, 16, 22, 26, 65, 68, 72, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90 Tolerance, 4, 76, 90 Topical, 74, 75, 78, 88, 90 Toxic, iv, 29, 66, 67, 70, 72, 77, 82, 89, 90 Toxicity, 37, 90 Toxicology, 15, 48, 90 Toxins, 65, 77, 79, 90 Trachea, 90, 91 Transfection, 67, 91 Translation, 64, 91 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 15, 91 Typhimurium, 29, 91
Tyrosine, 34, 91 U Ulcerative colitis, 5, 91 Ultrafiltration, 40, 77, 91 Urine, 68, 72, 77, 80, 83, 91 Uterus, 70, 91 V Vacuoles, 4, 8, 91 Vascular, 64, 79, 90, 91 Vegetative, 26, 91 Vein, 83, 91 Venous, 86, 91 Veterinary Medicine, 47, 91 Virulence, 66, 90, 91 Virulent, 34, 91 Virus, 66, 91 Viscosity, 36, 92 Vitro, 15, 92 Vivo, 15, 92 W Windpipe, 90, 92 X X-ray, 83, 89, 92 Z Zygosaccharomyces, 38, 39, 92 Zygote, 72, 92
99
100
Malic Acid
